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Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие:Портал:Географие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Википедие:Портал:Географие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geografie" title="Portaal:Geografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portaal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD:%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8B%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD" title="በር:መልክዐ ምድር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በር:መልክዐ ምድር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوابة:جغرافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90:%DC%93%DC%98%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܬܪܥܐ:ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܪܥܐ:ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%E1%BA%BDndusu:Yvyapekuaa" title="Okẽndusu:Yvyapekuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okẽndusu:Yvyapekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafiya" title="Portal:Coğrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%92%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پوْرتال:جوغرافیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوْرتال:جوغرافیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:T%C4%93-l%C3%AD" title="Portal:Tē-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Portal:Tē-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Геаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партал:Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Партал:Геаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партал:Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Eadkund" title="Portal:Eadkund – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Portal:Eadkund" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografija" title="Portal:Geografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Douaroniezh" title="Porched:Douaroniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Douaroniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Heyograpiya" title="Ganghaan:Heyograpiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganghaan:Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Geografie" title="Portál:Geografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="قيسارية:جغرافيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قيسارية:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geographie" title="Portal:Geographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%AA:%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%A3%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A9" title="ނެރު:ޖުޣުރާފީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެރު:ޖުޣުރާފީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D:_%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྡ་དོན།: ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བརྡ་དོན།: ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geograafia" title="Portaal:Geograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Geograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Γεωγραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Γεωγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geograf%C3%ADa" title="Portal:Geografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Geografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Geografio" title="Portalo:Geografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Geografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="درگاه:جغرافیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9ographie" title="Portail:Géographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Géographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Geografy" title="Tema:Geografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tema:Geografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="포털:지리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:지리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտալ:Աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտալ:Աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="प्रवेशद्वार:भूगोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Zemljopis" title="Portal:Zemljopis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portal:Zemljopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1tt:Landafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Gátt:Landafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gátt:Landafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Geografia" title="Portale:Geografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:גאוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:גאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapura:Geografi" title="Gapura:Geografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gapura:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango:Jiografia" title="Lango:Jiografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lango:Jiografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Erdn%C3%AEgar%C3%AE" title="Portal:Erdnîgarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Portal:Erdnîgarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Портал:География – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta:Geographia" title="Porta:Geographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Porta:Geographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C4%81ls:%C4%A2eogr%C4%81fija" title="Portāls:Ģeogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portāls:Ģeogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geographie" title="Portal:Geographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Geografija" title="Vikisritis:Geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:F%C3%B6ldrajz" title="Portál:Földrajz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Földrajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Географија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Географија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവാടം:ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="दालन:भूगोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दालन:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوابة:جغرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوابة:جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA:%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3" title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝင်ပထဝဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပါင်မုက်:ဝင်ပထဝဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D:%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မုခ်ဝ:ပထဝီဝင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုခ်ဝ:ပထဝီဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geografie" title="Portaal:Geografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पोर्टल:भूगोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोर्टल:भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:地理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Ков:Географи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ков:Географи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Geografi" title="Tema:Geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tema:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Портал:Географий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Портал:Географий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografiya" title="Portal:Geografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੂਗੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:ਫਾਟਕ:ਭੂਗੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تانبه:ځمکپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تانبه:ځمکپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Jografie" title="Portal:Jografie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portal:Jografie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografia" title="Portal:Geografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografiya" title="Portal:Geografiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Portal:Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Allpa_saywachi" title="Punku p'anqa: Allpa saywachi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Allpa saywachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografie" title="Portal:Geografie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portal:Geografie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Geographie" title="Portoal:Geographie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Portoal:Geographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gjeografi" title="Portal:Gjeografi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portal:Gjeografi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ද්වාරය:භූගෝල විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:භූගෝල විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="باب:جاگرافي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:جاگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Geografia" title="Portál:Geografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Geografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Juqraafi" title="Portal:Juqraafi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Juqraafi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەروازە:جوگرافیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:جوگرافیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Географија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Географија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografija" title="Portal:Geografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portal:Geografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Maantiede" title="Teemasivu:Maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geografi" title="Portal:Geografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portal:Geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலைவாசல்:புவியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:புவியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggur:Tarakalt" title="Aggur:Tarakalt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aggur:Tarakalt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:География – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:География" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0:Geography" title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:Geography – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵိူၼ်ႇတူ:Geography" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีย่อย:ภูมิศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:ภูมิศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D2%B6%D1%83%D2%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Портал:Ҷуғрофиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Портал:Ҷуғрофиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Портал:Географія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портал:Географія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="باب:جغرافیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باب:جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta%C5%82e:Zeografia" title="Portałe:Zeografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portałe:Zeografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95ng_th%C3%B4ng_tin:%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_l%C3%BD" title="Cổng thông tin:Địa lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổng thông tin:Địa lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Ouze_Weireld" title="Portoal:Ouze Weireld – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Portoal:Ouze Weireld" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt:Melosuuf" title="Bunt:Melosuuf – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bunt:Melosuuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Portal:地理 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Portal:地理" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Portal:Geography" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Portal:地理 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Portal:地理" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Co%C4%9Frafya" title="Portal:Coğrafya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portal:Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:地理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%C4%8Co%C7%A7rafij%C9%99" title="Portal:Čoǧrafijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Portal:Čoǧrafijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94:%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3271988#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="View the subject page [c]" 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></p><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div> <div style="background:#FFFFFF; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:black; padding:8px;"> <div style="float:right; width:100%"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Geography_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Geography Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="P:GEO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint module-shortcutboxleft" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P:GEO&redirect=no">P:GEO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_World_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/350px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/525px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Physical_World_Map.svg/700px-Physical_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center;">A <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a> <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γεωγραφία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">geōgraphía</i></span>; combining <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gê</i></span> 'Earth' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gráphō</i></span> 'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">its human and natural complexities</a>—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a> can be applied more broadly to other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a> in the field of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a>. Geography has been called "a bridge between <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> disciplines." </p><p>Origins of many of the concepts in geography can be traced to Greek <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> of Cyrene, who may have coined the term "geographia" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 276 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 195/194 BC</span>). The first recorded use of the word <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">γεωγραφία</a> was as the title of a book by Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (100 – 170 AD). This work created the so-called "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography, which included "Ptolemaic cartographic theory." However, the concepts of geography (such as <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>) date back to the earliest attempts to understand the world spatially, with the earliest example of an attempted world map dating to the 9th century BCE in ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">history of geography</a> as a discipline spans cultures and millennia, being independently developed by multiple groups, and cross-pollinated by trade between these groups. The core concepts of geography consistent between all approaches are a focus on space, place, time, and scale. </p><p>Today, geography is an extremely broad discipline with multiple approaches and modalities. There have been multiple attempts to organize the discipline, including the four traditions of geography, and into branches. Techniques employed can generally be broken down into <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">qualitative</a> approaches, with many studies taking <a href="/wiki/Mixed-methods_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-methods research">mixed-methods</a> approaches. Common techniques include <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline of geography</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_article_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured articles"><img alt="Featured articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Featured article - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Geography&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">Featured articles</a> are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.</small></i></div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r987512734">.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output div.excerptSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:not(.gallerycarousel)>div>div:nth-child(1){display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021884966">.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container>.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .randomSlideshow-sr-only{display:block;width:1px;height:1px;text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{display:inline-block!important;padding:0.2em 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child input{transform:scale(1.4)}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label:last-child{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{display:block;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox li,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox p{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow:first-child{position:relative;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);display:inline-block;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{order:99999;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child label{flex:0 0}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox{width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div,.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container ul.gallery:first-child .gallerybox>div>div{width:inherit!important;max-width:100%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .randomSlideshow-container .nomobile+ul label{display:none!important}</style><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Uturuncu seen from the northwest Uturuncu is a dormant volcano in the Sur Lípez Province of Bolivia. It is 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) high, has two summit peaks, and consists of a complex of lava domes and lava flows with a total volume estimated to be 50–85 km3. It bears traces of a former glaciation, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the Pleistocene epoch and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active fumaroles occur in the summit region, between the two summits. The volcano rises within the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex, a larger province of large volcanoes and calderas which over the last few million years (mya) have emplaced about 10000 km3 of ignimbrites in sometimes very large eruptions. Underneath it lies the so-called Altiplano–Puna magmatic body, a large sill formed by partially molten rocks. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 Uturuncu seen from the northwest Uturuncu is a dormant volcano in the Sur Lípez Province of Bolivia. It is 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) high, has two summit peaks, and consists of a complex of lava domes and lava flows with a total volume estimated to be 50–85 km3. It bears traces of a former glaciation, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the Pleistocene epoch and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active fumaroles occur in the summit region, between the two summits. The volcano rises within the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex, a larger province of large volcanoes and calderas which over the last few million years (mya) have emplaced about 10000 km3 of ignimbrites in sometimes very large eruptions. Underneath it lies the so-called Altiplano–Puna magmatic body, a large sill formed by partially molten rocks. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Uturuncu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uturuncu.jpg/220px-Uturuncu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uturuncu.jpg/330px-Uturuncu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uturuncu.jpg/440px-Uturuncu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Uturuncu seen from the northwest</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uturuncu" title="Uturuncu">Uturuncu</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Dormant_and_reactivated" title="Volcano">dormant volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sur_L%C3%ADpez_Province" title="Sur Lípez Province">Sur Lípez Province</a> of Bolivia. It is 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) high, has two summit peaks, and consists of a complex of <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a> with a total volume estimated to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010500000000000000♠"></span>50–85 km<sup>3</sup></span>. It bears traces of a former <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>, even though it does not currently carry glaciers. Volcanic activity took place during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch and the last eruption was 250,000 years ago; since then Uturuncu has not erupted but active <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a> occur in the summit region, between the two summits.<br /><br />The volcano rises within the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano%E2%80%93Puna_volcanic_complex" title="Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex">Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex</a>, a larger province of large volcanoes and <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a> which over the last few million years (mya) have emplaced about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> km<sup>3</sup></span> of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a> in sometimes very large eruptions. Underneath it lies the so-called <a href="/wiki/Altiplano%E2%80%93Puna_Magma_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Altiplano–Puna Magma Body">Altiplano–Puna magmatic body</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sill</a> formed by partially molten rocks. (<b><a href="/wiki/Uturuncu" title="Uturuncu">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 First Marshalsea Prison, 18th century The Marshalsea (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. Although it housed a variety of prisoners—including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition—it became known, in particular, for its incarceration of the poorest of London's debtors. Over half of England's prisoners in the 18th century were in jail because of debt. Run privately for profit, as were all English prisons until the 19th century, the Marshalsea looked like an Oxbridge college and functioned as an extortion racket. Debtors in the 18th century who could afford the prison fees had access to a bar, shop and restaurant, and retained the crucial privilege of being allowed out during the day, which gave them a chance to earn money for their creditors. Everyone else was crammed into one of nine small rooms with dozens of others, possibly for years for the most modest of debts, which increased as unpaid prison fees accumulated. The poorest faced starvation and, if they crossed the jailers, torture with skullcaps and thumbscrews. A parliamentary committee reported in 1729 that 300 inmates had starved to death within a three-month period, and that eight to ten were dying every 24 hours in the warmer weather. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 First Marshalsea Prison, 18th century The Marshalsea (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. Although it housed a variety of prisoners—including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition—it became known, in particular, for its incarceration of the poorest of London's debtors. Over half of England's prisoners in the 18th century were in jail because of debt. Run privately for profit, as were all English prisons until the 19th century, the Marshalsea looked like an Oxbridge college and functioned as an extortion racket. Debtors in the 18th century who could afford the prison fees had access to a bar, shop and restaurant, and retained the crucial privilege of being allowed out during the day, which gave them a chance to earn money for their creditors. Everyone else was crammed into one of nine small rooms with dozens of others, possibly for years for the most modest of debts, which increased as unpaid prison fees accumulated. The poorest faced starvation and, if they crossed the jailers, torture with skullcaps and thumbscrews. A parliamentary committee reported in 1729 that 300 inmates had starved to death within a three-month period, and that eight to ten were dying every 24 hours in the warmer weather. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshalsea_prison,_London,_18th_century_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg/300px-Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg/450px-Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg/600px-Marshalsea_prison%2C_London%2C_18th_century_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">First Marshalsea Prison, 18th century</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea</a></b> (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, just south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. Although it housed a variety of prisoners—including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>—it became known, in particular, for its incarceration of the poorest of London's debtors. Over half of England's prisoners in the 18th century were in jail because of debt.<br /><br />Run privately for profit, as were all English prisons until the 19th century, the Marshalsea looked like an <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> college and functioned as an extortion racket. Debtors in the 18th century who could afford the prison fees had access to a bar, shop and restaurant, and retained the crucial privilege of being allowed out during the day, which gave them a chance to earn money for their creditors. Everyone else was crammed into one of nine small rooms with dozens of others, possibly for years for the most modest of debts, which increased as unpaid prison fees accumulated. The poorest faced starvation and, if they crossed the jailers, torture with skullcaps and <a href="/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)" title="Thumbscrew (torture)">thumbscrews</a>. A parliamentary committee reported in 1729 that 300 inmates had starved to death within a three-month period, and that eight to ten were dying every 24 hours in the warmer weather. (<b><a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Adults with a chick on Snow Hill Island, Antarctic Peninsula The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 100 cm (39 in) in length and weighing from 22 to 45 kg (49 to 99 lb). Feathers of the head and back are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches. Like all species of penguin, the emperor is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Its diet consists primarily of fish, but also includes crustaceans, such as krill, and cephalopods, such as squid. While hunting, the species can remain submerged around 20 minutes, diving to a depth of 535 m (1,755 ft). It has several adaptations to facilitate this, including an unusually structured haemoglobin to allow it to function at low oxygen levels, solid bones to reduce barotrauma, and the ability to reduce its metabolism and shut down non-essential organ functions. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Adults with a chick on Snow Hill Island, Antarctic Peninsula The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica. The male and female are similar in plumage and size, reaching 100 cm (39 in) in length and weighing from 22 to 45 kg (49 to 99 lb). Feathers of the head and back are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches. Like all species of penguin, the emperor is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Its diet consists primarily of fish, but also includes crustaceans, such as krill, and cephalopods, such as squid. While hunting, the species can remain submerged around 20 minutes, diving to a depth of 535 m (1,755 ft). It has several adaptations to facilitate this, including an unusually structured haemoglobin to allow it to function at low oxygen levels, solid bones to reduce barotrauma, and the ability to reduce its metabolism and shut down non-essential organ functions. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island,_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/220px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/330px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/440px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Adults with a chick on <a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island" title="Snow Hill Island">Snow Hill Island</a>, Antarctic Peninsula</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a></b> (<i><b>Aptenodytes forsteri</b></i>) is the tallest and heaviest of all living <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a> species and is <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemism in birds">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The male and female are similar in <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> and size, reaching 100 cm (39 in) in length and weighing from 22 to 45 kg (49 to 99 lb). Feathers of the head and back are black and sharply delineated from the white belly, pale-yellow breast and bright-yellow ear patches.<br /><br />Like all species of penguin, the emperor is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. Its diet consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, but also includes <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>. While hunting, the species can remain submerged around 20 minutes, diving to a depth of 535 m (1,755 ft). It has several adaptations to facilitate this, including an unusually structured <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">haemoglobin</a> to allow it to function at low oxygen levels, solid bones to reduce <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>, and the ability to reduce its <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and shut down non-essential organ functions. (<b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Jeannette at Le Havre in 1878, prior to her departure for San Francisco in a trip that would see her round Cape Horn The Jeannette expedition of 1879–1881, officially called the U.S. Arctic Expedition, was an attempt led by George W. De Long to reach the North Pole by pioneering a route from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. The premise was that a temperate current, the Kuro Siwo, flowed northwards into the strait, providing a gateway to the hypothesized Open Polar Sea and thus to the pole. This theory proved illusory; the expedition's ship, USS Jeannette and its crew of thirty-three men, was trapped by ice and drifted for nearly two years before she was crushed and sunk north of the Siberian coast. De Long then led his men on a perilous journey by sled, dragging the Jeannette's whaleboat and two cutters, eventually switching to these small boats to sail for the Lena Delta in Siberia. During this journey, and in the subsequent weeks of wandering in Siberia before rescue, twenty of the ship's complement died, including De Long. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Jeannette at Le Havre in 1878, prior to her departure for San Francisco in a trip that would see her round Cape Horn The Jeannette expedition of 1879–1881, officially called the U.S. Arctic Expedition, was an attempt led by George W. De Long to reach the North Pole by pioneering a route from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. The premise was that a temperate current, the Kuro Siwo, flowed northwards into the strait, providing a gateway to the hypothesized Open Polar Sea and thus to the pole. This theory proved illusory; the expedition's ship, USS Jeannette and its crew of thirty-three men, was trapped by ice and drifted for nearly two years before she was crushed and sunk north of the Siberian coast. De Long then led his men on a perilous journey by sled, dragging the Jeannette's whaleboat and two cutters, eventually switching to these small boats to sail for the Lena Delta in Siberia. During this journey, and in the subsequent weeks of wandering in Siberia before rescue, twenty of the ship's complement died, including De Long. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Jeannette;h52199.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USS_Jeannette%3Bh52199.jpg/350px-USS_Jeannette%3Bh52199.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/USS_Jeannette%3Bh52199.jpg/525px-USS_Jeannette%3Bh52199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/USS_Jeannette%3Bh52199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)"><i>Jeannette</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in 1878, prior to her departure for San Francisco in a trip that would see her round <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i></a></b> <b>expedition</b> of 1879–1881, officially called the <b>U.S. Arctic Expedition</b>, was an attempt led by <a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">George W. De Long</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> by pioneering a route from the Pacific Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>. The premise was that a temperate current, the <a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuro Siwo</a>, flowed northwards into the strait, providing a gateway to the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Open_Polar_Sea" title="Open Polar Sea">Open Polar Sea</a> and thus to the pole.<br /><br />This theory proved illusory; the expedition's ship, <a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a> and its crew of thirty-three men, was trapped by ice and drifted for nearly two years before she was crushed and sunk north of the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> coast. De Long then led his men on a perilous journey by sled, dragging the <i>Jeannette</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">whaleboat</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutters</a>, eventually switching to these small boats to sail for the <a href="/wiki/Lena_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena Delta">Lena Delta</a> in Siberia. During this journey, and in the subsequent weeks of wandering in Siberia before rescue, twenty of the ship's complement died, including De Long. (<b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Portrait by Ferdinand Krumholz, 1850 Dom Pedro Afonso (19 July 1848 – 10 January 1850) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born at the Palace of São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro, he was the second son and youngest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. Pedro Afonso was seen as vital to the future viability of the monarchy, which had been put in jeopardy by the death of his older brother Dom Afonso almost three years earlier. Pedro Afonso's death from fever at the age of one devastated the Emperor, and the imperial couple had no further children. Pedro Afonso's older sister Dona Isabel became heiress, but Pedro II was unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling elite. He excluded Isabel from matters of state and failed to provide training for her possible role as empress. With no surviving male children, the Emperor came to understand that the imperial line was destined to end with his own death. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Portrait by Ferdinand Krumholz, 1850 Dom Pedro Afonso (19 July 1848 – 10 January 1850) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born at the Palace of São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro, he was the second son and youngest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. Pedro Afonso was seen as vital to the future viability of the monarchy, which had been put in jeopardy by the death of his older brother Dom Afonso almost three years earlier. Pedro Afonso's death from fever at the age of one devastated the Emperor, and the imperial couple had no further children. Pedro Afonso's older sister Dona Isabel became heiress, but Pedro II was unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling elite. He excluded Isabel from matters of state and failed to provide training for her possible role as empress. With no surviving male children, the Emperor came to understand that the imperial line was destined to end with his own death. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_(1850).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg/220px-Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg/330px-Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg/440px-Pedro_Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_%281850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Portrait by Ferdinand Krumholz, 1850</div></div></div></div><br /><a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Pedro Afonso</a></b> (19 July 1848 – 10 January 1850) was the Prince Imperial and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. Born at the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">Palace of São Cristóvão</a> in Rio de Janeiro, he was the second son and youngest child of Emperor Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> and Dona <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a>, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>. Pedro Afonso was seen as vital to the future viability of the monarchy, which had been put in jeopardy by the death of his older brother Dom <a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Afonso</a> almost three years earlier.<br /><br />Pedro Afonso's death from fever at the age of one devastated the Emperor, and the imperial couple had no further children. Pedro Afonso's older sister Dona <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a> became heiress, but Pedro II was unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling elite. He excluded Isabel from matters of state and failed to provide training for her possible role as empress. With no surviving male children, the Emperor came to understand that the imperial line was destined to end with his own death. (<b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Battle of Kunersdorf by Alexander von Kotzebue (1848) The Battle of Kunersdorf occurred on 12 August 1759 near Kunersdorf (now Kunowice, Poland) immediately east of Frankfurt an der Oder. Part of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War, the battle involved over 100,000 men. An Allied army commanded by Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst Gideon von Laudon that included 41,000 Russians and 18,500 Austrians defeated Frederick the Great's army of 50,900 Prussians. The terrain complicated battle tactics for both sides, but the Russians and the Austrians, having arrived in the area first, were able to overcome many of its difficulties by strengthening a causeway between two small ponds. They had also devised a solution to Frederick's deadly modus operandi, the oblique order. Although Frederick's troops initially gained the upper hand in the battle, his limited scouting, combined with the strong defensive preparations of the Allied troops, gave the Russians and Austrians an advantage. By afternoon, when the combatants were exhausted, fresh Austrian troops thrown into the fray secured the Allied victory. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Battle of Kunersdorf by Alexander von Kotzebue (1848) The Battle of Kunersdorf occurred on 12 August 1759 near Kunersdorf (now Kunowice, Poland) immediately east of Frankfurt an der Oder. Part of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War, the battle involved over 100,000 men. An Allied army commanded by Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst Gideon von Laudon that included 41,000 Russians and 18,500 Austrians defeated Frederick the Great's army of 50,900 Prussians. The terrain complicated battle tactics for both sides, but the Russians and the Austrians, having arrived in the area first, were able to overcome many of its difficulties by strengthening a causeway between two small ponds. They had also devised a solution to Frederick's deadly modus operandi, the oblique order. Although Frederick's troops initially gained the upper hand in the battle, his limited scouting, combined with the strong defensive preparations of the Allied troops, gave the Russians and Austrians an advantage. By afternoon, when the combatants were exhausted, fresh Austrian troops thrown into the fray secured the Allied victory. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/220px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/330px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/440px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i>Battle of Kunersdorf</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Kotzebue" title="Alexander von Kotzebue">Alexander von Kotzebue</a> (1848)</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Battle of Kunersdorf</a></b> occurred on 12 August 1759 near <a href="/wiki/Kunersdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunersdorf">Kunersdorf</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kunowice" title="Kunowice">Kunowice</a>, Poland) immediately east of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a>. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the battle involved over 100,000 men. An Allied army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Saltykov" title="Pyotr Saltykov">Pyotr Saltykov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gideon_von_Laudon" title="Ernst Gideon von Laudon">Ernst Gideon von Laudon</a> that included 41,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> and 18,500 <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrians</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick the Great's</a> army of 50,900 Prussians.<br /><br />The terrain complicated battle tactics for both sides, but the Russians and the Austrians, having arrived in the area first, were able to overcome many of its difficulties by strengthening a causeway between two small ponds. They had also devised a solution to Frederick's deadly <i>modus operandi</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_order" title="Oblique order">oblique order</a>. Although Frederick's troops initially gained the upper hand in the battle, his limited scouting, combined with the strong defensive preparations of the Allied troops, gave the Russians and Austrians an advantage. By afternoon, when the combatants were exhausted, fresh Austrian troops thrown into the fray secured the Allied victory. (<b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 The lava domes in the centre of the image form the Panizos centre. Image is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) across. Cerro Panizos (Spanish: [ˈse.ro paˈni.sos], "Maize Hill") is a late Miocene-age shield-shaped volcano spanning the Potosi Department of Bolivia and the Jujuy Province of Argentina. It features two calderas (depressions formed by the collapse of a volcano) and a group of lava domes. It is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex (APVC), a group of calderas and associated ignimbrites (a form of volcanic rock) that erupted during the past ten million years. Cerro Panizos is part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), a volcanic arc that extends from Peru to Chile which was formed mostly by subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath South America. Volcanic activity commenced in the APVC about ten million years ago, producing the large volcanic calderas Panizos, Vilama, Cerro Guacha and the volcano Uturuncu. The formation of the APVC has been linked to the existence of a giant magmatic body in the crust of the Central Andes. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 The lava domes in the centre of the image form the Panizos centre. Image is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) across. Cerro Panizos (Spanish: [ˈse.ro paˈni.sos], "Maize Hill") is a late Miocene-age shield-shaped volcano spanning the Potosi Department of Bolivia and the Jujuy Province of Argentina. It features two calderas (depressions formed by the collapse of a volcano) and a group of lava domes. It is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex (APVC), a group of calderas and associated ignimbrites (a form of volcanic rock) that erupted during the past ten million years. Cerro Panizos is part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), a volcanic arc that extends from Peru to Chile which was formed mostly by subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath South America. Volcanic activity commenced in the APVC about ten million years ago, producing the large volcanic calderas Panizos, Vilama, Cerro Guacha and the volcano Uturuncu. The formation of the APVC has been linked to the existence of a giant magmatic body in the crust of the Central Andes. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png/220px-LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png/330px-LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png/440px-LandsatLook_Viewer_Cerro_Panizos_ignimbrite_shield.png 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">The lava domes in the centre of the image form the Panizos centre. Image is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) across.</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Panizos" title="Cerro Panizos">Cerro Panizos</a></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈse.ro<span class="wrap"> </span>paˈni.sos]</a></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> Hill") is a late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>-age shield-shaped volcano spanning the <a href="/wiki/Potosi_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Potosi Department">Potosi Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. It features two <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a> (depressions formed by the collapse of a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>) and a group of <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano-Puna_volcanic_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex">Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex</a> (APVC), a group of calderas and associated <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a> (a form of volcanic rock) that erupted during the past ten million years. Cerro Panizos is part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a> (CVZ), a volcanic arc that extends from Peru to Chile which was formed mostly by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> beneath <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<br /><br />Volcanic activity commenced in the APVC about ten million years ago, producing the large volcanic calderas Panizos, <a href="/wiki/Vilama_(caldera)" title="Vilama (caldera)">Vilama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Guacha" title="Cerro Guacha">Cerro Guacha</a> and the volcano <a href="/wiki/Uturuncu" title="Uturuncu">Uturuncu</a>. The formation of the APVC has been linked to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Altiplano-Puna_Magma_Body" title="Altiplano-Puna Magma Body">a giant magmatic body</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> of the Central Andes. (<b><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Panizos" title="Cerro Panizos">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Cleveland script sign at Edgewater Park Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the Canada–United States maritime border and lies approximately 60 mi (97 km) west of Pennsylvania. Cleveland is the most populous city on Lake Erie, the second-most populous city in Ohio, and the 54th-most populous city in the U.S. with a population of 372,624 in 2020. The city anchors the Cleveland metropolitan area, the 33rd-largest in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton combined statistical area with 3.63 million residents. Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in modern-day Northeast Ohio by General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city was named. The city's location on the river and the lake shore allowed it to grow into a major commercial and industrial metropolis by the late 19th century, attracting large numbers of immigrants and migrants. It was among the top 10 largest U.S. cities by population for much of the 20th century, a period that saw the development of the city's cultural institutions. By the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down as manufacturing declined and suburbanization occurred. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Cleveland script sign at Edgewater Park Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the Canada–United States maritime border and lies approximately 60 mi (97 km) west of Pennsylvania. Cleveland is the most populous city on Lake Erie, the second-most populous city in Ohio, and the 54th-most populous city in the U.S. with a population of 372,624 in 2020. The city anchors the Cleveland metropolitan area, the 33rd-largest in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton combined statistical area with 3.63 million residents. Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in modern-day Northeast Ohio by General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city was named. The city's location on the river and the lake shore allowed it to grow into a major commercial and industrial metropolis by the late 19th century, attracting large numbers of immigrants and migrants. It was among the top 10 largest U.S. cities by population for much of the 20th century, a period that saw the development of the city's cultural institutions. By the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down as manufacturing declined and suburbanization occurred. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CLE_script_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/220px-CLE_script_sign.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/330px-CLE_script_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CLE_script_sign.png/440px-CLE_script_sign.png 2x" data-file-width="5158" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Cleveland script sign at <a href="/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgewater Park (Cleveland)">Edgewater Park</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></b> is a city in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a>. Located along the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, it is situated across the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States maritime border</a> and lies approximately 60 mi (97 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. Cleveland is the most populous city on Lake Erie, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ohio">second-most populous city</a> in Ohio, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">54th-most populous city</a> in the U.S. with a population of 372,624 in 2020. The city anchors the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland metropolitan area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">33rd-largest</a> in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–<a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a> with 3.63 million residents.<br /><br />Cleveland was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a>, after whom the city was named. The city's location on the river and the lake shore allowed it to grow into a major commercial and industrial <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> by the late 19th century, attracting large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">migrants</a>. It was among the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population_by_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the United States by population by decade">top 10 largest U.S. cities by population</a> for much of the 20th century, a period that saw the development of the city's cultural institutions. By the 1960s, Cleveland's economy began to slow down as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">manufacturing</a> declined and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbanization</a> occurred. (<b><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom John VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated, and ethnically diverse. Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The Empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He also had to face other obstacles. The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother Miguel. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I abdicated his Brazilian throne on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom John VI, fled from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the Kingdom of Brazil as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the independence of Brazil and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated, and ethnically diverse. Unlike most of the neighboring Hispanic American republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The Empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He also had to face other obstacles. The unsuccessful Cisplatine War against the neighboring United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession of the province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his eldest daughter. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother Miguel. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I abdicated his Brazilian throne on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg/220px-Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg/330px-Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg/440px-Bandeira_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Brasil_com_n%C3%B3_e_cores_corretos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></b> was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under the rule of Emperors <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, Brazil became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">John VI</a>, fled from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invasion of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">established himself and his government</a> in the Brazilian city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a> as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated, and ethnically diverse.<br /><br />Unlike most of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic American</a> republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The Empire's bicameral parliament was elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He also had to face other obstacles. The unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> against the neighboring <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> in 1828 led to the secession of the province of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> (later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">eldest daughter</a>. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel</a>. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">abdicated his Brazilian throne</a> on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 The 2002 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average Pacific typhoon season, producing twenty-six named storms, fifteen becoming typhoons, and eight super typhoons. It had an ACE over 400 units, making it one of the most active seasons worldwide. It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2002, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Tapah, developed on January 11, while the season's last named storm, Pongsona, dissipated on December 11. The season's first typhoon, Mitag, reached typhoon status on March 1, and became the first super typhoon of the year four days later. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two agencies which assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone if it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin, while the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which are active in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 The 2002 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average Pacific typhoon season, producing twenty-six named storms, fifteen becoming typhoons, and eight super typhoons. It had an ACE over 400 units, making it one of the most active seasons worldwide. It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2002, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Tapah, developed on January 11, while the season's last named storm, Pongsona, dissipated on December 11. The season's first typhoon, Mitag, reached typhoon status on March 1, and became the first super typhoon of the year four days later. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100°E and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two agencies which assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone if it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin, while the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which are active in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png/220px-2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png/330px-2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png/440px-2002_Pacific_typhoon_season_summary_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/2002_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2002 Pacific typhoon season">2002 Pacific typhoon season</a></b> was a slightly above average <a href="/wiki/Pacific_typhoon_season" title="Pacific typhoon season">Pacific typhoon season</a>, producing twenty-six named storms, fifteen becoming typhoons, and eight super typhoons. It had an <a href="/wiki/Accumulated_cyclone_energy" title="Accumulated cyclone energy">ACE</a> over 400 units, making it one of the most active seasons worldwide. It was an event in the annual cycle of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2002, though most tropical cyclones typically <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">develop</a> between May and October. The season's first named storm, Tapah, developed on January 11, while the season's last named storm, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Pongsona" title="Typhoon Pongsona">Pongsona</a>, dissipated on December 11. The season's first typhoon, <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Mitag_(2002)" title="Typhoon Mitag (2002)">Mitag</a>, reached typhoon status on March 1, and became the first super typhoon of the year four days later.<br /><br />The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_east" title="100th meridian east">100°E</a> and <a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a>. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two agencies which assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a> <small>(JMA)</small> will name a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> if it has 10-minute <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind" title="Maximum sustained wind">sustained wind speeds</a> of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin, while the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration">Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration</a> <small>(PAGASA)</small> assigns names to tropical cyclones which are active in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility" title="Philippine Area of Responsibility">Philippine Area of Responsibility</a> (PAR), located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' <a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a> <small>(JTWC)</small> are given a number with a "W" suffix. (<b><a href="/wiki/2002_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2002 Pacific typhoon season">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Location on the Argentina–Chile border Nevado Ojos del Salado is a dormant complex volcano in the Andes on the Argentina–Chile border. It is the highest volcano on Earth and the highest peak in Chile. The upper reaches of Ojos del Salado consist of several overlapping lava domes, lava flows and volcanic craters, with sparse ice cover. The complex extends over an area of 70–160 square kilometres (27–62 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,893 metres (22,615 ft) above sea level. Numerous other volcanoes rise around Ojos del Salado. Being close to the Arid Diagonal of South America, the mountain has extremely dry conditions, which prevent the formation of substantial glaciers and a permanent snow cover. Despite the arid climate, there is a permanent crater lake about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,480 metres (21,260 ft)-6,500 metres (21,300 ft) within the summit crater and east of the main summit. This is the highest lake of any kind in the world. Owing to its altitude and the desiccated climate, the mountain lacks vegetation. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Location on the Argentina–Chile border Nevado Ojos del Salado is a dormant complex volcano in the Andes on the Argentina–Chile border. It is the highest volcano on Earth and the highest peak in Chile. The upper reaches of Ojos del Salado consist of several overlapping lava domes, lava flows and volcanic craters, with sparse ice cover. The complex extends over an area of 70–160 square kilometres (27–62 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,893 metres (22,615 ft) above sea level. Numerous other volcanoes rise around Ojos del Salado. Being close to the Arid Diagonal of South America, the mountain has extremely dry conditions, which prevent the formation of substantial glaciers and a permanent snow cover. Despite the arid climate, there is a permanent crater lake about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,480 metres (21,260 ft)-6,500 metres (21,300 ft) within the summit crater and east of the main summit. This is the highest lake of any kind in the world. Owing to its altitude and the desiccated climate, the mountain lacks vegetation. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/220px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/330px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg/440px-Ojos_del_Salado_looming_big_on_the_horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Location on the Argentina–Chile border</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Nevado Ojos del Salado</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">complex volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> border. It is the highest <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> on Earth and the highest peak in Chile. The upper reaches of Ojos del Salado consist of several overlapping <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic craters</a>, with sparse ice cover. The complex extends over an area of 70–160 square kilometres (27–62 sq mi) and its highest summit reaches an altitude of 6,893 metres (22,615 ft) above sea level. Numerous other volcanoes rise around Ojos del Salado.<br /><br />Being close to the <a href="/wiki/Arid_Diagonal" title="Arid Diagonal">Arid Diagonal</a> of South America, the mountain has extremely dry conditions, which prevent the formation of substantial <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and a permanent <a href="/wiki/Snow_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow cover">snow cover</a>. Despite the arid climate, there is a permanent <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lake</a> about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,480 metres (21,260 ft)-6,500 metres (21,300 ft) within the summit crater and east of the main summit. This is the <a href="/wiki/Lake#Notable_lakes_on_Earth" title="Lake">highest lake</a> of any kind in the world. Owing to its altitude and the desiccated climate, the mountain lacks vegetation. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Jilu Assyrians crossing the Asadabad Pass towards Baqubah, 1918 The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass murder and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church. Before World War I, they largely lived in mountainous and remote areas of the Ottoman Empire and Persia, some of which were effectively stateless. The Ottoman Empire's nineteenth-century centralization efforts led to increased violence and danger for the Assyrians. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Jilu Assyrians crossing the Asadabad Pass towards Baqubah, 1918 The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass murder and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church. Before World War I, they largely lived in mountainous and remote areas of the Ottoman Empire and Persia, some of which were effectively stateless. The Ottoman Empire's nineteenth-century centralization efforts led to increased violence and danger for the Assyrians. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refugees, some on foot and others riding cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg/290px-Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg/435px-Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg/580px-Jilu_Assyrians_coming_over_the_Asadabad_Pass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jilu_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilu (tribe)">Jilu Assyrians</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Asadabad,_Iran" title="Asadabad, Iran">Asadabad Pass</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Baqubah" title="Baqubah">Baqubah</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܣܲܝܦܵܐ</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sword</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as the <b>Seyfo</b> or the <b>Assyrian genocide</b>, was the mass murder and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a> in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan province</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman forces</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. <br /><br /><br />The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>. Before World War I, they largely lived in mountainous and remote areas of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Persia, some of which were effectively <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless</a>. The Ottoman Empire's nineteenth-century centralization efforts led to increased violence and danger for the Assyrians. (<b><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey. The state lasted only for a month before Georgia declared independence, followed shortly after by Armenia and Azerbaijan. The region that formed the TDFR had been part of the Russian Empire. As the empire dissolved during the 1917 February Revolution and a provisional government took over, a similar body, called the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom), did the same in the Caucasus. After the October Revolution and rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia, the Transcaucasian Commissariat replaced the Ozakom. In March 1918, as the First World War continued, the Commissariat initiated peace talks with the Ottoman Empire, which had invaded the region, but the talks broke down quickly as the Ottomans refused to accept the authority of the Commissariat. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended Russia's involvement in the war, conceded parts of the Transcaucasus to the Ottoman Empire, which pursued its invasion to take control of the territory. Faced with this imminent threat, on 22 April 1918 the Commissariat dissolved itself and established the TDFR as an independent state. A legislature, the Seim, was formed to direct negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, which had immediately recognized the state. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey. The state lasted only for a month before Georgia declared independence, followed shortly after by Armenia and Azerbaijan. The region that formed the TDFR had been part of the Russian Empire. As the empire dissolved during the 1917 February Revolution and a provisional government took over, a similar body, called the Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom), did the same in the Caucasus. After the October Revolution and rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia, the Transcaucasian Commissariat replaced the Ozakom. In March 1918, as the First World War continued, the Commissariat initiated peace talks with the Ottoman Empire, which had invaded the region, but the talks broke down quickly as the Ottomans refused to accept the authority of the Commissariat. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended Russia's involvement in the war, conceded parts of the Transcaucasus to the Ottoman Empire, which pursued its invasion to take control of the territory. Faced with this imminent threat, on 22 April 1918 the Commissariat dissolved itself and established the TDFR as an independent state. A legislature, the Seim, was formed to direct negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, which had immediately recognized the state. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1918%E2%80%931921,_4-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a></b> (<b>TDFR</b>; 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> that included most of the territory of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey. The state lasted only for a month before <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Declaration_of_Independence,_1918" title="Georgian Declaration of Independence, 1918">Georgia declared independence</a>, followed shortly after by <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Armenia_(1918)" title="Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a>.<br /><br />The region that formed the TDFR had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. As the empire dissolved during the 1917 <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">provisional government</a> took over, a similar body, called the <a href="/wiki/Special_Transcaucasian_Committee" title="Special Transcaucasian Committee">Special Transcaucasian Committee</a> (Ozakom), did the same in the Caucasus. After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a> replaced the Ozakom. In March 1918, as the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> continued, the Commissariat initiated peace talks with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">invaded the region</a>, but the talks broke down quickly as the Ottomans refused to accept the authority of the Commissariat. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, which ended Russia's involvement in the war, conceded parts of the Transcaucasus to the Ottoman Empire, which pursued its invasion to take control of the territory. Faced with this imminent threat, on 22 April 1918 the Commissariat dissolved itself and established the TDFR as an independent state. A legislature, the Seim, was formed to direct negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, which had immediately recognized the state. (<b><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib from the foot of Mount Judi, near Cizre Sennacherib (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢, romanized: Sîn-ahhī-erība or Sîn-aḥḥē-erība, meaning "Sîn has replaced the brothers") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the role he plays in the Hebrew Bible, which describes his campaign in the Levant. Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of Babylon in 689 BC and his renovation and expansion of the last great Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings, he faced considerable difficulty in controlling Babylonia, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the Chaldean tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had been Babylon's king until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the Elamites. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the Levant to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and himself warring against Bel-ibni, Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib from the foot of Mount Judi, near Cizre Sennacherib (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢, romanized: Sîn-ahhī-erība or Sîn-aḥḥē-erība, meaning "Sîn has replaced the brothers") was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the role he plays in the Hebrew Bible, which describes his campaign in the Levant. Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of Babylon in 689 BC and his renovation and expansion of the last great Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings, he faced considerable difficulty in controlling Babylonia, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the Chaldean tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had been Babylon's king until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the Elamites. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the Levant to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and himself warring against Bel-ibni, Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/220px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/330px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg/440px-Sanherib-tr-4271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib from the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Sîn-ahhī-erība</i></span> or <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Sîn-aḥḥē-erība</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sîn</a> has replaced the brothers") was the king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> from 705<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC until his assassination in 681<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. The second king of the <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>, Sennacherib is one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian king">Assyrian kings</a> for the role he plays in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, which describes his <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant" title="Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant">campaign in the Levant</a>. Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 689<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC and his renovation and expansion of the last great <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<br /><br />Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings, he faced considerable difficulty in controlling <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> tribal chief <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">Babylon's king</a> until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a>. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and himself warring against <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a>, Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia. (<b><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 One of T2's sister ships, T3 T2 was a seagoing torpedo boat operated by the Royal Yugoslav Navy between 1923 and 1939. Originally 77 T, a 250t-class torpedo boat of the Austro-Hungarian Navy built in 1914, she was armed with two 66 mm (2.6 in) guns and four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, and could carry 10–12 naval mines. She saw active service during World War I, performing convoy, patrol, escort, minesweeping and minelaying tasks, anti-submarine operations, and shore bombardment missions. In 1917, the suffixes of all Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats were removed, and thereafter she was referred to as 77. The vessel was in the Bocche di Cattaro during the short-lived mutiny by Austro-Hungarian sailors in early February 1918; members of her crew raised the red flag but undertook no other mutinous actions. 77 was part of the escort force for the Austro-Hungarian dreadnought Szent István during the action that resulted in the sinking of that ship by Italian torpedo boats in June 1918. Following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918, 77 was allocated to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed T2 and had her armament upgraded. At the time, she and seven other 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels of the fledgling maritime force. During the interwar period, the navy was involved in training exercises and cruises to friendly ports, but activity was limited by reduced naval budgets. Worn out after twenty-five years of service, T2 was stricken from the naval register and scrapped in 1939. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 One of T2's sister ships, T3 T2 was a seagoing torpedo boat operated by the Royal Yugoslav Navy between 1923 and 1939. Originally 77 T, a 250t-class torpedo boat of the Austro-Hungarian Navy built in 1914, she was armed with two 66 mm (2.6 in) guns and four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, and could carry 10–12 naval mines. She saw active service during World War I, performing convoy, patrol, escort, minesweeping and minelaying tasks, anti-submarine operations, and shore bombardment missions. In 1917, the suffixes of all Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats were removed, and thereafter she was referred to as 77. The vessel was in the Bocche di Cattaro during the short-lived mutiny by Austro-Hungarian sailors in early February 1918; members of her crew raised the red flag but undertook no other mutinous actions. 77 was part of the escort force for the Austro-Hungarian dreadnought Szent István during the action that resulted in the sinking of that ship by Italian torpedo boats in June 1918. Following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918, 77 was allocated to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed T2 and had her armament upgraded. At the time, she and seven other 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels of the fledgling maritime force. During the interwar period, the navy was involved in training exercises and cruises to friendly ports, but activity was limited by reduced naval budgets. Worn out after twenty-five years of service, T2 was stricken from the naval register and scrapped in 1939. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg/220px-Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg/330px-Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg/440px-Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">One of <i>T2</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ships</a>, <i>T3</i></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T2" title="Yugoslav torpedo boat T2"><i>T2</i></a></b> was a seagoing <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">Royal Yugoslav Navy</a> between 1923 and 1939. Originally <i><b>77 T</b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/250t-class_torpedo_boat" title="250t-class torpedo boat">250t-class torpedo boat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> built in 1914, she was armed with two 66 mm (2.6 in) guns and four 450 mm (17.7 in) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>, and could carry 10–12 <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>. She saw active service during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, performing <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">convoy</a>, patrol, escort, <a href="/wiki/Minesweeping" title="Minesweeping">minesweeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelaying</a> tasks, <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine operations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support" title="Naval gunfire support">shore bombardment</a> missions. In 1917, the suffixes of all Austro-Hungarian torpedo boats were removed, and thereafter she was referred to as <i><b>77</b></i>. The vessel was in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bocche di Cattaro</a> during <a href="/wiki/Cattaro_mutiny" title="Cattaro mutiny">the short-lived mutiny</a> by Austro-Hungarian sailors in early February 1918; members of her crew raised the <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> but undertook no other mutinous actions. <i>77</i> was part of the escort force for the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István"><i>Szent István</i></a> during the action that resulted in the sinking of that ship by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> torpedo boats in June 1918.<br /><br />Following <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s defeat in 1918, <i>77</i> was allocated to the Navy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy, and was renamed <i>T2</i> and had her armament upgraded. At the time, she and seven other 250t-class boats were the only modern sea-going vessels of the fledgling maritime force. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the navy was involved in training exercises and cruises to friendly ports, but activity was limited by reduced naval budgets. Worn out after twenty-five years of service, <i>T2</i> was stricken from the naval register and <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrapped</a> in 1939. (<b><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_torpedo_boat_T2" title="Yugoslav torpedo boat T2">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Recognized_content#Featured_articles" title="Portal:Geography/Recognized content">More featured articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Vital_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vital articles"><img alt="Vital articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/20px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/30px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg/40px-C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> Vital article</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vital_articles" title="Wikipedia:Vital articles">Vital articles</a> to understand Geography.</small></i></div> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></b> is a continent entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> and mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, with a considerably smaller portion in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. It can also be described as the southern <a href="/wiki/Subregion#Americas" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Other vital articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/27px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/41px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/54px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="2986" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maps" title="Portal:Maps">Maps</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/25px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/50px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/27px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/41px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/54px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/25px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/38px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/25px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/38px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/50px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/25px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/50px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/27px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/41px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/54px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/27px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/41px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/54px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/27px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="27" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/41px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/54px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/27px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/41px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/54px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AWikiProject_Geography%2Fto_do&action=edit"><span style="color:#000000">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Get_involved" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Get involved</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>For editor resources and to collaborate with other editors on improving Wikipedia's Geography-related articles, visit <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a></b>.</small></i></div> <hr /> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><br /><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Social_sciences/Geography,_cities,_regions_and_named_places" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places">Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Skysmith/Missing_articles_about_Locations" title="User:Skysmith/Missing articles about Locations">Missing articles about Locations</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment" title="Wikipedia:Content assessment">Assess</a></i> :</b> Tag related article talk pages with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Geography" title="Template:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a>}}</code>. To help assess the quality and importance of geography articles, please see: <a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed_geography_articles" title="Category:Unassessed geography articles">Unassessed geography articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_geography_articles" title="Category:Unknown-importance geography articles">Unknown-importance geography articles</a>.</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_attention" title="Category:Geography articles needing attention">Geography articles needing attention</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting">Deletion sorting</a></i> :</b> Listed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Compact#Geographic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Compact">Geographic related deletion discussions</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">Geographical coordinates</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_geocoordinate_data_by_country" title="Category:Articles missing geocoordinate data by country">Articles missing geocoordinate data by country</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infobox</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_infoboxes" title="Category:Geography articles needing infoboxes">Geography articles needing infoboxes</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Maps" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps">Map</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_maps" title="Category:Wikipedia requested maps">Wikipedia requested maps</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability" title="Category:Geography articles with topics of unclear notability">Geography articles with topics of unclear notability</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Photo</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_places" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of places">Wikipedia requested photographs of places</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Stubs</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_stubs" title="Category:Geography stubs">Geography stubs</a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_pictures" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected pictures</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238452006">.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div>div>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li.gallerycarousel>div>div:nth-child(1){padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container>ul.gallery.mw-gallery-slideshow>li:nth-child(n/**/+2){display:none}.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox,.mw-parser-output div.portalSlideshow-container .gallery .gallerybox div{width:100%!important;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mw-gallery-slideshow-img-container>a[href="/wiki/File:Blank.png"]{display:none}.mw-parser-output .gallerytext{font-size:100%!important;text-align:left}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container portalSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 Hobo–Dyer projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Hobo–Dyer projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein. This projection was drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, who based it on the 1910 Behrmann projection. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 1 Hobo–Dyer projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Hobo–Dyer projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein. This projection was drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, who based it on the 1910 Behrmann projection. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection" title="Hobo–Dyer projection">Hobo–Dyer projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection" title="Hobo–Dyer projection">Hobo–Dyer projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection" title="Cylindrical equal-area projection">cylindrical equal-area projection</a> commissioned in 2002 by Bob Abramms and Howard Bronstein. This projection was drafted by cartographer Mick Dyer, who based it on the 1910 <a href="/wiki/Behrmann_projection" title="Behrmann projection">Behrmann projection</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Littrow_projection_SW.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Littrow projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Littrow projection, created by Joseph Johann Littrow in 1838, is a conformal retroazimuthal map projection. It allows direct measurement of the azimuth from any point on the map to the center. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 2 Littrow projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Littrow projection, created by Joseph Johann Littrow in 1838, is a conformal retroazimuthal map projection. It allows direct measurement of the azimuth from any point on the map to the center. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Littrow_projection_SW.JPG/120px-Littrow_projection_SW.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Littrow_projection_SW.JPG/180px-Littrow_projection_SW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Littrow_projection_SW.JPG/240px-Littrow_projection_SW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Littrow_projection" title="Littrow projection">Littrow projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Littrow_projection" title="Littrow projection">Littrow projection</a></b>, created by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johann_Littrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Johann Littrow">Joseph Johann Littrow</a> in 1838, is a conformal retroazimuthal <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projection</a>. It allows direct measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> from any point on the map to the center.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Geocentric model Photo credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar Illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe (the theory that the Earth is the center of the universe) by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho. Taken from his treatise Cosmographia, made in Paris, 1568. Notice the distances of the bodies to the centre of the Earth (left) and the times of revolution, in years (right). More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 3 Geocentric model Photo credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar Illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe (the theory that the Earth is the center of the universe) by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho. Taken from his treatise Cosmographia, made in Paris, 1568. Notice the distances of the bodies to the centre of the Earth (left) and the times of revolution, in years (right). More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/120px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/180px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg/240px-Bartolomeu_Velho_1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentric model</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar" title="User:Alvesgaspar">Joaquim Alves Gaspar</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemaic</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a></b> of the Universe (the theory that the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> cosmographer and cartographer <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Velho" title="Bartolomeu Velho">Bartolomeu Velho</a>. Taken from his treatise <i>Cosmographia</i>, made in Paris, 1568. Notice the distances of the bodies to the centre of the Earth (left) and the times of revolution, in years (right).</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albers_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Albers projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Albers projection is a conic, equal area map projection, named after Heinrich C. Albers, that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels. This map is used by such agencies as the United States Geological Survey, the United States Census Bureau, and the governments of British Columbia and Yukon. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 4 Albers projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Albers projection is a conic, equal area map projection, named after Heinrich C. Albers, that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels. This map is used by such agencies as the United States Geological Survey, the United States Census Bureau, and the governments of British Columbia and Yukon. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albers_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Albers_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albers_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Albers_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albers_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Albers_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Albers_projection" title="Albers projection">Albers projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Albers_projection" title="Albers projection">Albers projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Conic" title="Map projection">conic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Equal-area" title="Map projection">equal area</a> <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projection</a>, named after Heinrich C. Albers, that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels. This map is used by such agencies as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, and the governments of British Columbia and Yukon.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia,_Norway,_Sweden,_Denmark,_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Homann map Map: Johann Baptist Homann A detailed eighteenth-century map of Scandinavia by J. B. Homann, depicting Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Baltic states of Livonia, Latvia and Curlandia. The map notes fortified cities, villages, roads, bridges, forests, castles and topography. The elaborate title cartouche in the upper left quadrant features angels supporting a title curtain and a medallion supporting an alternative title in French, "Les Trois Covronnes du Nord". Born in 1664, Homann became an engraver and cartographer in the late 17th century, and opened his own publishing house in 1702. In 1715 Emperor Charles VI appointed him Imperial Geographer of the Holy Roman Empire. Homann held the position until his death in 1724. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 5 Homann map Map: Johann Baptist Homann A detailed eighteenth-century map of Scandinavia by J. B. Homann, depicting Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Baltic states of Livonia, Latvia and Curlandia. The map notes fortified cities, villages, roads, bridges, forests, castles and topography. The elaborate title cartouche in the upper left quadrant features angels supporting a title curtain and a medallion supporting an alternative title in French, "Les Trois Covronnes du Nord". Born in 1664, Homann became an engraver and cartographer in the late 17th century, and opened his own publishing house in 1702. In 1715 Emperor Charles VI appointed him Imperial Geographer of the Holy Roman Empire. Homann held the position until his death in 1724. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/120px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/180px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg/240px-1730_Homann_Map_of_Scandinavia%2C_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Finland_and_the_Baltics_-_Geographicus_-_Scandinavia-homann-1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">Homann map</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">Johann Baptist Homann</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A detailed eighteenth-century map of Scandinavia by <b><a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">J. B. Homann</a></b>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Curlandia</a>. The map notes fortified cities, villages, roads, bridges, forests, castles and topography. The elaborate title <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(cartography)" title="Cartouche (cartography)">cartouche</a> in the upper left quadrant features angels supporting a title curtain and a medallion supporting an alternative title in French, "Les Trois Covronnes du Nord".<br /><br />Born in 1664, Homann became an engraver and cartographer in the late 17th century, and opened his own publishing house in 1702. In 1715 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> appointed him Imperial Geographer of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Homann held the position until his death in 1724.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daedongyeojido-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Daedongyeojido Map: Kim Jeong-ho Daedongyeojido is a large scale map of Korea produced by Chosun Dynasty cartographer and geologist Kim Jeong-ho in 1861. Considered to mark the zenith of pre-modern Korean cartography, the map consists of 22 separate, foldable booklets, each covering approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) (north-south) by 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi) (east-west). Combined, they form a map of Korea that is 6.7 metres (22 ft) wide and 3.8 metres (12 ft) long. Daedongyeojido is praised for precise delineations of mountain ridges, waterways, and transportation routes, as well as its markings for settlements, administrative areas, and cultural sites. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 6 Daedongyeojido Map: Kim Jeong-ho Daedongyeojido is a large scale map of Korea produced by Chosun Dynasty cartographer and geologist Kim Jeong-ho in 1861. Considered to mark the zenith of pre-modern Korean cartography, the map consists of 22 separate, foldable booklets, each covering approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) (north-south) by 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi) (east-west). Combined, they form a map of Korea that is 6.7 metres (22 ft) wide and 3.8 metres (12 ft) long. Daedongyeojido is praised for precise delineations of mountain ridges, waterways, and transportation routes, as well as its markings for settlements, administrative areas, and cultural sites. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Daedongyeojido-full.jpg/71px-Daedongyeojido-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Daedongyeojido-full.jpg/107px-Daedongyeojido-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Daedongyeojido-full.jpg/142px-Daedongyeojido-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17837" data-file-height="30000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Daedongyeojido" title="Daedongyeojido">Daedongyeojido</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jeong-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jeong-ho">Kim Jeong-ho</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Daedongyeojido" title="Daedongyeojido">Daedongyeojido</a></b> is a large scale map of Korea produced by <a href="/wiki/Chosun_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosun Dynasty">Chosun Dynasty</a> cartographer and geologist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jeong-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jeong-ho">Kim Jeong-ho</a> in 1861. Considered to mark the zenith of pre-modern Korean cartography, the map consists of 22 separate, foldable booklets, each covering approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) (north-south) by 31.5 kilometres (19.6 mi) (east-west). Combined, they form a map of Korea that is 6.7 metres (22 ft) wide and 3.8 metres (12 ft) long. Daedongyeojido is praised for precise delineations of mountain ridges, waterways, and transportation routes, as well as its markings for settlements, administrative areas, and cultural sites.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Olmec heartland Map: Madman2001 A map of the Olmec heartland, the southern portion of Mexico's Gulf Coast region between the Tuxtla mountains and the Olmec archaeological site of La Venta. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over Mesoamerica from 1400 BCE until roughly 400 BCE. On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the Las Limas Monument 1, the San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, and "The Wrestler". More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 7 Olmec heartland Map: Madman2001 A map of the Olmec heartland, the southern portion of Mexico's Gulf Coast region between the Tuxtla mountains and the Olmec archaeological site of La Venta. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over Mesoamerica from 1400 BCE until roughly 400 BCE. On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the Las Limas Monument 1, the San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, and "The Wrestler". More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/120px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/180px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg/240px-Olmec_Heartland_Overview_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Olmec_heartland" title="Olmec heartland">Olmec heartland</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Madman2001" title="User:Madman2001">Madman2001</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A map of the <b><a href="/wiki/Olmec_heartland" title="Olmec heartland">Olmec heartland</a></b>, the southern portion of Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast of Mexico">Gulf Coast region</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Tuxtla_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuxtla mountains">Tuxtla mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/La_Venta" title="La Venta">La Venta</a>. It is considered the heartland of the Olmec culture, which was widespread over <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> from 1400 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> until roughly 400 BCE.<br /><br />On this map, yellow dots represent ancient habitation sites, including <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán">San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Venta" title="La Venta">La Venta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes</a>. Red dots represent isolated artifact finds unassociated with any ancient town or village, such as the <a href="/wiki/Las_Limas_Monument_1" title="Las Limas Monument 1">Las Limas Monument 1</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Pajapan_Monument_1" title="San Martín Pajapan Monument 1">San Martín Pajapan Monument 1</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/The_Wrestler_(sculpture)" title="The Wrestler (sculpture)">The Wrestler</a>".</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Robinson projection Map credit: Central Intelligence Agency The Robinson projection is a projection of a world map showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with standard parallels of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and shows the world as of February 2016. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 8 Robinson projection Map credit: Central Intelligence Agency The Robinson projection is a projection of a world map showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with standard parallels of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and shows the world as of February 2016. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/120px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/180px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg/240px-Map_of_the_world_by_the_US_Gov_as_of_2016_no_legend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Robinson_projection" title="Robinson projection">Robinson projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map credit: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Robinson_projection" title="Robinson projection">Robinson projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a> of a <a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">world map</a> showing the entire Earth at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of showing the whole globe as a single flat image. The projection was devised by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a> in 1963; distortion is severe close to the poles, but quickly declines to moderate levels as latitudes decrease. This Robinson-projection map, with <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Notable_lines" title="Map projection">standard parallels</a> of 38°N and 38°S, was produced by the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and shows the world as of February 2016.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfader_dryden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Edwards Air Force Base Photo credit: NASA The world's largest compass rose, drawn on the desert floor at Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States. Painted on the dry lake near Dryden Flight Research Center, it is inclined to magnetic north and is used by pilots for calibrating heading indicators. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 9 Edwards Air Force Base Photo credit: NASA The world's largest compass rose, drawn on the desert floor at Edwards Air Force Base in California, United States. Painted on the dry lake near Dryden Flight Research Center, it is inclined to magnetic north and is used by pilots for calibrating heading indicators. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/120px-Jfader_dryden.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/180px-Jfader_dryden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jfader_dryden.jpg/240px-Jfader_dryden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>, drawn on the desert floor at <b><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Painted on the <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a>, it is inclined to <a href="/wiki/North_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="North Magnetic Pole">magnetic north</a> and is used by pilots for calibrating <a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">heading indicators</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Fanny Bullock Workman Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: Adam Cuerden Fanny Bullock Workman (1859–1925) was an American geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the Himalayas, she set a women's altitude record on Pinnacle Peak, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and women's suffrage. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 10 Fanny Bullock Workman Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: Adam Cuerden Fanny Bullock Workman (1859–1925) was an American geographer, cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the Himalayas, she set a women's altitude record on Pinnacle Peak, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and women's suffrage. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/82px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/123px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg/164px-Maull_%26_Fox_-_Fanny_Bullock_Workman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="3352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photograph: Maull & Fox; restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Adam_Cuerden" title="User:Adam Cuerden">Adam Cuerden</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a></b> (1859–1925) was an American <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a>, explorer, <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a>. Together with her husband, William Hunter Workman, she traveled by bicycle through Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Algeria and India; after taking up climbing in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, she set a <a href="/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)#Women's_altitude_record" title="World altitude record (mountaineering)">women's altitude record</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Peak_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnacle Peak (Jammu and Kashmir)">Pinnacle Peak</a>, reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m). She published eight travel books, with particular focus on the lives of women in the countries she visited, and championed women's rights and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Mollweide projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Mollweide projection is an equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for global maps of the world or night sky. The projection was first published by mathematician and astronomer Karl Mollweide of Leipzig in 1805 but reinvented and popularized in 1857 by Jacques Babinet. The projection trades accuracy of angle and shape for accuracy of proportions in area, and as such is used where that property is needed, such as maps depicting global distributions. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 11 Mollweide projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Mollweide projection is an equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for global maps of the world or night sky. The projection was first published by mathematician and astronomer Karl Mollweide of Leipzig in 1805 but reinvented and popularized in 1857 by Jacques Babinet. The projection trades accuracy of angle and shape for accuracy of proportions in area, and as such is used where that property is needed, such as maps depicting global distributions. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Mollweide_projection" title="Mollweide projection">Mollweide projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Mollweide_projection" title="Mollweide projection">Mollweide projection</a></b> is an <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Equal-area" title="Map projection">equal-area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Pseudocylindrical" title="Map projection">pseudocylindrical</a> map projection generally used for global maps of the world or night sky. The projection was first published by mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mollweide" title="Karl Mollweide">Karl Mollweide</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1805 but reinvented and popularized in 1857 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Babinet" title="Jacques Babinet">Jacques Babinet</a>. The projection trades accuracy of angle and shape for accuracy of proportions in area, and as such is used where that property is needed, such as maps depicting global distributions.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Compass rose Illustration credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar, after Jorge de Aguiar A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons, VHF omnidirectional range systems, GPS, and similar equipment. This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 portolan chart by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 12 Compass rose Illustration credit: Joaquim Alves Gaspar, after Jorge de Aguiar A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons, VHF omnidirectional range systems, GPS, and similar equipment. This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 portolan chart by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/120px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/180px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg/240px-WInd_Rose_Aguiar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Illustration credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar" title="User:Alvesgaspar">Joaquim Alves Gaspar</a>, after Jorge de Aguiar</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a></b>, sometimes called a windrose or rose of the winds, is a figure on a compass, map, <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical chart</a>, or monument used to display the orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">non-directional beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, and similar equipment.<br /><br />This picture is an illustration of a compass rose, copied from a 1492 <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> by Portuguese navigator and cartographer Jorge de Aguiar, now in the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" title="Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a>.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_(satellite_image).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Geography of Africa Photo: NASA A composite satellite image of the geography of Africa, the Earth's second-largest continent, and its adjacent islands. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula – east of the Suez Canal – is often considered part of Africa, although geographically it belongs in Asia. Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones: The Atlas Mountains in the north, the Sahara, the coastal plains, and the inner plateaus. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 13 Geography of Africa Photo: NASA A composite satellite image of the geography of Africa, the Earth's second-largest continent, and its adjacent islands. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula – east of the Suez Canal – is often considered part of Africa, although geographically it belongs in Asia. Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones: The Atlas Mountains in the north, the Sahara, the coastal plains, and the inner plateaus. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg/120px-Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg/180px-Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg/240px-Africa_%28satellite_image%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5723" data-file-height="5563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Photo: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">A <a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">composite</a> satellite image of the <b><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">geography of Africa</a></b>, the Earth's second-largest continent, and its adjacent islands. Separated from Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and from much of Asia by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> purposes, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> – east of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> – is often considered part of Africa, although geographically it belongs in Asia. Africa can be divided into a number of geographic zones: The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, the coastal plains, and the inner plateaus.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Lambert conformal conic projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Lambert conformal conic projection is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts, portions of the State Plane Coordinate System, and many national and regional mapping systems. It is one of seven projections introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772. Conceptually, the projection seats a cone over the sphere of the Earth and projects the surface conformally onto the cone. The cone is unrolled, and the parallel that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale. By scaling the resulting map, two parallels can be assigned unit scale, with scale decreasing between them and increasing outside them. Unlike other conic projections, no true secant form of this projection exists. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 14 Lambert conformal conic projection Map: Strebe, using Geocart The Lambert conformal conic projection is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts, portions of the State Plane Coordinate System, and many national and regional mapping systems. It is one of seven projections introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772. Conceptually, the projection seats a cone over the sphere of the Earth and projects the surface conformally onto the cone. The cone is unrolled, and the parallel that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale. By scaling the resulting map, two parallels can be assigned unit scale, with scale decreasing between them and increasing outside them. Unlike other conic projections, no true secant form of this projection exists. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection" title="Lambert conformal conic projection">Lambert conformal conic projection</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/User:Strebe" title="User:Strebe">Strebe</a>, using Geocart</span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection" title="Lambert conformal conic projection">Lambert conformal conic projection</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Map_projection#Conic" title="Map projection">conic map projection</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">aeronautical charts</a>, portions of the <a href="/wiki/State_Plane_Coordinate_System" title="State Plane Coordinate System">State Plane Coordinate System</a>, and many national and regional mapping systems. It is one of seven projections introduced by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> in 1772. Conceptually, the projection seats a <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a> over the sphere of the Earth and projects the surface <a href="/wiki/Conformal_map" title="Conformal map">conformally</a> onto the cone. The cone is unrolled, and the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallel</a> that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale. By scaling the resulting map, two parallels can be assigned unit <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">scale</a>, with scale decreasing between them and increasing outside them. Unlike other conic projections, no true <a href="/wiki/Secant_line" title="Secant line">secant</a> form of this projection exists.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 Alexander von Humboldt Map: William C. Woodbridge; Restoration: Jujutacular and Lise Broer An isothermal map of the world, based on the research of Alexander von Humboldt, a German naturalist whose work laid the foundation for the sciences of physical geography and meteorology, among other things. By delineating "isothermal lines", he simultaneously suggested the idea and devised the means of comparing the climatic conditions of various countries. More selected pictures"><img alt="Image 15 Alexander von Humboldt Map: William C. Woodbridge; Restoration: Jujutacular and Lise Broer An isothermal map of the world, based on the research of Alexander von Humboldt, a German naturalist whose work laid the foundation for the sciences of physical geography and meteorology, among other things. By delineating "isothermal lines", he simultaneously suggested the idea and devised the means of comparing the climatic conditions of various countries. More selected pictures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg/120px-Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg/180px-Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg/240px-Woodbridge_isothermal_chart3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="2413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div class="center" style="margin: 0 0.25em 0.85em;"><div><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Map: <a href="/wiki/William_Channing_Woodbridge" title="William Channing Woodbridge">William C. Woodbridge</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Jujutacular" title="User:Jujutacular">Jujutacular</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Durova" title="User:Durova">Lise Broer</a></span></div><div style="margin:0.5em 0;">An <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">isothermal</a> map of the world, based on the research of <b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></b>, a German <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> whose work laid the foundation for the sciences of <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, among other things. By delineating "isothermal lines", he simultaneously suggested the idea and devised the means of comparing the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> conditions of various countries.</div><div class="noprint" style="margin-top:0.5em; font-weight:bold; width:100%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Geography/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured articles"><img alt="Featured articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> Featured biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">Featured</a> biography articles in geography</small></i></div> <hr /> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png/220px-EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png/330px-EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png/440px-EdwardWright-CertaineErrorsinNavigation-1599.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Title page of the first edition of Wright's <i>Certaine Errors in Navigation</i> (1599)</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wright_(mathematician)" title="Edward Wright (mathematician)">Edward Wright</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> 8 October 1561; died November 1615) was an English mathematician and <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> noted for his book <i>Certaine Errors in Navigation</i> (1599; 2nd ed., 1610), which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> by building on the works of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a>, and set out a reference table giving the linear scale multiplication factor as a function of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, calculated for each <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">minute of arc</a> up to a latitude of 75°. This was in fact a table of values of the <a href="/wiki/Integral_of_the_secant_function" title="Integral of the secant function">integral of the secant function</a>, and was the essential step needed to make practical both the making and the navigational use of Mercator charts. </p><p>Wright was born at <a href="/wiki/Garvestone" title="Garvestone">Garveston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and educated at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, where he became a <a href="/wiki/Oxford_fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford fellow">fellow</a> from 1587 to 1596. In 1589 the college granted him leave after <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> requested that he carry out <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> studies with <a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">a raiding expedition organised</a> by the <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">Earl of Cumberland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> to capture Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a>. The expedition's route was the subject of the first map to be prepared according to Wright's projection, which was published in <i>Certaine Errors</i> in 1599. The same year, Wright created and published the first world map produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>'s original 1569 map. (<b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wright_(mathematician)" title="Edward Wright (mathematician)">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">More featured biographies</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier">Pierre Rossier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Molyneux" title="Emery Molyneux">Emery Molyneux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Ashfield" title="Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield">Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hues" title="Robert Hues">Robert Hues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Edward Drinker Cope</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Johnston" title="David A. Johnston">David A. Johnston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tod" title="James Tod">James Tod</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clements_Markham" title="Clements Markham">Clements Markham</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Did you know</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Did_you_know" title="Wikipedia:Did you know">Did you know</a> it about Geography?</small></i></div> <hr /> <p>No recent additions </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Places_around_you" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Places around you</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>You can read about interesting Wikipedia articles about places around you.</small></i></div> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" title="Special:Nearby">Special:Nearby</a> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Top_10_WikiProject_Geography_Popular_articles_of_the_month" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Top 10 WikiProject Geography Popular articles of the month</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><i><small>This following Geography-related articles is a most visited articles of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a>, See complete list at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography/Popular_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/Popular pages">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/Popular pages</a>.</small></i></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r987512734"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container excerptSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 A map of the United States showing its 50 states, federal district and five inhabited territories. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from the map. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own constitution and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting delegate in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can admit more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 A map of the United States showing its 50 states, federal district and five inhabited territories. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from the map. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own constitution and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting delegate in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can admit more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/330px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/495px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png/660px-Map_of_USA_with_state_and_territory_names_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>A map of the United States showing its 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">federal district</a> and five inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>. Alaska, Hawaii, and the territories are shown at different scales, and the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> and the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> are omitted from the map.</figcaption></figure><br />The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> consisting of 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories#United_States" title="Capital districts and territories">federal district</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the United States), five major <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor islands</a>. Both the states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. The <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> allows states to exercise all powers of government not delegated to the federal government. Each state has its own <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">constitution</a> and government, and all states and their residents are represented in the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature consisting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Each state elects two senators, while representatives are <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">distributed</a> among the states in <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">proportion</a> to the most recent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">constitutionally</a> mandated decennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a>. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>, the body that elects the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. The federal district does not have representatives in the Senate, but has a non-voting <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">delegate</a> in the House, and it is also entitled to electors in the Electoral College. Congress can <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admit</a> more states, but it cannot create a new state from territory of an existing state or merge two or more states into one without the consent of all states involved, and each new state is admitted on an <a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">equal footing</a> with the existing states. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of younger baby boomers or Generation X. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as Zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of younger baby boomers or Generation X. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></b> (often shortened to <b>Gen Z</b>), also known as <b>Zoomers</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> succeeding <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a>. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012. Most members of Generation Z are the children of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">younger baby boomers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million residents, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million residents, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/220px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/330px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/440px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></b></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for 'rich port'; abbreviated <b>PR</b>), officially the <b>Commonwealth of Puerto Rico</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">archipelago and island</a> organized as an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the designation of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a>. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, it consists of the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> main island and numerous smaller islands, including <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Mona</a>. With approximately 3.2 million <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">residents</a>, it is divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">78 municipalities</a>, of which the most populous is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, followed by those within the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Bayam%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Caguas_metropolitan_area" title="San Juan–Bayamón–Caguas metropolitan area">San Juan metropolitan area</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">government</a>, though Spanish predominates. (<b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>, December 1972</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></b> is the third <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> known to <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">harbor life</a>. This is enabled by Earth being an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>, the only one in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> sustaining liquid <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">70.8%</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a> within Earth's <a href="/wiki/Land_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Land hemisphere">land hemisphere</a>. Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</a> and covered by <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, while large <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">sheets of ice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's polar regions">Earth's polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">deserts</a> retain more water than Earth's <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, lakes, rivers and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#In_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Water vapor">atmospheric water</a> combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>, which interact to produce mountain ranges, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, and earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Earth has a liquid outer core</a> that generates a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> capable of deflecting most of the destructive <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Map of the Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (/ˈtʃɑːɡəs, -ɡoʊs/) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around lagoons. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Map of the Chagos Archipelago The Chagos Archipelago (/ˈtʃɑːɡəs, -ɡoʊs/) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls comprising more than 60 islands in the Indian Ocean about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the Maldives archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost archipelago of the Chagos–Laccadive Ridge, a long submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. In its north are the Salomon Islands, Nelsons Island and Peros Banhos; towards its south-west are the Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands and Danger Island; southeast of these is Diego Garcia, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around lagoons. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chagos_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/220px-Chagos_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/330px-Chagos_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chagos_map.PNG/440px-Chagos_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Map of the Chagos Archipelago</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Chagos Islands</b> (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the <b>Oil Islands</b>) is a group of seven <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> comprising more than 60 islands in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> about 500 kilometres (310 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> archipelago. This chain of islands is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chagos%E2%80%93Laccadive_Ridge" title="Chagos–Laccadive Ridge">Chagos–Laccadive Ridge</a>, a long <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mountain_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine mountain range">submarine mountain range</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. In its north are the <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Islands" title="Salomon Islands">Salomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelsons_Island" title="Nelsons Island">Nelsons Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peros_Banhos" title="Peros Banhos">Peros Banhos</a>; towards its south-west are the <a href="/wiki/Three_Brothers,_Chagos" title="Three Brothers, Chagos">Three Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Islands" title="Eagle Islands">Eagle Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egmont_Islands" title="Egmont Islands">Egmont Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danger_Island,_Great_Chagos_Bank" title="Danger Island, Great Chagos Bank">Danger Island</a>; southeast of these is <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, by far the largest island. All are low-lying atolls, save for a few extremely small instances, set around <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), and Tower of London and City of London (right) London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 River Thames and Tower Bridge with The Shard and Southwark (left), and Tower of London and City of London (right) London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Skyline_(125508655).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/220px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/330px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg/440px-London_Skyline_%28125508655%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (right)</div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">largest city</a> of both <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with a population of 8,866,180 in 2022. The <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">wider metropolitan area</a> is the largest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, with a population of 14.9 million. London stands on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. Its ancient core and <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> and has retained its medieval boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">the national government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a>. London grew rapidly <a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">in the 19th century</a>, becoming the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city at the time</a>. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has referred to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> around the City of London, historically split between the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, governed by <a href="#Local_government">33 local authorities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 National Mall Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. It was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States. The district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 National Mall Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. It was named after George Washington, the first president of the United States. The district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Mall,_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/220px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/330px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg/440px-National_Mall%2C_Lincoln_Memorial_04448v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="2625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></div></div></div></div><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></b>, formally the <b>District of Columbia</b> and commonly known as <b>Washington</b> or <b>D.C.</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_district_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal district of the United States">federal district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, across from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to its north and east. It was named after <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. The district is named after <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>, the female <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personification of the nation</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people. This is a list of countries and dependencies by population. It includes sovereign states, inhabited dependent territories and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. For instance, the United Kingdom is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain states with limited recognition not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the world population, which the United Nations estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people. This is a list of countries and dependencies by population. It includes sovereign states, inhabited dependent territories and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. For instance, the United Kingdom is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain states with limited recognition not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the world population, which the United Nations estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_population_cartogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/440px-Global_population_cartogram.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/660px-Global_population_cartogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global_population_cartogram.png/880px-Global_population_cartogram.png 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Cartogram of the world's population in 2018; each square represents 500,000 people.</figcaption></figure><br /><br />This is a <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">list of countries and dependencies by population</a></b>. It includes <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, inhabited <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and, in some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion within the list being primarily based on the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is considered a single entity, while the constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> are considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> not found in ISO 3166-1. Also given in a percentage is each country's population compared with the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates at 8.119 billion as of 2024. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Dymaxion map of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Dymaxion map of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/330px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/495px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg/660px-Fuller_projection_with_largest_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_map" title="Dymaxion map">Dymaxion map</a> of the world with the 30 largest countries and territories by area</figcaption></figure><br />This is a list of the world's countries and their <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a> by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the Baby Boomers and preceding Millennials. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the United States as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and Generation Z. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the Baby Boomers and preceding Millennials. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the generation being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and U.S. Census data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the United States as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the Silent Generation and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and Generation Z. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></b> (often shortened to <b>Gen X</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980. By this definition and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">U.S. Census</a> data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as of 2019. Most of Generation X are the children of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> and early Baby Boomers; Xers are also often the parents of Millennials and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Featured_pictures" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Featured pictures</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Glossary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogeography" title="Neogeography">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_food" title="Geography of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Techniques and tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_GIS" title="Web GIS">Web GIS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_modelling" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations" title="Category:Geographic data and information organizations">Geographic data and information organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Geographical societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" title="List of geoscience organizations">Geoscience societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">National mapping agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_education" title="Category:Geography education">Geography education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geo-literacy" title="Geo-literacy">Geo-literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographers_on_Film" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad" title="International Geography Olympiad">International Geography Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education" title="National Council for Geographic Education">National Council for Geographic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Puzzle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Categories"><img alt="Categories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C_Puzzle.png/30px-C_Puzzle.png" 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li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography" title="Category:Geography">Geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_by_location" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_by_location" title="Category:Geography by location">Geography by location</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_by_period" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_by_period" title="Category:Geography by period">Geography by period</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Subfields_of_geography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Subfields_of_geography" title="Category:Subfields of geography">Subfields of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographers" 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style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_areas" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_areas" title="Category:Geographical areas">Geographical areas</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_awards" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_awards" title="Category:Geography awards">Geography awards</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_classifications" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_classifications" title="Category:Geographic classifications">Geographic classifications</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_competitions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_competitions" title="Category:Geography competitions">Geography competitions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_conferences" title="Category:Geography conferences">Geography conferences</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div 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title="Category:Exploration">Exploration</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_regions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_regions" title="Category:Geographical regions">Geographical regions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Hemispheres_of_Earth" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Category:Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres of Earth</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="History_of_geography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_geography" title="Category:History of geography">History of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_systems" title="Category:Land systems">Land systems</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Landscape" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape" title="Category:Landscape">Landscape</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Laws_of_geography" title="Category:Laws of geography">Laws of geography</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_literature" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_literature" title="Category:Geographic literature">Geographic literature</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Maps" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps" title="Category:Maps">Maps</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Meridians_(geography)" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Meridians_(geography)" title="Category:Meridians (geography)">Meridians (geography)</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_organizations" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_organizations" title="Category:Geography organizations">Geography organizations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Phantom_geographical_features" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Phantom_geographical_features" title="Category:Phantom geographical features">Phantom geographical features</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Places" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Places" title="Category:Places">Places</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_position" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_position" title="Category:Geographic position">Geographic position</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_superlatives" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_superlatives" title="Category:Geographical superlatives">Geographical superlatives</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_terminology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_terminology" title="Category:Geography terminology">Geography terminology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Time_zones" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_zones" title="Category:Time zones">Time zones</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Types_of_geographical_division" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_geographical_division" title="Category:Types of geographical division">Types of geographical division</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="World_maps" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_maps" title="Category:World maps">World maps</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographical_zones" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_zones" title="Category:Geographical zones">Geographical zones</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geographic_images" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_images" title="Category:Geographic images">Geographic images</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Geography_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_stubs" title="Category:Geography stubs">Geography stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#82A8D8;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #A2AFBF;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#F4F9FF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Geography">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Geography">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Geography">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Geography">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Geography">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Geography">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Geography">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Special:Search/Geography">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Geography">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" 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