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<li id="toc-Great_Recession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Recession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Great Recession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Recession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eviction_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eviction_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eviction process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eviction_process-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eviction_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eviction law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eviction_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disproportionately_impacted_evictees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproportionately_impacted_evictees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disproportionately impacted evictees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disproportionately_impacted_evictees-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landlord removals of rental housing tenants in the North American country</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Side_Eviction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/220px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/330px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/East_Side_Eviction.jpg/440px-East_Side_Eviction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Evicted men and child with belongings on street. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 1910s.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eviction in the United States</b> refers to the pattern of tenant removal by landlords in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">eviction</a> process, landlords forcibly remove tenants from their place of residence and reclaim the property.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landlords may decide to evict tenants who have failed to pay rent, violated lease terms, or possess an expired lease.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landlords may also choose not to renew a tenant's lease, however, this does not constitute an eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, eviction procedures, landlord rights, and tenant protections vary by state and locality.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the United States has seen changes in domestic eviction rates during periods of major socio-political and economic turmoil—including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">2008 Recession</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. High eviction rates are driven by affordable housing shortages and rising housing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the United States, low-income and disadvantaged neighborhoods have disproportionately higher eviction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain demographics—including low income renters, Black and Hispanic renters, women, and people with children—are also at a greater risk of eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, eviction filings remain on renters' public records. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Housing" title="Category:Housing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">Living spaces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/50px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/75px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg/100px-Noto_Emoji_v2.034_1f3e0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Main</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a>: <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">detached</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">Cottage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_home" title="Green home">Green home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Housing project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_outpost" title="Human outpost">Human outpost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I-house" title="I-house">I-house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">Tenement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Condominium" title="Condominium">Condominium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">Hostel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flophouse" title="Flophouse">Flophouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">Shack</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Affordable housing in the United States">Affordability in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmental:</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Fair housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_building" title="Healthy building">Healthiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_crisis" title="Housing crisis">Housing crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_inequality" title="Housing inequality">Housing inequality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Owner-occupancy" title="Owner-occupancy">Home ownership</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Ownership equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Permit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Rent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subprime_lending" title="Subprime lending">Subprime lending</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable:</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">living</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_hotspot" title="Toxic hotspot">Toxic hotspot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">Vagrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Housing subsidy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Re-Housing" title="Rapid Re-Housing">Rapid Re-Housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Real estate appraisal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">Real estate investing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent regulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">Rent strike</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tenants_union" title="Tenants union">Tenants union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="YIMBY movement">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">Alternative lifestyle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_homes" title="Cottage homes">Cottage homes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">Group home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_house" title="Halfway house">Halfway house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">Homeless shelter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">Local community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">Orphanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">Retirement home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supportive_housing" title="Supportive housing">Supportive housing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supported_living" title="Supported living">Supported living</a></li></ul></div> <br /> <div style="float:left;"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/48px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/64px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></b></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Living_spaces" title="Template:Living spaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Living_spaces" title="Template talk:Living spaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Living_spaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Living spaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unfortunately, the United States eviction crisis is not fully understood due to poorly documented eviction records and limited research on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landlord-initiated expulsion of tenants is not officially tracked or monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and has not been subject to comprehensive analysis. In 2016, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Evicted:_Poverty_and_Profit_in_the_American_City" title="Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City">Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City</a></i> which brought wide-scale attention to the United States eviction crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, Desmond researches and analyzes eviction patterns in impoverished Milwaukee neighborhoods. Desmond also emphasizes racial and gender disparities in eviction rates and the subsequent social cost on these evictees.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Desmond established <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evictionlab.org/">The Eviction Lab</a>: an interactive website that publicizes data on eviction trends across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Trail_of_Tears">The Trail of Tears</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Trail of Tears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See main article: <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></i> </p><p>The Trail of Tears refers to the mass eviction of around 100,000 American Indians from their homelands, which stretched across Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama. The majority of evictions occurred after the passage of the United States <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act of 1830</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, the Supreme Court ruled on the case <i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i>, stipulating that the evacuation of the American Indian tribes was unconstitutional. However, because the president at the time, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, did not agree with the ruling, it was not enforced. The evacuation of natives in the southern states continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a> was passed. This required the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> tribe to move to Oklahoma within two years for a compensation of five million dollars. However, when many Cherokees remained in 1838, they were forcibly removed by the military with deaths totaling over 4,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Great_Depression">The Great Depression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></i> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, eviction rates increased significantly due to high unemployment rates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, U.S. unemployment rates reached an all time high of 24.9%.the US.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These evictions led to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Great_Rent_Strike_War_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City Great Rent Strike War of 1932 (page does not exist)">Great Rent Strike War of 1932</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> During the strike, which started in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, tenants withheld their rent while demanding decreases in rent and evictions. Tenants who did not pay were evicted, and police officers forced residents out of their apartments. Tenants violently fought police officers, leading to arrests. At first, the strikes were unsuccessful because landlords were legally supported. Eventually, strikes spread across the country and led to decreases in rent and eviction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One result of housing issues that occurred during the Great Depression was the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1937" title="Housing Act of 1937">Housing Act of 1937</a>, often referred to as the Wagner-Steagall Act. This act established public housing in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the first four years of its establishment, 170,000 housing units were created.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_American_internment_during_WWII">Japanese American internment during WWII</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese American internment during WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See main article: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></i> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mass evictions of Japanese Americans on the West Coast occurred due to perceived threats of national security after the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evictions began in early 1942 after the inaction of Executive Order 9066 by president Franklin Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within six months, 112,000 people were sent to internment camps. Those who were forced into these internment camps were slowly released after the end of the war in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last internment camp did not close until nine months after the end of the war. In 1948, Congress passed a law that would reimburse Japanese Americans for their material losses; however, only ten cents of every dollar was repaid. In 1988, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed a bill that paid each survivor of internment camps $20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Recession">Great Recession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Recession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_Evictions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stop_Evictions.jpg/220px-Stop_Evictions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stop_Evictions.jpg/330px-Stop_Evictions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stop_Evictions.jpg/440px-Stop_Evictions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4518" data-file-height="4519" /></a><figcaption>In Minneapolis, Hennepin County community members <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/44550450@N04/8777740264">protest</a> to demand accountability from the banking industry, following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">2008 recession</a>. May 21, 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>See main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></i> </p><p>During the recession of 2008, eviction rates rose significantly due to property <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosures</a>. In the early months of the recession, renters were evicted with little notice due to landlords foreclosing on properties. However, in May 2009, the Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act was passed. This law required "new owners to provide at least 90 days notice to vacate and to honor the terms of any existing leases."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_eviction_moratoriums_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 eviction moratoriums in the United States">COVID-19 eviction moratoriums in the United States</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a>, mass job loss and unemployment led to fears of mass evictions as tenants became unable to pay rent. An analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute">Aspen Institute</a> indicated between 19 and 23 million, or 20 percent of renters, were at risk for eviction by the end of September, 2020;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a separate July 2021 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> survey projects 7 million households unable to pay rent and at risk of eviction, with a potential 3 million eviction filings in the next two months.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the federal <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a> included an eviction moratorium for federally-backed rental properties; however, this expired on July 24, 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no enforcement mechanism was provided.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States and cities also passed a variety of temporary eviction moratoriums.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nolobans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolobans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these moratoriums expired over the course of 2020, there were fears of a massive wave of evictions; by mid-June 2020, over 40% of states offered renters no protections.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, on September 4, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) issued an Agency Order known as Temporary Halt in Residential Evictions To Prevent the Further Spread of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agency order will be effective from September 4 to December 31, 2020, during which time, "a landlord, owner of a residential property, or another person with a legal right to pursue eviction or possessory action, shall not evict any covered person from any residential property in any jurisdiction to which the order applies."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under The Temporary Halt in Residential Evictions To Prevent the Further Spread of COVID-19, a covered person is a tenant that has given their landlord the legal right to evict them, but has declared, under penalty of perjury, that: available housing assistance has been pursued; homeless status is likely after the eviction; the tenant is making their best efforts to pay at least part of the rent, there was a substantial household income loss that prevents the tenant from paying rent; and the tenant will not earn more than $99,000 USD in annual income for the taxable year of 2020, or will not be required to report incomes in 2019, or, under the CARES Act received an Economic Impact Payment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eviction moratorium was allowed to expire on July 31, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, that does not mean that the individual obligations to comply with the agreements on the tenancy contract are relieved. The order does not eliminate individual obligations to make housing payments, pay the rent, or add interest, if applicable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, tenants can still be evicted for other reasons apart from not complying with the timely payment. For instance, evictions due to criminal activity, violation of building codes, and threats to other residents' safety are allowed under the order.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the agency order will not apply in areas that already have an eviction moratorium. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> stated that the Temporary Halt will not apply in the state because they have established a stronger protection.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the order allows states to enact other actions aimed to provide even further assistance to tenants, which implies that tenants not covered by the federal order, could be covered by some state protection.<sup id="cite_ref-nolobans_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolobans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this way, there are states and cities that issued their own eviction moratoriums.<sup id="cite_ref-nolobans_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolobans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the state of Massachusetts issued the "Bill providing temporary protections for renters and home owners during the COVID-19 emergency". However, the moratorium waived on October 17, 2020. Hence, the CDC order will take effect.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 3, 2021, the CDC issued a new eviction moratorium in areas with substantial and high transmission of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 26, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the federal eviction moratorium put in place by U.S. President Joe Biden and ruled that the CDC had exceeded its authority by enforcing it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eviction_process">Eviction process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eviction process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_eviction">Reasons for eviction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reasons for eviction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landlords can evict tenants for failing to pay rent, violating lease agreements, or having an expired lease.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landlords can also expel tenants for breaking the law, damaging property, engaging in violence or causing a disturbance. Other legitimate reasons for eviction include improper property use, such as illegal subletting or cannabis cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most renters are evicted for non-payment of rent.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a DC eviction report found that 93% of eviction filings in DC were initiated for non-payment of rent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landlords may also file for evictions in situations where the tenant is not culpable, known as a "no-fault eviction". In most American municipalities, landlords have the legal right to expel tenants at their discretion, even if the tenant has not broken any lease agreements. For example, landlords can evict tenants if they want to sell or reoccupy their property.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, landlords have no legal obligation to renew a tenant's lease and may choose not to for any reason.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_protections">Legal protections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal protections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While landlords may evict tenants for various reasons, there are legal protections that protect tenants and prohibit unfair evictions. Foremost, landlords may only carry out evictions that follow federal, state, and local statutes. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Federal Fair Housing Act</a> prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is illegal for a landlord to evict a tenant based on any of these characteristics. Additionally, landlords cannot evict tenants who have filed a fair housing complaint or discrimination lawsuit against them.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenants also have the right to report housing code violations without the risk of retaliatory evictions. This protection extends to lease renewals—in <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Habib" title="Edwards v. Habib">Edwards v. Habib</a></i>, the court established that landlords cannot refuse to renew a tenant's lease for reporting a code violation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some states, landlords are prohibited from issuing an eviction following any form of a tenant-initiated report.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain demographic groups are granted further protections to protect against unjust evictions. For example, federal housing assistance recipients cannot be evicted through "no-fault" evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenants using federal housing expenditures—such as <a href="/wiki/LIHTC" class="mw-redirect" title="LIHTC">LIHTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_8_(housing)" title="Section 8 (housing)">Section 8</a> vouchers, or <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">public housing</a> can still be evicted—but these evictions must be initiated for lease violations or rent non-payment.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to an eviction, landlords must issue an eviction notice, often referred to as a Notice to Quit.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this notice, landlords must provide sufficient information detailing the reason for eviction and options available for the tenant.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landlords are prohibited from <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threatening</a>, harming, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidating</a> evictees, even if they are non-compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an evicted tenant refuses to leave the property, landlords cannot create a hostile environment that would force a tenant to leave the property, a process known as "constructive eviction".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, landlords may not change a tenant's locks, cut off water or heat, or shut off other essential utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eviction_law">Eviction law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eviction law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fair eviction process is regulated through federal law, state law, local law, common law, and court procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are limited federal laws dedicated specifically to domestic eviction regulation. However, there are federal protections in place that protect tenants against unlawful housing practices. For example, the federal <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a> prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability, or familial status.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While eviction laws vary by region, most state and local legislation mirrors the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Residential_Landlord_and_Tenant_Act" title="Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act">Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act</a> (URLTA) or the Model Residential Landlord-Tenant Code.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eviction procedures are also regulated by <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>—law based on legal precedents, rather than formal statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, when no written law applies to an eviction case, past court decisions are used to guide judge rulings. In some cases, lease terms can override common law.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, court procedures—which vary by municipality—can influence an eviction case.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the organization of a court's docket systems can impact the amount of time it takes a landlord to carry out an eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Covid-19, the federal government passed the CARE Act, which included a temporary eviction moratorium for eligible renters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG/400px-Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG/600px-Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG/800px-Number_in_Poverty_and_Poverty_Rate_1959_to_2011._United_States..PNG 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2015. United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each year, millions of renters and homeowners are evicted across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising housing costs and affordable housing shortages have catalyzed a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Housing_insecurity_in_the_United_States" title="Housing insecurity in the United States">housing insecurity</a> crisis, driving up eviction rates. Over the past few decades, housing prices have outpaced the median household income, making it increasingly difficult for renters and homeowners to secure affordable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University found that 26.5% of US renters were severely cost-burdened in 2013, almost twice the rate as in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, most renting families under the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a> spend more than 50% of their income on rent, with one in four such families spending over 70% of their income on rent and utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_why_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_why-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For low-income renters, rising rents and housing affordability issues are exacerbated by a shortage of low-cost housing units.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the US had a shortage of 7 million affordable housing units for renters at or below the poverty line, according to data from the National Low Income Housing Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, only one in four eligible low-income renters received housing assistance, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a climate of housing insecurity, cost-burdened renters face an increased risk of eviction. </p><p>In addition to individual risk factors, neighborhood composition is highly correlated with eviction patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of eviction is significantly higher in neighborhoods with high degrees of racial or economic segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using data from Princeton University's Eviction Lab, a 2020 study found that eviction filings were significantly higher in black-majority neighborhoods than in white majority neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, an analysis of eviction rates in Southern California found that a neighborhood's racial or economic composition was a greater predictor of eviction filings than housing market changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, neighborhoods with a greater concentration of low-income or black tenants had higher eviction rates than neighborhoods with rising rent.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar patterns can be seen with inter-neighborhood dynamics—research indicates that low-income neighborhoods in Seattle not only faced higher eviction rates, but neighborhoods bordering low-income areas also faced higher eviction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disadvantaged neighborhoods with high eviction rates face constant instability, which further disincentivizes community investment and involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When housing pressures are extreme, even middle-class and working-class renters are evicted by landlords eager to capitalize on the rising market rates, such as in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> during the various tech booms. In such circumstances, landlords may seize upon minor violations that were previously tolerated, such as keeping a small pet or storing a bicycle in the hallway, to evict renters. The situation in California is aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Act" title="Ellis Act">Ellis Act</a>, which allows landlords to evict tenants and immediately sell vacant apartments as condominiums.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_20141029_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20141029-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disproportionately_impacted_evictees">Disproportionately impacted evictees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Disproportionately impacted evictees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-income_renters">Low-income renters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Low-income renters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low-income renters and homeowners face higher eviction rates and are also disproportionately impacted by the consequences of eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foremost, low-income renters often lack the financial means to navigate the eviction process. For example, an Alabama Law study found that only 16.4% of Illinois households received any form of legal representation for their legal problems, with housing being the second most common legal issue for low-income households.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of financial resources can be a barrier to accessing legal representation, which puts low-income renters at a disadvantage in court. This disparity is especially prevalent in eviction cases, since eviction law is complex and difficult to interpret. In a study referenced in Pepperdine Law Review, researchers found that unrepresented low-income tenants in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> fared significantly worse in court than represented low-income tenants—unrepresented tenants were more likely to default in court and more likely to receive a warrant of eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without legal support, defendants may not be able to build or articulate a sound defense that holds up in a court. One study of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s housing court found that tenants who had legal representation were almost 20 times more likely to prevail in court than those without legal representation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, eviction-related court hearings in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> are almost two minutes shorter when the landlord has a legal defense and the tenant does not.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unexpected financial costs—such as job loss, drop in income, or medical bills—can jeopardize housing stability and potentially lead to eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially true for poor tenants, who may not have the financial safety net to absorb unexpected costs. In addition, low-income individuals are more likely to lack <a href="/wiki/Financial_literacy" title="Financial literacy">financial literacy</a> skills, which is associated with an increased likelihood of eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, low-income renters who fail to seek out or use housing-related subsidies are at increased risk of future eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_and_Hispanic_renters">Black and Hispanic renters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Black and Hispanic renters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black tenants face significantly higher filing and eviction rates than their white counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking at neighborhood racial composition in Milwaukee, sociologist Matthew Desmond found that majority-black neighborhoods had an average annual eviction rate of 7.4%, compared to 1.4% in majority-white neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this study, Desmond also emphasizes the dual disadvantage black women face in housing—black women face the highest eviction rates of any demographic group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <i>The Atlantic</i>, Desmond reported that approximately one in five black women will experience eviction, compared to one in fifteen white women.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_20160401_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_20160401-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eviction rates are also linked to the racial concentration of neighborhoods. The RVA Eviction Lab, in Richmond, Virginia, estimates that as the proportion of a neighborhood's black population increases by 10%, eviction rates would increase by 1.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hispanic renters also face higher filing and eviction rates than their white counterparts. In a study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Civil_Rights%E2%80%93Civil_Liberties_Law_Review" title="Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review">Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review</a></i>, researchers investigated the relationship between Hispanic origin and eviction in Milwaukee. These researchers saw a strong correlation between Hispanic tenants' risk of eviction and neighborhood racial composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Milwaukee neighborhoods that were two-thirds white, approximately 80% of landlords were white. In these same neighborhoods, the average eviction rate was 25%, yet the eviction rate for Hispanics was upwards of 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that Hispanic renters were significantly more likely to be evicted by white landlords than non-white landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Greenberg et al, these findings suggest that discrimination contributes to racial disparities in Milwaukee eviction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women, especially minority women, are disproportionately impacted by eviction. Between 2003 and 2007, women made up 60.6% of the evicted population in Milwaukee and 62% of people who appeared in eviction court. This is likely because women are more likely to be impoverished in America, and therefore have less access to legal resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When homeless men and women were asked why they were homeless, women cited eviction nearly twice as often as much as men did, according to a study in the <i>Journal of Social Distress and the Homelessness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black and Hispanic women face the highest eviction rates and are the most represented demographic in eviction hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Baltimore, 79% of tenants in eviction cases were black women, yet black women only make up 34% of Baltimore's population.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Desmond, women face higher eviction rates than men because they have more difficulty paying rent. Across the United States, the wage gap disadvantages women, with women earning less on average than their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, women spend more money than men on child and domestic expenses, further driving income inequality and inhibiting women from paying rent.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families_with_children">Families with children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Families with children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renters with children are at increased risk of eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Matthew Desmond, renters with children have an eviction rate three times higher than the average.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_20160401_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_20160401-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because landlords believe that children have the potential to be problematic. In addition, neighborhoods with more children will also have higher rates of evictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenberg et al found that having a child is more strongly correlated with neighborhood eviction patterns than race, gender, or class.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the age of 15, approximately 15% of children will have experienced eviction. This has a negative impact on the behavioral development, education, and health of children.<sup id="cite_ref-Jula_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jula-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study following low-income urban mothers revealed that evicted mothers are "more likely to suffer from depression, report worse health for themselves and their children, and report more parenting stress."<sup id="cite_ref-:19_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two years, mothers who experienced evictions still reported significantly higher levels of mental distress.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnancy during eviction is also related to negative health outcomes for women and their offspring. Pregnant women who experienced evictions have significantly lower infant birth weights and infant prematurity rates compared to non-pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_insecurity_and_poverty">Housing insecurity and poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Housing insecurity and poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experiencing eviction is associated with many negative socioeconomic outcomes, including an increased risk of housing instability, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">job loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">homelessness</a>, and poor health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a record of eviction makes it extremely difficult to secure decent housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legal eviction will nearly always go on an evictee's permanent record, barring them from future housing opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an eviction is filed in the court system, this record becomes available to landlords. Landlords can look up the records of prospective renters through a tenant screening report.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this screening, landlords can find information about prospective tenants' criminal backgrounds, <a href="/wiki/Credit_score" title="Credit score">credit scores</a>, and eviction history. If an individual has any history of eviction, this will show up on their <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">record</a>—even if the case was dismissed and the tenant was found not guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most landlords will not accept tenants with any form of an eviction record.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenants with a record of eviction can also be denied <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">subsidized housing</a>. This exclusion further exacerbates housing instability for minority groups who are most reliant on subsidized housing—in 2019, 42% of HUD program-assisted renters were Black, 19% were Hispanic, and 36% had children, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">US Department of Housing and Urban Development.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sociologist Matthew Desmond, eviction is a <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_poverty" title="Causes of poverty">cause of poverty</a>, as well as a result of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evicted individuals are often forced to accept lower quality housing and move to neighborhoods with higher crime and poverty rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiencing an eviction also increases the risk of job loss and job instability, which exacerbates housing instability.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evicted individuals are uprooted from their communities, forcing them to sever ties with family, schools, <a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">religious organizations</a>, and other social support systems. Following an eviction, tenants may also lose personal property—personal possessions are routinely thrown away, left on the sidewalk, or placed in storage that can only be accessed by paying a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protecting or recovering personal possessions can be particularly difficult for poor, <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> individuals, who may be unable to access or afford storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Following an eviction, evictees may spend months, or even years, searching for decent housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, securing housing becomes impossible and eviction leads to homelessness—In Eric Lindblom's book, <i>Homelessness in America</i>, Lindblom found that one in two homeless adults reports eviction or rent affordability as the cause of their homelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a New York City report estimated that 47% of homeless families in New York City <a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">homeless shelters</a> had experienced eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg/220px-Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg/330px-Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg/440px-Protesters_in_front_of_the_International_Hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Protesters linking arms to prevent San Francisco Sheriffs' deputies from evicting elderly tenants. August 4, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mental health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various studies have emphasizes that evictees are more likely to experience negative mental health outcomes, including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_distress" title="Mental distress">psychological distress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has found that the stress of even <i>receiving</i> an eviction notice is so substantial that it can be a predictor of a tenant's future housing insecurity, even if the tenant is not evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_45-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eviction process is also tied to long-term psychological issues for tenants and their children.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a longitudinal study on eviction, Matthew Desmond found that evicted adults were more likely to report poor <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> both one year and eight years following their eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who experience eviction have disproportionately higher rates of anxiety and depression. In a sample of evicted adults, the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study found that 13.9% of those evicted in the past 12 months suffered from major or minor depression and that 33.8% had experienced an <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">anxiety attack</a> in the last 4 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, across the 27 states that participate in the National Violent Death Reporting System in 2015, 3.8% of those who committed suicide with known circumstances had recently experienced eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_health">Physical health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Physical health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One physical health impact that eviction has on tenants evicted is an increased spread and contraction of COVID-19. This is because of actions tenants take after being evicted. When evicted, residents must find other places to live, such as a homeless shelter or a friend's house. According to the CDC, "adding as few as two new members to a household can as much as double the risk of illness." Additionally, when people are living in the same household, it is much harder to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a> protocols. The mental health consequences of eviction also weaken the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, increasing transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, eviction predisposes tenants to hazardous housing conditions, which can lead to negative health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an eviction, low-income renters often cannot secure decent housing, forcing them to settle for poorly maintained or unsafe units. Renters in substandard housing units may face increased exposure to dust, mold, allergens, pests, and other hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, evictees are often forced into improvised neighborhoods, which typically have higher levels of air and water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, renters face an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and other health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substandard housing is also more likely to contain lead-contaminated walls and water, which can be particularly dangerous for children. Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a>, even in small doses, can have serious health consequences for children, including developmental delays, decreased intelligence, and serious neurological and brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eviction rates also create a higher risk for one to contract <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>. There is a variety of factors that increase this risk for those evicted. Often those evicted do not have access to STI protection to condoms. Additionally, those evicted could participate in sexual activity for resources. Mental health also plays a role in the increased transmission of STIs, as sexual activity has been seen to be used as a coping mechanism for the associated stress with eviction. Eviction also has an impact on monogamous relationships, which can lead to increased partners and an increased risk for STIs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rates_and_locations">Rates and locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rates and locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no government reporting system on eviction, so variance by location and time were, at best, little understood and, at worst, invisible. This began to change with the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>'s Eviction Lab which published the results of an analysis of 900,000 eviction notices that occurred in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20180416_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20180416-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_(3911772202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg/220px-Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg/330px-Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg/440px-Foreclosure_Activist_Eviction_Minneapolis_2009_%283911772202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Steel screen installed over windows as an evicted tenant's property is removed. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_(3911772134).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg/220px-3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg/330px-3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg/440px-3138_Clinton_Avenue_Sealed_%283911772134%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>A house in Minneapolis is boarded up in 2009 after the tenant was evicted.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg/220px-Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg/330px-Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg/440px-Evicting_Striking_Worker_Families_from_Homes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Striking workers in Pittsburgh being evicted, 1909</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Large U.S. cities with highest eviction rates, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-:8_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>City</th> <th>Eviction Rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston, South Carolina</a></td> <td>16.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></td> <td>11.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a></td> <td>10.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a></td> <td>10.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a></td> <td>8.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></td> <td>8.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></td> <td>8.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a></td> <td>8.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren, Michigan</a></td> <td>8.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></td> <td>7.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Act">Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+83+Million+Eviction+Records%2C+a+Sweeping+and+Intimate+New+Look+at+Housing+in+America&rft.date=2018-04-07&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Bui%2C+Quoctrung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F04%2F07%2Fupshot%2Fmillions-of-eviction-records-a-sweeping-new-look-at-housing-in-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evictionlab.org/rankings/#/evictions?r=United%20States&a=0&d=evictionRate&lang=en">"Top Evicting Large Cities in United States, Ranked by Eviction Rate"</a>. <i>Eviction Lab</i>. Princeton University. 2018-04-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023754/https://evictionlab.org/rankings/#/evictions?r=United%20States&a=0&d=evictionRate&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eviction+Lab&rft.atitle=Top+Evicting+Large+Cities+in+United+States%2C+Ranked+by+Eviction+Rate&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevictionlab.org%2Frankings%2F%23%2Fevictions%3Fr%3DUnited%2520States%26a%3D0%26d%3DevictionRate%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEviction+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eviction_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evictionlab.org/">Eviction Lab</a> from <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>—a nationwide database of evictions</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Housing_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_housing_by_state" title="Template:US housing by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_housing_by_state" title="Template talk:US housing by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_housing_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US housing by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Housing_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing in the United States</a> by state or territory</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Alabama" title="Category:Housing in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Alaska" title="Category:Housing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Arizona" title="Category:Housing in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Arkansas" title="Category:Housing in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Colorado" title="Category:Housing in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Delaware (page does not exist)">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Florida" title="Housing in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Housing in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Housing in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Illinois" title="Category:Housing in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Indiana" title="Category:Housing in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Iowa" title="Category:Housing in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Kansas" title="Category:Housing in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Kentucky" title="Category:Housing in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Housing in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Maine" title="Category:Housing in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Maryland" title="Category:Housing in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Housing in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Michigan" title="Category:Housing in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Housing in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Mississippi" title="Category:Housing in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Missouri" title="Category:Housing in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Montana" title="Category:Housing in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Nebraska" title="Category:Housing in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_Jersey" title="Category:Housing in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Housing in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Housing in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Housing in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in North Dakota (page does not exist)">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Ohio" title="Category:Housing in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Oregon" title="Category:Housing in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Housing in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in South Dakota (page does not exist)">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Housing in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Texas" title="Category:Housing in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Utah" title="Category:Housing in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Virginia" title="Housing in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Housing in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_West_Virginia" title="Category:Housing in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Wisconsin" title="Housing in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_U.S._Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in U.S. Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Housing in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Economy of the United States by state or territory">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_California" title="Homelessness in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Colorado" title="Homelessness in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_insecurity_in_the_United_States" title="Housing insecurity in the United States">Housing insecurity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_housing_shortage" title="California housing shortage">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_housing_shortage" title="San Francisco housing shortage">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Mortgage industry of the United States">Mortgage industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Housing organizations in the United States">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Housing legislation in the United States">Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing#United_States" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_States" title="Slum clearance in the United States">Slum clearance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">Subsidized housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States#Housing_and_land" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_United_States" title="Squatting in the United States">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">Zoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_middle_housing" title="Missing middle housing">Missing middle housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_mandates" title="Parking mandates">Parking mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">Single-family zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" 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