CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"99d05fa9-09df-4378-98d5-9461a10dd7a5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720–1861)","wgTitle":"Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)","wgCurRevisionId":1253406451,"wgRevisionId":1253406451,"wgArticleId":72795047,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Sardinian-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Piedmontese-language text", "Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Commons link is locally defined","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Kingdom of Sardinia","Former countries in Europe","Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire","1324 establishments in Europe","1861 disestablishments in Italy","States and territories established in 1324","States and territories disestablished in 1861","History of Sardinia","Former countries","Former monarchies of Europe","Island countries","Christian states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720–1861)","wgRelevantArticleId":72795047,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2577303","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/1200px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/800px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/640px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1720–1861 rootpage-Kingdom_of_Sardinia_1720–1861 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history_of_Savoy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_of_Savoy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history of Savoy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_of_Savoy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Garibaldi and the Thousand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Towards the Kingdom of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flags, royal standards and coats of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_from_1859_to_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_from_1859_to_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1859 to 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_from_1859_to_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(1720_-_1861)" title="مملكة سردينيا (1720 - 1861) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة سردينيا (1720 - 1861)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1720_%E2%80%93_1861)" title="Сардинско кралство (1720 – 1861) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сардинско кралство (1720 – 1861)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Sardenya-Piemont" title="Regne de Sardenya-Piemont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Sardenya-Piemont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiinia_Kuningriik_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Sardiinia Kuningriik (1720–1861) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sardiinia Kuningriik (1720–1861)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Cerde%C3%B1a_(1720-1861)" title="Reino de Cerdeña (1720-1861) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Cerdeña (1720-1861)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Sardaigne_(1720-1861)" title="Royaume de Sardaigne (1720-1861) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Sardaigne (1720-1861)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Sardinia_(1720-1861)" title="Kerajaan Sardinia (1720-1861) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Sardinia (1720-1861)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Sardegna_(1720-1861)" title="Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Кралство Сардинија (1720–1861) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Сардинија (1720–1861)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_de_Sardigna_(1720-1861)" title="Regnu de Sardigna (1720-1861) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Regnu de Sardigna (1720-1861)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1720%E2%80%941861)" title="Сардинське королівство (1720—1861) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сардинське королівство (1720—1861)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2577303#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&oldid=1253406451" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29&id=1253406451&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%25E2%2580%25931861%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%25E2%2580%25931861%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2577303" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical period of the Savoyard state from 1720 to 1861</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Sardinia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Sardiniae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">Rennu de Sardigna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>)</span><br /> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno di Sardegna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Piedmontese-language text"><i lang="pms">Regn ëd Sardëgna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1720–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/125px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/188px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/250px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Piedmont#Fifth_flag" title="Flag of Piedmont">Flag</a><br />(1816–1848)<sup id="cite_ref-rbvex.it_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbvex.it-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crwflags.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crwflags.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1833-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/85px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/128px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg/170px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281833-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="#Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms">Coat of arms</a><br />(1833–1848)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a><br />(Motto for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/S%27hymnu_sardu_nationale" title="S'hymnu sardu nationale">S'hymnu sardu nationale</a><br />"The Sardinian national anthem"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green"><img alt="Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/250px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/375px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png/500px-Piedmont-Sardinia_1850s.png 2x" data-file-width="7420" data-file-height="7602" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">client state</a> in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> (1720–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a><br />(1720–1798, 1814–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a><br />(1798–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Since the Iberian period in Sardinia:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>During the Savoyard period as a composite state:</b><br />Also <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (already official in the peninsula since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict; introduced to Sardinia in 1760<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (official in the peninsula since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict), <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br />(1720–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a><br />(1849–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1720 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1849–1861 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860–1861 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Senate" title="Subalpine Senate">Subalpine Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Sardinia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1720</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">Became part of the Savoy state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1720</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect fusion">Perfect fusion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Loss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Became the new Kingdom of Italy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1861</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1821 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,974,500<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliarese" title="Cagliarese">Cagliarese</a> (to 1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_scudo" title="Sardinian scudo">Sardinian scudo</a> (to 1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo" title="Piedmontese scudo">Piedmontese scudo</a> (to 1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> (1800–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_lira" title="Sardinian lira">Sardinian lira</a> (1816–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1700%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/20px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/30px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/40px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281860%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sardinia"><img alt="Flag of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Phoenician–Punic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Byzantine Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Sardinia</b> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> from 1720 until 1861, which united the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> with the mainland possessions of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>. Before 1847, only the island of Sardinia proper was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, while the other mainland possessions (principally the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piedmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Piedmont">Principality of Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> and others) were held by the Savoys in their own right, hence forming a <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> which was formally referred to as the "<b>States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation was changed by the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> act of 1847, which created a unitary kingdom. Due to the fact that Piedmont was the seat of power and prominent part of the entity, the state is <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto#Geography" title="Pars pro toto">also referred to as</a> <b>Sardinia</b>-<b>Piedmont</b> or <b>Piedmont-Sardinia</b> and sometimes erroneously as the <b>Kingdom of Piedmont</b>.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before becoming a possession of the House of Savoy, the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> and then of the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">1720 Treaty of The Hague</a>, the island of Sardinia and its title of kingdom were ceded by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> claimants to the Spanish throne to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus II</a>. The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian peninsula, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the peninsular states, which included, besides Savoy and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Aosta</a>, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. </p><p>Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy. While the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Sardinia">its viceroys</a> had always been <i>de jure</i> <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, it was the Piedmontese city of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the <i>de facto</i> seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin. </p><p>When the peninsular domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a>, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its peninsular possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>'s accession to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1816)" title="Treaty of Turin (1816)">Treaty of Turin (1816)</a> transferred <a href="/wiki/Carouge" title="Carouge">Carouge</a> and adjacent areas to the newly-created Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Canton of Geneva</a>. In 1847–48, through an act of Union analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">one between Great Britain and Ireland</a>, the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a></i>. </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (1859), the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">central Italian states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1860), <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a> (1866), and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy</a>, and its capital was eventually moved first to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia was thus the <a href="/wiki/Predecessor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Predecessor state">legal predecessor</a> of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Sardinia was the title with the highest rank among the territories possessed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, and hence this title was and still is used often to indicate the whole of their possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the Savoys ruled not a unitary state, but a complex array of different entities and titles with different institutional, cultural, and legal backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included for example the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piedmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Piedmont">Principality of Piedmont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>, which were distinct and not juridically part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, which included only the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Savoys themselves referred to their possessions as a whole as "<b>the States of the King of Sardinia</b>" (<i>Italian</i>: "gli Stati del Re di Sardegna").<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, historians use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a></i> to indicate this entity, which is an example of <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a> where many different and distinct territories are united in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> by having the same ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation changed with the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> of 1847, an act of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a> which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states and the island of Sardinia, creating a unitary kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_of_Savoy">Early history of Savoy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history of Savoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II,_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png/220px-Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png/330px-Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png/440px-Lands_of_Victor_Amadeus_II%2C_Duke_of_Savoy_-_it.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The Savoyards' Italian possessions in the early 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 3rd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a> settled down in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. This region, named Allobrigia and later "Sapaudia" in Latin, was integrated to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In the 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Kingdom of Burgundy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> was inhabited in early historic times by Celto-<a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a> tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a>. They later submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220 BC</span>), who founded several colonies there including <i>Augusta Taurinorum </i>(Turin) and <i>Eporedia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> (5th century), <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> (6th century), and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> (773). At the time, what is known today as Piedmont, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, was subdivided into several <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marks" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:marks">marks</a> and counties. </p><p>In 1046, <a href="/wiki/Oddo_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddo of Savoy">Oddo of Savoy</a> added Piedmont to their main segment of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">communes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marquisate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate">marquisates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquisate of Montferrat">Montferrat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a> was elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> in 1416, and Duke <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert</a> moved the seat to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in 1563. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_of_Sardinia_for_Sicily">Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1700%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy" title="Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy">Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QUATTRO_MORI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/220px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/330px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/QUATTRO_MORI.jpg/440px-QUATTRO_MORI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>19th-century coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia under the Savoy dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>), received the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II" title="Victor Amadeus II">Victor Amadeus II</a>, Duke of Savoy and Prince of Piedmont (and now King of Sicily too), had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1720)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1720)">Treaty of The Hague</a> of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. </p><p>Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of <i>Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem</i>, as the House of Savoy still claimed the thrones of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, although both had long been under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. </p><p> In 1767–1769, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel III</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Maddalena_archipelago" title="Maddalena archipelago">Maddalena archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio" title="Strait of Bonifacio">Strait of Bonifacio</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and claimed it as part of Sardinia. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the Sardinian region.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SardiniePiemont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/220px-SardiniePiemont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/330px-SardiniePiemont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SardiniePiemont.jpg/440px-SardiniePiemont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856, after the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna">Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy crown joined the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, but was beaten in 1796 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and forced to conclude the disadvantageous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1796)" title="Treaty of Paris (1796)">Treaty of Paris (1796)</a>, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798 General <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Catherine_Joubert" title="Barthélemy Catherine Joubert">Joubert</a> occupied Turin and forced <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel IV</a> to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia, having defeated the armies of the <a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">French expedition to Sardinia</a> without the royal army's help, stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war. </p><p>The refusal by the Savoyards of recognizing the Sardinian's rights and representaion in government<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused the Sardinian Vespers (also known as the "Three years of revolution") started by <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">sa dii de s'aciappa</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("the day of the pursuit and capture"), commemorated today as <a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">Sa die de sa Sardigna</a>, when people in Cagliari started chasing any Piedmontese functionaries they could find and expelled them from the island. Thus, Sardinia became the first European country to have engaged in a revolution of its own, the episode not being the result of a foreign military importation like in most of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, now a duchy, and it served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> against France. This was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, which returned the region of Savoy to its borders after it had been annexed by France in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stupinigi" title="Treaty of Stupinigi">Treaty of Stupinigi</a>, the Kingdom of Sardinia extended its protectorate over the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a>. </p><p>In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel I</a> (1802–21), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Felix_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Felix of Sardinia">Charles Felix</a> (1821–31) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert">Charles Albert</a> (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trocadero" title="Battle of Trocadero">Battle of Trocadero</a>, which restored the reactionary <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> to the Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia. </p><p>The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a></i>, was enacted in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">the year of revolutions, 1848</a> under liberal pressure. In the same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency for more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the peninsula through the so-called <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect fusion">Perfect fusion</a> issued by Charles Albert; as a result, the kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. After initial success, the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Radetzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Radetzky">Marshal Radetzky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custozza_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Custozza (1848)">Battle of Custozza (1848)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification">Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/220px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/330px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg/440px-Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour_1864_by_Francesco_Hayez_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3117" data-file-height="3833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/220px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/330px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/440px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">King Victor Emmanuel II</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> in Teano (26 October 1860)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div> <p>Like all the various <a href="/wiki/Duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchies">duchies</a> and <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine peninsula">Apennine peninsula</a> and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>. </p><p>In 1852, a liberal ministry under <a href="/wiki/Count_Camillo_Benso_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Camillo Benso di Cavour">Count Camillo Benso di Cavour</a> was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Second Empire">France</a>, and fighting against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. </p><p>In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Sardinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Sardinian War">Austro-Sardinian War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Magenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> would be ceded. </p><p>Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garibaldi_and_the_Thousand">Garibaldi and the Thousand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Garibaldi and the Thousand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 March 1860, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Parma, Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Modena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">somewhat controversial referendums</a> showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">toppled</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> on the peninsula to <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> on Sicily. He then marched to <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well. </p><p>Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, Nice, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towards_the_Kingdom_of_Italy">Towards the Kingdom of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Towards the Kingdom of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy</a>, so ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexations</a> of all other Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-His_40_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-His_40-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions and laws of the kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, remained the Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_the_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in the Two Sicilies">many revolts exploded</a> throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> ruled Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">republic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">referendum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major progress in the economy was achieved during the government of <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>. Cavour believed that economic progress had to precede political change, and stressed the advantages of railroad construction in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-coppa_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coppa-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a strong supporter of transportation by <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, sponsoring the building of many railroads and canals. Between 1838 and 1842 Cavour began several initiatives in attempts to solve economic problems in his area. He experimented with different agricultural techniques on his estate, such as growing <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar beets">sugar beets</a>, and was one of the first Italian landowners to use chemical fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also founded the Piedmontese Agricultural Society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currency in use in Savoy was the <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo" title="Piedmontese scudo">Piedmontese scudo</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic era</a>, it was replaced in general circulation by the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>. In 1816, after regaining their peninsular domains, the scudo was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_lira" title="Sardinian lira">Sardinian lira</a>, which in 1821 also replaced the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_scudo" title="Sardinian scudo">Sardinian scudo</a>, the coins that had been in use on the island throughout the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1847, only the island of Sardinia proper was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, while the other mainland possessions (principally the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piedmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Piedmont">Principality of Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> and others) were held by the Savoys in their own right, hence forming a <a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> which was formally referred to as the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia", such as in the documents of the Congress of Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Fusion" title="Perfect Fusion">Perfect Fusion</a> (<i>Fusione perfetta</i>) was the 1847 act of the Savoyard King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a> which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states and the island of Sardinia, in a fashion similar to the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> and the realms of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> between 1707 and 1716 and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1800. </p><p>In 1848, King Charles Albert granted the <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a>, which functioned as the constitution of the state. The Statute was proclaimed only because of concern at the revolutionary insurrection agitating Italy in 1848. At the time, Charles Albert was only following the example of other Italian rulers, but his Statute was the only constitution to survive the repression that followed the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a> (1848–49). The Statute remained the basis of the legal system after <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> was achieved in 1860 and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy. Even though it suffered deep modifications, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">fascist government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (who ruled with the tacit approval of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a>), the Statute lasted mostly unaltered in the structure until the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">republican constitution</a> in 1948, which superseded several primary features of the document, with specific regard to those of monarchical nature. </p><p>The head of state was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">King of Sardinia</a>, while the head of the government was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="List of prime ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia">Prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Navy" title="Royal Sardinian Navy">Royal Sardinian Navy</a> functioned as the military of Kingdom of Sardinia until they became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> on 4 May 1861 and the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> on 17 March 1861. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags,_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"><span id="Flags.2C_royal_standards_and_coats_of_arms"></span>Flags, royal standards and coats of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flags, royal standards and coats of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag of Sardinia</a></div> <p>When the Duchy of Savoy acquired the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy" title="Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Savoy">flag of Savoy</a> became the flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>. Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> in various ways, adding the letters <a href="/wiki/FERT" title="FERT">FERT</a> in the four cantons, or adding a blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton. </p><p>Eventually, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert">Charles Albert</a> of Savoy adopted the "revolutionary" <a href="/wiki/Italian_tricolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian tricolor">Italian tricolor</a>, surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag would later become the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Coat of Arms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1815).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1720–1815)"><img alt="(1720–1815)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720-1815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1720–1815</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1815-1831).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1815–1831)"><img alt="(1815–1831)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1815–1831</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1831–1848)"><img alt="(1831–1848)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/76px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/114px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg/152px-Stemma_del_Regno_di_Sardegna_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1831–1848</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_(1848-1870).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1848–1861)"><img alt="(1848–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_variant_%281848-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1848–1861</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">State Flags</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_(late_16th_-_late_18th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century)"><img alt="Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/120px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/180px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/240px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (<b>1720-1848</b>) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (<b>late 16th - late 18th century</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Flag and War Ensign (1816–1848): Civil Flag "crowned""><img alt="State Flag and War Ensign (1816–1848): Civil Flag "crowned"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/120px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/180px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/240px-State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State Flag and War Ensign (<b>1816–1848</b>): Civil Flag "crowned"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1848-1851).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State and war flag (1848–1851)"><img alt="State and war flag (1848–1851)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281848-1851%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State and war flag (<b>1848–1851</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag and war ensign (1851–1861)"><img alt="State flag and war ensign (1851–1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/240px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag and war ensign (<b>1851–1861</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Other Flags</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(c.1799-1802).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag (c.1799–1802)"><img alt="Merchant Flag (c.1799–1802)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%28c.1799-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag<br />(<b>c.1799–1802</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1785-1802).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)"><img alt="War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281785-1802%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Navy" title="Royal Sardinian Navy">Royal Sardinian Navy</a> (<b>1785–1802</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1802-1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag (1802–1814)"><img alt="Merchant Flag (1802–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag<br />(<b>1802–1814</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1802-1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign (1802–1814)"><img alt="War Ensign (1802–1814)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281802-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign<br />(<b>1802–1814</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1814-1816).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814–1816)"><img alt="Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814–1816)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/120px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/180px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/240px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchant Flag and War Ensign (<b>1814–1816</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (1816–1848)"><img alt="Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (1816–1848)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/120px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/180px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/240px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (<b>1816–1848</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1816-1848)_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848) aspect ratio 31:76"><img alt="War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848) aspect ratio 31:76" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/120px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/180px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg/240px-War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29_aspect_ratio_31-76.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (<b>1816–1848</b>) <i>aspect ratio 31:76</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon"><img alt="Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civil and merchant flag (<b>1851–1861</b>), the Italian <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">tricolore</a> with the coat of arms of Savoy as an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Royal Standards</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_Italy_(1861_-_1880).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)"><img alt="(1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/120px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/180px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg/240px-Royal_standard_of_Italy_%281861_-_1880%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(<b>1848–1861</b>) and Kingdom of Italy (<b>1861–1880</b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931880).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)"><img alt="Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Crown_Prince_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931880%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Crown Prince (<b>1848–1861</b>) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (<b>1861–1880</b>)</div> </li> </ul> <p><i><b>References</b></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-rbvex.it_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbvex.it-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crwflags.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crwflags.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_evolution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_from_1859_to_1860">Territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1859 to 1860</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Territorial evolution of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1859 to 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1859.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1859:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies On the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence"><img alt="1859:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies On the eve of the Second Italian War of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/120px-Italia1859.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/180px-Italia1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Italia1859.png/240px-Italia1859.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1859: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Sardinia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> Duchies <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a>-<a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></div><br />On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia1860.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1860:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   United Provinces of Central Italy   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies After the annexation of Lombardy and before the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy"><img alt="1860:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   United Provinces of Central Italy   Papal States   Kingdom of the Two Sicilies After the annexation of Lombardy and before the annexation of the United Provinces of Central Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/120px-Italia1860.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/180px-Italia1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Italia1860.png/240px-Italia1860.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1860: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Sardinia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fe9e7f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></div> <br />After the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and before the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RegnoItalia1861.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1861:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Papal States After the Expedition of the Thousand, and on the eve of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy."><img alt="1861:   Kingdom of Sardinia   Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia   Papal States After the Expedition of the Thousand, and on the eve of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/120px-RegnoItalia1861.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/180px-RegnoItalia1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/RegnoItalia1861.png/240px-RegnoItalia1861.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1861: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8040; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Sardinia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d8241c; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div> <br />After the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, and on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" class="extiw" title="commons:Kingdom of Sardinia"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Kingdom of Sardinia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">List of monarchs of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">List of viceroys of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27hymnu_sardu_nationale" title="S'hymnu sardu nationale">S'hymnu sardu nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1700%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rbvex.it-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbvex.it_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbvex.it_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbvex.it/sardegna.html">"<i>Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna.</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531182859/http://www.rbvex.it/sardegna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandiere+degli+Stati+preunitari+italiani%3A+Sardegna.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbvex.it%2Fsardegna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crwflags.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crwflags.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crwflags.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sark2.html">"<i>Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy).</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225161154/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sark2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World%3A+Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%E2%80%93+Part+2+%28Italy%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fit-sark2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storia della lingua sarda</i>, vol. 3, a cura di Giorgia Ingrassia e Eduardo Blasco Ferrer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure</i>, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S'italianu in Sardìnnia</i>, Amos Cardia, Iskra</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Settecento sardo e cultura europea: Lumi, società, istituzioni nella crisi dell'Antico Regime</i>; Antonello Mattone, Piero Sanna; FrancoAngeli Storia; pp.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salimbasarda.net/istoria/sitalianu-in-sardigna-impostu-a-obligu-de-lege-cun-boginu/">"Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? Impostu a òbligu de lege cun Boginu – Limba Sarda 2.0"</a>. <i>Limba Sarda 2.0</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053728/http://salimbasarda.net/istoria/sitalianu-in-sardigna-impostu-a-obligu-de-lege-cun-boginu/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Limba+Sarda+2.0&rft.atitle=Limba+Sarda+2.0S%27italianu+in+Sardigna%3F+Impostu+a+%C3%B2bligu+de+lege+cun+Boginu+%E2%80%93+Limba+Sarda+2.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalimbasarda.net%2Fistoria%2Fsitalianu-in-sardigna-impostu-a-obligu-de-lege-cun-boginu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiwert2011" class="citation book cs1">Seiwert, Hubert (2011). <i>Religious intolerance and discrimination in selected European countries</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-99894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-99894-1"><bdi>978-3-643-99894-1</bdi></a>. <q>In 1848, the Statute or constitution issued by King Carlo Alberto for the kingdom of Sardinia proclaimed "the only State religion" the Roman Catholic one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+intolerance+and+discrimination+in+selected+European+countries&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-99894-1&rft.aulast=Seiwert&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings1821" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Jacob (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59sBAAAAYAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Ancient and Modern Geography</i></a>. Cummings and Hilliard. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-341-37795-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-341-37795-2"><bdi>978-1-341-37795-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ancient+and+Modern+Geography&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cummings+and+Hilliard&rft.date=1821&rft.isbn=978-1-341-37795-2&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59sBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStobbs2000" class="citation cs2">Stobbs, Christopher (2000), Belton, Adrian; Frigo, Daniela (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-and-diplomacy-in-early-modern-italy/savoyard-diplomacy-in-the-eighteenth-century-16841798/2294875305E40614DA05EC1B2C9548C2">"Savoyard diplomacy in the eighteenth century (1684-1798)"</a>, <i>Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy: The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450–1800</i>, Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 210–253, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52329-8"><bdi>978-0-511-52329-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510152613/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-and-diplomacy-in-early-modern-italy/savoyard-diplomacy-in-the-eighteenth-century-16841798/2294875305E40614DA05EC1B2C9548C2">archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Diplomacy+in+Early+Modern+Italy%3A+The+Structure+of+Diplomatic+Practice%2C+1450%E2%80%931800&rft.atitle=Savoyard+diplomacy+in+the+eighteenth+century+%281684-1798%29&rft.pages=210-253&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-511-52329-8&rft.aulast=Stobbs&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fpolitics-and-diplomacy-in-early-modern-italy%2Fsavoyard-diplomacy-in-the-eighteenth-century-16841798%2F2294875305E40614DA05EC1B2C9548C2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700)</i>. Vol. 12. Penn State University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fj.ctv1c9hnc2.7">10.5325/j.ctv1c9hnc2.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61248-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61248-094-7"><bdi>978-1-61248-094-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1c9hnc2">10.5325/j.ctv1c9hnc2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabaudian+Studies%3A+Political+Culture%2C+Dynasty%2C+and+Territory+%281400%E2%80%931700%29&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1c9hnc2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1c9hnc2.7&rft.isbn=978-1-61248-094-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVester2013" class="citation book cs1">Vester, Matthew (2013-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ&dq=savoy+composite+state&pg=PA261"><i>Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700)</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6"><bdi>978-0-271-09100-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081859/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ&dq=savoy+composite+state&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabaudian+Studies%3A+Political+Culture%2C+Dynasty%2C+and+Territory+%281400%E2%80%931700%29&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-271-09100-6&rft.aulast=Vester&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJ6YEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsavoy%2Bcomposite%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinowskaSpangler2021" class="citation book cs1">Kalinowska, Anna; Spangler, Jonathan (2021-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iopFEAAAQBAJ"><i>Power and Ceremony in European History: Rituals, Practices and Representative Bodies since the Late Middle Ages</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15219-9"><bdi>978-1-350-15219-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081842/https://books.google.com/books?id=iopFEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Ceremony+in+European+History%3A+Rituals%2C+Practices+and+Representative+Bodies+since+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-350-15219-9&rft.aulast=Kalinowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Spangler%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiopFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/sard.htm">"Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848–1849"</a>. <i>www.ohio.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119191322/https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/sard.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohio.edu&rft.atitle=Sardinia-Piedmont%2C+Kingdom+of%2C+1848%E2%80%931849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fchastain%2Frz%2Fsard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Cavour and the achievement of unity (1852–61)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315836836-12/sardinia-piedmont-harry-hearder"><i>Sardinia-Piedmont | 12 | Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790 – 1</i></a>. Routledge. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315836836-12">10.4324/9781315836836-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-83683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-83683-6"><bdi>978-1-315-83683-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119191432/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315836836-12/sardinia-piedmont-harry-hearder">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cavour+and+the+achievement+of+unity+%281852%E2%80%9361%29&rft.btitle=Sardinia-Piedmont+%7C+12+%7C+Italy+in+the+Age+of+the+Risorgimento+1790+%E2%80%93+1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315836836-12&rft.isbn=978-1-315-83683-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315836836-12%2Fsardinia-piedmont-harry-hearder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2020" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). <i>The napoleonic wars: a global history</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995106-2"><bdi>978-0-19-995106-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+napoleonic+wars%3A+a+global+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-995106-2&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sardinia-historical-kingdom-Italy">"Sardinia, Historical Kingdom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605212530/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sardinia-historical-kingdom-Italy">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardinia%2C+Historical+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSardinia-historical-kingdom-Italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A.Sandulli,_G.Vesperini_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldo_SandulliGiulio_Vesperini2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aldo Sandulli; Giulio Vesperini (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102041246/http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/1886/1/RTDP-Giulio.pdf">"L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico</i> (in Italian): 47–49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/1886/1/RTDP-Giulio.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+trimestrale+di+diritto+pubblico&rft.atitle=L%27organizzazione+dello+Stato+unitario&rft.pages=47-49&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Aldo+Sandulli&rft.au=Giulio+Vesperini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.unitus.it%2Fbitstream%2F2067%2F1886%2F1%2FRTDP-Giulio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinowskaSpangler2021" class="citation book cs1">Kalinowska, Anna; Spangler, Jonathan (2021-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iopFEAAAQBAJ"><i>Power and Ceremony in European History: Rituals, Practices and Representative Bodies since the Late Middle Ages</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15219-9"><bdi>978-1-350-15219-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081842/https://books.google.com/books?id=iopFEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Ceremony+in+European+History%3A+Rituals%2C+Practices+and+Representative+Bodies+since+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-350-15219-9&rft.aulast=Kalinowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Spangler%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiopFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVester2013" class="citation book cs1">Vester, Matthew (2013-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ"><i>Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700)</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6"><bdi>978-0-271-09100-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081844/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabaudian+Studies%3A+Political+Culture%2C+Dynasty%2C+and+Territory+%281400%E2%80%931700%29&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-271-09100-6&rft.aulast=Vester&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJ6YEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVester2013" class="citation book cs1">Vester, Matthew (2013-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ&dq=savoy+composite+state&pg=PA261"><i>Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700)</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09100-6"><bdi>978-0-271-09100-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081859/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ6YEAAAQBAJ&dq=savoy+composite+state&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabaudian+Studies%3A+Political+Culture%2C+Dynasty%2C+and+Territory+%281400%E2%80%931700%29&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-271-09100-6&rft.aulast=Vester&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJ6YEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsavoy%2Bcomposite%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrs2000" class="citation book cs1">Storrs, Christopher (2000-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZWqTszlL3EC"><i>War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42519-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42519-3"><bdi>978-1-139-42519-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081903/https://books.google.com/books?id=zZWqTszlL3EC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Diplomacy+and+the+Rise+of+Savoy%2C+1690%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42519-3&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZWqTszlL3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchiWolfe2017" class="citation book cs1">Bianchi, Paola; Wolfe, Karin (2017-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUUzDwAAQBAJ"><i>Turin and the British in the Age of the Grand Tour</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14770-6"><bdi>978-1-107-14770-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816081841/https://books.google.com/books?id=YUUzDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turin+and+the+British+in+the+Age+of+the+Grand+Tour&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14770-6&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUUzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The resentment of the Sardinian Nation towards the Piedmontese had been growing for more than half a century, when they [Piedmontese] began to keep for themselves all the lucrative employments on the island, to violate the ancient privileges granted to the Sardinians by the Kings of Aragon, to promote to the highest positions people of their own kind while leaving to the Sardinians only the episcopates of Ales, Bosa and Castelsardo, that is Ampurias. The arrongance and scorn with which the Piedmontese had been treating the Sardinians by calling them bums, dirty, cowards and other similar and irritating names, and above all the most common expression of <i>Sardi molenti</i>, that is "Sardinian donkeys", did little but worsen their disposition as the days passed, and gradually alienated them from this nation." Tommaso Napoli, <i>Relazione ragionata della sollevazione di Cagliari e del Regno di Sardegna contro i Piemontesi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The hostility against the Piedmontese was no longer a matter of employments, like the last period of Spanish rule, the dispatches of the viceroy Balbiano and the demands of the <i><a href="/wiki/Stamenti" title="Stamenti">Stamenti</a></i> may paint it out to be. The Sardinians wanted to get rid of them not only because they stood as a symbol of an anachronistic dominion, hostile to both the autonomy and the progress of the island, but also and perhaps especially because their presumptuosness and intrusiveness had already become insufferable." Raimondo Carta Raspi, <i>Storia della Sardegna</i>, Editore Mursia, Milano, 1971, pp.793</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Che qualcosa bollisse in pentola, in Sardegna, poteva essere compreso fin dal 1780. Molte delle recriminazioni contro il governo piemontese erano ormai più che mature, con una casistica di atti, fatti, circostanze a sostenerle, tanto per la classe aristocratica, quanto per le altre componenti sociali." Onnis, Omar (2015). <i>La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo</i>, Arkadia, Cagliari, p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.condaghes.it/scheda.asp?id=978-88-86229-23-4&ver=sa"><i>Sa dì de s´acciappa – Dramma storico in due tempi e sette quadri</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021719/http://www.condaghes.it/scheda.asp?id=978-88-86229-23-4&ver=sa">Archived</a> 2018-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Piero Marcialis, 1996, Condaghes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mentre a Parigi si ghigliottinava Robespierre e il governo repubblicano prendeva una piega più moderata, la Sardegna era in piena rivoluzione. Primo paese europeo a seguire l'esempio della Francia, peraltro dopo averne respinto le <i>avance</i> militari. La rivoluzione in Sardegna, insomma, non era un fenomeno d'importazione. [...] Le rivoluzioni altrove furono suscitate dall'arrivo delle armi francesi e da esse protette (come la <a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">rivoluzione napoletana del 1799</a>). È un tratto peculiare, quasi sempre trascurato, della nostra stagione rivoluzionaria." Onnis, Omar (2015). <i>La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo</i>, Arkadia, Cagliari, p.152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells, H. G., Raymond Postgate, and G. P. Wells. The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKQBAAAAYAAJ">Wambaugh, Sarah & Scott, James Brown (1920), <i>A Monograph on Plebiscites, with a Collection of Official Documents</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 599</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-His_40-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-His_40_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtinoZagarMastny2005" class="citation book cs1">Ortino, Sergio; Zagar, Mitja; Mastny, Vojtech (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jjby--IbmMC"><i>The Changing Faces of Federalism: Institutional Reconfiguration in Europe From East to West</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6996-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6996-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6996-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Faces+of+Federalism%3A+Institutional+Reconfiguration+in+Europe+From+East+to+West&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6996-3&rft.aulast=Ortino&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Zagar%2C+Mitja&rft.au=Mastny%2C+Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Jjby--IbmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coppa-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coppa_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/cavour.htm">"Coppa, Frank J., "Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810–1861)", <i>Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions</i>, Ohio University, 1998"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609173106/http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/cavour.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coppa%2C+Frank+J.%2C+%22Cavour%2C+Count+Camillo+Benso+di+%281810%E2%80%931861%29%22%2C+Encyclopedia+of+1848+Revolutions%2C+Ohio+University%2C+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fchastain%2Fac%2Fcavour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beales & Biagini, <i>The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy</i>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/it-sar-k.html">"<i>Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 1 (Italy).</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223175621/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/it-sar-k.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World%3A+Kingdom+of+Sardinia+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%28Italy%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fit-sar-k.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antonicelli, Aldo. "From Galleys to Square Riggers: The modernization of the navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia." <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i> 102.2 (2016): 153–173 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/53790998/FROM_GALLEYS_TO_SQUARE_RIGGERS_THE_MODERNIZATION_OF.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearder1986" class="citation book cs1">Hearder, Harry (1986). <i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49146-0"><bdi>0-582-49146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+in+the+Age+of+the+Risorgimento%2C+1790%E2%80%931870&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-582-49146-0&rft.aulast=Hearder&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Luttwak Edward, <i>The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i>, The Belknap Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035195" title="Special:BookSources/9780674035195">9780674035195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a>. <i>Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento</i> (Oxford UP, 1971) <a href="//archive.org/details/victoremanuelcav0000mack" class="extiw" title="iarchive:victoremanuelcav0000mack">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1969" class="citation book cs1">Martin, George Whitney (1969). <i>The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy</i>. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-05908-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-05908-2"><bdi>0-396-05908-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Shirt+and+the+Cross+of+Savoy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Co.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-396-05908-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtaugh1991" class="citation book cs1">Murtaugh, Frank M. (1991). <i>Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia</i>. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0671-9"><bdi>978-0-8153-0671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavour+and+the+Economic+Modernization+of+the+Kingdom+of+Sardinia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0671-9&rft.aulast=Murtaugh&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Romani, Roberto. "The Reason of the Elites: Constitutional Moderatism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1861." in <i>Sensibilities of the Risorgimento</i> (Brill, 2018) pp. 192–244.</li> <li>Romani, Roberto. "Reluctant Revolutionaries: Moderate Liberalism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1859." <i>Historical Journal</i> (2012): 45–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349645">online</a></li> <li>Schena, Olivetta. "The role played by towns in parliamentary commissions in the kingdom of Sardinia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." <i>Parliaments, Estates and Representation</i> 39.3 (2019): 304–315.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorrs1999" class="citation book cs1">Storrs, Christopher (1999). <i>War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55146-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55146-3"><bdi>0-521-55146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Diplomacy+and+the+Rise+of+Savoy%2C+1690%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-55146-3&rft.aulast=Storrs&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer,_William_Roscoe1911" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Cavour+vol+1&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Thayer%2C+William+Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfwNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Sardinia+%281720%E2%80%931861%29" class="Z3988"></span> old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859]; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC">volume 2 online covers 1859–62</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italian">In Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AAVV. (a cura di F. Manconi), La società sarda in età spagnola, Cagliari, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, 2 voll., 1992-3</li> <li>Blasco Ferrer Eduardo, Crestomazia Sarda dei primi secoli, collana Officina Linguistica, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788887825657" title="Special:BookSources/9788887825657">9788887825657</a></li> <li>Boscolo Alberto, La Sardegna bizantina e alto giudicale, Edizioni Della TorreCagliari 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Casula Francesco Cesare</a>, La storia di Sardegna, Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8871380843" title="Special:BookSources/8871380843">8871380843</a></li> <li>Coroneo Roberto, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari, 2011</li> <li>Coroneo Roberto, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000,</li> <li>Gallinari Luciano, Il Giudicato di Cagliari tra XI e XIII secolo. Proposte di interpretazioni istituzionali, in Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea, n°5, 2010</li> <li>Manconi Francesco, La Sardegna al tempo degli Asburgo, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788864290102" title="Special:BookSources/9788864290102">9788864290102</a></li> <li>Manconi Francesco, Una piccola provincia di un grande impero, CUEC, Cagliari, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884677882" title="Special:BookSources/8884677882">8884677882</a></li> <li>Mastino Attilio, Storia della Sardegna Antica, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788889801635" title="Special:BookSources/9788889801635">9788889801635</a></li> <li>Meloni Piero, La Sardegna Romana, Chiarella, Sassari, 1980</li> <li>Motzo Bachisio Raimondo, Studi sui bizantini in Sardegna e sull'agiografia sarda, Deputazione di Storia Patria della Sardegna, Cagliari, 1987</li> <li>Ortu Gian Giacomo, La Sardegna dei Giudici, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788889801024" title="Special:BookSources/9788889801024">9788889801024</a></li> <li>Paulis Giulio, Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna bizantina: testimonianze linguistiche dell'influsso greco, Sassari, L'Asfodelo, 1983</li> <li>Spanu Luigi, Cagliari nel seicento, Edizioni Castello, Cagliari, 1999</li> <li>Zedda Corrado – Pinna Raimondo, La nascita dei Giudicati. Proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, in Archivio Storico Giuridico di Sassari, seconda serie, n° 12, 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sardinia" title="Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sardinia" title="Template talk:Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sardinia">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Nuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">South Sardinia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/100px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/150px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/200px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Viceroys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia" title="History of mining in Sardinia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sardinia" title="Politics of Sardinia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sardinia" title="Elections in Sardinia">Elections in Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">List of presidents of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia" title="List of political parties in Sardinia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_patriottu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios">Anthem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">Sa die de sa Sardigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia" title="List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia">Archaeological and artistic sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Demographics" title="Sardinia">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_national_football_team" title="Sardinia national football team">National football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Sardinia" title="Category:Languages of Sardinia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corso-Sardinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sardinia" title="Category:Sardinia">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_the_Spanish_monarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_the_Spanish_monarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/20px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/30px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg/40px-Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Aragon" title="List of viceroys of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Catalonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Catalonia" title="List of viceroys of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Navarre" title="List of viceroys of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1578).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Portugal" title="List of viceroys of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/20px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/30px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/40px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_(2x3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Valencia" title="List of viceroys of Valencia">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1580-1668).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/35px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/53px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg/70px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_%281580-1668%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas and East Indies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/20px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/30px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/40px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="757" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_House_of_Savoy_22px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Template:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of the Kingdom of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_House_of_Savoy_22px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy States">States</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Savoyard_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/22px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/33px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Savoyard_flag.svg/44px-Savoyard_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Sardinia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Arms_of_Sardinia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Savoy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Aosta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Thessalonica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_(early).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa_%28early%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Piedmont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piedmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Piedmont">Principality of Piedmont</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oneglia-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/19px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/29px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oneglia-Stemma.svg/38px-Oneglia-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="252" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Oneglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Oneglia (page does not exist)">Principality of Oneglia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Del_Vasto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a> <br /></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Nice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/20px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/30px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arms_of_Nice.svg/40px-Arms_of_Nice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1815-1831).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/40px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/60px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg/80px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281815-1831%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1822" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2577303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2577303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2577303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315090694">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342496n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342496n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sardegna <Regno>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV028430">Italy</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720–1861)&oldid=1253406451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720–1861)&oldid=1253406451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Category:Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Former countries in Europe">Former countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroyalties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire">Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1324_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1324 establishments in Europe">1324 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_disestablishments_in_Italy" title="Category:1861 disestablishments in Italy">1861 disestablishments in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1324" title="Category:States and territories established in 1324">States and territories established in 1324</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1861" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1861">States and territories disestablished in 1861</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sardinia" title="Category:History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries" title="Category:Former countries">Former countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries">Island countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sardinian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sardinian-language text">Articles containing Sardinian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Piedmontese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Piedmontese-language text">Articles containing Piedmontese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 20:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2wr6","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.157","walltime":"1.500","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9052,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":290982,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19333,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":241988,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1200.104 1 -total"," 27.38% 328.633 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 19.92% 239.082 3 Template:Reflist"," 12.86% 154.389 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.48% 113.763 7 Template:Cite_web"," 9.11% 109.347 4 Template:Native_name"," 7.38% 88.577 18 Template:Cite_book"," 7.26% 87.082 1 Template:History_of_Sardinia"," 7.16% 85.917 22 Template:Main_other"," 6.99% 83.868 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.641","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16261137,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fn5x6","timestamp":"20241122152955","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kingdom of Sardinia (1720\u20131861)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2577303","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2577303","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-01-19T19:13:16Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T20:33:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/State_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg","headline":"kingdom from 1720 to 1861"}</script> </body> </html>