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href="/topic/papacy">Introduction</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref214716"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy#ref214716">The early papacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref214717"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy/The-medieval-papacy">The medieval papacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref214718"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy/The-Renaissance-and-Reformation-papacy">The Renaissance and Reformation papacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref214719"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy/The-Renaissance-and-Reformation-papacy#ref214719">The early modern papacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref214720"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy/The-modern-papacy">The modern papacy</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref275551"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><div class="ml-25"></div><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/papacy/List-of-popes-and-antipopes">List of popes and antipopes</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900 selected" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/papacy/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/papacy">Quick Facts & Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/papacy/images-videos">Images, Videos & Interactives</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/96/175196-050-EA0EF9D1/St-Peters-Basilica-Vatican-City.jpg" data-href="/media/1/441722/201314" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/96/175196-004-6ED27F79/St-Peters-Basilica-Vatican-City.jpg" alt="Vatican City: St. Peter's Basilica" height="50" /> </a> <a href="" data-href="/media/1/441722/301830" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/02/256102-049-C6B86C5F/pope-francis-i-life-in-pictures.jpg" alt="Pope Francis: A Life in Pictures" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/Questions-answers-St-Peter-Apostle/244434" data-href="/media/1/441722/244434" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/213437-138-6803E4EA/Questions-answers-St-Peter-Apostle.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Who was St. Peter the Apostle?" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/69/211769-050-62D1A5DF/Pope-Gregory-I-St-Gregory-the-Great.jpg" data-href="/media/1/441722/301831" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/69/211769-004-77850C80/Pope-Gregory-I-St-Gregory-the-Great.jpg" alt="St. Gregory the Great" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/Overview-Avignon-papacy/192029" data-href="/media/1/441722/192029" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/180037-138-FF516C84/Overview-Avignon-papacy.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="History of the Avignon papacy" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/video/Overview-discussion-Great-Schism-Council-of-Constance/192031" data-href="/media/1/441722/192031" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/38/180038-138-B814B8F9/Overview-discussion-Great-Schism-Council-of-Constance.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The Western Schism and the Roman Catholic Church" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/78/231478-050-5B811278/Pope-John-Paul-II-visiting-Coventry-England-1982.jpg" data-href="/media/1/441722/263366" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/78/231478-004-EA7245AF/Pope-John-Paul-II-visiting-Coventry-England-1982.jpg" alt="Pope John Paul II" height="50" /> </a> <a href="/video/did-you-know-Pope-Francis/279257" data-href="/media/1/441722/279257" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/17/242017-138-6E77601C/did-you-know-Pope-Francis.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="How has Pope Francis guided the Roman Catholic Church?" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle 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alt="Certifying the pope's death" height="50" /> </a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-student-links"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> For Students </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/summary/papacy"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/179039-050-FB2072F1/obelisk-St-Peters-Basilica-Vatican-City-Square.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="St. Peter's Basilica" width="200" height="200" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/summary/papacy" >papacy summary</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-30 tlr-related-quizzes"> <div class="text-gray-900 p-5 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-10 mb-10"> Quizzes </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal tlr-img-with-side-link ml-15 link-gray-900 mb-10" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/quiz/christianity-quiz"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/160167-131-98582C51/Easter-Valladolid-Procession-cross-Nazarenos-Spain-Semana.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" alt="Holy week. 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<div class="col"> <div class="h-100 ml-0 pr-lg-0 "> <div class="h-100 grid gx-0 gx-lg-20"> <div class="h-100 col-sm d-flex flex-column"> <div class="toc-sticky-header d-none d-lg-none bg-gray-50 px-10 px-sm-30 position-sticky w-100 "> <div class="toc-sticky-header-inner-container align-items-center d-flex mx-auto h-100 w-100"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-sm btn-white text-blue border-2 border-gray-100 gtm-mobile-toc-header-button js-sections-button d-lg-none p-10"> <em class="material-icons my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Contents </button> <div class="header-ai-ask-button-placeholder"></div> <div class="header-ai-summarize-button-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <div class="grey-box w-100 grey-box-middle"> <div class="grey-box-content mx-auto w-100"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement" : [ { "@type" : "ListItem", "position" : 1, "item" : { "@id" : 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class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Structure-of-the-church#ref479117" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Roman Catholicism: The papacy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>dispensation</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dispensation#ref288208" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">dispensation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>dress and vestments</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/religious-dress/Roman-Catholic-religious-dress#ref538585" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">religious dress: Roman Catholic religious dress</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>election procedure</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/papal-conclave#ref704500" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">papal conclave</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>history</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/The-church-of-the-early-Middle-Ages#ref479409" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Roman Catholicism: The church of the early Middle Ages</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>issuance of coinage</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/coin/Charlemagne-and-the-Carolingian-coinages#ref302265" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">coin: Charlemagne and the Carolingian coinages</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/coin/Switzerland#ref302316" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">coin: Italy and Sicily</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>papal registers</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomatics/Diplomatic-method#ref523350" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">diplomatics: Types of documents</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Pontian’s resignation</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Pontian#ref222866" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Saint Pontian</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>protection by Swiss Guards</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swiss-Guards#ref866552" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Swiss Guards: History and ranks</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>views on pentarchy</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pentarchy#ref285176" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">pentarchy</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h3>political role</h3><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>church and state</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/church-and-state#ref126095" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">church and state</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>diplomacy</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy/Diplomacy-of-the-Roman-Catholic-Church#ref83029" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">diplomacy: Diplomacy of the Roman Catholic Church</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy/Modern-diplomatic-practice#ref795987" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">diplomacy: Diplomatic agents</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>sacred kingship</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacred-kingship/Forms-and-types-of-sacred-legitimation-of-kings#ref422922" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">sacred kingship: Forms and types of sacred legitimation of kings</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h3>role in</h3><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><section><h4>England</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/The-Normans-1066-1154#ref482711" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">United Kingdom: Church–state relations</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Henry-VIII-1509-47#ref482949" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">United Kingdom: Cardinal Wolsey</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Becket</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Becket/As-archbishop#ref232441" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">St. Thomas Becket: As archbishop</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Cromwell</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Cromwell-earl-of-Essex-Baron-Cromwell-of-Okeham#ref129489" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Thomas Cromwell: Cromwell and the Reformation</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Henry II</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-England#ref217411" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Henry II: Reign</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>John of England</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-king-of-England/Quarrel-with-the-church#ref214533" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John: Quarrel with the church of John</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Wycliffe and the Lollards</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lollards#ref102050" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lollard</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wycliffe#ref159255" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John Wycliffe: Political activities and theories</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>France</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Institutions#ref464559" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">France: Kingship</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Later-Capetians#ref464735" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">France: Later Capetians</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Economy-society-and-culture-in-the-14th-and-15th-centuries#ref464880" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">France: The church</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Carolingian dynasty</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-Carolingians#ref464497" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">France: Pippin III</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Philip I</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-I-king-of-France#ref182236" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Philip I</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Philip IV</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-France/Conflict-with-the-papacy#ref248048" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Philip IV: Conflict with the papacy of Philip IV</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Richelieu</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Armand-Jean-du-Plessis-cardinal-et-duc-de-Richelieu#ref162026" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Cardinal Richelieu: Early career in the church</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>Holy Roman Empire</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Holy-Roman-Empire#ref665652" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Holy Roman Empire: Nature of the empire</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Holy-Roman-Empire/The-empire-after-Frederick-II#ref665653" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Holy Roman Empire: The empire after Frederick II</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Frederick I</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-I-Holy-Roman-emperor#ref24890" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Frederick I: Early years</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Frederick-I-Frederick-Barbarossa#ref318325" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Papal-imperial relations</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Frederick II</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor/Struggle-with-the-papacy#ref271785" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Frederick II: Struggle with the papacy of Frederick II</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Frederick-II#ref318360" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Relations to the papacy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Henry III</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-III-Holy-Roman-emperor#ref197893" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Henry III: Control of the papacy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Henry IV</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor#ref171932" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Henry IV: Early years</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Henry V</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-Holy-Roman-emperor#ref3984" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Henry V</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Investiture Controversy</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Investiture-Controversy#ref233992" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Investiture Controversy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Otto I</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-I#ref284536" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Otto I: Coronation as emperor</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Italy-962-1300#ref318213" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The Ottonian system</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>Italy</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Lombards-and-Byzantines#ref43299" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Lombards and Byzantines</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Popes-and-exarchs-590-800#ref43318" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Popes and exarchs, 590–800</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Italy-962-1300#ref395301" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Italy under the Saxon emperors</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>arts</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-early-Italian-Renaissance#ref318615" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The arts and intellectual life</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Papal States</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Italy-to-c-1380#ref318460" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The southern kingdoms and the Papal States</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-states-of-Italy-in-the-15th-century#ref318556" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The southern monarchies and the Papal States</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-Papal-States#ref318711" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The Papal States</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Renaissance politics</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Early-modern-Italy-16th-to-18th-century#ref318632" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: Tuscany and the papacy</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Robert Guiscard</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-duke-of-Apulia#ref10334" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Robert: Arrival in Apulia</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Rome</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-XI#ref130389" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Gregory XI</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rome/City-of-the-popes#ref387729" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Rome: Factional struggles: papacy and nobility</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Venice</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Venice/Zenith-of-power#ref388701" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Venice: Europeans and Turks against Venice</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>Middle Ages</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-bishops-of-Rome#ref993852" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">history of Europe: The bishops of Rome</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Reform-and-renewal#ref994359" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">history of Europe: Reform and renewal</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-structure-of-ecclesiastical-and-devotional-life#ref994438" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">history of Europe: Ecclesiastical organization</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/15th-century-society#ref483859" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Scotland: 15th-century society</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Council of Basel</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Basel#ref83333" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Council of Basel</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Crusades</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades#ref392325" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Crusades</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>missionary journeys</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Second-transition-to-1500-ce#ref301887" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Christianity: Papal mission</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Western Schism</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Western-Schism#ref99537" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Western Schism</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>Reformation</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation#ref34625" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Reformation</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Reformation-and-Counter-Reformation#ref310490" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">history of Europe: Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Luther</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther#ref908471" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Martin Luther: Doctor of theology</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther/The-indulgences-controversy#ref908472" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Martin Luther: Luther, Cajetan, and Eck</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Protestant views</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antichrist#ref233304" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Antichrist</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/eschatology/Medieval-and-Reformation-millennialism#ref847008" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">eschatology: Medieval and Reformation millennialism</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>Roman Catholic Church</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism#ref479349" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Roman Catholicism</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Revelation#ref479248" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Roman Catholicism: Organs of teaching authority</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>episcopacy</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Evolution-of-the-episcopal-office#ref301129" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Christianity: Evolution of the episcopal office</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Austria</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/Early-Babenberg-period#ref408761" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Austria: Early Babenberg period</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Avignon</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Avignon#ref65078" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Avignon</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Byzantine Empire</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire/Byzantine-decline-and-subjection-to-Western-influences-1025-1260#ref313335" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Byzantine Empire: Arrival of new enemies</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Carolingian Empire</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pippin-III#ref285332" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Pippin III: Background and kingship</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Christianity</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/From-the-schism-to-the-Reformation#ref300926" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Christianity: Papacy and empire</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Eastern Orthodoxy</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy/History#ref249732" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Eastern Orthodoxy: Relations with the West</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Eastern rite churches</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-rite-church#ref219313" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Eastern rite church: History</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Finland</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Finland/Earliest-peoples#ref393115" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Finland: Competition for trade and converts</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Germany</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-Ottonian-conquest-of-Italy-and-the-imperial-crown#ref297069" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Germany: The Ottonian conquest of Italy and the imperial crown</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-Reformation#ref297306" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Germany: The Reformation of Germany</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Normans</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-papacy-and-the-Normans#ref318239" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Italy: The papacy and the Normans</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Protestantism</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism#ref469525" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Protestantism: The context of the late medieval church</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Protestant-Heritage#ref466247" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">The Protestant Heritage: Authority of the Word</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Roman Empire</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire#ref300830" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Christianity: The alliance between church and empire</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Spain</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-Visigothic-kingdom#ref587179" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Spain: The medieval empire, 1035–1157</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section></div> </div> <div id="Additional-Reading"> <div class="border-top"><h2 class="my-20">Additional Reading</h2> </div><div class="mb-30"> <span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref214722"> <h1 class="h1">General works</h1> <span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Interest in the papacy has resulted in a spate of general studies, including <span class="text-smallcaps">P.G. Maxwell-Stuart</span>, <em>Chronicle of the Popes</em> (1997), whose bibliography is alphabetical rather than chronological. <span class="text-smallcaps">Frank J. Coppa</span> (ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of the Vatican and Papacy</em> (1999), focuses on developments from the Renaissance to the present but has entries on all popes, antipopes, and councils. <span class="text-smallcaps">Richard P. McBrien</span>, <em>Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II</em> (1997, reissued 2000), offers chronologically arranged biographies of the popes, providing useful information on how they are elected and removed from office. <span class="text-smallcaps">J.N.D. Kelly</span>, <em>The Oxford Dictionary of Popes</em> (1986, reissued 1996), also contains chronological coverage of popes and antipopes as well as information on the papacy in transition. Somewhat broader in scope but immensely useful is <span class="text-smallcaps">Richard P. McBrien</span> et al. (eds.), <em>The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism</em> (1995), which treats in one volume numerous aspects of the papacy and the church with clarity and balance. <span class="text-smallcaps">Eamon Duffy</span>, <em>Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes</em>, 2nd ed. (2001), is both accurate and readable. Among other recent volumes on the papacy are <span class="text-smallcaps">William J. La Due</span>, <em>The Chair of Saint Peter</em> (1999); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Allan Hall</span>, <em>A History of the Papacy</em> (1998).</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> </section> <section data-level="1" id="ref214723"> <h2 class="h1">The early papacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Works on the early papacy include the old but still useful <span class="text-smallcaps">L. (Louis) Duchesne</span>, <em>Early History of the Christian Church</em>, trans. by Claude Jenkins, 3 vol. (1909–24, reissued 1965; originally published in French, 4th ed., 1908–11). <span class="text-smallcaps">John Chapman</span>, <em>Studies on the Early Papacy</em> (1928, reprinted 1971), considers various aspects of this emerging institution; while <span class="text-smallcaps">J. Stevenson</span> (ed.), <em>Creeds, Councils, and Controversies: Documents Illustrative of the History of the Church A.D. 337–461</em>, rev. ed. (1988), provides important texts. The volume by <span class="text-smallcaps">James T. Shotwell</span> and <span class="text-smallcaps">Louise Ropes Loomis</span> (eds.), <em>The See of Peter</em> (1927, reissued 1991), offers in translation the various texts explaining the basis for the Catholic belief in Peter’s primacy and the institution of the papacy. <span class="text-smallcaps">Adrian Fortescue</span>, <em>The Early Papacy to the Synod of Chalcedon in 451</em>, 3rd ed. (1997), is a standard source.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> </section> <section data-level="1" id="ref214724"> <h2 class="h1">The medieval papacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The most complete histories of the early medieval papacy are <span class="text-smallcaps">Horace K. Mann</span>, <em>The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages</em>, 2nd ed., 18 vol. (1925–32, reissued in 19 vol., 1979); and <em>The Book of Pontiffs</em>, rev. 2nd ed., trans. from Latin by <span class="text-smallcaps">Raymond Davis</span> (1999). Works on the emergence of the papal state and the development of papal government include <span class="text-smallcaps">Thomas F.X. Noble</span>, <em>The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825</em> (1984); <span class="text-smallcaps">Peter Partner</span>, <em>The Lands of St. Peter</em> (1972); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Walter Ullmann</span>, <em>The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages</em>, 3rd ed. (1970). <span class="text-smallcaps">Uta-Renate Blumenthal</span>, <em>The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century</em> (1988, reissued 1991; originally published in German, 1982); and <span class="text-smallcaps">H.E.J. Cowdrey</span>, <em>Pope Gregory VII: 1073–1085</em> (1998), provide the best introductions to that important pope and the reform associated with him. The role of the papacy in the later Middle Ages is covered in <span class="text-smallcaps">Colin Morris</span>, <em>The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250</em> (1989, reissued 1991); <span class="text-smallcaps">Kenneth Pennington</span>, <em>Pope and Bishops: The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</em> (1984); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Aristeides Papadakis</span>, <em>The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071–1453 A.D.</em> (1994).</p><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> </section> <section data-level="1" id="ref214725"> <h2 class="h1">The Renaissance and Reformation papacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">A comprehensive treatment of the Renaissance and Reformation papacy is found in <span class="text-smallcaps">Ludwig Pastor</span>, <em>The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages</em>, trans. from German, 40 vol. (1891–1953, reissued 1978– ). Although an ultramontane account, it provides material and sources not readily available elsewhere. <span class="text-smallcaps">John A.F. Thomson</span>, <em>Popes and Princes, 1417–1517</em> (1980); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Kate J.P. Lowe</span>, <em>Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy</em> (1993, reissued 2002), are also useful. Further details on the cardinals, curia, and the papal court of the Renaissance may be found in <span class="text-smallcaps">Peter Partner</span>, <em>The Pope’s Men: The Papal Civil Service in the Renaissance</em> (1990); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Charles L. Stinger</span>, <em>The Renaissance in Rome</em> (1985, reissued 1998). There are numerous works on the Reformation, and the antipapal sentiment therein, including <span class="text-smallcaps">A.G. Dickens</span>, <em>The German Nation and Martin Luther</em> (1974, reissued 1976); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Harold J. Grimm</span>, <em>The Reformation Era, 1500–1650</em>, 2nd ed. (1973).</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> </section> <section data-level="1" id="ref214726"> <h2 class="h1">The early modern papacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The Counter-Reformation and the first years of the early modern papacy are covered in <span class="text-smallcaps">Pierre Janelle</span>, <em>The Catholic Reformation</em> (1949, reissued 1971); <span class="text-smallcaps">A.G. Dickens</span>, <em>The Counter Reformation</em> (1968, reissued 1979); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Jean Delumeau</span>, <em>Catholicism Between Luther and Voltaire</em> (1977; originally published in French, 1971). The Council of Trent is the focus of <span class="text-smallcaps">Hubert Jedin</span>, <em>A History of the Council of Trent</em>, trans. from German by Ernst Graf, 2 vol. (1957–63), only two volumes of the original five having been translated into English. The papal role in the Thirty Years’ War is treated in <span class="text-smallcaps">Robert Bireley</span>, <em>Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation</em> (1981). <span class="text-smallcaps">Raphael H. Song</span>, <em>The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</em> (1961), considers the papal role in the missionary effort. The entire period is covered in <span class="text-smallcaps">A.D. Wright</span>, <em>The Early Modern Papacy: From the Council of Trent to the French Revolution, 1564–1789</em> (2000).</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> </section> <section data-level="1" id="ref214727"> <h2 class="h1">The modern papacy</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">A good starting point and recent overview of the entire period is offered in <span class="text-smallcaps">Frank J. Coppa</span>, <em>The Modern Papacy Since 1789</em> (1998). More concentrated in its approach is <span class="text-smallcaps">Owen Chadwick</span>, <em>A History of the Popes, 1830–1914</em> (1998, reissued 2003), the best survey of the 19th-century papacy. Works on the revolutionary period include <span class="text-smallcaps">H. Daniel-Rops</span>, <em>The Church in an Age of Revolution, 1789–1870</em> (1965, reissued in 2 vol., 1967; trans. by John Warrington, vol. 1 of <em>L’Église des revolutions</em>, 3 vol., 1960–65); <span class="text-smallcaps">E.E.Y. Hales</span>, <em>Revolution and Papacy, 1769–1846</em> (1960, reissued 1966); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Owen Chadwick</span>, <em>The Popes and European Revolution</em> (1981). The role of the papacy in the age of reaction is explored in <span class="text-smallcaps">Roger Aubert</span> et al., <em>The Church Between Revolution and Restoration</em> (1980; trans. by Peter Drucker of vol. 1 of <em>Die Kirche im der Gegenwart</em>, 2 vol., 1970–73). The long, crucial, and controversial pontificate of Pius IX is considered in <span class="text-smallcaps">E.E.Y. Hales</span>, <em>Pio Nono</em>, 2nd ed. (1956, reissued 1962); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Frank J. Coppa</span>, <em>Pope Pius IX, Crusader in a Secular Age</em> (1979). Twentieth-century developments are explored in <span class="text-smallcaps">J. Derek Holmes</span>, <em>The Papacy in the Modern World, 1914–1978</em> (1981); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Carlo Falconi</span>, <em>The Popes in the Twentieth Century</em>, trans. by Muriel Grindrod (1968; originally published in Italian, 1967), among others. <span class="text-smallcaps">Peter Hebblethwaite</span>, <em>John XXIII: Pope of the Council</em>, rev. ed. (1994; also published as <em>John XXIII: Pope of the Century</em>, 2000), and <em>Paul VI: The First Modern Pope</em> (1993), are important and scholarly biographies, if poorly edited ones. There are innumerable biographies of Pope John Paul II, but to date only <span class="text-smallcaps">Tad Szulc</span>, <em>Pope John Paul II</em> (1995), claims an official status. Most of the material in the multivolume collection of <span class="text-smallcaps">Claudia Carlen</span>, <em>The Papal Encyclicals</em>, 5 vol. (1981, reissued 1990), provides essential documents of the modern popes from Pius VI through the first years of the pontificate of John Paul II.</p><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/contributor/Frank-J-Coppa/4868">Frank J. Coppa</a></span> </section> </div> </div> <div id="contributors" class="pt-20 mt-30 border-top"> <div id="contributors-papacy"> <h2 class="mb-20">Article Contributors</h2> <h3 class="topic-contributors-subtitle h4">Primary Contributors</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-10 mb-20 contributor-PRIMARY"> <li> <a href="/contributor/Frank-J-Coppa/4868">Frank J. Coppa</a> <div class="font-serif my-10"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> </li> </ul> <h3 class="topic-contributors-subtitle h4">Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-10 mb-20 contributor-NON_PRIMARY_EB"> <li> <a href="/editor/Vivek-Abhinav/9200864">Vivek Abhinav</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Adam-Augustyn/6394">Adam Augustyn</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Aakanksha-Gaur/9336039">Aakanksha Gaur</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Kanchan-Gupta/7666584">Kanchan Gupta</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Parul-Jain/9200335">Parul Jain</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Thinley-Kalsang-Bhutia/9548907">Thinley Kalsang Bhutia</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/rene-ostberg/12853185">René Ostberg</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/melissa-petruzzello/9400228">Melissa Petruzzello</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Shiveta-Singh/7666608">Shiveta Singh</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Matt-Stefon/6763">Matt Stefon</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="history" class="pt-20 border-top"> <div id="history-papacy"> <h2 class="mb-20">Article History</h2> <div class="mw-100 overflow-auto"> <table class="article-history table"> <thead> <tr> <th class="topic-history-type">Type</th> <th class="topic-history-description">Description</th> <th class="topic-history-contributor">Contributor</th> <th class="topic-history-date">Date</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Modified link of Web site: History World - History of the Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Dec 20, 2024</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Added cross-references.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/rene-ostberg/12853185">René Ostberg</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> May 21, 2024</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="photo"></em> </td> <td> Added media.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/rene-ostberg/12853185">René Ostberg</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 28, 2024</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Humanities Libretexts - The Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jul 07, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="photo"></em> </td> <td> Media added.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Apr 24, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/12/58312-019">Noted that popes are not numbered consecutively and mentioned the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/melissa-petruzzello/9400228">Melissa Petruzzello</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jan 23, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Biblical Cyclopedia - Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jan 05, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Learn Religion - How the Papacy Originated in Rome.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Aakanksha-Gaur/9336039">Aakanksha Gaur</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 21, 2022</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/68/116168-009">Corrected various dates in the Popes and antipopes table.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Adam-Augustyn/6394">Adam Augustyn</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 18, 2020</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/12/58312-015">Revised the number of canonized popes and mentioned Pope Francis as the first Latin American pope.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/melissa-petruzzello/9400228">Melissa Petruzzello</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 22, 2019</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/68/116168-008">Corrected display issue in the Popes and antipopes table.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Adam-Augustyn/6394">Adam Augustyn</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 13, 2019</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: The Metropolitan Museum of Art - The Papacy and the Vatican Palace.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jun 01, 2018</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: ReligionFacts - History of the Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Thinley-Kalsang-Bhutia/9548907">Thinley Kalsang Bhutia</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 06, 2017</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Eternal Word Television Network - Faith - The Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Thinley-Kalsang-Bhutia/9548907">Thinley Kalsang Bhutia</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 06, 2017</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="photo"></em> </td> <td> Added video.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Dec 31, 2014</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/12/58312-010">Article revised to mention the dates of Benedict XVI's reign and to mention his successor, Francis I.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Matt-Stefon/6763">Matt Stefon</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jun 06, 2014</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/68/116168-006">In the Popes and antipopes table, added a cross-reference to Francis I and moved "antipopes in italics" into the first footnote.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 14, 2013</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/68/116168-005">In the Popes and antipopes table, added Francis I.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 13, 2013</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/68/116168-004">In the Popes and antipopes table, closed out the term of Benedict XVI.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Amy-Tikkanen/6393">Amy Tikkanen</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 28, 2013</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Vivek-Abhinav/9200864">Vivek Abhinav</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jan 10, 2013</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Society - Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Parul-Jain/9200335">Parul Jain</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Sep 29, 2011</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - People - How the Papacy Works.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Shiveta-Singh/7666608">Shiveta Singh</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Dec 23, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/12/58312-007">Article revised and updated.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Matt-Stefon/6763">Matt Stefon</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 05, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/12/58312-006">Article revised and updated.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Adam-Augustyn/6394">Adam Augustyn</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Apr 22, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: Department of History of Boise State University - Foundations of Papal Authority.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Kanchan-Gupta/7666584">Kanchan Gupta</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 10, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: The Metropolitan Museum of Art - The Papacy and the Vatican Palace.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Kanchan-Gupta/7666584">Kanchan Gupta</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 10, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Papacy.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Kanchan-Gupta/7666584">Kanchan Gupta</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Mar 10, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article revised.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> May 12, 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article revised.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Apr 07, 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article revised.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 10, 2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article added to new online database.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jul 20, 1998</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="md-topic-diff" class="d-none"> <div class="md-modal-header"> </div> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header-container"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header"> <div class="grid"> <div class="col"> 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