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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Benevento</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Benevento" title="Hertogdom Benevento – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hertogdom Benevento" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دوقية بينيفينتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية بينيفينتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducau_de_Benavent" title="Ducau de Benavent – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ducau de Benavent" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc%C3%A1u_de_Benevento" title="Ducáu de Benevento – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ducáu de Benevento" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Херцогство Беневенто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Херцогство Беневенто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Benevento" title="Dugelezh Benevento – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Benevento" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_i_Principat_de_Benevent" title="Ducat i Principat de Benevent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat i Principat de Benevent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Benevent" title="Herzogtum Benevent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Benevent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento_hertsogkond" title="Benevento hertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benevento hertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Δουκάτο του Μπενεβέντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο του Μπενεβέντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Benevento" title="Ducado de Benevento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Benevento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9vent" title="Duché de Bénévent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Bénévent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Benevento" title="Ducado de Benevento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ducado de Benevento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Benevento" title="Vojvodstvo Benevento – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Benevento" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Benevento" title="Kadipaten Benevento – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Benevento" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Benevento" title="Ducato di Benevento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Benevento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="דוכסות בנוונטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות בנוונטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Benevento kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benevento kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevent%C3%B3i_Hercegs%C3%A9g" title="Beneventói Hercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beneventói Hercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Војводство Беневенто – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војводство Беневенто" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorstendom_Benevento" title="Vorstendom Benevento – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vorstendom Benevento" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="ベネヴェント公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネヴェント公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Benevento" title="Hertugdømmet Benevento – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Benevento" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8met_Benevento" title="Hertugdømet Benevento – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hertugdømet Benevento" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principat_de_Benevent" title="Principat de Benevent – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Principat de Benevent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Benewentu" title="Księstwo Benewentu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Benewentu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Benevento" title="Ducado de Benevento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado de Benevento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducatul_de_Benevento" title="Ducatul de Benevento – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ducatul de Benevento" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Княжество Беневенто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Княжество Беневенто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducatu_di_Beneventu" title="Ducatu di Beneventu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ducatu di Beneventu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina_Benevento" title="Vojvodina Benevento – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojvodina Benevento" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Војводство Беневент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војводство Беневент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Benevento" title="Vojvodstvo Benevento – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojvodstvo Benevento" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukado_ng_Benevento" title="Dukado ng Benevento – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dukado ng Benevento" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Беневентське герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беневентське герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Benevento" title="Công quốc Benevento – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Benevento" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E6%96%87%E6%89%98%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="贝内文托公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝内文托公国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q267816#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Lombard state in present-day southern Italy from 577 to 1053</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Principality of Benevento" redirects here. For a short-lived Napoleonic state, see <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of rulers of Benevento, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dukes_and_Princes_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento">List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy (Principality) of Benevento</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ducatus (Principatus) Beneventi</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">577–1053</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Calvary cross potent motif was commonly minted on coins by various princes of Duchy of Benevento"><img alt="Calvary cross potent motif was commonly minted on coins by various princes of Duchy of Benevento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/70px-Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/105px-Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/140px-Lombard_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1855" /></a></span></div> <div>Calvary <a href="/wiki/Cross_potent" title="Cross potent">cross potent</a> motif was commonly minted on <a href="/wiki/Lombard_coinage_of_Benevento" title="Lombard coinage of Benevento">coins</a> by various princes</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Principality of Benevento shown within Italy in 1000"><img alt="The Principality of Benevento shown within Italy in 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/250px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/375px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/500px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="811" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Principality of Benevento<br /> shown within Italy in 1000</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Lombardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(official)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(former)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_and_princes_of_Benevento" title="List of dukes and princes of Benevento">Duke / Prince</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 571–591 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zotto" title="Zotto">Zotto</a> <small>(first duke)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 774–787 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arechis_II_of_Benevento" title="Arechis II of Benevento">Arechis II</a> <small>(last duke & first prince)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1059–1077 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landulf_VI_of_Benevento" title="Landulf VI of Benevento">Landulf VI</a> <small>(last prince)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">577</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Frankish conquest of the Kingdom of the Lombards </div></th><td class="infobox-data">774</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished (<a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1053</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_coinage_of_Benevento" title="Lombard coinage of Benevento">Solidus, tremissis, denarius</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Benevento</b> (after 774, <b>Principality of Benevento</b>) was the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> duchy in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> that was centred on <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>, a city in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Lombard dukes ruled Benevento from 571 to 1077, when it was conquered by the Normans for four years before it was given to the Pope. Being cut off from the rest of the Lombard possessions by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a>, Benevento was practically independent from the start. Only during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald</a> (r. 662–671) and the kings from <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Liutprand the Lombard">Liutprand</a> (r. 712–744) on was the duchy closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a>. After the fall of the kingdom in 774, the duchy became the sole Lombard territory which continued to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>, maintaining its <i>de facto</i> independence for nearly 300 years, although it was divided after 849. Benevento dwindled in size in the early 11th century, and was completely captured by the Norman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> in 1053. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> refers to Benevento as the "Samnite Duchy" (<i>Ducatum Samnitium</i>) after the region of <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189568_and_76_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189568_and_76-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation">Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The circumstances surrounding the creation of the duchy are disputed. According to some scholars, Lombards were present in southern Italy well before the complete conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>: the duchy by these accounts would have been founded in 571.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189571_and_n1_73_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189571_and_n1_73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lombards may have entered later, around 590. Whatever the case, the first duke was <a href="/wiki/Zotto" title="Zotto">Zotto</a>, a leader of a band of soldiers who descended the coast of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Though at first independent, Zotto was eventually made to submit to the royal authority of the north. His successor was <a href="/wiki/Arechis_I_of_Benevento" title="Arechis I of Benevento">Arechis</a>, his nephew, and the principle of hereditary succession guided the Beneventan duchy to the end. </p><p>The Lombard duchies, part of the loosely-knit Lombard kingdom, were essentially independent, in spite of their common roots and language, and law and religion similar to that of the north, and in spite of the Beneventan dukes' custom of taking to wife women from the royal family. A swathe of territory that owed allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> separated the dukes of Benevento from the kings at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. Cultural autonomy followed naturally: a distinctive liturgical chant, the <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan chant</a>, developed in the church of Benevento: it was not entirely superseded by <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> until the 11th century. A unique <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan script</a> was also developed for writing <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. The 8th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> arrived in Benevento in the retinue of a princess from Pavia, the duke's bride. Settled into the greatest of Beneventan monasteries, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, he wrote first a history of Rome and then a history of the Lombards, the main source for the history of the duchy to that time as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Zotto's successors, the duchy was expanded against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Arechis, himself from the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, and sacked Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, but was unable to capture <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. After his reign, Byzantine holdings in southern Italy were reduced to Naples, Amalfi, <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, and the maritime cities of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>, etc.). In 662, Duke <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_I_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimoald I of Benevento">Grimoald I</a> (duke since 647), went north to aid the King <a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert</a> against his brother, the co-king <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a>, and instead killed the former, forced the latter into exile, and captured Pavia. As king of the Lombards, he tried to reinstate <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> of the late king <a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I</a>. However, Arianism was disappearing even in the duchy, as was the distinction between the ethnic Lombard population and the Latin- and Greek-speaking one. In 663, the city itself was besieged by the Byzantines during the failed attempt of <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(Byzantine_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (Byzantine Empire)">Constans II</a>, who had disembarked at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, to recover southern Italy. Duke <a href="/wiki/Romuald_I_of_Benevento" title="Romuald I of Benevento">Romuald I</a> defended the city bravely, however, and the Emperor, also fearing the arrival of Romuald's father, King Grimoald, retired to Naples. However, Romuald intercepted part of the Roman army at <a href="/wiki/Forino" title="Forino">Forino</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a> and Salerno, and destroyed it. A peace between the Duchy and the Eastern Empire was signed in 680. </p><p>In the following decades, Benevento conquered some territories from the Byzantines, but the main enemy of the duchy was now the northern Lombard kingdom itself. King <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Liutprand the Lombard">Liutprand</a> intervened several times to impose a candidate of his own on the ducal throne. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a>, declared the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">duchies of Spoleto</a> and Benevento foreign countries where it was forbidden to travel without royal permission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secundum_Ticinum">Secundum Ticinum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secundum Ticinum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/250px-Europe_814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/375px-Europe_814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/500px-Europe_814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>A map of Europe in 814 at the death of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg/250px-South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg/375px-South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg/500px-South_Italy_Before_851_AD_and_Benevento_to_its_maximum_extent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Benevento at its maximum <br />extent circa 851</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg/170px-Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg/255px-Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg/340px-Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Solidus of <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_III_of_Benevento" title="Grimoald III of Benevento">Grimoald III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 758, king <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> briefly captured Spoleto and Benevento, but with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s conquest of the Lombard kingdom in 774, <a href="/wiki/Arechis_II_of_Benevento" title="Arechis II of Benevento">Arechis II</a> tried to claim the royal dignity and make Benevento a <i>secundum Ticinum</i>: a second <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> (the old Lombard capital). Seeing that this was impractical and would draw Frankish attention to himself, he opted instead for the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i> (prince). In 787, he was forced by Charlemagne's siege of Salerno to submit to Frankish suzerainty. At this time, Benevento was acclaimed by a chronicler as a <i>Ticinum geminum</i>—a "twin Pavia". Arechis expanded the Roman city, with new walled enclosures extending onto the level ground southwest of the old city, where Arechis razed old constructions for a new princely palace, whose open court is still traceable in the <i>Piano di Corte</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>. Like their Byzantine enemies, the dukes linked the palace compound with a national church, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Saint Sophia</a>. </p><p>In 788, the principality was invaded by Byzantine troops led by Desiderius's son, <a href="/wiki/Adelchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelchis">Adelchis</a>, who had taken refuge at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. However, his attempts were thwarted by Arechis' son, <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_III_of_Benevento" title="Grimoald III of Benevento">Grimoald III</a>, who had, however, partially submitted to the Franks. The Franks assisted in the repulsion of Adelchis, but, in turn, attacked Benevento's territories several times, obtaining small gains, notably the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Chieti" title="Chieti">Chieti</a> to the duchy of Spoleto. In 814, <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_IV_of_Benevento" title="Grimoald IV of Benevento">Grimoald IV</a> made vague promises of tribute and submission to <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>, which were renewed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Sico_of_Benevento" title="Sico of Benevento">Sico</a>. None of these pledges were followed up, and the decreased power and influence of the individual <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> monarchs allowed the duchy to increase its autonomy. </p><p>The Beneventan dukes employed <a href="/wiki/Seal_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal rings">seal rings</a> to confirm documents, just like the Lombard kings, and the princes may have continued to use them into the ninth century. They indicate a continuation (or imitation) of Roman forms of administration, as well as widespread literacy (or "sub-literacy").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett2003170_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett2003170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_through_division_and_conquest">Decline through division and conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline through division and conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1796.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/250px-Italy_1796.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/375px-Italy_1796.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/500px-Italy_1796.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>Italy around 1796.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg/170px-Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg/255px-Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Sicard_solidus_671841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Solidus of <a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Benevento" title="Sicard of Benevento">Sicard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the following century despite the continuing hostility of the Frankish sovereigns, Benevento reached its apex, imposing a tribute on Naples and capturing Amalfi under Duke <a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Benevento" title="Sicard of Benevento">Sicard</a>. When Sicard was assassinated in 839, a civil war broke out. Sicard's brother, <a href="/wiki/Siconulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siconulf">Siconulf</a>, was proclaimed prince in Salerno while the assassin <a href="/wiki/Radelchis_I_of_Benevento" title="Radelchis I of Benevento">Radelchis</a> took the throne in Benevento. After 10 years of civil war, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Louis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Louis II">Emperor Louis II</a> ended the conflict by decreeing that the duchy be split into two distinct principates: Benevento (with <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> and Apulia north to <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a>. As a part of the partition, Capua was made part of the Principality of Salerno. </p><p>The crisis was aggravated by the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> ravages, the first Saracens having been called in by Radelchis and subsequently Siconulf in their decade-long war. Often spurred by rival Christian rulers, the Saracens attacked Naples and Salerno unsuccessfully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrueger195547_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrueger195547-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic colony in southern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> was eliminated only in 915, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Battle of Garigliano</a>. At the same time, however, the Byzantine Empire reconquered a great part of southern Italy, beginning at <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, which they retook from the Saracens in 876, and eventually elevating their <i>themes</i> under <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategoi</a></i> into a <a href="/wiki/Catapanate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapanate of Italy">Catapanate of Italy</a> (999), further reducing the already declining Beneventan power. </p><p>In 899, <a href="/wiki/Atenulf_I_of_Capua" title="Atenulf I of Capua">Atenulf I of Capua</a> conquered Benevento and united the two duchies. He declared them inseparable and introduced the principle of co-rule, whereby sons would be associated with their fathers, a principle soon borrowed by Salerno. However, all <i><a href="/wiki/Langobardia_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Langobardia minor">Langobardia minor</a></i> was unified for the last time by Duke <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_Ironhead" title="Pandulf Ironhead">Pandulf Ironhead</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Salerno" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Salerno">prince of Salerno</a> in 978. He succeeded in making Benevento an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a> in 969. Before his death (March 981), he had gained from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> the title of Duke of Spoleto also. However, he split it between his sons: <a href="/wiki/Landulf_IV_of_Benevento" title="Landulf IV of Benevento">Landulf IV</a> received Benevento-Capua and <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_II_of_Salerno" title="Pandulf II of Salerno">Pandulf II</a>, Salerno. Soon, Benevento was stripped away again when <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_II_of_Benevento" title="Pandulf II of Benevento">Pandulf</a>, the Ironhead's nephew, rebelled, demanding his part of the inheritance. </p><p>The first decades of the eleventh century saw Benevento dwindle to less than either of her sister duchies, Salerno, then prominent, or Capua. Around 1000, Benevento still comprised 34 separate counties. In 1022, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> conquered both Capua and Benevento, but returned to Germany after the failed siege of <a href="/wiki/Troia_(FG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troia (FG)">Troia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> arrived in the Mezzogiorno in these years, and Benevento then acknowledged to be in papal suzerainty, was only an off-and-on ally. The Beneventan duke still had enough prestige to lend his son, <a href="/wiki/Atenulf,_brother_of_Pandulf_III_of_Benevento" title="Atenulf, brother of Pandulf III of Benevento">Atenulf</a>, to the Norman-Lombard rebellion in Apulia as leader, but Atenulf abandoned the Normans and Benevento lost what was left of its influence. </p><p>The greatest of the Norman rulers of the south was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, who captured Benevento in 1053. Guiscard, in turn, gave Benevento to his nominal suzerain, Pope Leo IX. Pope Leo IX and his successors appointed a series of minor Lombards as dukes until Pope Gregory VII appointed Guiscard Prince of Benevento in 1078. Finally, in 1081, Guiscard returned the title to the papacy with little but the city remaining of the once-great principality which had determined the direction of South Italian affairs for generations. No dukes or princes were thereafter named. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)</a></div> <p>In 1806, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, after conquering Benevento, named as prince the famous <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand</a>. Talleyrand held the title till 1815 and was quite capable in administering the duchy besides his other tasks. Benevento was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> in February 1814 and at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> was restored to the Pope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189568_and_76-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189568_and_76_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1895">Hodgkin (1895)</a>, pp. 68 and 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189571_and_n1_73-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin189571_and_n1_73_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1895">Hodgkin (1895)</a>, pp. 71 and n1 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett2003170-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett2003170_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverett2003">Everett (2003)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrueger195547-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrueger195547_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrueger1955">Krueger (1955)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEverett2003" class="citation book cs1">Everett, N. (2003). <i>Literacy in Lombard Italy, c.568-744</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+Lombard+Italy%2C+c.568-744&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Hodgkin, Thomas</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italyandherinva03hodggoog"><i>Italy and her Invaders</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+her+Invaders&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalyandherinva03hodggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1955" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Hilmar C. (1955). <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_History_of_the_Crusades:_The_First_Hundred_Years,_Vol.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Vol.1 (page does not exist)">Setton, Kenneth Meyer</a>; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). <i>The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095</i>. University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Cities+and+the+Arabs+before+1095&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Hilmar+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_References">General References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Cooper, Duff</a>, <i>Talleyrand</i> (Frankfurt: 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-458-32097-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-458-32097-0">3-458-32097-0</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwatkin1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._M._Gwatkin" class="mw-redirect" title="H. M. Gwatkin">Gwatkin, H. M.</a> (1926). J. P. Whitney; et al. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+III&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Gwatkin&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1970). <i>The Normans in Sicily</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+in+Sicily&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1914). <i>The Dark Ages 476-918</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Rivingtons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Ages+476-918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Benevento" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Benevento&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alleanzacattolica.org/idis_dpf/voci/b_ducato_benevento.htm">Ducato (570 ca.-774) et Principato di Benevento (774-1077)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006002703/http://www.longobardidelsud.it/">I Longobardi del Sud</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Novellara_and_Bagnolo" title="County of Novellara and Bagnolo">County of Novellara and Bagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic era)">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Campania&#124;link=Campania_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campania" title="Template:Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campania" title="Template talk:Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Campania&#124;link=Campania_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania"><img alt="Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Avellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Salerno</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Campania,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/150px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/225px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrentine Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro" title="Terra di Lavoro">Terra di Lavoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallo_di_Diano" title="Vallo di Diano">Vallo di Diano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Campania" title="Category:Cities and towns in Campania">Cities, towns and villages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Campania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Campania">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Duchy of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Campania" title="Ancient Campania">Ancient Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Campania" title="Politics of Campania">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Campania" title="Elections in Campania">Elections in Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Campania" title="List of presidents of Campania">List of presidents of Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Campania" title="Demographics of Campania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Campania" title="Music of Campania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Campania" title="Flag of Campania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Campania" title="Coat of arms of Campania">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Campania" title="Category:Campania">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267816#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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