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id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Extent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Temperature and salinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_circulation_and_tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_circulation_and_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Water circulation and tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_circulation_and_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Coasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Coastal management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storm_tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storm_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Storm tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storm_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Tsunamis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish_and_shellfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_shellfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Fish and shellfish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_shellfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Marine mammals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_sail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_sail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Age of sail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_sail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Whaling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Mineral resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Renewable energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Marine traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">North Sea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordsee" title="Noordsee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noordsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsee" title="Nordsee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordsee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ስሜን ባሕር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavemeer%C3%A2" title="Tavemeerâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tavemeerâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तरी सागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उत्तरी सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEs%C3%A6" title="Norþsæ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþsæ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҩадахьтәи амшын – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҩадахьтәи амшын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بحر الشمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر الشمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_d%27o_Norte" title="Mar d'o Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar d'o Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܕܓܪܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܕܓܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Bise" title="Mar de Bise – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar de Bise" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="উত্তৰ সাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উত্তৰ সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Norte" title="Mar del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तरी सागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उत्तरी सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Yvatevogua" title="Para Yvatevogua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Yvatevogua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_d%C9%99nizi" title="Şimal dənizi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal dənizi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="قوزئی دنیزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی دنیزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Segara Kalér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="উত্তর সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-h%C3%A1i" title="Pak-hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Төньяҡ диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паўночнае мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Паўночнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नॉर्थ सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नॉर्थ सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Северно море – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadsee" title="Noadsee – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadsee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_more" title="Sjeverno more – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_an_Hanternoz" title="Mor an Hanternoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor an Hanternoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хойто тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Nord" title="Mar del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%C4%95" title="Çурçĕр тинĕсĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр тинĕсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Amihanan" title="Dagat Amihanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dagat Amihanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e" title="Severní moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_di_u_Nordu" title="Mare di u Nordu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mare di u Nordu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r_y_Gogledd" title="Môr y Gogledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr y Gogledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nords%C3%B8en" title="Nordsøen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordsøen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsee" title="Nordsee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordsee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82nocne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Pódpołnocne mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołnocne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjameri" title="Põhjameri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjameri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βόρεια Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Norte" title="Mar del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_maro" title="Norda maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_itsasoa" title="Ipar itsasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar itsasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دریای شمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="North Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0sj%C3%B3gvurin" title="Norðsjógvurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Norðsjógvurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_du_Nord" title="Mer du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardsee" title="Noardsee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardsee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Thuaidh" title="An Mhuir Thuaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhuir Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooir_Hostyn" title="Mooir Hostyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mooir Hostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cuan_a_Tuath" title="An Cuan a Tuath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Cuan a Tuath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_do_Norte" title="Mar do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کلسيا دریا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کلسيا دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet-h%C3%B3i" title="Pet-hói – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%ED%95%B4" title="북해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Հյուսիսային ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तरी सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerne_morjo" title="Sewjerne morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_more" title="Sjeverno more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Maro" title="Norda Maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norda Maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Amianan" title="Baybay Amianan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Amianan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Nord" title="Mar del Nord – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar del Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Цæгат денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%B3r" title="Norðursjór – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðursjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_del_Nord" title="Mare del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הים הצפוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים הצפוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Lor" title="Sagara Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%CA%8A_Ki%C5%8B_Te%C5%8Bgu" title="Hayʊ Kiŋ Teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hayʊ Kiŋ Teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთის ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთის ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordow%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rz%C3%A9" title="Nordowé Mòrzé – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nordowé Mòrzé" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Солтүстік теңізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік теңізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kledh" title="Mor Kledh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Kledh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Kaskazini" title="Bahari ya Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Bakur" title="Deryaya Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Түндүк деңиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_dl_Nord" title="Mer dl Nord – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer dl Nord" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABstumu_jiura" title="Pūstumu jiura – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pūstumu jiura" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Germanicum" title="Mare Germanicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare Germanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCj%C5%ABra" title="Ziemeļjūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļjūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmier" title="Nordmier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nordmier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Кеферпатан гьуьл – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кеферпатан гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_j%C5%ABra" title="Šiaurės jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_do_Nord" title="Mâ do Nord – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ do Nord" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzie" title="Noordzie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noordzie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Norde" title="Mar Norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjanmeri" title="Pohjanmeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pohjanmeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/berti_xamsi" title="berti xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="berti xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Nord" title="Mar del Nord – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar del Nord" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szaki-tenger" title="Északi-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Északi-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Северно Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Avaratra" title="Ranomasina Avaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="വടക്കൻ കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കൻ കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तर समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ოორუეშ ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუეშ ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بحر الشمال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحر الشمال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شمال دریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شمال دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_l_Norte" title="Mar de l Norte – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar de l Norte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хойд тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хойд тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="မြောက်ပင်လယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်ပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzee" title="Noordzee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordzee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzee" title="Noordzee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noordzee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तरी सागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तरी सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उत्तर सागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उत्तर सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7" title="北海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Къилбаседа хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weestsiie" title="Weestsiie – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weestsiie" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8en" title="Nordsjøen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordsjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8en" title="Nordsjøen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordsjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Mar del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Йӱдвел теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йӱдвел теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_dengiz" title="Shimoliy dengiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="شمالی سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="شمالي سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8r_Nord" title="Mèr Nord – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mèr Nord" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_d%C3%ABl_N%C3%B2rd" title="Mar dël Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar dël Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordsee" title="Noordsee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordsee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocne" title="Morze Północne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Północne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_do_Norte" title="Mar do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimaliy_de%C3%B1iz" title="Şimaliy deñiz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şimaliy deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsee" title="Nordsee – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nordsee" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Nordului" title="Marea Nordului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Nordului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Северне море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Северне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Северное море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хотугу муора – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хотугу муора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بحیرہ شمالی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بحیرہ شمالی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_de_su_Nord" title="Mare de su Nord – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare de su Nord" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noudsee" title="Noudsee – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Noudsee" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Veriut" title="Deti i Veriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_d%C3%BB_nord" title="Mari dû nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari dû nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="اتر سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%A9_more" title="Severné more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severné more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severno_morje" title="Severno morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severno morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دەریای باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Северно море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverno_more" title="Sjeverno more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Laut Kalér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laut Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjanmeri" title="Pohjanmeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjanmeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B6n" title="Nordsjön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordsjön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Hilaga" title="Dagat Hilaga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Hilaga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வடகடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடகடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_n_Ugafa" title="Ilel n Ugafa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel n Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_d%27u_Nord" title="Mare d'u Nord – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare d'u Nord" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Төньяк диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ทะเลเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Баҳри Шимолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Denizi" title="Kuzey Denizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Denizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_de%C5%88zi" title="Demirgazyk deňzi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk deňzi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_A%CC%B1za" title="Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱za – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱za" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Уйпал зарезь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Уйпал зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Північне море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بحیرہ شمال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ شمال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Nord" title="Mar del Nord – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar del Nord" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoi%C5%BEmeri" title="Pohjoižmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pohjoižmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Biển Bắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Bắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%C3%BCdamel" title="Nolüdamel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nolüdamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5h%27ameri" title="Põh'ameri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põh'ameri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_do_N%C3%B4r" title="Mer do Nôr – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mer do Nôr" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ordz%C3%AAe" title="Nôordzêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôordzêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Amihanan" title="Dagat Amihanan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat Amihanan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%EF%BC%89" title="北海（大西洋） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北海（大西洋）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צפון ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北海 (大西洋)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Deryay Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%B4rdze%C3%AA" title="Noôrdzeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Noôrdzeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_j%C5%ABra" title="Šiaurės jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šiaurės jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=56_N_3_E_scale:5000000_type:waterbody&title=North+Sea">56°N 3°E / 56°N 3°E / 56; 3 (North Sea)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="North Sea (disambiguation)">North Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">North Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite image of North-Western Europe showing the expanse of the North Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg/264px-NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg/396px-NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg/528px-NASA_NorthSea1_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1700" /></a></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=56_N_3_E_scale:5000000_type:waterbody&title=North+Sea">56°N 3°E / 56°N 3°E / 56; 3 (North Sea)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">Spey</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Don, Aberdeenshire">Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Dee</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">Tay</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">Tees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">960 km (600 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">580 km (360 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">95 m (312 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">700 m (2,300 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">54,000 km3 (4.4×1010 acre⋅ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.4 to 3.5%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">18 °C (64 °F)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Min. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">6 °C (43 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/north-sea">Seatemperature.org</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/NorthSea/facts.php">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Map all coordinates in "Geography of the North Sea" using <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Geography+of+the+North+Sea">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> Download coordinates as: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Geography+of+the+North+Sea">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Geography+of+the+North+Sea">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Geography+of+the+North+Sea">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Geography+of+the+North+Sea">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> The North Sea lies between <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Epeiric_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Epeiric sea">epeiric</a> sea on the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, it connects to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> through the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, covering 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi). It hosts key north European shipping lanes and is a major <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>. The coast is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries, and a rich source of energy resources, including <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a>. The North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, from the Middle Ages to the modern era. It was also important globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era. The North Sea was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Vikings' rise</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> each sought to gain command of the North Sea and access to the world's markets and resources. As Germany's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea was strategically important through both world wars. The coast has diverse geology and geography. In the north, deep <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and sheer cliffs mark much of its <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> coastlines respectively, whereas in the south, the coast consists mainly of sandy beaches, estuaries of long rivers and wide <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>. Due to the dense population, heavy <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, and intense use of the sea and the area surrounding it, various environmental issues affect the sea's ecosystems. Adverse environmental issues – commonly including <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, industrial and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, and dumping, among others – have led to several efforts to prevent degradation and to safeguard long-term economic benefits. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_North_Sea" title="Geography of the North Sea">Geography of the North Sea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_discharging_into_the_North_Sea" title="List of rivers discharging into the North Sea">List of rivers discharging into the North Sea</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:242px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:315px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:250px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_map-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sk=Skagerrak   Ka=Kattegat Eng Ch=English Channel"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/250px-North_Sea_map-en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/375px-North_Sea_map-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/500px-North_Sea_map-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3100" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_81x0" style="position:absolute; left:81px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></div> <div id="annotation_195x90" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Sk</a></div> <div id="annotation_225x105" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Ka</a></div> <div id="annotation_24x298" style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:298px; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Eng Ch</a></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_map-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/250px-North_Sea_map-en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/375px-North_Sea_map-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Sea_map-en.png/500px-North_Sea_map-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3100" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_map-en.png" title="File:North Sea map-en.png"> </a></div>Sk=<a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>   Ka=<a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a> Eng Ch=<a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></div> </div></div> The North Sea is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a> and east coast of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to the west<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> and the northern and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central European</a> mainland to the east and south, including <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American-2">[2]</a> In the southwest, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Straits of Dover</a>, the North Sea becomes the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> connecting to the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-American-2">[2]</a> In the east, it connects to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-American-2">[2]</a> narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> In the north it is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>, and connects with the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, which is a marginal sea in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of 750,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi) and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres (13,000 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-Safety-4">[4]</a> Around the edges of the North Sea are <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_islands_in_the_North_Sea" title="List of the largest islands in the North Sea">sizeable islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American-2">[2]</a> The North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. A large part of the European <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> empties into the North Sea, including water from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-5">[5]</a> Around 185 million people live in the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment area</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_discharging_into_the_North_Sea" title="List of rivers discharging into the North Sea">the rivers discharging into the North Sea</a> encompassing some highly industrialized areas.<a href="#cite_note-NorthSeaPDF-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_features">Major features</h3></div> For the most part, the sea lies on the European <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> with a mean depth of 90 metres (300 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calow-7">[7]</a> The only exception is the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_trench" title="Norwegian trench">Norwegian trench</a>, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> to an area north of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> It is between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) wide and has a maximum depth of 725 metres (2,379 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Lis-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank" title="Dogger Bank">Dogger Bank</a>, a vast <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a>, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, rises to a mere 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) below the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Ostergren-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Long_Forties" title="Long Forties">Long Forties</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Fourteens" title="Broad Fourteens">Broad Fourteens</a> are large areas with roughly uniform depth in <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> (forty fathoms and fourteen fathoms or 73 and 26 m or 240 and 85 ft deep, respectively). These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate,<a href="#cite_note-Tuckey-11">[11]</a> which has been alleviated by the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">satellite navigation systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Hole_(North_Sea)" title="Devil's Hole (North Sea)">Devil's Hole</a> lies 320 kilometres (200 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland. The feature is a series of asymmetrical trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) long, one and two kilometres (0.6 and 1.2 mi) wide and up to 230 metres (750 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Other areas which are less deep are <a href="/wiki/Cleaver_Bank" title="Cleaver Bank">Cleaver Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Bank" title="Fisher Bank">Fisher Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noordhinder_Bank" title="Noordhinder Bank">Noordhinder Bank</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the North Sea as follows:<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <blockquote>On the Southwest. A line joining the Phare de Walde (Walde Lighthouse, in France, 50°59'37"N, 1°54'53"E) and <a href="/wiki/Leathercoat_Point" title="Leathercoat Point">Leathercoat Point</a> (England, 51°10'01.4"N 1°24'07.8").<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> northeast of Dover. On the Northwest. From <a href="/wiki/Dunnet_Head" title="Dunnet Head">Dunnet Head</a> (58°40'20"N, 3°22'30"W) in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to Tor Ness (58°47'N) in the Island of <a href="/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney" title="Hoy, Orkney">Hoy</a>, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy (58°55'N) on to Breck Ness on <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Orkney" title="Mainland, Orkney">Mainland</a> (58°58'N) through this island to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Head" title="Costa Head">Costa Head</a> (3°14'W) and Inga Ness (59'17'N) in <a href="/wiki/Westray" title="Westray">Westray</a> through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head (North point of <a href="/wiki/Papa_Westray" title="Papa Westray">Papa Westray</a>) and on to Seal Skerry (North point of <a href="/wiki/North_Ronaldsay" title="North Ronaldsay">North Ronaldsay</a>) and thence to <a href="/wiki/Horse_Holm" title="Horse Holm">Horse Island</a> (South point of the <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands). On the North. From the North point (Fethaland Point) of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland,_Shetland" title="Mainland, Shetland">Mainland</a> of the Shetland Islands, across to Graveland Ness (60°39'N) in the Island of <a href="/wiki/Yell,_Shetland" title="Yell, Shetland">Yell</a>, through Yell to Gloup Ness (1°04'W) and across to Spoo Ness (60°45'N) in <a href="/wiki/Unst" title="Unst">Unst</a> island, through Unst to <a href="/wiki/Hermaness" title="Hermaness">Herma Ness</a> (60°51'N), on to the SW point of the Rumblings and to <a href="/wiki/Muckle_Flugga" title="Muckle Flugga">Muckle Flugga</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=60_51_N_0_53_W_">60°51′N 0°53′W / 60.850°N 0.883°W / 60.850; -0.883</a>) all these being included in the North Sea area; thence up the meridian of 0°53' West to the <a href="/wiki/61st_parallel_north" title="61st parallel north">parallel of 61°00' North</a> and eastward along this parallel to the coast of Norway, the whole of Viking Bank is thus included in the North Sea. On the East. The Western limit of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> [A line joining <a href="/wiki/Hanstholm" title="Hanstholm">Hanstholm</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=57_07_N_8_36_E_">57°07′N 8°36′E / 57.117°N 8.600°E / 57.117; 8.600</a>) and the Naze (<a href="/wiki/Lindesnes" title="Lindesnes">Lindesnes</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=58_N_7_E_">58°N 7°E / 58°N 7°E / 58; 7</a>)].</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature_and_salinity">Temperature and salinity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthSeaCurrents.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NorthSeaCurrents.png/280px-NorthSeaCurrents.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NorthSeaCurrents.png/420px-NorthSeaCurrents.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NorthSeaCurrents.png/560px-NorthSeaCurrents.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> mainly entering via the north entrance exiting along the Norwegian coast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiden_loc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tiden_loc.png/280px-Tiden_loc.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tiden_loc.png/420px-Tiden_loc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tiden_loc.png/560px-Tiden_loc.png 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>• Localization of the tide-gauges listed • <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea#Hydrology" title="Norwegian Sea">Tide times after Bergen</a> (negative = before) • The three amphidromic centers • Coasts:   marshes = green   mudflats = greenish blue   lagoons = bright blue   dunes = yellow   sea dikes= purple   moraines near the coast= light brown   rock-based coasts = greyish brown</figcaption></figure> The average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F) in the summer and 6 °C (43 °F) in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-Safety-4">[4]</a> The average temperatures have been trending higher since 1988, which has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Air temperatures in January range on average between 0 and 4 °C (32 and 39 °F) and in July between 13 and 18 °C (55 and 64 °F). The winter months see frequent gales and storms.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> averages between 34 and 35 grams per litre (129 and 132 g/US gal) of water.<a href="#cite_note-Safety-4">[4]</a> The salinity has the highest variability where there is <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> inflow, such as at the Rhine and Elbe estuaries, the Baltic Sea exit and along the coast of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_circulation_and_tides">Water circulation and tides</h4></div> The main pattern to the flow of water in the North Sea is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-clockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clockwise">anti-clockwise</a> rotation along the edges.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean current</a> from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast.<a href="#cite_note-SaS-20">[20]</a> Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper, denser high salinity waters move inshore.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The North Sea located on the continental shelf has different waves from those in deep ocean water. The wave speeds are diminished and the wave amplitudes are increased. In the North Sea there are two <a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">amphidromic</a> systems and a third incomplete amphidromic system.<a href="#cite_note-Dyke-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter-23">[23]</a> In the North Sea the average tide difference in wave amplitude is between zero and eight metres (26 ft).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">An average is a single figure, not a range.</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Safety-4">[4]</a> The Kelvin tide of the Atlantic Ocean is a semidiurnal wave that travels northward. Some of the energy from this wave travels through the English Channel into the North Sea. The wave continues to travel northward in the Atlantic Ocean, and once past the northern tip of Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a> turns east and south and once again enters the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Changing-24">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Selected tidal ranges </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tidal range (<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>) (from calendars)</th> <th width="70pt">Maximum tidal range (m)</th> <th>Tide-gauge</th> <th>Geographical and historical features </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.79–1.82</td> <td align="center">2.39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.01–3.76</td> <td align="center">4.69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td> <td>Mouth of <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.38–4.61</td> <td align="center">5.65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td> <td>Mouth of <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.31–6.04</td> <td align="center">8.20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td> <td>Northern side of <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.75–4.33</td> <td align="center">7.14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grimsby" title="Grimsby">Grimsby</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td> <td>Southern side of <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> estuary farther seaward </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.98–6.84</td> <td align="center">6.90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skegness" title="Skegness">Skegness</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> coast north of <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.92–6.47</td> <td align="center">7.26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td> <td>Mouth of <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">Great Ouse</a> into <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.54–7.23</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunstanton" title="Hunstanton">Hunstanton</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td> <td>Eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.34–3.70</td> <td align="center">4.47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglian</a> coast north of <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4.05–6.62</td> <td align="center">7.99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td> <td>Inner end of <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.38–6.85</td> <td align="center">6.92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunkerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td> <td>Dune coast east of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.02–5.53</td> <td align="center">5.59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td> <td>Dune coast west of <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.24–4.96</td> <td align="center">6.09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td> <td>Inner end of the southernmost estuary of <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.48–1.90</td> <td align="center">2.35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td> <td>Borderline of estuary delta<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and sedimentation delta of the Rhine </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.10–2.03</td> <td align="center">2.52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td> <td>Mouth of the Uitwateringskanaal of the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn</a> into the sea </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.15–1.72</td> <td align="center">2.15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Den_Helder" title="Den Helder">Den Helder</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> <td>Northeastern end of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> dune coast west of <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.67–2.20</td> <td align="center">2.65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Netherlands" title="Harlingen, Netherlands">Harlingen</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td> <td>East of <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>, outlet of <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> river, the eastern branch of the Rhine </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.80–2.69</td> <td align="center">3.54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td> <td>Island in front of <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> river estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.96–3.71</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> <td>East side of <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a> river estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.60–3.76</td> <td align="center">4.90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jade_Bight" title="Jade Bight">Jade Bight</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.66–4.01</td> <td align="center">4.74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td> <td>Seaward end of <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.59–4.62</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oslebshausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oslebshausen (page does not exist)">Oslebshausen</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_Bremen" title="Ports of Bremen">Bremer Industriehäfen</a>, inner <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.3–4.0</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> Weser barrage<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td> <td>Artificial tide limit of river Weser, 4 km upstream of the city centre </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> 2.6–4.0 </td> <td></td> <td> Bremerhaven 1879<a href="#cite_note-Franzius-49">[49]</a></td> <td> Before start of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser_Correction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser Correction (page does not exist)">Weser Correction</a> (Weser straightening works) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> 0–0.3</td> <td></td> <td> Bremen city centre 1879<a href="#cite_note-Franzius-49">[49]</a></td> <td> Before start of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser_Correction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser Correction (page does not exist)">Weser Correction</a> (Weser straightening works) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> 1.45</td> <td></td> <td> Bremen city centre 1900<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></td> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9Fe_Weserbr%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Große Weserbrücke (page does not exist)">Große Weserbrücke</a>, 5 years after completion of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser_Correction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser Correction (page does not exist)">Weser Correction</a> works </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.54–3.48</td> <td align="center">4.63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></td> <td>Seaward end of <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.4–3.9</td> <td align="center">4.63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> St. Pauli<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Pauli_Piers" title="St. Pauli Piers">St. Pauli Piers</a>, inner part of <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> estuary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.39–2.03</td> <td align="center">2.74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westerland,_Germany" title="Westerland, Germany">Westerland</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> island, off the <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a> coast </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.8–3.4</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dageb%C3%BCll" title="Dagebüll">Dagebüll</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>Coast of <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.1–2.1</td> <td align="center">2.17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esbjerg" title="Esbjerg">Esbjerg</a><a href="#cite_note-DMI-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> <td>Northern end of Wadden Sea in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.5–1.1</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hvide_Sande" title="Hvide Sande">Hvide Sande</a><a href="#cite_note-DMI-56">[56]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> dune coast, entrance of <a href="/wiki/Ringk%C3%B8bing_Fjord" title="Ringkøbing Fjord">Ringkøbing Fjord</a> lagoon </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.3–0.5</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thybor%C3%B8n" title="Thyborøn">Thyborøn</a><a href="#cite_note-DMI-56">[56]</a></td> <td>Danish dune coast, entrance of Nissum Bredning <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Limfjord" title="Limfjord">Limfjord</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.2–04</td> <td align="center"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hirtshals" title="Hirtshals">Hirtshals</a><a href="#cite_note-DMI-56">[56]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hanstholm" title="Hanstholm">Hanstholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skagen" title="Skagen">Skagen</a> have the same values. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.14–0.30</td> <td align="center">0.26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandal,_Norway" title="Mandal, Norway">Tregde</a><a href="#cite_note-Vannstand-58">[58]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>, southern end of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, east of an <a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">amphidromic point</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.25–0.60</td> <td align="center">0.65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a><a href="#cite_note-Vannstand-58">[58]</a></td> <td>North of that amphidromic point, tidal rhythm irregular </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.64–1.20</td> <td align="center">1.61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a><a href="#cite_note-Vannstand-58">[58]</a></td> <td>Tidal rhythm regular </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coasts">Coasts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_North_Sea" title="Coastline of the North Sea">Coastline of the North Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg/220px-Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg/330px-Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg/440px-Wattenmeer-Nordfriesland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>The German North Sea coast</figcaption></figure> The eastern and western coasts of the North Sea are jagged, formed by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice ages</a>. The coastlines along the southernmost part are covered with the remains of deposited glacial sediment.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The Norwegian mountains plunge into the sea creating deep <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>. South of Stavanger, the coast softens, the islands become fewer.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The eastern Scottish coast is similar, though less severe than Norway. From <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">north east of England</a>, the cliffs become lower and are composed of less resistant <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a>, which erodes more easily, so that the coasts have more rounded contours.<a href="#cite_note-EastRiding-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurosion-60">[60]</a> In the Netherlands, Belgium and in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> the <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> is low and marshy.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> The east coast and south-east of the North Sea (<a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>) have coastlines that are mainly sandy and straight owing to <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a>, particularly along Belgium and Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-GHC-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_management">Coastal management</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a> (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> The southern coastal areas were originally <a href="/wiki/Flood_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plain">flood plains</a> and swampy land. In areas especially vulnerable to storm surges, people settled behind elevated levees and on natural areas of high ground such as <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geest" title="Geest">geestland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wefer-62">[62]</a>: [302, 303]  As early as 500 BC, people were constructing <a href="/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial dwelling hill">artificial dwelling hills</a> higher than the prevailing flood levels.<a href="#cite_note-Wefer-62">[62]</a>: [306, 308]  It was only around the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, in 1200 AD, that inhabitants began to connect single ring dikes into a dike line along the entire coast, thereby turning amphibious regions between the land and the sea into permanent solid ground.<a href="#cite_note-Wefer-62">[62]</a> The modern form of the dikes supplemented by overflow and lateral diversion channels, began to appear in the 17th and 18th centuries, built in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The North Sea Floods of 1953 and 1962 were the impetus for further raising of the dikes as well as the shortening of the coast line so as to present as little surface area as possible to the punishment of the sea and the storms.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Currently, 27% of the Netherlands is below sea level protected by dikes, dunes, and beach flats.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> today consists of several levels.<a href="#cite_note-BASF-66">[66]</a> The dike slope reduces the energy of the incoming sea, so that the dike itself does not receive the full impact.<a href="#cite_note-BASF-66">[66]</a> Dikes that lie directly on the sea are especially reinforced.<a href="#cite_note-BASF-66">[66]</a> The dikes have, over the years, been repeatedly raised, sometimes up to 9 metres (30 ft) and have been made flatter to better reduce wave erosion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Where the dunes are sufficient to protect the land behind them from the sea, these dunes are planted with beach grass (<a href="/wiki/Ammophila_arenaria" title="Ammophila arenaria">Ammophila arenaria</a>) to protect them from erosion by wind, water, and foot traffic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storm_tides">Storm tides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Storm_tides_of_the_North_Sea" title="Storm tides of the North Sea">Storm tides of the North Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/220px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/330px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg/440px-Watersnoodramp_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="2366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zuid-Beveland" title="Zuid-Beveland">Zuid-Beveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of 1953</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surges</a> threaten, in particular, the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Denmark and low-lying areas of eastern England particularly around <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">The Wash</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GHC-61">[61]</a> Storm surges are caused by changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">barometric pressure</a> combined with strong wind created <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">wave action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The first recorded storm tide flood was the Julianenflut, on 17 February 1164. In its wake, the <a href="/wiki/Jadebusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadebusen">Jadebusen</a>, (a bay on the coast of Germany), began to form. A storm tide in 1228 is recorded to have killed more than 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Morin-70">[70]</a> In 1362, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Marcellus%27_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Marcellus' flood">Second Marcellus Flood</a>, also known as the Grote Manndrenke, hit the entire southern coast of the North Sea. Chronicles of the time again record more than 100,000 deaths, large parts of the coast were lost permanently to the sea, including the now legendary <a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">lost city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rungholt" title="Rungholt">Rungholt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Untergang-71">[71]</a> In the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of 1953</a> flooded several nations' coasts and cost more than 2,000 lives.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 315 citizens of Hamburg died in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962" title="North Sea flood of 1962">North Sea flood of 1962</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lamb-73">[73]</a>: [79, 86]  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunamis">Tsunamis</h3></div> Though rare, the North Sea has been the site of a number of historically documented <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Storegga_Slide" title="Storegga Slide">Storegga Slides</a> were a series of underwater landslides, in which a piece of the Norwegian continental shelf slid into the Norwegian Sea. The immense landslips occurred between 8150 BCE and 6000 BCE, and caused a tsunami up to 20 metres (66 ft) high that swept through the North Sea, having the greatest effect on Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faeroe Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1580_Dover_Straits_earthquake" title="1580 Dover Straits earthquake">Dover Straits earthquake of 1580</a> is among the first recorded earthquakes in the North Sea measuring between 5.6 and 5.9 on the Richter scale. This event caused extensive damage in <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> both through its tremors and possibly triggered a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, though this has never been confirmed. The theory is a vast underwater landslide in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> was triggered by the earthquake, which in turn caused a tsunami.<a href="#cite_note-Belgium-76">[76]</a> The tsunami triggered by the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a> reached Holland, although the waves had lost their destructive power. The largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom was the <a href="/wiki/1931_Dogger_Bank_earthquake" title="1931 Dogger Bank earthquake">1931 Dogger Bank earthquake</a>, which measured 6.1 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a> and caused a small tsunami that flooded parts of the British coast.<a href="#cite_note-Belgium-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_North_Sea" title="Geology of the North Sea">Geology of the North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_southern_North_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of southern North Sea">Geology of southern North Sea</a></div> Shallow <a href="/wiki/Epicontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicontinental">epicontinental</a> seas like the current North Sea have since long existed on the European <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> that formed the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> periods, from about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=150">150</a> million years ago, caused <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-77">[77]</a> Since then, a shallow sea has almost continuously existed between the uplands of the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian Shield">Fennoscandian Shield</a> and the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This precursor of the current North Sea has grown and shrunk with the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Eustacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustacy">eustatic</a> sea level during geologic time. Sometimes it was connected with other shallow seas, such as the sea above the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Paris Basin</a> to the south-west, the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys Sea</a> to the south-east, or the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-79">[79]</a> During the Late Cretaceous, about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=85">85</a> million years ago, all of modern mainland Europe except for Scandinavia was a scattering of islands.<a href="#cite_note-Glennie-80">[80]</a> By the Early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=34–28">34 to 28</a> million years ago, the emergence of Western and Central Europe had almost completely separated the North Sea from the Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank to become the Mediterranean as Southern Europe and South West Asia became dry land.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The North Sea was cut off from the English Channel by a narrow <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> until that was breached by at least two catastrophic floods between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.6">2.6</a> million years ago, the eustatic sea level has fallen during each glacial period and then risen again. Every time the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> reached its greatest extent, the North Sea became almost completely dry, the dry landmass being known as <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>, whose northern regions were themselves known to have been glaciated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The present-day coastline formed after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> when the sea began to flood the European continental shelf.<a href="#cite_note-Plant-85">[85]</a> In 2006 a bone fragment was found while drilling for oil in the North Sea. Analysis indicated that it was a <a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a> from 199 to 216 million years ago. This was the deepest dinosaur fossil ever found and the first find for Norway.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Doggerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe"><img alt="Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/182px-Doggerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/272px-Doggerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/363px-Doggerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map showing hypothetical extent of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Sea from De Koog, Texel island"><img alt="North Sea from De Koog, Texel island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Sea_-.jpg/200px-North_Sea_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Sea_-.jpg/300px-North_Sea_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Sea_-.jpg/400px-North_Sea_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">North Sea from De Koog, Texel island</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The North Sea between 34 million years ago and 28 million years ago, as Central Europe became dry land"><img alt="The North Sea between 34 million years ago and 28 million years ago, as Central Europe became dry land" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/200px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/300px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/400px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="747" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The North Sea between <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=34">34</a> million years ago and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=28">28</a> million years ago, as Central Europe became dry land</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_shellfish">Fish and shellfish</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_of_the_North_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fish of the North Sea">List of fish of the North Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg/220px-Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg/330px-Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg/440px-Bank_met_ondermeer_kokkels_mosselen_en_Japanse_oesters_in_de_Waddenzee_bij_Schiermonnikoog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepods</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> are plentiful in the North Sea. These tiny organisms are crucial elements of the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> supporting many species of fish.<a href="#cite_note-Ecoserve-87">[87]</a> Over 230 species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> live in the North Sea. <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Saithe">saithe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pouting_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pouting (fish)">pouting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandeel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandeel">sandeel</a> are all very common and are fished commercially.<a href="#cite_note-Ecoserve-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a> Due to the various depths of the North Sea trenches and differences in salinity, temperature, and water movement, some fish such as blue-mouth redfish and <a href="/wiki/Rabbitfish" title="Rabbitfish">rabbitfish</a> reside only in small areas of the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> are also commonly found throughout the sea. <a href="/wiki/Norway_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway lobster">Norway lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandalus_borealis" title="Pandalus borealis">deep-water prawns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crangon_crangon" title="Crangon crangon">brown shrimp</a> are all commercially fished, but other species of <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caridea" title="Caridea">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> all live in the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Ecoserve-87">[87]</a> Recently non-indigenous species have become established including the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific oyster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">Atlantic jackknife clam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3></div> The coasts of the North Sea are home to <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ythan_Estuary" title="Ythan Estuary">Ythan Estuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowlsheugh" title="Fowlsheugh">Fowlsheugh</a> Nature Preserve, and <a href="/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a> in the UK and the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks" title="Wadden Sea National Parks">Wadden Sea National Parks</a> in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-Ecoserve-87">[87]</a> These locations provide breeding <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> for dozens of bird species. Tens of millions of birds make use of the North Sea for breeding, feeding, or migratory stopovers every year. Populations of <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">northern fulmars</a>, and species of <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaduck" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaduck">seaducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a> (divers), <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>, and many other seabirds make these coasts popular for <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ecoserve-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="European seagull on the coast of North Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg/220px-European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg/330px-European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg/440px-European_seagull_on_the_coast_of_North_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4381" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>European seagull on the coast of North Sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_mammals">Marine mammals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG/220px-Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG/330px-Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG/440px-Bottlenose_dolphin_with_young.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphin</a> with her young in <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> The North Sea is also home to marine mammals. <a href="/wiki/Common_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Common seal">Common seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoises</a> can be found along the coasts, at marine installations, and on islands. The very northern North Sea islands such as the Shetland Islands are occasionally home to a larger variety of <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seals</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> North Sea <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> include various <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg/220px-Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg/330px-Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg/440px-Phytoplankton_Bloom_in_the_North_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a> bloom in the North Sea</figcaption></figure> Plant species in the North Sea include species of <a href="/wiki/Wrack_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrack (science)">wrack</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Bladder_wrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder wrack">bladder wrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knotted_wrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Knotted wrack">knotted wrack</a>, and serrated wrack. <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a>, macroalgal, and <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, such as oarweed and laminaria hyperboria, and species of <a href="/wiki/Maerl" title="Maerl">maerl</a> are found as well.<a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">Eelgrass</a>, formerly common in the entirety of the Wadden Sea, was nearly wiped out in the 20th century by a disease.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">sea grass</a> used to coat huge tracts of ocean floor, but have been damaged by trawling and dredging have diminished its habitat and prevented its return.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Invasive <a href="/wiki/Sargassum_muticum" title="Sargassum muticum">Japanese seaweed</a> has spread along the shores of the sea clogging harbours and inlets and has become a nuisance.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> Due to the heavy human populations and high level of industrialization along its shores, the wildlife of the North Sea has suffered from pollution, overhunting, and overfishing. <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> were once found along the southern shores of the North Sea, but became extinct over the second millennium.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Walruses frequented the Orkney Islands through the mid-16th century, as both Sable Island and Orkney Islands lay within their normal range.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Grey whales</a> also resided in the North Sea but were driven to extinction in the Atlantic in the 17th century<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Other species have dramatically declined in population, though they are still found. <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">shad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, and other species were common in the North Sea until the 20th century, when numbers declined due to <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Other factors like the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Non-indigenous_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-indigenous species">non-indigenous species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial pollution">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, human-induced <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, construction on coastal breeding and feeding grounds, sand and gravel extraction, <a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">offshore construction</a>, and heavy shipping traffic have also contributed to the decline.<a href="#cite_note-OSPAR-88">[88]</a> For example, a resident <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> pod was lost in the 1960s, presumably due to the peak in <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCB</a> pollution in this time period.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The OSPAR commission manages the <a href="/wiki/OSPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="OSPAR">OSPAR</a> convention to counteract the harmful effects of human activity on wildlife in the North Sea, preserve <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, and provide environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> All North Sea border states are signatories of the <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> Accords, which preserve the marine environment by preventing pollution from ships.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands also have a trilateral agreement for the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, which run along the coasts of the three countries on the southern edge of the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> The North Sea has had <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_North_Sea#Naming" title="History of the North Sea">various names</a> throughout history. One of the earliest recorded names was Septentrionalis Oceanus, or "Northern Ocean", which was cited by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He also noted that the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> called it Morimarusa – "Dead Sea".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The name "North Sea" probably came into English, however, via the Dutch Noordzee, who named it thus either in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> ("South Sea"), located south of <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, or because the sea is generally to the north of the Netherlands. Before the adoption of "North Sea", the names used in English were "German Sea" or "German Ocean", referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names Mare Germanicum and Oceanus Germanicus,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and these persisted in use until the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Other common names in use for long periods were the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms Mare Frisicum, as well as the English equivalent, "Frisian Sea".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Looijenga-109">[109]</a> The modern names of the sea in the other local languages are: <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: Vesterhavet, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'West Sea' <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈvestɐˌhɛˀvð̩]</a> or Nordsøen <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈnoɐ̯ˌsøˀn̩]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Noordzee, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Low Saxon language">Dutch Low Saxon</a>: Noordzee, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Mer du Nord, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>: Noardsee, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Nordsee, <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: Noordsee, <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>: Weestsiie, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'West Sea', <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nordsjön, <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokmål language">Bokmål</a>: Nordsjøen <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnûːrˌʂøːn]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nynorsk language">Nynorsk</a>: Nordsjøen, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: North Sea and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: An Cuan a Tuath. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy's Geography showing the "Oceanus Germanicus""><img alt="A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy's Geography showing the "Oceanus Germanicus"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg/200px-Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg/300px-Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg/400px-Prima_Europe_tabula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4293" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> showing the "Oceanus Germanicus"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmond Halley's solar eclipse 1715 map showing The German Sea"><img alt="Edmond Halley's solar eclipse 1715 map showing The German Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png/122px-Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png/183px-Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png/244px-Solar_eclipse_1715May03_Halley_map.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="570" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_May_3,_1715" title="Solar eclipse of May 3, 1715">solar eclipse</a> 1715 map showing The German Sea</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_North_Sea" title="History of the North Sea">History of the North Sea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> The North Sea has provided waterway access for commerce and conquest. Many areas have access to the North Sea because of its long coastline and the European rivers that empty it.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> There is little documentary evidence concerning the North Sea before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> in 43 CE, however, archaeological evidence reveals the diffusion of cultures and technologies from across or along the North Sea to Great Britain and Scandinavia and reliance by some prehistoric cultures on fishing, whaling, and seaborne trade on the North Sea. The Romans established organised ports in Britain, which increased shipping and began sustained trade<a href="#cite_note-Cuyvers-110">[110]</a> the diffusion of cultures and technologies from across or along the North Sea to Great Britain and Scandinavia and reliance by some prehistoric cultures on fishing, whaling, and seaborne trade on the North Sea. The Romans established organised ports in Britain, which increased shipping and began sustained trade<a href="#cite_note-Cuyvers-110">[110]</a> and many Scandinavian tribes participated in raids and wars against the Romans and Roman coinage and manufacturing were important trade goods. When the Romans <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">abandoned</a> Britain in 410, the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> began the next great migration across the North Sea during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. They made successive invasions of the island from what is now the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> began in 793 with the attack on <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>; for the next quarter-millennium, the Vikings ruled the North Sea. In their superior <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>, they raided, traded, and established colonies and outposts along the coasts of the sea. From the Middle Ages through the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern European</a> coastal ports exported domestic goods, dyes, linen, salt, metal goods and wine. The Scandinavian and Baltic areas shipped grain, fish, naval necessities, and timber. In turn, the North Sea countries imported high-grade cloths, spices, and fruits from the Mediterranean region.<a href="#cite_note-BrtishIsles-112">[112]</a> Commerce during this era was mainly conducted by maritime trade due to underdeveloped roadways.<a href="#cite_note-BrtishIsles-112">[112]</a> In the 13th century the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, though centred on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, started to control most of the trade through important members and outposts on the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-EuropeanNaval-113">[113]</a> The League lost its dominance in the 16th century, as neighbouring states took control of former <a href="/wiki/Trade_route#Hanseatic_trade" title="Trade route">Hanseatic</a> cities and outposts. Their internal conflict prevented effective cooperation and defence.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen-114">[114]</a> As the League lost control of its maritime cities, new <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> emerged that provided Europe with Asian, American, and African goods.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripley-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_sail">Age of sail</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_(II)_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg/220px-Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg/330px-Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg/440px-Willem_van_de_Velde_%28II%29_-_De_verovering_van_het_Engelse_admiraalschip_de_%27Royal_Prince%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Days%27_Battle" title="Four Days' Battle">Four Days' Battle</a> of 1666 by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> The 17th century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> saw Dutch maritime power at its zenith.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-PowerPlenty-118">[118]</a> Important overseas colonies, a vast merchant marine, a large fishing fleet,<a href="#cite_note-BrtishIsles-112">[112]</a> powerful navy, and sophisticated financial markets made the Dutch the ascendant power in the North Sea, to be challenged by an ambitious England. This rivalry led to the first three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> between 1652 and 1673, which ended with Dutch victories.<a href="#cite_note-PowerPlenty-118">[118]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688, the Dutch prince <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> ascended to the English throne. With unified leadership, commercial, military, and political power began to shift from Amsterdam to London.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-119">[119]</a> The British did not face a challenge to their dominance of the North Sea until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluecher_sinkend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bluecher_sinkend.jpg/220px-Bluecher_sinkend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bluecher_sinkend.jpg/330px-Bluecher_sinkend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bluecher_sinkend.jpg/440px-Bluecher_sinkend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="SMS Blücher">SMS Blücher</a> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Battle of Dogger Bank</a> on 25 January 1915.</figcaption></figure> Tensions in the North Sea were again heightened in 1904 by the <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, several ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet, which was on its way to the Far East, mistook British fishing boats for Japanese ships and fired on them, and then upon each other, near the Dogger Bank, nearly causing Britain to enter the war on the side of Japan. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> and Germany's <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a> faced each other in the North Sea,<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-121">[121]</a> which became the main <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I#Theaters" title="Naval warfare of World War I">theatre of the war</a> for surface action.<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-121">[121]</a> Britain's larger fleet and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a> were able to establish an effective blockade for most of the war, which restricted the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' access to many crucial resources.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-122">[122]</a> Major battles included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)" title="Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)">Battle of Heligoland Bight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Osborne-123">[123]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Battle of the Dogger Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-navies-124">[124]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-navies-124">[124]</a> World War I also brought the first extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a>, and a number of submarine actions occurred in the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> also saw action in the North Sea, though it was restricted more to aircraft reconnaissance and action by fighter/bomber aircraft, submarines and smaller vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> After the war, hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical weapons were disposed of by being dumped in the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Kaffka-128">[128]</a> After the war, the North Sea lost much of its military significance because it is bordered only by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member-states. However, it gained significant economic importance in the 1960s as the states around the North Sea began full-scale exploitation of its <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">oil and gas resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The North Sea continues to be an active trade route.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_sea_eez.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/220px-North_sea_eez.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/330px-North_sea_eez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/440px-North_sea_eez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> in the North Sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_status">Political status</h3></div> Countries that border the North Sea all claim the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a>, within which they have exclusive fishing rights.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) exists to coordinate fishing rights and assist with disputes between EU states and the EU border state of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> After the discovery of mineral resources in the North Sea during the early 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a> established country rights largely divided along the median line. The median line is defined as the line "every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of each State is measured".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The ocean floor border between Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark was only reapportioned in 1969 after protracted negotiations and a judgment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_North_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea">List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea</a></div> As early as 1859, oil was discovered in onshore areas around the North Sea and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> as early as 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Glennie-80">[80]</a> Onshore resources, for example the <a href="/wiki/K12-B" title="K12-B">K12-B</a> field in the Netherlands continue to be exploited today. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatfjordA(Jarvin1982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/220px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/330px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/440px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Oil platform <a href="/wiki/Statfjord_oil_field" title="Statfjord oil field">Statfjord</a> A with the <a href="/wiki/Flotel" title="Flotel">flotel</a> Polymarine</figcaption></figure> Offshore test drilling began in 1966 and then, in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Petroleum_Company" title="Phillips Petroleum Company">Phillips Petroleum Company</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Ekofisk_oil_field" title="Ekofisk oil field">Ekofisk oil field</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekofisk-135">[135]</a> distinguished by valuable, low-sulphur oil.<a href="#cite_note-Lohne-136">[136]</a> Commercial exploitation began in 1971 with <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_tanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum tanker">tankers</a> and, after 1975, by a <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a>, first to <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>, England and then, after 1977, also to <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The exploitation of the North Sea <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> began just before the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, and the climb of international oil prices made the large investments needed for extraction much more attractive.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The start in 1973 of the oil reserves by the UK allowed them to stop the declining position in international trade in 1974, and a huge increase after the discovery and exploitation of the huge oil field by Phillips group in 1977 as the <a href="/wiki/Brae_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Brae field">Brae field</a>. Although the production costs are relatively high, the quality of the oil, the political stability of the region, and the proximity of important markets in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> have made the North Sea an important oil-producing region.<a href="#cite_note-Lohne-136">[136]</a> The largest single humanitarian catastrophe in the North Sea <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil industry</a> was the destruction of the offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a> in 1988 in which 167 people lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Besides the Ekofisk oil field, the <a href="/wiki/Statfjord_oil_field" title="Statfjord oil field">Statfjord oil field</a> is also notable as it was the cause of the first pipeline to span the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_trench" title="Norwegian trench">Norwegian trench</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas field</a> in the North Sea, <a href="/wiki/Troll_gas_field" title="Troll gas field">Troll gas field</a>, lies in the Norwegian trench, dropping over 300 metres (980 ft), requiring the construction of the enormous <a href="/wiki/Troll_A_platform" title="Troll A platform">Troll A platform</a> to access it. The price of <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent Crude</a>, one of the first types of oil extracted from the North Sea is used today as a standard price for comparison for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a> from the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The North Sea contains western Europe's largest oil and natural gas reserves and is one of the world's key non-OPEC producing regions.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In the UK sector of the North Sea, the oil industry invested £14.4 billion in 2013 and was on track to spend £13 billion in 2014. Industry body <a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil & Gas UK">Oil & Gas UK</a> put the decline down to rising costs, lower production, high tax rates, and less exploration.<a href="#cite_note-ShellUK-143">[143]</a> In January 2018, The North Sea region contained 184 offshore rigs, which made it the region with the highest number of offshore rigs in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">Fishing in the North Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg/220px-Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg/330px-Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg/440px-Fischkutterquerinhafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A trawler in <a href="/wiki/Nordstrand,_Germany" title="Nordstrand, Germany">Nordstrand, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> The North Sea is Europe's main fishery accounting for over 5% of international commercial fish caught.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> Fishing in the North Sea is concentrated in the southern part of the coastal waters. The main method of fishing is <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1995, the total volume of fish and shellfish caught in the North Sea was approximately 3.5 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Besides saleable fish, it is estimated that one million tonnes of unmarketable <a href="/wiki/By-catch" class="mw-redirect" title="By-catch">by-catch</a> is caught and discarded to die each year.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing marine <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> dynamics and costing jobs in the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing, which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The objective of the European Union <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a> is to minimize the environmental impact associated with resource use by reducing fish discards, increasing the productivity of fisheries, stabilising markets of fisheries and fish processing, and supplying fish at reasonable prices for the consumer.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whaling">Whaling</h3></div> Whaling was an important economic activity from the 9th until the 13th century for Flemish whalers.<a href="#cite_note-auto-151">[151]</a> The medieval Flemish, Basque and Norwegian whalers who were replaced in the 16th century by Dutch, English, Danes, and Germans, took massive numbers of whales and dolphins and nearly depleted the right whales. This activity likely led to the extinction of the Atlantic population of the once common <a href="/wiki/Grey_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey whale">grey whale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> By 1902 the whaling had ended.<a href="#cite_note-auto-151">[151]</a> After being absent for 300 years a single grey whale returned in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> it probably was the first of many more to find its way through the now ice-free <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_resources">Mineral resources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/220px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/330px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/440px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Unpolished <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> stones, in varying hues</figcaption></figure> In addition to oil, gas, and fish, the states along the North Sea also take millions of cubic metres per year of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> from the ocean floor. These are used for <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> and construction.<a href="#cite_note-Phua-154">[154]</a> Rolled pieces of <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> may be picked up on the east coast of England.<a href="#cite_note-Rice-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">Renewable energy in the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_North_Sea" title="List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea">List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea</a></div> Due to the strong <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a>, and shallow water, countries on the North Sea, particularly Germany and Denmark, have used the shore for <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The North Sea is the home of one of the first large-scale <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore wind farm">offshore wind farms</a> in the world, <a href="/wiki/Horns_Rev" title="Horns Rev">Horns Rev</a> 1, completed in 2002. Since then many other <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> have been commissioned in the North Sea (and elsewhere). As of 2013, the 630 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (MW) <a href="/wiki/London_Array" title="London Array">London Array</a> is the largest offshore wind farm in the world, with the 504 (MW) <a href="/wiki/Greater_Gabbard_wind_farm" title="Greater Gabbard wind farm">Greater Gabbard wind farm</a> the second largest, followed by the 367 MW <a href="/wiki/Walney_Wind_Farm" title="Walney Wind Farm">Walney Wind Farm</a>. All are off the coast of the UK. These projects will be dwarfed by subsequent wind farms that are in the pipeline, including <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_Wind_Farm" title="Dogger Bank Wind Farm">Dogger Bank</a> at 4,800 MW, Norfolk Bank (7,200 MW), and Irish Sea (4,200 MW). At the end of June 2013 total European combined offshore wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW. The UK installed 513.5 MW of offshore wind power in the first half-year of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-EWEA2013-157">[157]</a> The development of the offshore wind industry in UK-controlled areas of the North Sea is traced to three phases: coastal, off-coastal and deep offshore in the period 2004 – 2021.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The expansion of offshore wind farms has met with some resistance. Concerns have included shipping collisions<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_wind_power#Offshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of wind power">environmental effects</a> on ocean ecology and wildlife such as fish and migratory birds,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> however, these concerns were found to be negligible in a long-term study in Denmark released in 2006 and again in a UK government study in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> There are also concerns about reliability,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and the rising costs of constructing and maintaining offshore wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Despite these, development of North Sea wind power is continuing, with plans for additional wind farms off the coasts of Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> There have also been proposals for a <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Offshore_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Offshore Grid">transnational power grid in the North Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> to connect <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Wind_Power_Hub" title="North Sea Wind Power Hub">new offshore wind farms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hub-168">[168]</a> Energy production from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> is still in a pre-commercial stage. The <a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a> has installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and a tidal power testing station on the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Eday" title="Eday">Eday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Since 2003, a prototype <a href="/wiki/Wave_Dragon" title="Wave Dragon">Wave Dragon</a> energy converter has been in operation at Nissum Bredning fjord of northern Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg/220px-Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg/330px-Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg/440px-Netherlands-Scheveningen-beach-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>The beach in <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>, Netherlands in c. 1900</figcaption></figure> The beaches and coastal waters of the North Sea are destinations for tourists. The English, Belgian, Dutch, German and Danish coasts<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall-173">[173]</a> are developed for tourism. The North Sea coast of the United Kingdom has tourist destinations with beach resorts and <a href="/wiki/Links_(golf)" title="Links (golf)">links</a> golf courses; the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrews">St. Andrews</a> in Scotland as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> is renowned as the "Home of Golf", and is a popular location among golfing pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Trail" title="North Sea Trail">North Sea Trail</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_trail" title="Long-distance trail">long-distance trail</a> linking seven countries around the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Windsurfing and sailing<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> are popular sports because of the strong winds. <a href="/wiki/Mudflat_hiking" title="Mudflat hiking">Mudflat hiking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">recreational fishing</a> and birdwatching<a href="#cite_note-Hall-173">[173]</a> are among other activities. The climatic conditions on the North Sea coast have been claimed to be healthy. As early as the 19th century, travellers visited the North Sea coast for curative and restorative vacations. The sea air, temperature, wind, water, and sunshine are counted among the beneficial conditions that are said to activate the body's defences, improve circulation, strengthen the immune system, and have healing effects on the skin and the respiratory system.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands is an <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_traffic">Marine traffic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Sea_ports" title="List of North Sea ports">List of North Sea ports</a></div> The North Sea is important for marine transport and its shipping lanes are among the busiest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-131">[131]</a> Major ports are located along its coasts: <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, the busiest port in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_by_cargo_tonnage" title="List of busiest ports by cargo tonnage">fourth busiest port in the world by tonnage</a> as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (was 16th) and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (was 27th), <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Felixstowe" title="Port of Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a>, both in the top 30 busiest <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports" title="List of busiest container ports">container seaports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Zeebrugge" title="Port of Zeebrugge">Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge</a>, Europe's leading <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">ro-ro</a> port.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/220px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/330px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/440px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3542" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> Fishing boats, service boats for offshore industries, sport and pleasure craft, and merchant ships to and from <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Sea_ports" title="List of North Sea ports">North Sea ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">Baltic ports</a> must share routes on the North Sea. The Dover Strait alone sees more than 400 commercial vessels a day.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Because of this volume, navigation in the North Sea can be difficult in high traffic zones, so ports have established elaborate <a href="/wiki/Vessel_traffic_service" title="Vessel traffic service">vessel traffic services</a> to monitor and direct ships into and out of port.<a href="#cite_note-Freestone-182">[182]</a> The North Sea coasts are home to numerous canals and canal systems to facilitate traffic between and among rivers, artificial harbours, and the sea. The <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Canal" title="Kiel Canal">Kiel Canal</a>, connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea, is the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world reporting an average of 89 ships per day not including sporting boats and other small watercraft in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel-183">[183]</a> It saves an average of 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi), instead of the voyage around the <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel2-184">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Canal" title="North Sea Canal">North Sea Canal</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> with the North Sea. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/48px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/64px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/48px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/64px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atlas_of_the_Seas" title="European Atlas of the Seas">European Atlas of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_of_the_North_Sea" title="List of languages of the North Sea">List of languages of the North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Commission" title="North Sea Commission">North Sea Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFL.M.A.1985" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">L.M.A. (1985). "Europe". In University of Chicago (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia. Vol. 18 (Fifteenth ed.). U.S.A.: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 832–835. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-423-9"><bdi>978-0-85229-423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Macrop%C3%A6dia&rft.place=U.S.A.&rft.pages=832-835&rft.edition=Fifteenth&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-423-9&rft.au=L.M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipleyCharles_Anderson_Dana1883" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, George; Charles Anderson Dana (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA499">The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge</a>. D. Appleton and company. p. 499. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083622/https://books.google.com/books?id=GEpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA499">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. 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Geofysisk Institutt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gfi.uib.no/The%20Norwegian%20Sea/TNS-002.htm">the original</a> on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report+on+Norwegian+Fishery+and+Marine-Investigations+Vol.+11+No.+2&rft.atitle=IV.+The+Basin+of+the+Norwegian+Sea.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Helland-Hansen&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Fridtjof+Nansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gfi.uib.no%2FThe%2520Norwegian%2520Sea%2FTNS-002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safety-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safety_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209095426/http://www.safetyatsea.se/index.php?section=northsea">"About the North Sea: Key facts"</a>. Safety at Sea project: Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safetyatsea.se/index.php?section=northsea">the original</a> on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+North+Sea%3A+Key+facts&rft.pub=Safety+at+Sea+project%3A+Norwegian+Coastal+Administration&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safetyatsea.se%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3Dnorthsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayG._CarletonJerry_McCormick-Ray2004" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Alan; G. Carleton; Jerry McCormick-Ray (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7xLaYVGEF4C&q=%22North+Sea%22+watershed&pg=PA262">Coastal-marine Conservation: Science and Policy</a> (illustrated ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05537-1"><bdi>978-0-632-05537-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083657/https://books.google.com/books?id=E7xLaYVGEF4C&q=%22North+Sea%22+watershed&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal-marine+Conservation%3A+Science+and+Policy&rft.pages=262&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05537-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=G.+Carleton&rft.au=Jerry+McCormick-Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7xLaYVGEF4C%26q%3D%2522North%2BSea%2522%2Bwatershed%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NorthSeaPDF-6"><a href="#cite_ref-NorthSeaPDF_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143715/http://www.emecs.or.jp/guidebook/eng/pdf/05north.pdf">"Chapter 5: North Sea"</a> (PDF). Environmental Guidebook on the Enclosed Coastal Seas of the World. International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emecs.or.jp/guidebook/eng/pdf/05north.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Guidebook+on+the+Enclosed+Coastal+Seas+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+North+Sea&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emecs.or.jp%2Fguidebook%2Feng%2Fpdf%2F05north.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calow-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Calow_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalow1999" class="citation book cs1">Calow, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7V-JtHroGkC&pg=PA100">Blackwell's Concise Encyclopedia of Environmental Management</a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04951-6"><bdi>978-0-632-04951-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083622/https://books.google.com/books?id=L7V-JtHroGkC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackwell%27s+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Environmental+Management&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04951-6&rft.aulast=Calow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7V-JtHroGkC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lis-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Lis_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/62000.pdf">"Limits in the seas: North Sea continental shelf boundaries"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. United States Government. 14 June 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611210859/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/62000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Limits+in+the+seas%3A+North+Sea+continental+shelf+boundaries&rft.date=1974-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F62000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostergren-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ostergren_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergrenJohn_G._Rice2004" class="citation book cs1">Ostergren, Robert Clifford; John G. Rice (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeansgeograp00oste">The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment</a>. Bath, UK: Guilford Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeansgeograp00oste/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-272-0"><bdi>978-0-89862-272-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%3A+A+Geography+of+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment&rft.place=Bath%2C+UK&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-272-0&rft.aulast=Ostergren&rft.aufirst=Robert+Clifford&rft.au=John+G.+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeansgeograp00oste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711211708/http://mapserver.maptech.com/homepage/index.cfm?lat=54.74456315454079&lon=2.3527509224287115&scale=1500000&zoom=50&type=0&icon=0&width=498&height=498&searchscope=dom&CFID=1719760&CFTOKEN=33728793&scriptfile=http://mapserver.maptech.com/homepage/index.cfm&latlontype=DMS">Dogger Bank</a>. Maptech Online MapServer. 1989–2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.maptech.com/homepage/index.cfm?lat=54.74456315454079&lon=2.3527509224287115&scale=1500000&zoom=50&type=0&icon=0&width=498&height=498&searchscope=dom&CFID=1719760&CFTOKEN=33728793&scriptfile=http%3A%2F%2Fmapserver.maptech.com%2Fhomepage%2Findex.cfm&latlontype=DMS">the original</a> on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogger+Bank&rft.pub=Maptech+Online+MapServer&rft.date=1989%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapserver.maptech.com%2Fhomepage%2Findex.cfm%3Flat%3D54.74456315454079%26lon%3D2.3527509224287115%26scale%3D1500000%26zoom%3D50%26type%3D0%26icon%3D0%26width%3D498%26height%3D498%26searchscope%3Ddom%26CFID%3D1719760%26CFTOKEN%3D33728793%26scriptfile%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fmapserver.maptech.com%252Fhomepage%252Findex.cfm%26latlontype%3DDMS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuckey-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuckey_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckey1815" class="citation book cs1">Tuckey, James Hingston (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA420">Maritime Geography and Statistics ...</a> Black, Parry & Co. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521311915" title="Special:BookSources/9780521311915"><bdi>9780521311915</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083623/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMMBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA420">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Geography+and+Statistics+...&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Black%2C+Parry+%26+Co.&rft.date=1815&rft.isbn=9780521311915&rft.aulast=Tuckey&rft.aufirst=James+Hingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMMBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1838" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Thomas Gamaliel (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxsPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA445">Encyclopædia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biography, Brought Down to the Present Time; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations-lexicon</a>. Thomas, Cowperthwait, & co. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521311915" title="Special:BookSources/9780521311915"><bdi>9780521311915</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083623/https://books.google.com/books?id=cxsPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA445">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Americana%3A+A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature%2C+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Biography%2C+Brought+Down+to+the+Present+Time%3B+Including+a+Copious+Collection+of+Original+Articles+in+American+Biography%3B+on+the+Basis+of+the+Seventh+Edition+of+the+German+Conversations-lexicon&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Thomas%2C+Cowperthwait%2C+%26+co.&rft.date=1838&rft.isbn=9780521311915&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Gamaliel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxsPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Fyfe1983" class="citation journal cs1">Alan Fyfe (Autumn 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201164653/http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/edingeologist/z_14_04.html/">"The Devil's Hole in the North Sea"</a>. The Edinburgh Geologist (14). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/edingeologist/z_14_04.html/">the original</a> on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Geologist&rft.atitle=The+Devil%27s+Hole+in+the+North+Sea&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=14&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Alan+Fyfe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburghgeolsoc.org%2Fedingeologist%2Fz_14_04.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km (4 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=50_59_06_N_1_55_00_E_">50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E / 50.98500°N 1.91667°E / 50.98500; 1.91667</a>), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Bay,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="St Margaret's Bay, Kent">St Margaret's Bay, Kent</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Sea&params=51_10_00_N_1_24_00_E_">51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E / 51.16667°N 1.40000°E / 51.16667; 1.40000</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914053346/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/6162167/North-Sea-cod-could-disappear-even-if-fishing-outlawed.html">"North Sea cod 'could disappear' even if fishing outlawed"</a>. The Telegraph. 9 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/6162167/North-Sea-cod-could-disappear-even-if-fishing-outlawed.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=North+Sea+cod+%27could+disappear%27+even+if+fishing+outlawed&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2Fglobalwarming%2F6162167%2FNorth-Sea-cod-could-disappear-even-if-fishing-outlawed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Global_Warming_Triggers_North_Sea_Temperature_Rise_999.html">"Global Warming Triggers North Sea Temperature Rise"</a>. Agence France-Presse. Terra Daily. 14 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103150607/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Global_Warming_Triggers_North_Sea_Temperature_Rise_999.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=Global+Warming+Triggers+North+Sea+Temperature+Rise&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terradaily.com%2Freports%2FGlobal_Warming_Triggers_North_Sea_Temperature_Rise_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reddy-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2001" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&pg=PA120">"Annual variation in Surface Salinity"</a>. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Taylor & Francis. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5410-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5410-706-4"><bdi>978-90-5410-706-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083623/https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annual+variation+in+Surface+Salinity&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Physical+Oceanography&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-5410-706-4&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=M.+P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2NC3JmKI7mYC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231073713/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/secondary/students/flood.html">"Met Office: Flood alert!"</a>. Met office UK government. 28 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/secondary/students/flood.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Met+Office%3A+Flood+alert%21&rft.pub=Met+office+UK+government&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fsecondary%2Fstudents%2Fflood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaS-20"><a href="#cite_ref-SaS_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209094254/http://www.safetyatsea.se/index.php?art=2041&group=400">"Safety at Sea"</a>. Currents in the North Sea. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safetyatsea.se/index.php?art=2041&group=400">the original</a> on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+the+North+Sea&rft.atitle=Safety+at+Sea&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safetyatsea.se%2Findex.php%3Fart%3D2041%26group%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreestoneTon_IJlstra1990" class="citation book cs1">Freestone, David; Ton IJlstra (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGSMw7gCOLYC&pg=PA67">"Physical Properties of Sea Water and their Distribution Annual: Variation in Surface Salinity"</a>. The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 66–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85333-413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85333-413-9"><bdi>978-1-85333-413-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083634/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGSMw7gCOLYC&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+Properties+of+Sea+Water+and+their+Distribution+Annual%3A+Variation+in+Surface+Salinity&rft.btitle=The+North+Sea%3A+Perspectives+on+Regional+Environmental+Co-operation&rft.pages=66-70&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85333-413-9&rft.aulast=Freestone&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ton+IJlstra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGSMw7gCOLYC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyke-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Dyke_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyke1974" class="citation book cs1">Dyke, Phil (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3MOQKCru6sC&pg=PA328">Modeling Coastal and Offshore Processes</a>. Imperial College Press. pp. 323–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-674-5"><bdi>978-1-86094-674-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083656/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3MOQKCru6sC&pg=PA328">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modeling+Coastal+and+Offshore+Processes&rft.pages=323-365&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-674-5&rft.aulast=Dyke&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3MOQKCru6sC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> p. 329 tidal map showing amphidromes </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1974" class="citation book cs1">Carter, R. W. G. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STBKHpqMt6MC&pg=PA157">Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines</a>. Academic Press. pp. 155–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-161856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-161856-8"><bdi>978-0-12-161856-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083702/https://books.google.com/books?id=STBKHpqMt6MC&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Environments%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Physical%2C+Ecological+and+Cultural+Systems+of+Coastlines&rft.pages=155-158&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-12-161856-8&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTBKHpqMt6MC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> p. 157 tidal map showing amphidromes </li> <li id="cite_note-Changing-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Changing_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, D. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ysa4ymmEotYC&pg=PA93">Changing Sea Levels: Effects of Tides, Weather, and Climate</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53218-1"><bdi>978-0-521-53218-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083624/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ysa4ymmEotYC&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Sea+Levels%3A+Effects+of+Tides%2C+Weather%2C+and+Climate&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53218-1&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsa4ymmEotYC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> p. 94 shows the amphidromic points of the North Sea </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Tide table for Lerwick: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Lerwick-Shetland-Islands-Scotland/tides/latest">tide-forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232252/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Lerwick-Shetland-Islands-Scotland/tides/latest">Archived</a> 26 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Tide table for Aberdeen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Aberdeen-Scotland/tides/latest">tide-forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805091018/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Aberdeen-Scotland/tides/latest">Archived</a> 5 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Tide table for North Shields: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/North-Shields-England/tides/latest">tide-forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201938/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/North-Shields-England/tides/latest">Archived</a> 26 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Tide tables for Kingston upon Hull: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/City-of-Kingston-upon-Hull/Hull-(Albert-Dock)/">Tides Chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415215651/https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/City-of-Kingston-upon-Hull/Hull-(Albert-Dock)/">Archived</a> 15 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Hull-England/tides/latest">Tide-Forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307142404/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Hull-England/tides/latest">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tide table for Grimsby: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Grimsby/tides/latest">Tide-Forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152140/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Grimsby/tides/latest">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Tide tables for Skegness: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Lincolnshire/Skegness/">Tideschart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612052508/https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Lincolnshire/Skegness/">Archived</a> 12 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Skegness/tides/latest">Tide-Forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307140443/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Skegness/tides/latest">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Tide tables for King's Lynn: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Norfolk/Kings-Lynn/">Tideschart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612040543/https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Norfolk/Kings-Lynn/">Archived</a> 12 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Kings-Lynn/tides/latest">Tide-Forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307141015/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Kings-Lynn/tides/latest">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Tide tables for Hunstanton: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Norfolk/Hunstanton/">Tideschart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612030249/https://www.tideschart.com/United-Kingdom/England/Norfolk/Hunstanton/">Archived</a> 12 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Harwich-England/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harwich"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829064731/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Harwich-England/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Harwich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FHarwich-England%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/London-Bridge-England/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for London"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208084433/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/London-Bridge-England/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FLondon-Bridge-England%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Tide tables for Dunkerque: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/France/Hauts--de--France/Departement-du-Nord/Dunkerque/">Tides Chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415215651/https://www.tideschart.com/France/Hauts--de--France/Departement-du-Nord/Dunkerque/">Archived</a> 15 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Dunkerque-France/tides/latest">tide forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306233424/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Dunkerque-France/tides/latest">Archived</a> 6 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Tide tables for Zeebrugge: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tideschart.com/Belgium/Flanders/Provincie-West--Vlaanderen/Zeebrugge/">Tides Chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415215700/https://www.tideschart.com/Belgium/Flanders/Provincie-West--Vlaanderen/Zeebrugge/">Archived</a> 15 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Zeebrugge-Belgium/tides/latest">tide forecast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306235132/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Zeebrugge-Belgium/tides/latest">Archived</a> 6 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Antwerpen-Belgium/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Antwerpen"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008113252/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Antwerpen-Belgium/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Antwerpen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FAntwerpen-Belgium%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Rotterdam-Netherlands/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Rotterdam"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095839/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Rotterdam-Netherlands/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Rotterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FRotterdam-Netherlands%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ahnert. F.(2009): Einführung in die Geomorphologie. 4. Auflage. 393 S. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surf-forecast.com/breaks/Katwijkaan-Zee/tides/latest">"Katwijk aan Zee Tide Times & Tide Charts"</a>. surf-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221175125/http://www.surf-forecast.com/breaks/Katwijkaan-Zee/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=surf-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Katwijk+aan+Zee+Tide+Times+%26+Tide+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surf-forecast.com%2Fbreaks%2FKatwijkaan-Zee%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Den-Helder-Netherlands/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Den Helder"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095934/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Den-Helder-Netherlands/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Den+Helder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FDen-Helder-Netherlands%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Harlingen-Netherlands/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harlingen"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100203/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Harlingen-Netherlands/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Harlingen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FHarlingen-Netherlands%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Borkum-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Borkum"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100148/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Borkum-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Borkum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FBorkum-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160235/http://de.windfinder.com/tide/Emden_Neue_Seeschleuse_Germany">"Windfinder.com – Wind, waves, weather & tide forecast Emden"</a>. Windfinder.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windfinder.com/forecast/emden">the original</a> on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windfinder.com&rft.atitle=Windfinder.com+%E2%80%93+Wind%2C+waves%2C+weather+%26+tide+forecast+Emden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windfinder.com%2Fforecast%2Femden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Wilhelmshaven-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Wilhelmshaven"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100201/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Wilhelmshaven-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Wilhelmshaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FWilhelmshaven-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Bremerhaven-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Bremerhaven"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100153/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Bremerhaven-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Bremerhaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FBremerhaven-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuido_Gerding" class="citation web cs1">Guido Gerding. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165136/http://gezeiten-kalender.de:9099/locations/473.html?y=2014&m=2&d=22">"Gezeitenkalender für Bremen, Oslebshausen, Germany (Tidenkalender) – und viele weitere Orte"</a>. gezeiten-kalender.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gezeiten-kalender.de:9099/locations/473.html?y=2014&m=2&d=22">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gezeiten-kalender.de&rft.atitle=Gezeitenkalender+f%C3%BCr+Bremen%2C+Oslebshausen%2C+Germany+%28Tidenkalender%29+%E2%80%93+und+viele+weitere+Orte&rft.au=Guido+Gerding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgezeiten-kalender.de%3A9099%2Flocations%2F473.html%3Fy%3D2014%26m%3D2%26d%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140217155825/http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__752P&zone=Gesetzliche+Zeit+%B9&niveau=NN">"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"</a>. bsh.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__752P&zone=Gesetzliche+Zeit+%B9&niveau=NN">the original</a> on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsh.de&rft.atitle=Gezeitenvorausberechnung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsh.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgezeiten%2Fwas_tab.pl%3Fort%3DDE__752P%26zone%3DGesetzliche%2BZeit%2B%25B9%26niveau%3DNN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzius-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzius_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzius_49-1">b</a> calculated from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Franzius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Franzius (page does not exist)">Ludwig Franzius</a>: Die Korrektion der Unterweser (1898). suppl. B IV.: weekly average tide ranges 1879 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> telephonical advice by Mrs. Piechotta, head of department of hydrology, Nautic Administration for Bremen (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsv.de/wsa-hb/">WSA Bremen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327220829/http://www.wsv.de/wsa-hb/">Archived</a> 27 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Cuxhaven-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Cuxhaven"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100158/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Cuxhaven-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Cuxhaven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FCuxhaven-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Hamburg-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Hamburg"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312105840/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Hamburg-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Hamburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FHamburg-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140217155834/http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__508P&zone=Gesetzliche+Zeit+%B9&niveau=KN">"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"</a>. bsh.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__508P&zone=Gesetzliche+Zeit+%B9&niveau=KN">the original</a> on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsh.de&rft.atitle=Gezeitenvorausberechnung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsh.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgezeiten%2Fwas_tab.pl%3Fort%3DDE__508P%26zone%3DGesetzliche%2BZeit%2B%25B9%26niveau%3DKN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Westerland-Germany/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Westerland"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223100146/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Westerland-Germany/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Westerland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FWesterland-Germany%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223104352/http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__635P&zone=Gesetzliche%20Zeit&niveau=KN">"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"</a>. bsh.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsh.de/cgi-bin/gezeiten/was_tab.pl?ort=DE__635P&zone=Gesetzliche%20Zeit&niveau=KN">the original</a> on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsh.de&rft.atitle=Gezeitenvorausberechnung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsh.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgezeiten%2Fwas_tab.pl%3Fort%3DDE__635P%26zone%3DGesetzliche%2520Zeit%26niveau%3DKN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMI-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMI_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMI_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMI_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMI_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316211710/http://www.dmi.dk/en/hav/maalinger/tidal-tables/">"Tidal tables"</a>. dmi.dk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmi.dk/en/hav/maalinger/tidal-tables/">the original</a> on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dmi.dk&rft.atitle=Tidal+tables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmi.dk%2Fen%2Fhav%2Fmaalinger%2Ftidal-tables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Esbjerg-Denmark/tides/latest">"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Esbjerg, Denmark"</a>. tide-forecast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095931/http://www.tide-forecast.com/locations/Esbjerg-Denmark/tides/latest">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tide-forecast.com&rft.atitle=Tide+Times+and+Tide+Chart+for+Esbjerg%2C+Denmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tide-forecast.com%2Flocations%2FEsbjerg-Denmark%2Ftides%2Flatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vannstand-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vannstand_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vannstand_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vannstand_58-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vannstand.no/index.php/nb/english-section/tide-table">Vannstand – Norwegian official maritime Information → English version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429091718/http://vannstand.no/index.php/nb/english-section/tide-table">Archived</a> 29 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastRiding-59"><a href="#cite_ref-EastRiding_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810055627/http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/aspirelinks/coastal/1development.pdf">"Development of the East Riding Coastline"</a> (PDF). East Riding of Yorkshire Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/aspirelinks/coastal/1development.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+the+East+Riding+Coastline&rft.pub=East+Riding+of+Yorkshire+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastriding.gov.uk%2Faspirelinks%2Fcoastal%2F1development.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurosion-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurosion_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copranet.projects.eucc-d.de/files/000164_EUROSION_Holderness_coast.pdf">"Holderness Coast United Kingdom"</a> (PDF). EUROSION Case Study. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113054/http://copranet.projects.eucc-d.de/files/000164_EUROSION_Holderness_coast.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holderness+Coast+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=EUROSION+Case+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopranet.projects.eucc-d.de%2Ffiles%2F000164_EUROSION_Holderness_coast.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHC-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHC_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHC_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710023601/http://www.ospar.org/eng/doc/pdfs/R2C2.pdf">Overview of geography, hydrography and climate of the North Sea (Chapter II of the Quality Status Report)</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_the_North-East_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic">Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic</a> (OSPAR). 2000. 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Berger; K. E. Behre; Eystein Jansen (2002) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NACgnCN_jaEC&pg=PA308">Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm: With 16 Tables</a>. Springer. pp. 308–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43201-2"><bdi>978-3-540-43201-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083652/https://books.google.com/books?id=NACgnCN_jaEC&pg=PA308">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allwondersoftheworld.com/seven-modern-wonders/north-sea-protection-works.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Sea+Protection+Works+%E2%80%93+Seven+Modern+Wonders+of+World&rft.pub=Compare+Infobase+Limited&rft.date=2006%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allwondersoftheworld.com%2Fseven-modern-wonders%2Fnorth-sea-protection-works.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2007" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt (30 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201074700/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/dykes.htm">"Dykes of the Netherlands"</a>. About.com – Geography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/dykes.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+%E2%80%93+Geography&rft.atitle=Dykes+of+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Fspecificplacesofinterest%2Fa%2Fdykes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BASF-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BASF_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BASF_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BASF_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102043157/http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/content/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/imperiled-dikes/index">"Science around us: Flexible covering protects imperiled dikes – BASF – The Chemical Company – Corporate Website"</a>. BASF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/content/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/imperiled-dikes/index">the original</a> on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+around+us%3A+Flexible+covering+protects+imperiled+dikes+%E2%80%93+BASF+%E2%80%93+The+Chemical+Company+%E2%80%93+Corporate+Website&rft.pub=BASF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basf.com%2Fgroup%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fnews-and-media-relations%2Fscience-around-us%2Fimperiled-dikes%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersMagnus_GeduhnHolger_SchüttrumpfHelmut_Temmler2008" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Karsten; Magnus Geduhn; Holger Schüttrumpf; Helmut Temmler (31 August – 5 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205005638/http://icce2008.hamburg.baw.de/downloads/intern/Paper/BookOfAbstracts/0863_Peters.pdf">"Impounded water in Sea Dikes"</a> (PDF). ICCE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icce2008.hamburg.baw.de/downloads/intern/Paper/BookOfAbstracts/0863_Peters.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impounded+water+in+Sea+Dikes&rft.pub=ICCE&rft.date=2008-08-31%2F2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rft.au=Magnus+Geduhn&rft.au=Holger+Sch%C3%BCttrumpf&rft.au=Helmut+Temmler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficce2008.hamburg.baw.de%2Fdownloads%2Fintern%2FPaper%2FBookOfAbstracts%2F0863_Peters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212154705/http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/heritagemanagement/erosion/appendix_1.2.shtml">"Dune Grass Planting"</a>. A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems – Summary 2. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Natural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Natural Heritage">Scottish Natural Heritage</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/heritagemanagement/erosion/appendix_1.2.shtml">the original</a> on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+guide+to+managing+coastal+erosion+in+beach%2Fdune+systems+%E2%80%93+Summary+2&rft.atitle=Dune+Grass+Planting&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fon-line%2Fheritagemanagement%2Ferosion%2Fappendix_1.2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInghamJohn_Christopher_Wolverson_CopeP._F._Rawson1999" class="citation book cs1">Ingham, J. K.; John Christopher Wolverson Cope; P. F. Rawson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0I6BNSgx3_cC&pg=RA1-PA150">"Quaternary"</a>. Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geological Society of London. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-055-3"><bdi>978-1-86239-055-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083625/https://books.google.com/books?id=0I6BNSgx3_cC&pg=RA1-PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quaternary&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Palaeogeography+and+Lithofacies&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-055-3&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft.au=John+Christopher+Wolverson+Cope&rft.au=P.+F.+Rawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0I6BNSgx3_cC%26pg%3DRA1-PA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morin-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Morin_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin2008" class="citation web cs1">Morin, Rene (2 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143715/http://www.emetsoc.org/annual_meetings/documents/Morin_SilverMedalLecture_2008.pdf">"Social, economical and political impact of Weather"</a> (PDF). EMS annual meeting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emetsoc.org/annual_meetings/documents/Morin_SilverMedalLecture_2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social%2C+economical+and+political+impact+of+Weather&rft.pub=EMS+annual+meeting&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emetsoc.org%2Fannual_meetings%2Fdocuments%2FMorin_SilverMedalLecture_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Untergang-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Untergang_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.ca/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.g-o.de/dossier-detail-395-8.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D1362%2BGroote%2BManndr%25C3%25A4nke%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26sa%3DG">"scinexx | Der Untergang: Die Grote Manndränke – Rungholt Nordsee"</a> (in German). MMCD NEW MEDIA. 24 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512012345/http://translate.google.ca/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.g-o.de/dossier-detail-395-8.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D1362%2BGroote%2BManndr%25C3%25A4nke%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26sa%3DG">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=scinexx+%26%23124%3B+Der+Untergang%3A+Die+Grote+Manndr%C3%A4nke+%E2%80%93+Rungholt+Nordsee&rft.pub=MMCD+NEW+MEDIA&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.ca%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dde%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.g-o.de%2Fdossier-detail-395-8.html%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dtranslate%26resnum%3D5%26ct%3Dresult%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%253Fq%253D1362%252BGroote%252BManndr%2525C3%2525A4nke%2526hl%253Den%2526client%253Dfirefox-a%2526rls%253Dorg.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial%2526sa%253DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021126105045/http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/rivers/gt%20stour%20case%20study-pages/fld-cstl.html">Coastal Flooding: The great flood of 1953</a>. Investigating Rivers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/rivers/gt%20stour%20case%20study-pages/fld-cstl.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2002. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Flooding%3A+The+great+flood+of+1953&rft.pub=Investigating+Rivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturegrid.org.uk%2Frivers%2Fgt%2520stour%2520case%2520study-pages%2Ffld-cstl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1988" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, H. H. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5IOAAAAQAAJ&q=North+Frisian+Flood+of+1981&pg=PA131">Weather, Climate & Human Affairs: A Book of Essays and</a> (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415006743" title="Special:BookSources/9780415006743"><bdi>9780415006743</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083632/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5IOAAAAQAAJ&q=North+Frisian+Flood+of+1981&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weather%2C+Climate+%26+Human+Affairs%3A+A+Book+of+Essays+and&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780415006743&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5IOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DNorth%2BFrisian%2BFlood%2Bof%2B1981%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-74"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojanowski2006" class="citation news cs1">Bojanowski, Axel (11 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,441819,00.html">"Tidal Waves in Europe? Study Sees North Sea Tsunami Risk"</a>. Spiegel Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101180658/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,441819,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Tidal+Waves+in+Europe%3F+Study+Sees+North+Sea+Tsunami+Risk&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft.aulast=Bojanowski&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C441819%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondevikSue_DawsonAlastair_DawsonØystein_Lohne2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bondevik, Stein; Sue Dawson; Alastair Dawson; Øystein Lohne (5 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003EO310001">"Record-breaking Height for 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic"</a>. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 84 (31): 289, 293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EOSTr..84..289B">2003EOSTr..84..289B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003EO310001">10.1029/2003EO310001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F729">1956/729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos%2C+Transactions%2C+American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Record-breaking+Height+for+8000-Year-Old+Tsunami+in+the+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=289%2C+293&rft.date=2003-08-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2003EO310001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EOSTr..84..289B&rft.aulast=Bondevik&rft.aufirst=Stein&rft.au=Sue+Dawson&rft.au=Alastair+Dawson&rft.au=%C3%98ystein+Lohne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2003EO310001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgium-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belgium_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425180447/http://www.naturalsciences.be/active/sciencenews/archive2005/tsunami">A tsunami in Belgium?</a>. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalsciences.be/active/sciencenews/archive2005/tsunami">the original</a> on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tsunami+in+Belgium%3F&rft.pub=Royal+Belgian+Institute+of+Natural+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalsciences.be%2Factive%2Fsciencenews%2Farchive2005%2Ftsunami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ziegler, P. A. (1975). "Geologic Evolution of North Sea and Its Tectonic Framework". AAPG Bulletin. 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F83D91F2E-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D">10.1306/83D91F2E-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geologic+Evolution+of+North+Sea+and+Its+Tectonic+Framework&rft.volume=59&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F83D91F2E-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> See Ziegler (1990) or Glennie (1998) for the development of the paleogeography around the North Sea area from the Jurassic onwards </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsvik-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvikDaniel_CarlosJon_L._MosarRobin_M._Cocks2004" class="citation web cs1">Torsvik, Trond H.; Daniel Carlos; Jon L. Mosar; Robin M. Cocks; Tarjei N. Malme (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthdynamics.org/torsvik/torsvik-papers/2002/2002-Torsvik-etal-BATLAS.pdf">"Global reconstructions and North Atlantic paleogeography 440 Ma to Recen"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622010928/http://www.earthdynamics.org/torsvik/torsvik-papers/2002/2002-Torsvik-etal-BATLAS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+reconstructions+and+North+Atlantic+paleogeography+440+Ma+to+Recen&rft.date=2004-11&rft.aulast=Torsvik&rft.aufirst=Trond+H.&rft.au=Daniel+Carlos&rft.au=Jon+L.+Mosar&rft.au=Robin+M.+Cocks&rft.au=Tarjei+N.+Malme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthdynamics.org%2Ftorsvik%2Ftorsvik-papers%2F2002%2F2002-Torsvik-etal-BATLAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glennie-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennie1998" class="citation book cs1">Glennie, K. W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRoJwOzO3NUC&pg=PA11">Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances</a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03845-9"><bdi>978-0-632-03845-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084131/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRoJwOzO3NUC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Geology+of+the+North+Sea%3A+Basic+Concepts+and+Recent+Advances&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03845-9&rft.aulast=Glennie&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRoJwOzO3NUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSuuvlMuQaEC&pg=PA66">Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60287-7"><bdi>978-0-521-60287-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083625/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSuuvlMuQaEC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. 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Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750620888" title="Special:BookSources/9780750620888"><bdi>9780750620888</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083626/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHrXsKJ89rEC&pg=PA432">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Marine+Ecology&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780750620888&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Victor&rft.au=Frances+Dipper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHrXsKJ89rEC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081217143715/http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/media/biodiversity_loss/downloads/Examples_regional_extinctions.doc">"Extinct / extirpated species"</a>. Dr. Ransom A. Myers – Research group website. Future of Marine Animal Populations / Census of Marine Life. 27 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/media/biodiversity_loss/downloads/Examples_regional_extinctions.doc">the original</a> (doc) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Ransom+A.+Myers+%E2%80%93+Research+group+website&rft.atitle=Extinct+%2F+extirpated+species&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmap.ca%2Framweb%2Fmedia%2Fbiodiversity_loss%2Fdownloads%2FExamples_regional_extinctions.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1960" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, C.E. (1960). "Trichecodon huxlei (Mammalia: Odobenidae) in the Pleaistocene of southeastern United States". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 122: 129–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Comparative+Zoology&rft.atitle=Trichecodon+huxlei+%28Mammalia%3A+Odobenidae%29+in+the+Pleaistocene+of+southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104224507/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/atlanticgreywhale.htm">"Atlantic Grey Whale"</a>. The Extinction Website. Species Info. 19 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/atlanticgreywhale.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Extinction+Website&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Grey+Whale&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petermaas.nl%2Fextinct%2Fspeciesinfo%2Fatlanticgreywhale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Paul (21 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4378387,00.html">"North Sea in crisis as skate dies out: Ban placed on large areas to stave off risk of species being destroyed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, UK: Guardian Unlimited, Guardian News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083626/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/mar/21/fish.food">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+Sea+in+crisis+as+skate+dies+out%3A+Ban+placed+on+large+areas+to+stave+off+risk+of+species+being+destroyed&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4378387%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliotRochard" class="citation news cs1">Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Éric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143716/http://www.cemagref.fr/english/seven/News/07/25ans/ETsturgeon.pdf">"Sturgeon: Restoring an endangered species"</a> (PDF). Ecosystems and territories. Cemagref. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cemagref.fr/english/seven/News/07/25ans/ETsturgeon.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sturgeon%3A+Restoring+an+endangered+species&rft.aulast=Williot&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Rochard%2C+%C3%89ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cemagref.fr%2Fenglish%2Fseven%2FNews%2F07%2F25ans%2FETsturgeon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2016" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction">"UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003210/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/14/uks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK%27s+last+resident+killer+whales+%27doomed+to+extinction%27&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2016%2Fjan%2F14%2Fuks-last-resident-killer-whales-doomed-to-extinction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108222855/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28061.htm">"OSPAR Convention"</a>. European Union. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28061.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSPAR+Convention&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fscadplus%2Fleg%2Fen%2Flvb%2Fl28061.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:332:0081:0089:EN:PDF">"Directive 2000/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues"</a>. Official Journal of the European Communities. 28 December 2000. 28 December 2000 L 332/81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510104253/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:332:0081:0089:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Communities&rft.atitle=Directive+2000%2F59%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+27+November+2000+on+port+reception+facilities+for+ship-generated+waste+and+cargo+residues&rft.date=2000-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2000%3A332%3A0081%3A0089%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> "Member States have ratified Marpol 73/78". </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143713/http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/strategy/CMNP/Case%20Study/Wadden%20Sea%20Region%20Final.pdf">"Wadden Sea region case study"</a> (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage: A review of relevant experience in sustainable tourism in the coastal and marine environment, case studies, level 1, Wadden Sea region (Report). Stevens & Associates. 1 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/strategy/CMNP/Case%20Study/Wadden%20Sea%20Region%20Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Scottish+Natural+Heritage%3A+A+review+of+relevant+experience+in+sustainable+tourism+in+the+coastal+and+marine+environment%2C+case+studies%2C+level+1%2C+Wadden+Sea+region&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Associates&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.org.uk%2Fpdfs%2Fstrategy%2FCMNP%2FCase%2520Study%2FWadden%2520Sea%2520Region%2520Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2006" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMPjAyyz1W4C&pg=PA119">"Roman Exploration"</a>. Through the Pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman Exploration of the Atlantic. Taylor and Francis. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37287-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37287-9"><bdi>978-0-415-37287-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084127/https://books.google.com/books?id=DMPjAyyz1W4C&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2008. <q>Footnote 28. Strabo 7.1.3. The name North Sea – more properly 'Northern Ocean'. Septentrionalis Oceanus – probably came into use at this time; the earliest extant citation is Pliny, Natural History 2.167, 4.109.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Exploration&rft.btitle=Through+the+Pillars+of+Herakles%3A+Greco-Roman+Exploration+of+the+Atlantic&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37287-9&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMPjAyyz1W4C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsj.gr/wiki/Morimarusa">"Morimarusa – Ancient Greek (LSJ)"</a>. lsj.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162727/https://lsj.gr/wiki/Morimarusa">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsj.gr&rft.atitle=Morimarusa+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Greek+%28LSJ%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2FMorimarusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</a> 1493 map (<a href="/wiki/File:Schedelsche_Weltchronik_d_287.jpg" title="File:Schedelsche Weltchronik d 287.jpg">q.v.</a>): Baltic Sea called "Mare Germanicum", North Sea called "Oceanus Germanicus" </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2009" class="citation journal cs1">Scully, Richard J. (2009). "'North Sea or German Ocean'? The Anglo-German Cartographic Freemasonry, 1842–1914". Imago Mundi. 62: 46–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085690903319291">10.1080/03085690903319291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155027570">155027570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=%27North+Sea+or+German+Ocean%27%3F+The+Anglo-German+Cartographic+Freemasonry%2C+1842%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=46-62&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085690903319291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155027570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstromAnn_OrlovOscar_Handlin1980" class="citation book cs1">Thernstrom, Stephan; Ann Orlov; Oscar Handlin (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npQ6Hd3G4kgC&pg=PA401">Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3"><bdi>978-0-674-37512-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084127/https://books.google.com/books?id=npQ6Hd3G4kgC&pg=PA401">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37512-3&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Ann+Orlov&rft.au=Oscar+Handlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpQ6Hd3G4kgC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Looijenga-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Looijenga_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga2003" class="citation book cs1">Looijenga, Tineke (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC&pg=PA70">"Chapter 2 History of Runic Research"</a>. Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. BRILL. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12396-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12396-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084127/https://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+History+of+Runic+Research&rft.btitle=Texts+%26+Contexts+of+the+Oldest+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12396-0&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Tineke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-edm1fMPbXwC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuyvers-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuyvers_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuyvers_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuyvers1986" class="citation book cs1">Cuyvers, Luc (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBX6rrR20zYC&pg=PA2">The Strait of Dover</a>. BRILL. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024732524" title="Special:BookSources/9789024732524"><bdi>9789024732524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084138/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBX6rrR20zYC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strait+of+Dover&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9789024732524&rft.aulast=Cuyvers&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBX6rrR20zYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2003" class="citation book cs1">Green, Dennis Howard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MThYNoTutLkC&pg=PA49">The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</a>. Frank Siegmund. Boydell Press. pp. 48–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830269" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830269"><bdi>9781843830269</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084206/https://books.google.com/books?id=MThYNoTutLkC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continental+Saxons+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Tenth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.pages=48-50&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781843830269&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMThYNoTutLkC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrtishIsles-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrtishIsles_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrtishIsles_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrtishIsles_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H. D. (1992). "The British Isles and the Age of Exploration – A Maritime Perspective". GeoJournal. 26 (4): 483–487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992GeoJo..26..483S">1992GeoJo..26..483S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02665747">10.1007/BF02665747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153753702">153753702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=The+British+Isles+and+the+Age+of+Exploration+%E2%80%93+A+Maritime+Perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=483-487&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153753702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02665747&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992GeoJo..26..483S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuropeanNaval-113"><a href="#cite_ref-EuropeanNaval_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisRossRunyan1985" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, H. D.; Ross, Archibald; Runyan, Timothy J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIRDbARyWIC&pg=PA128">European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253320827" title="Special:BookSources/9780253320827"><bdi>9780253320827</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084139/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIRDbARyWIC&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Naval+and+Maritime+History%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780253320827&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft.au=Ross%2C+Archibald&rft.au=Runyan%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzIRDbARyWIC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA305">A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation</a>. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788778761774" title="Special:BookSources/9788778761774"><bdi>9788778761774</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084129/https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788778761774&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qvY8pxVxcwC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKøppenKarl_Spruner_von_Merz1854" class="citation book cs1">Køppen, Adolph Ludvig; Karl Spruner von Merz (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4bujwAigzEgC">The World in the Middle Ages</a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4bujwAigzEgC/page/n183">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3621972">3621972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3621972&rft.aulast=K%C3%B8ppen&rft.aufirst=Adolph+Ludvig&rft.au=Karl+Spruner+von+Merz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4bujwAigzEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripley-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Ripley_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipleyCharles_Anderson_Dana1869" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, George R; Charles Anderson Dana (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA539">The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge</a>. New York: D. Appleton. p. 540. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084139/https://books.google.com/books?id=2AAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA539">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia%3A+A+Popular+Dictionary+of+General+Knowledge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=George+R&rft.au=Charles+Anderson+Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AAoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Harold John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haiG4P79gysC&pg=PA7">Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age</a>. Yale University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11796-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11796-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084129/https://books.google.com/books?id=haiG4P79gysC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matters+of+Exchange%3A+Commerce%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Science+in+the+Dutch+Golden+Age&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11796-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Harold+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaiG4P79gysC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowerPlenty-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PowerPlenty_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PowerPlenty_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlayKevin_H._O'Rourke2007" class="citation book cs1">Findlay, Ronald; Kevin H. O'Rourke (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerplentytrade00rona">Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerplentytrade00rona/page/187">187</a> and 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691118543" title="Special:BookSources/9780691118543"><bdi>9780691118543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Plenty%3A+Trade%2C+War%2C+and+the+World+Economy+in+the+Second+Millennium&rft.pages=187+and+238&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691118543&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Kevin+H.+O%27Rourke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerplentytrade00rona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-119"><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2004" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Scott (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wlngm9J29kC&pg=PA134">A History of Credit and Power in the Western World</a>. Albert L. Gastmann. Transaction Publishers. pp. 122–127, 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0833-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0833-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084129/https://books.google.com/books?id=5wlngm9J29kC&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Credit+and+Power+in+the+Western+World&rft.pages=122-127%2C+134&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0833-2&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wlngm9J29kC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKXn0IQBKCcC&pg=PA183">Naval Warfare, 1815–1914</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0"><bdi>978-0-415-21478-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084141/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKXn0IQBKCcC&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21478-0&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKXn0IQBKCcC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halpern-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halpern_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halpern_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1994" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hwb6ovvYCcC">A naval history of World War I</a>. Ontario: Routledge. pp. 29, 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-498-0"><bdi>978-1-85728-498-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084134/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hwb6ovvYCcC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+naval+history+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pages=29%2C+180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-498-0&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hwb6ovvYCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (September 2005) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cMtKQP3P8C&pg=RA2-PA836">World War I: Encyclopedia</a>. Priscilla Mary Roberts. New York, US: ABC-CLIO. pp. 836–838. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084141/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cMtKQP3P8C&pg=RA2-PA836">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=836-838&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-09&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1cMtKQP3P8C%26pg%3DRA2-PA836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Osborne_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2006" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Eric W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IcGeprPmDkC">The Battle of Heligoland Bight</a>. London: Indiana University Press. p. Introduction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34742-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34742-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084132/https://books.google.com/books?id=4IcGeprPmDkC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Heligoland+Bight&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34742-8&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IcGeprPmDkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navies-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navies_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-navies_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2004" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-1eQRnXMUC">Navies in Modern World History</a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 190–193, 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-202-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084135/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-1eQRnXMUC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+Modern+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=190-193%2C+256&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-202-7&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKa-1eQRnXMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerPriscilla_Mary_Roberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts (September 2005) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cMtKQP3P8C&q=World+War+I:+Encyclopedia">World War I: Encyclopedia</a>. London: ABC-CLIO. pp. 165, 203, 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094202" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094202"><bdi>9781851094202</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084131/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cMtKQP3P8C&q=World+War+I:+Encyclopedia">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165%2C+203%2C+312&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-09&rft.isbn=9781851094202&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1cMtKQP3P8C%26q%3DWorld%2BWar%2BI%3A%2BEncyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Hans (15 October 2007) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGDxkiWKa-IC&pg=PA12">German S-Boats in Action in the Second World War: In the Second World War</a>. Naval Institute Press. pp. 12–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591143093" title="Special:BookSources/9781591143093"><bdi>9781591143093</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084135/https://books.google.com/books?id=lGDxkiWKa-IC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+S-Boats+in+Action+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+In+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=12-30&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.isbn=9781591143093&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGDxkiWKa-IC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsStartEurope.htm">"Atlantic, WW2, U-boats, convoys, OA, OB, SL, HX, HG, Halifax, RCN ..."</a> Naval-History.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113180911/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsStartEurope.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlantic%2C+WW2%2C+U-boats%2C+convoys%2C+OA%2C+OB%2C+SL%2C+HX%2C+HG%2C+Halifax%2C+RCN+...&rft.pub=Naval-History.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FWW2CampaignsStartEurope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaffka-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaffka_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaffka1996" class="citation book cs1">Kaffka, Alexander V. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJ5qp7QrgMC&pg=PA49">Sea-dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems, and Solutions</a>. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division. New York, US: Springer. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4090-4"><bdi>978-0-7923-4090-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084132/https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJ5qp7QrgMC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea-dumped+Chemical+Weapons%3A+Aspects%2C+Problems%2C+and+Solutions&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4090-4&rft.aulast=Kaffka&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGJ5qp7QrgMC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> It was, incidentally, the home of several <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Radio">Pirate Radio</a> stations from 1960 to 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1976" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Douglas M. (1976) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9I8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA195">Marine Policy and the Coastal Community</a>. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-158-9"><bdi>978-0-85664-158-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084137/https://books.google.com/books?id=9I8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Policy+and+the+Coastal+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-158-9&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I8OAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forthports.co.uk/ports/">"Forth Ports PLC"</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043115/http://www.forthports.co.uk/ports/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forth+Ports+PLC&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forthports.co.uk%2Fports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_131-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry,_M.Elemavan_der_Molen2006" class="citation book cs1">Barry, M., Michael; Elema, Ina; van der Molen, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_5.pdf">Governing the North Sea in the Netherlands: Administering marine spaces: international issues</a> (PDF). Frederiksberg, Denmark: International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). pp. 5–17, Ch. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-90907-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-90907-55-6"><bdi>978-87-90907-55-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205005632/http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+North+Sea+in+the+Netherlands%3A+Administering+marine+spaces%3A+international+issues&rft.place=Frederiksberg%2C+Denmark&rft.pages=5-17%2C+Ch.+5&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Surveyors+%28FIG%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-87-90907-55-6&rft.aulast=Barry%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Elema%2C+Ina&rft.au=van+der+Molen%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig.net%2Fpub%2Ffigpub%2Fpub36%2Fchapters%2Fchapter_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/">About the Common Fisheries Policy</a>. European Commission. 24 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714182421/http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+the+Common+Fisheries+Policy&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffisheries%2Fcfp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf">"Text of the UN treaty"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192715/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+UN+treaty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Filc%2Ftexts%2Finstruments%2Fenglish%2Fconventions%2F8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=cc&case=52&code=cs2&p3=4">North Sea Continental Shelf Cases</a>. International Court of Justice. 20 February 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201013509/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=cc&case=52&code=cs2&p3=4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Sea+Continental+Shelf+Cases&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=1969-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Findex.php%3Fp1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26k%3Dcc%26case%3D52%26code%3Dcs2%26p3%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekofisk-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekofisk_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1997" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, J. A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TW6yMgPdgbQC&pg=PP1">"Ekofisk and Early North Sea Oil"</a>. In T. Priest, & Cas James (ed.). Offshore Pioneers: Brown & Root and the History of Offshore Oil and Gas. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88415-138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88415-138-8"><bdi>978-0-88415-138-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084132/https://books.google.com/books?id=TW6yMgPdgbQC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ekofisk+and+Early+North+Sea+Oil&rft.btitle=Offshore+Pioneers%3A+Brown+%26+Root+and+the+History+of+Offshore+Oil+and+Gas&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88415-138-8&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTW6yMgPdgbQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohne-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lohne_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lohne_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohne1980" class="citation book cs1">Lohne, Øystein (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73">"The Economic Attraction"</a>. The Oil Industry and Government Strategy in the North Sea. Taylor & Francis. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918714-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918714-02-2"><bdi>978-0-918714-02-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084136/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Attraction&rft.btitle=The+Oil+Industry+and+Government+Strategy+in+the+North+Sea&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-918714-02-2&rft.aulast=Lohne&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZIOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007012331/http://www.total.no/en/About+TOTAL+NORGE/History/Fina/index.aspx">"TOTAL E&P NORGE AS – The history of Fina Exploration 1965–2000"</a>. About TOTAL E&P NORGE > History > Fina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.total.no/en/About+TOTAL+NORGE/History/Fina/index.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+TOTAL+E%26P+NORGE+%3E+History+%3E+Fina&rft.atitle=TOTAL+E%26P+NORGE+AS+%E2%80%93+The+history+of+Fina+Exploration+1965%E2%80%932000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.total.no%2Fen%2FAbout%2BTOTAL%2BNORGE%2FHistory%2FFina%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKetta1999" class="citation book cs1">McKetta, John J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfjDlUe8Kc0C&pg=PA102">"The Offshore Oil Industry"</a>. In Guy E. Weismantel (ed.). 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Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+Vs.+Environment%3A+The+Case+for+Coastal+Areas&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2404-1&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=P.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D21ikixG655wC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallDieter_K._MüllerJarkko_Saarinen2008" class="citation book cs1">Hall, C. Michael; Dieter K. Müller; Jarkko Saarinen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxq97WB2aVQC&pg=PA170">Nordic Tourism: Issues and Cases</a>. Channel View Publications. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-093-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-093-3"><bdi>978-1-84541-093-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084645/https://books.google.com/books?id=mxq97WB2aVQC&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Tourism%3A+Issues+and+Cases&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84541-093-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft.au=Dieter+K.+M%C3%BCller&rft.au=Jarkko+Saarinen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmxq97WB2aVQC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2019/10/24/st-andrews-scotland-where-golf-born-will-and-kate-fell-love/4067547002/">"St. Andrews, Scotland: See the place where golf was born and Will and Kate fell in love"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 15 June 2024. <q>Tiny St. Andrews has a huge reputation, known around the world as the birthplace and royal seat of golf. The chance to play on the world's oldest course – or at least take in the iconic view of its 18th hole – keeps the town perennially popular among golfing pilgrims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=St.+Andrews%2C+Scotland%3A+See+the+place+where+golf+was+born+and+Will+and+Kate+fell+in+love&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F2019%2F10%2F24%2Fst-andrews-scotland-where-golf-born-will-and-kate-fell-love%2F4067547002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101042324/http://www.northseatrail.org/">"Welcome North Sea Trail"</a>. European Union. The North Sea Trail/NAVE Nortrail project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northseatrail.org/">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Union&rft.atitle=Welcome+North+Sea+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northseatrail.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsenCharles_GreetMichelle_Metro-RolandAnne_Soper2008" class="citation book cs1">Knudsen, Daniel C.; Charles Greet; Michelle Metro-Roland; Anne Soper (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNnCnURw2O4C&pg=PA112">Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4943-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4943-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084645/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNnCnURw2O4C&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Meaning&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4943-4&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft.au=Charles+Greet&rft.au=Michelle+Metro-Roland&rft.au=Anne+Soper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNnCnURw2O4C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte-PeeversSarah_JohnstoneEtain_O'CarrollJeanne_Oliver2004" class="citation book cs1">Schulte-Peevers, Andrea; Sarah Johnstone; Etain O'Carroll; Jeanne Oliver; Tom Parkinson; Nicola Williams (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany00schu">Germany</a>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany00schu/page/680">680</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-471-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-471-4"><bdi>978-1-74059-471-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-471-4&rft.aulast=Schulte-Peevers&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Sarah+Johnstone&rft.au=Etain+O%27Carroll&rft.au=Jeanne+Oliver&rft.au=Tom+Parkinson&rft.au=Nicola+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany-tourism.de/ENG/destination_germany/master_tlkur-id1252.htm?cc_lang=">Büsum: The natural healing power of the sea</a>. German National Tourist Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201021723/http://www.germany-tourism.de/ENG/destination_germany/master_tlkur-id1252.htm?cc_lang=">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCsum%3A+The+natural+healing+power+of+the+sea&rft.pub=German+National+Tourist+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany-tourism.de%2FENG%2Fdestination_germany%2Fmaster_tlkur-id1252.htm%3Fcc_lang%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf">"World Port Rankings"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Port_Authorities" title="American Association of Port Authorities">American Association of Port Authorities</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202024733/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Port+Rankings&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Port+Authorities&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faapa.files.cms-plus.com%2FStatistics%2FWORLD%2520PORT%2520RANKINGS%252020081.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725000609/http://www.marinetalk.com/articles-marine-companies/com/Port-Authority-Bruges-Zeebrugge-POR069.html">"Port Authority Bruges-Zeebrugge"</a>. MarineTalk. 1998–2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinetalk.com/articles-marine-companies/com/Port-Authority-Bruges-Zeebrugge-POR069.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Authority+Bruges-Zeebrugge&rft.pub=MarineTalk&rft.date=1998%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinetalk.com%2Farticles-marine-companies%2Fcom%2FPort-Authority-Bruges-Zeebrugge-POR069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831173118/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/the_dover_strait.htm">"The Dover Strait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/the_dover_strait.htm">the original</a> on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dover+Strait&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fmcga07-home%2Femergencyresponse%2Fmcga-searchandrescue%2Fmcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem%2Fchannel_navigation_information_service__cnis_%2Fthe_dover_strait.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freestone-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Freestone_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreestone1990" class="citation book cs1">Freestone, David (1990). link (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGSMw7gCOLYC&pg=PA167">The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 186–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85333-413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85333-413-9"><bdi>978-1-85333-413-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084646/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGSMw7gCOLYC&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Sea%3A+Perspectives+on+Regional+Environmental+Co-operation&rft.pages=186-190&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85333-413-9&rft.aulast=Freestone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGSMw7gCOLYC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiel-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiel_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310035954/http://www.kiel-canal.org/english.htm">"Kiel Canal"</a>. Kiel Canal official website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiel-canal.org/english.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiel+Canal&rft.pub=Kiel+Canal+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiel-canal.org%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiel2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiel2_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114213006/http://www.hebridean.co.uk/_pdf/Hebridean-Spirit-The-Baltic-East.pdf">"23390-Country Info Booklets Hebridean Spirit The Baltic East"</a> (PDF). Hebridean Island Cruises. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebridean.co.uk/_pdf/Hebridean-Spirit-The-Baltic-East.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23390-Country+Info+Booklets+Hebridean+Spirit+The+Baltic+East&rft.pub=Hebridean+Island+Cruises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebridean.co.uk%2F_pdf%2FHebridean-Spirit-The-Baltic-East.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602103541/http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/NorthSea/facts.php">"North Sea Facts"</a>. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Management Unit of North Sea Mathematical Models. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/NorthSea/facts.php">the original</a> on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Belgian+Institute+of+Natural+Sciences&rft.atitle=North+Sea+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mumm.ac.be%2FEN%2FNorthSea%2Ffacts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/North_Sea">"North Sea" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 786–787.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=786-787&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyina2007" class="citation book cs1">Ilyina, Tatjana P. (2007). The fate of persistent organic pollutants in the North Sea multiple year model simulations of [gamma]-HCH, [alpha]-HCH and PCB 153Tatjana P Ilyina;. Berlin; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68163-2"><bdi>978-3-540-68163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fate+of+persistent+organic+pollutants+in+the+North+Sea+multiple+year+model+simulations+of+%5Bgamma%5D-HCH%2C+%5Balpha%5D-HCH+and+PCB+153Tatjana+P+Ilyina%3B&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-68163-2&rft.aulast=Ilyina&rft.aufirst=Tatjana+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsdóttir2005" class="citation book cs1">Karlsdóttir, Hrefna M. (2005). Fishing on common grounds: the consequences of unregulated fisheries of North Sea Herring in the postwar period. Göteborg: Ekonomisk-Historiska Inst., Göteborg Univ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85196-62-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85196-62-3"><bdi>978-91-85196-62-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishing+on+common+grounds%3A+the+consequences+of+unregulated+fisheries+of+North+Sea+Herring+in+the+postwar+period&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pub=Ekonomisk-Historiska+Inst.%2C+G%C3%B6teborg+Univ.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-85196-62-3&rft.aulast=Karlsd%C3%B3ttir&rft.aufirst=Hrefna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanteFranciscus_Colijn2016" class="citation book cs1">Quante, Markus; Franciscus Colijn (2016). North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment. Regional Climate Studies. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39745-0">10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39745-0"><bdi>978-3-319-39745-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132967560">132967560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Sea+Region+Climate+Change+Assessment&rft.series=Regional+Climate+Studies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132967560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-39745-0&rft.isbn=978-3-319-39745-0&rft.aulast=Quante&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Franciscus+Colijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> Open Access.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkeyMorten_Hahn-Pedersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, David J.; Morten Hahn-Pedersen (2005). Bridging troubled waters: Conflict and co-operation in the North Sea Region since 1550. Esbjerg [Denmark]: Fiskeri-og Søfartsmuseets. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-90982-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-90982-30-0"><bdi>978-87-90982-30-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+troubled+waters%3A+Conflict+and+co-operation+in+the+North+Sea+Region+since+1550&rft.place=Esbjerg+%5BDenmark%5D&rft.pub=Fiskeri-og+S%C3%B8fartsmuseets&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-87-90982-30-0&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Morten+Hahn-Pedersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoen2007" class="citation book cs1">Thoen, Erik, ed. (2007). Rural history in the North Sea area: a state of the art (Middle Ages – beginning 20th century). Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51005-7"><bdi>978-2-503-51005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+history+in+the+North+Sea+area%3A+a+state+of+the+art+%28Middle+Ages+%E2%80%93+beginning+20th+century%29&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51005-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiedekeWerner_Weiler2007" class="citation book cs1">Tiedeke, Thorsten; Werner Weiler (2007). North Sea coast: landscape panoramas. Nelson: NZ Visitor; Lancaster: Gazelle Drake Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877339-65-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877339-65-3"><bdi>978-1-877339-65-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Sea+coast%3A+landscape+panoramas&rft.pub=Nelson%3A+NZ+Visitor%3B+Lancaster%3A+Gazelle+Drake+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-877339-65-3&rft.aulast=Tiedeke&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rft.au=Werner+Weiler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingtonPedersen2007" class="citation book cs1">Waddington, Clive; Pedersen, Kristian (2007). Mesolithic studies in the North Sea Basin and beyond: proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle in 2003. Oxford: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-224-7"><bdi>978-1-84217-224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesolithic+studies+in+the+North+Sea+Basin+and+beyond%3A+proceedings+of+a+conference+held+at+Newcastle+in+2003&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-224-7&rft.aulast=Waddington&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Kristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeelenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Zeelenberg, Sjoerd (2005). Offshore wind energy in the North Sea Region: the state of affairs of offshore wind energy projects, national policies and economic, environmental and technological conditions in Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom. Groningen: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71640714">71640714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offshore+wind+energy+in+the+North+Sea+Region%3A+the+state+of+affairs+of+offshore+wind+energy+projects%2C+national+policies+and+economic%2C+environmental+and+technological+conditions+in+Denmark%2C+Germany%2C+The+Netherlands%2C+Belgium+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=University+of+Groningen&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71640714&rft.aulast=Zeelenberg&rft.aufirst=Sjoerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Sea#Q1693" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:North Sea">North Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_-_Nordsee_-_Noordzee_-_Nords%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="commons:North Sea - Nordsee - Noordzee - Nordsøen">North Sea - Nordsee - Noordzee - Nordsøen</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/North_Sea" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:North Sea">North Sea</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810055628/http://www.northsea.org/nsc/thematic_groups/environment/documents/members/nsceg_membprofiles_0606.pdf">"North Sea Commission Environment Group Member Profiles 2006"</a> (PDF). Archived from the original on 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Sea+Commission+Environment+Group+Member+Profiles+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northsea.org%2Fnsc%2Fthematic_groups%2Fenvironment%2Fdocuments%2Fmembers%2Fnsceg_membprofiles_0606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) (910 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swaen.com/old_map_images.htm?zoomifyImagePath=http://www.swaen.com/os/zoom/22834/">Old map: Manuscript chart of the North Sea, VOC, ca.1690</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606123754/https://www.swaen.com/old_map_images.htm?zoomifyImagePath=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swaen.com%2Fos%2Fzoom%2F22834%2F">Archived</a> 6 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (high resolution zoomable scan)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2006/06013graversen/images/graversen.pdf">"The Jurassic-Cretaceous North Sea Rift Dome and associated Basin Evolution"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029204309/http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2006/06013graversen/images/graversen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jurassic-Cretaceous+North+Sea+Rift+Dome+and+associated+Basin+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchanddiscovery.com%2Fdocuments%2F2006%2F06013graversen%2Fimages%2Fgraversen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea" class="Z3988"> (2.5 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ospar.org/">OSPAR Commission Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218074944/https://www.ospar.org/">Archived</a> 18 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> an international commission designed to protect and conserve the North-East Atlantic and its resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsearegion.eu/">North Sea Region Programme 2007–2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315041223/https://northsearegion.eu/">Archived</a> 15 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> transnational cooperation programme under the European Regional Development Fund</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marginal seas of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottles_Bay" title="Pottles Bay">Pottles Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244973726">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242504/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHdMkJFBHGBrGTxVwt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042579-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092528">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130794&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453256">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl021xr61nh4qk9">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533832705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/20469">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046419">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea&oldid=1258957562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea&oldid=1258957562</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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