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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Native American culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>European colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instituting_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instituting_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Instituting slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instituting_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Antebellum years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Native American removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Reconstruction and Jim Crow era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880s_through_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s_through_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1880s through 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s_through_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_through_late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_through_late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>1940s through late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_through_late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>National and international influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Auto racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soccer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soccer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Soccer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soccer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_sports_teams_in_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_sports_teams_in_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Major sports teams in the South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_sports_teams_in_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Southern_liberalism_during_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Southern_liberalism_during_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Southern_liberalism_during_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_from_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_from_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Presidents from the South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_from_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_politicians_and_political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_politicians_and_political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other politicians and political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_politicians_and_political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Race relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Race relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Civil rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Racial integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_ends_segregation_(1964)_and_guarantees_voting_rights_(1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_ends_segregation_(1964)_and_guarantees_voting_rights_(1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_ends_segregation_(1964)_and_guarantees_voting_rights_(1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Great_Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Great_Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>New Great Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Great_Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Population centers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_centers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population centers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Major counties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Major metropolitan areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_combined_statistical_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_combined_statistical_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Major combined statistical areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_combined_statistical_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Southern states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidelike_Verenigde_State" title="Suidelike Verenigde State – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suidelike Verenigde State" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="جنوب الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Sur d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sur d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_AB%C5%9E" title="Cənubi ABŞ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi ABŞ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Поўдзень ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поўдзень ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)" title="Юг (САЩ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юг (САЩ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_dels_Estats_Units" title="Sud dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sud dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jih_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Jih Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jih Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%27r_Unol_Daleithiau" title="De'r Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De'r Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydstaterne" title="Sydstaterne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydstaterne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdstaaten" title="Südstaaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südstaaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Νότιες Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιες Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Sur de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sur de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaj_%C5%9Dtatoj_de_Usono" title="Sudaj ŝtatoj de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudaj ŝtatoj de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_Estatu_Batuak" title="Hegoaldeko Estatu Batuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko Estatu Batuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنوب ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sud des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sud des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suden_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Suden (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Suden (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisceart_na_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe" title="Deisceart na Stáit Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Deisceart na Stáit Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexi%C3%B3n_Sur_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Rexión Sur (Estados Unidos) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexión Sur (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%80" title="미국 남부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 남부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug_SAD-a" title="Jug SAD-a – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jug SAD-a" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat_Selatan" title="Amerika Serikat Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amerika Serikat Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_meridionali" title="Stati Uniti meridionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati Uniti meridionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דרום ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Meridianae" title="Civitates Foederatae Meridianae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitates Foederatae Meridianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_dienvidi" title="ASV dienvidi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV dienvidi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok" title="Dél-Egyesült Államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Egyesült Államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Југ (САД) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Југ (САД)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selatan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Selatan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selatan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidelijke_Verenigde_Staten" title="Zuidelijke Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidelijke Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="アメリカ合衆国南部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国南部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdstooten" title="Süüdstooten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdstooten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rstatene" title="Sørstatene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørstatene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rstatane" title="Sørstatane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørstatane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Sul_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Região Sul (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região Sul (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_din_Sud" title="Statele din Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statele din Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Sud_Ameri%C4%8Dar" title="Sud-Sud Američar – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sud-Sud Američar" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Юг США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юг США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A8rica_Meridionales" title="Istados Unidos de Amèrica Meridionales – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istados Unidos de Amèrica Meridionales" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southern United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juh_(USA)" title="Juh (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juh (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ki_Jug" title="Ameriški Jug – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriški Jug" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باشووری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باشووری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Југ (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Југ (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug_(SAD)" title="Jug (SAD) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jug (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Yhdysvallat" title="Etelä-Yhdysvallat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Yhdysvallat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydstaterna" title="Sydstaterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydstaterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தெற்கத்திய ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கத்திய ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_eyaletleri" title="Güney eyaletleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney eyaletleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Південь США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південь США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81" title="جنوبی ریاستہائے متحدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی ریاستہائے متحدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nam Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuydelike_Verenigde_Stoaten" title="Zuydelike Verenigde Stoaten – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuydelike Verenigde Stoaten" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國南部 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the four census regions of the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political region. For the geographically southern part of the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a>. For the cultural region of the southern United States, see <a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southern United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Census_Bureau-designated_regions_and_divisions" title="List of regions of the United States">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Row,_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg/139px-Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg/209px-Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg/278px-Rainbow_Row%2C_Charleston_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2046" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg/139px-MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg/209px-MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg/278px-MJK50150_Virginia_State_Capitol_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg/139px-Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg/209px-Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg/278px-Farm-near-Speedwell-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2846" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RymanAud8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RymanAud8.jpg/139px-RymanAud8.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RymanAud8.jpg/209px-RymanAud8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/RymanAud8.jpg/278px-RymanAud8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Transparent;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg/139px-Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg/209px-Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg/278px-Downtown_atlanta_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Ridge_(Great_Smoky_Mountains,_North_Carolina,_USA)_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg/139px-Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg/209px-Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg/278px-Blue_Ridge_%28Great_Smoky_Mountains%2C_North_Carolina%2C_USA%29_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">From top, left to right: The <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> skyline, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Jackson Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Row" title="Rainbow Row">Rainbow Row</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> farmland, <a href="/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium" title="Ryman Auditorium">Ryman Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> skyline, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_South.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/250px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/375px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_USA_South.svg/500px-Map_of_USA_South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">This map reflects the Southern United States as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusBureau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subregions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">South Atlantic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">East South Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul></div> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusBureau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional definitions may vary slightly from source to source.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal district</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">126,266,107</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Southerner<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul></div>Southron (historically)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Kouri-Vini</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English variants</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Catawban_languages" title="Catawban languages">Catawban</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li></ul> </div><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southern United States</b> (sometimes <b>Dixie</b>, also referred to as the <b>Southern States</b>, the <b>American South</b>, the <b>Southland</b>, <b>Dixieland</b>, or simply <b>the South</b>) is <span data-darkreader-inline-color="" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">one of the four </span><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">census regions</a> <span data-darkreader-inline-color="" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">defined by the </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. It is between the Atlantic Ocean and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> to its north and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to its south. </p><p>Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ parallel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_South_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_South-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the South are different <a href="/wiki/Subregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subregions">subregions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> have become more culturally, economically, and politically aligned in certain aspects with the Northeastern United States and are sometimes identified as part of the Northeast or <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> continues to define all four places as formally being in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To account for cultural variations across the region, some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South does not precisely correspond to the entire <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">geographic south</a> of the United States, but primarily includes the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">south-central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern</a> states. For example, California, which is geographically in the southwestern part of the country, is not considered part of the South. However, the geographically southeastern state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> is.<sup id="cite_ref-geography.vt.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geography.vt.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South, being home to some of the most racially diverse areas in the United States, is known for having developed its own distinct <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">culture</a>, with different customs, fashion, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Southern_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Southern United States">musical styles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">cuisines</a>, which have distinguished it in many ways from other areas of the United States. From 1860 to 1861, eleven Southern states plus an additional two Southern states that were claimed and partially controlled seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, these states were subsequently added back to the Union. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, historical, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States; however, this has declined since around the late 20th century, with many Southern areas becoming a melting pot of cultures and people. Ethnic groups in the South were the most diverse among American regions, and include strong <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a>), <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> ancestries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The politics and economy of the region were historically dominated by a small rural elite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical and cultural development of the South has been profoundly influenced by the institution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave labor</a>, especially in the Deep South and coastal plain areas, from the early 1600s to mid-1800s. This includes the presence of a large proportion of African Americans within the population, support for the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, and legacy of racism magnified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> (1865–1877). Following effects included thousands of <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a> (mostly from 1880 to 1930), a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> system of separate schools and public facilities established from <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that remained until the 1960s, and the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a> and other methods to deny black and poor people the ability to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_enclave" title="Authoritarian enclave">authoritarian enclaves</a> from Reconstruction until the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickey_2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickey_2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When looked at broadly, studies have shown that Southerners tend to be more <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> than most non-Southerners, with <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> being mostly predominant in places with a <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> majority or urban areas in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_A_2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_A_2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tom_W._Rice_2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tom_W._Rice_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">historically a Democratic stronghold</a>, most states in the region have in recent decades <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">come to favor</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, although both the Republican and Democratic Party are competitive in certain Southern <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a>. The region contains almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, an area of high <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a> church attendance, especially <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelical</a> churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture as its main economic base and was predominantly rural until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Since the 1940s, the region has become more economically diversified and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a>, helping attract both national and international migrants. In the 21st century, it is the fastest-growing region in the United States, with <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> being the region's largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/220px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/330px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/440px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG/220px-Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG/330px-Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG/440px-Kentucky_horse_farm.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_region" title="Bluegrass region">Bluegrass region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloss_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gloss_Mountains.jpg/220px-Gloss_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gloss_Mountains.jpg/330px-Gloss_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gloss_Mountains.jpg/440px-Gloss_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glass_Mountains" title="Glass Mountains">Glass Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg/220px-Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg/330px-Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg/440px-Linville_Gorge-27527-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/220px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/330px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg/440px-Lone_Oak_in_Saint_Bernard_Parish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4699" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Field of yellow wildflowers in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana">Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg/330px-Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg/440px-Pearl_River_backwater_in_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)">Pearl River</a> backwater in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg/220px-Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg/330px-Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg/440px-Misty_Bluff_along_the_Buffalo_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Misty Bluff along the Buffalo River, <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Mountains">Ozark Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg/220px-ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg/330px-ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg/440px-ChesapeakeTidalWetlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tidal wetlands of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> in Maryland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg/220px-Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg/330px-Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg/440px-Cherry_River_West_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherry_River_(West_Virginia)" title="Cherry River (West Virginia)">Cherry River</a> in West Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grayson_County_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grayson_County_VA.jpg/220px-Grayson_County_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grayson_County_VA.jpg/330px-Grayson_County_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grayson_County_VA.jpg/440px-Grayson_County_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2798" /></a><figcaption>The highlands of <a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The South is a diverse meteorological region with numerous climatic zones, including <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">sub-tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>—though the South generally has a reputation as hot and humid, with long summers and short, mild winters. Most of the South—except for the areas of higher elevations and areas near the western, southern, and some northern fringes—falls in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone. Crops grow readily in the South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost. Some common environments include <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a> and swamplands, the southern <a href="/wiki/Loblolly_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Loblolly pine">pine forests</a>, the warm temperate montane forest of the Appalachians, the savannas of the southern Great Plains, and the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_forest" title="Laurel forest">subtropical jungle and maritime forests</a> along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Unique flora include various species of magnolia, rhododendron, cane, palm, and oak, among others. <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Southern_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of the Southern United States">Fauna of the region</a> is also diverse, encompassing a plethora of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species, reptiles such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Green anole">green anole</a>, the venomous <a href="/wiki/Cottonmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottonmouth">cottonmouth</a> snake, and the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a>, mammals like the <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swamp_rabbit" title="Swamp rabbit">swamp rabbit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo" title="Nine-banded armadillo">nine-banded armadillo</a>, and birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbill</a> and the extinct but symbolic <a href="/wiki/Carolina_parakeet" title="Carolina parakeet">carolina parakeet</a>. </p><p>The question of how to define the boundaries and subregions in the South has long been the focus of research and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusBureau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted by social geographers in 2010 selected thirteen states as the cultural south; Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Florida, Virginia, West Virginia, and Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty seven percent of all U.S. residents, lived in the South, the nation's most populous region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Census Bureau defined three smaller divisions: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">The South Atlantic States</a>:</b> Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">The East South Central States</a>:</b> Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">The West South Central States</a>: </b>Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_Governments" title="Council of State Governments">Council of State Governments</a>, an organization for communication and coordination between states, includes in its South regional office the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms related to the South include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">The Old South</a>:</b> Can mean either southern states that were among the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> (Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina) or all southern slave states before 1860 (which also includes Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a>:</b> All southern states following the American Civil War, post <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Southeastern United States:</b> Usually includes <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Virginias" class="mw-redirect" title="The Virginias">the Virginias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Southern Appalachia</a>:</b> Mainly refers to areas situated in the southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Coal_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mountain Coal Fields">Eastern Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina" title="Western North Carolina">Western North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland" title="Western Maryland">Western Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Georgia" title="North Georgia">North Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina" title="Upstate South Carolina">Northwestern South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>:</b> Usually includes Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and on rare occasions Missouri, Maryland and Delaware.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When combined with the southern Appalachian Mountains, it is sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Appalachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Appalachia">Greater Appalachia</a>" following <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Ulster Protestant</a> migrations to the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>:</b> Various definitions, usually includes Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border States</a>:</b> Includes Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia. These were southern slave states on or near the border of the Confederacy that did not secede or only partially seceded from the U.S. in the 1860s. Large numbers of residents who joined both the Union and Confederate armed forces. Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate state governments with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Confederate government of Missouri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Confederate government of Kentucky</a>. The Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war but were in-exile after 1862 and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag. West Virginia formed in 1863, after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion's joining of the Confederacy, but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a>:</b> Nickname applied to Southern U.S. region, various definitions include certain areas more than others, but most commonly associated with the eleven former Confederate States.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>:</b> Electoral voting bloc largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, largely resulting from <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era</a> in the late 19th century. Disfranchisement effectively denied most of the black and sometimes poor white population from voting or holding public office during this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>:</b> Includes Gulf coasts of Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and Alabama.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a>:</b> Low-lying <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a> regions of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and North Carolina.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid-South</a>:</b> Various definitions, includes states within the Census Bureau of the East and West South Central United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another informal definition, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi are included, with adjoining areas of other states.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Historically, the South was defined as all states south of the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ parallel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_South_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_South-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer definitions of the South today are harder to define, due to cultural and sub-regional differences throughout the region; however, definitions usually refer to states that are in the southeastern and south central geographic region of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not included in the Census definition, two <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> located southeast of Florida (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>) are sometimes included as part of the Southern United States. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as part of the South,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_culture">Native American culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native American culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first well-dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans, who are now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleoindians were hunter-gatherers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>. Several cultural stages, such as Archaic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8000</span>–1000 BC) and the Woodland (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span> – AD 1000), preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century – the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mississippian culture was a complex, <a href="/wiki/Mound_builders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builders">mound-building</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> culture that flourished in what is now the Southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD. Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guy_prentice-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some noted explorers who encountered and described the Mississippian culture, by then in decline, included <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> (1528), <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> (1540), and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> (1699). </p><p>Native American descendants of the mound-builders include <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (people)">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek)">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guale" title="Guale">Guale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houma_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Houma Tribe">Houma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> peoples, all of whom still reside in the South. </p><p>Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear, but those who were in the region before the European incursion include the <a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gacolony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gacolony.png/220px-Gacolony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gacolony.png/330px-Gacolony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gacolony.png/440px-Gacolony.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Line_of_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation Line of 1763">Proclamation Line of 1763</a> shown in red</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of European settlers caused a massive <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Depopulation_from_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">population decline in Native Americans</a>, due to Europeans unknowingly spreading <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">diseases</a> that the natives had no immunities towards, numerous violent conflicts, and forcibly relocating them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The predominant culture of the original Southern states was <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>. In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of English origin and settled chiefly along the eastern coast but had pushed as far inland as the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> by the 18th century. The majority of early English settlers were <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>, who gained freedom after working off their passage. The wealthier men, typically members of the English <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Albion's_Seed_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albion's_Seed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who paid their way received land grants known as <a href="/wiki/Headright" title="Headright">headrights</a> to encourage settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish and French established settlements in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>. The Spanish settled Florida in the 16th century, reaching a peak in the late 17th century, but the population was small because the Spaniards were relatively uninterested in agriculture, and Florida had no mineral resources. </p><p>There were regional differences in the Southern colonies, with the three main regions of <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>. The first region to be settled was Tidewater, containing the low-lying plains of southeast <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Banks#Albemarle_Region" title="Inner Banks">northeastern North Carolina</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boon_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boon-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next region to be settled was the Deep South, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a>. The last region to be settled was Appalachia, also settled by the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albion's_Seed_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albion's_Seed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Charter of Carolina</a> in 1663 for land south of the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>. He granted the land to eight <a href="/wiki/Lord_proprietor" title="Lord proprietor">lords proprietor</a>. Charles granted the land in return for their financial and political assistance in <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">restoring him to the throne</a> in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-Prince2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prince2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The granted lands included all or part of the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. </p><p>In the British colonies, immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775. Settlers cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and on their own farms. The Southern rich owned large <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations</a> that dominated export agriculture and used slaves. Many were involved in the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco, the first cash crop of Virginia. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields. They used old fields as pasture, and for crops such as corn wheat, or allowed them to grow into woodlots.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados Slave Code</a> served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British American</a> colonies, including <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>. In other colonies where the codes are not an exact copy, such as <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, the influence of the Barbados Slave Code can be traced throughout various provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-menard_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menard-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-to-late-18th century, large groups of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> (later called the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a>) and people from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a> region immigrated and settled in the back country of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>. They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albion's_Seed_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albion's_Seed-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1980_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 census">1980 census</a>, 34% of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early colonists engaged in <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">warfare</a>, trade, and cultural exchanges. Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek)">Creek Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaws</a> and other regional native groups. </p><p>The oldest university in the South, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, was founded in 1693 in Virginia; it pioneered in the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> and educated future U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a>, all from Virginia. Indeed, the entire region dominated politics in the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a> era: for example, four of the first five presidents – <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a> – were from Virginia. The two oldest public universities are also in the South: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> (1789) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> (1785). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instituting_slavery">Instituting slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instituting slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/220px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/330px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/440px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in 1770, showing the number and proportion of slaves in each colony.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery was legal</a> in all of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain had <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">slave island colonies in the Caribbean</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, which provided a steady flow of profits from the slave labor that produced sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a> differed in that the proportion of their populations that were African American slaves was much higher than in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a>, as shown on the map.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Wyatt-Brown" title="Bertram Wyatt-Brown">Bertram Wyatt-Brown</a>, "Bondage was an answer to an economic need. The South was not founded to create slavery; slavery was recruited to perpetuate the South."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados Slave Code</a> of 1661 served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British American</a> colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a>. In other colonies where the slaves codes were not an exact copy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a>, the influence of the Barbados Slave Code can be traced throughout various provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-menard_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menard-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guilford Courthouse">Battle of Guilford Courthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, 1781</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorktown80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/220px-Yorktown80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/330px-Yorktown80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yorktown80.JPG/440px-Yorktown80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">siege of Yorktown</a> prompted Great Britain's surrender in North America during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, 1781.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Southern colonies helped embrace the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot cause</a>. Virginia would provide leaders such as commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, and the author of the Declaration of Independence, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. </p><p>In 1780 and 1781, the British largely halted reconquest of the northern states and concentrated on the south, where they were told there was a large Loyalist population ready to leap to arms once the royal forces arrived. The British took control of Savannah and Charleston, capturing a large American army in the process, and set up a network of bases inland. Although there were <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> within the Southern colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were concentrated in larger coastal cities and were not great enough in number to overcome the revolutionaries. The British forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monck%27s_Corner" title="Battle of Monck's Corner">Battle of Monck's Corner</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenud%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Lenud's Ferry">Battle of Lenud's Ferry</a> consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (<a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Kemp's Landing">Battle of Kemp's Landing</a> in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> and other generals, the Americans engaged in <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian tactics</a> designed to wear down the British invasion force and to neutralize its strong points one by one. There were numerous battles large and small, with each side claiming some victories. </p><p>By 1781, however, British <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">General Cornwallis</a> moved north to Virginia, where an approaching army forced him to fortify and await rescue by the British Navy. The British Navy did arrive, but so did a stronger French fleet, and Cornwallis was trapped. American and French armies, led by George Washington, forced Cornwallis to surrender his entire army in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a> in October 1781, effectively winning the North American part of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South and other regions of the new country. Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom, catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia's promise of freedom for service. Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the British Empire. Between 1770 and 1790, there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks – from 61% to 44% in South Carolina and from 45% to 36% in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution. They were moved by the principles of the Revolution, along with Quaker and Methodist preachers who worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves. Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills. In the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>, more than 10% of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1% free.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_years">Antebellum years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Antebellum years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/220px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/330px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg/440px-SlaveDanceand_Music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slaves</a> on a <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> plantation (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Plantation" title="The Old Plantation">The Old Plantation</a></i>, circa 1790)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">Cotton</a> became dominant in the lower South after 1800. After the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a>, short staple cotton could be grown more widely. This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation, especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia, Alabama and other parts of the Deep South, as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta. Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century, when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west. The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor, and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Call-Collins_House,_The_Grove-_Tallahassee,_Florida_(7157983334).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg/220px-The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg/330px-The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg/440px-The_Call-Collins_House%2C_The_Grove-_Tallahassee%2C_Florida_%287157983334%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Grove Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida. Known officially as the Call/Collins House at the Grove. Built circa 1840.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi, there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories. From the 1820s through the 1850s, more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration, two-thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there. Planters in the Upper South sold slaves in excess of their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture. Many enslaved families were broken up, as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two major political issues that festered in the first half of the 19th century caused political alignment along sectional lines, strengthened the identities of North and South as distinct regions with certain strongly opposed interests, and fed the arguments over states' rights that culminated in secession and the Civil War. One of these issues concerned the protective tariffs enacted to assist the growth of the manufacturing sector, primarily in the North. In 1832, in resistance to federal legislation increasing tariffs, South Carolina passed an ordinance of <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a>, a procedure in which a state would, in effect, repeal a Federal law. Soon a naval flotilla was sent to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> harbor, and the threat of landing ground troops was used to compel the collection of tariffs. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over states' rights continued to escalate in the following decades. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville,_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg/220px-A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg/330px-A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg/440px-A_Race_Meeting_at_Jacksonville%2C_Alabama_by_W.S._Hedges_-_BMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse race</a> meeting at <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Alabama" title="Jacksonville, Alabama">Jacksonville, Alabama</a>, 1841</figcaption></figure> <p>The second issue concerned slavery, primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states. The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of "free" and "slave" states. The issue resurfaced in a more virulent form, however, around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide. Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories. </p><p>Before the Civil War, the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase, although the North continued to receive the most immigrants. <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> were among the first settlers in Charleston, along with the largest number of Orthodox Jews outside of New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans, establishing a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclave</a> now known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans" title="Irish Channel, New Orleans">Irish Channel</a>. Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs, resulting in a large area north of the city (along the Mississippi) becoming known as the German Coast. Still greater numbers immigrated to Texas (especially after 1848), where many bought land and were farmers. Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War, where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere, became grocers in numerous cities, and also established wide areas of farming. </p><p>By 1840, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> was the wealthiest city in the country and the third largest in population. The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River. New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country, as traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South. The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of lack of investment, however, construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North. People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_removal">Native American removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native American removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></div> <p>Between 1830 and 1850, Native Americans were removed from their home states in the South and Eastern United States and were sent to Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of United States with southeastern states highlighted in shades of red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg/220px-Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg/330px-Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg/440px-Southern_United_States_Civil_War_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered southern "<a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>", and gave varying degrees of support to the Confederate cause although they remained in the Union while Kentucky and Missouri had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, and thus does not show West Virginia (which separated from Virginia in 1863)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1856, the South had lost control of Congress, and was no longer able to silence calls for an end to slavery – which came mostly from the more populated, <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">free states</a> of the North. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, pledged to stop the spread of slavery beyond those states where it already existed. After Abraham Lincoln was elected the first Republican president in 1860, seven cotton states declared their secession and formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> before Lincoln was inaugurated. The United States government, both outgoing and incoming, refused to recognize the Confederacy, and when the new Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> ordered his troops to open fire on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in April 1861, war broke out. Only the state of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> attempted to remain neutral, and it could only do so briefly. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress what he referred to as "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary" judicial or martial means,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four more states decided to secede and join the Confederacy (which then moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia). Although the Confederacy had large supplies of captured munitions and many volunteers, it was slower than the Union in dealing with the border states. While the Upland South <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> of Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, as well as the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, continued to permit <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> during the Civil War, they remained with the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> though Kentucky and Missouri both had rival Confederate governments that formed that were admitted and recognized by the Confederacy. Though early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri. By March 1862, the Union largely controlled all the border state areas, had shut down all commercial traffic from all Confederate ports, had prevented European recognition of the Confederate government, and was poised to seize New Orleans. The rugged mountainous <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> region <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention" title="East Tennessee Convention">attempted to rejoin the Union as a new state</a>, having opposed secession and slavery compared to most of Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-lacy_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacy-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the four years of war 1861–65 the South was the primary battleground, with all but two of the major battles taking place on Southern soil. Union forces led numerous campaigns into the western Confederacy, controlling the border states in 1861, the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River and New Orleans in 1862, and the Mississippi River in 1863. In the East, however, the Confederate Army under <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> beat off attack after attack in its defense of their capital at Richmond. But when Lee tried to move north, he was repulsed (and nearly captured) at Sharpsburg (1862) and Gettysburg (1863). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/220px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/330px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg/440px-Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>'s railroad roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>The Confederacy had the resources for a short war, but was unable to finance or supply a longer war. It reversed the traditional low-tariff policy of the South by imposing a new 15% tax on all imports from the Union. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> blockade stopped most commerce from entering the South, and smugglers avoided the tax, so the Confederate tariff produced too little revenue to finance the war. Inflated currency was the solution, but that created distrust of the Richmond government. Because of low investment in railroads, the Southern transportation system depended primarily on river and coastal traffic by boat; both were shut down by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>. The small railroad system virtually collapsed, so that by 1864 internal travel was so difficult that the Confederate economy was crippled. </p><p>The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> marched through Georgia in late 1864, but the rebels fought on until Lee's army surrendered in April 1865. Once the Confederate forces surrendered, the region moved into the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> (1865–1877), in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the destroyed region and grant civil rights to freed slaves. </p><p>Southerners who were against the Confederate cause during the Civil War were known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Unionists">Southern Unionists</a>. They were also known as Union Loyalists or Lincoln's Loyalists. Within the eleven Confederate states, states such as Tennessee (especially <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>), Virginia (which included <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> at the time), and North Carolina were home to the largest populations of Unionists. Many areas of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Southern Appalachia</a> harbored pro-Union sentiment as well. As many as 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control would serve in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> or pro-Union guerrilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the regions dominant pre-war <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South suffered more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress. The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 soldiers killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease, for a total of 260,000,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and about 18% in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern military deaths were greater than Southern military deaths in absolute numbers, but were two-thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow_era">Reconstruction and Jim Crow era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and Jim Crow era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside,_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png/220px-Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png/330px-Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png/440px-Little_Bo_Peep._Group_of_men_and_women_seated_outside%2C_child_peeking_out_of_a_barrel_in_the_foreground.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>An African American family, photographed by O'Pierre Havens, circa 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Civil War, the South was devastated in terms of infrastructure and economy. Because of states' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen, Congress instituted Reconstruction governments. It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established. Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised. Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression. In addition, the limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war. At the same time, the North was rapidly industrializing. To avoid the social effects of the war, most of the Southern states initially passed <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">black codes</a>. During Reconstruction, these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures, which existed for a short time during Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were thousands of people on the move, as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slave sales, and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states. Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs. At the same time, whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings. In some areas, many whites returned to the land to farm for a while. Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana, and later, Kansas. Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands, and Texas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/220px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/330px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png/440px-A_Home_on_the_Mississippi.png 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Home_on_the_Mississippi" title="A Home on the Mississippi">A Home on the Mississippi</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a>, 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>With passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> (which outlawed slavery), the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> (which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans) and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> (which extended the right to vote to African American males), African Americans in the South were made free citizens and were given the right to vote. Under Federal protection, white and black <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> formed constitutional conventions and state governments. Among their accomplishments were creating the first public education systems in Southern states, and providing for welfare through orphanages, hospitals and similar institutions. </p><p>Northerners came south to participate in politics and business. Some were representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> and other agencies of Reconstruction; some were <a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanitarians</a> with the intent to help black people. Some were adventurers who hoped to benefit themselves by questionable methods. They were all condemned with the pejorative term of <a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a>. Some Southerners would also take advantage of the disrupted environment and made money off various schemes, including bonds and financing for railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts became known as <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">scalawags</a>. </p><p>Secret <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> – an organization sworn to perpetuate <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> – had arisen quickly after the war's end in the 1860s, and used <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>, physical attacks, house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights. Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s, other groups persisted. By the mid-to-late-1870s, some upper class Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure. <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary organizations">Paramilitary organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (1874), the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (1875) and rifle clubs, all "White Line" organizations, used organized violence against <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, both black and white, to remove Republicans from political office, repress and bar black voting, and restore the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> to power.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures. They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and <a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a> from the voter registration rolls. The success of late-19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats, who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite discrimination, many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing. For instance, 90% of the Mississippi's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the farmers in Mississippi's Delta bottomlands were black. They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber. Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta, both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies, and many to develop their own farms.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the long agricultural depression, along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit, led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade. More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day,_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg/220px-10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg/330px-10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg/440px-10_year_old_Jimmie._Been_shucking_3_years._6_pots_a_day%2C_and_a_11_year_old_boy_who_shucks_7_pots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Child laborers in <a href="/wiki/Bluffton,_South_Carolina" title="Bluffton, South Carolina">Bluffton, South Carolina</a>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all Southerners, black and white, suffered economically as a result of the Civil War. Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels, but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery. They encouraged immigration by Chinese and Italian laborers into the Mississippi Delta. While the first Chinese entered as indentured laborers from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the majority came in the early 20th century. Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese became merchants and established stores in small towns throughout the Delta, establishing a place between white and black.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Migrations continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among both blacks and whites. In the last two decades of the 19th century about 141,000 blacks left the South, and more after 1900, totaling a loss of 537,000. After that the movement increased in what became known as the Great Migration from 1910 to 1940, and the Second Great Migration through 1970. Even more whites left the South, some going to California for opportunities and others heading to Northern industrial cities after 1900. Between 1880 and 1910, the loss of whites totaled 1,243,000.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five million more left between 1940 and 1970. </p><p>From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed disenfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers – such as <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, residency requirements and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy tests</a> – that were hard for minorities to meet. Most African Americans, most Mexican Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites were disenfranchised, losing the vote for decades. In some states, <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clauses</a> temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests. The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result. This can be seen via the feature "Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections" at the University of Texas' <i>Politics: Barriers to Voting</i>. Alabama, which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state, also substantially reduced voting by poor whites.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>-controlled legislatures passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to segregate public facilities and services, including transportation. </p><p>While African Americans, poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century, for decades <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting. Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965, after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register. Despite increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women, blacks, and those eighteen and over throughout this period, turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a>. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Chafe" title="William Chafe">William Chafe</a> has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says "protective socialization by blacks themselves" was created inside the community to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as "walking the tightrope", such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s, but did build the foundation that younger African Americans deployed in their aggressive, large-scale activism during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880s_through_1930s">1880s through 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1880s through 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration (African American)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_(135851607).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg/220px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg/330px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg/440px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135851607%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12509" data-file-height="9568" /></a><figcaption>Southern United States in 1908 from <i>The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/220px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/330px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/440px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from <i>Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea</i>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 19th century, white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development, with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks were few and small; there was little access to credit. Traditional agriculture persisted across the region. Especially in Alabama and Florida, rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities, and legislators resisted business and modernizing interests: Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972, long after major population and economic shifts to cities. For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state, for instance, but received little back in services or infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, Texas rapidly expanded its railroad network, creating a network of cities connected on a radial plan and linked to the port of Galveston. Strikes and labor unrest served as a reflection of increasing industry: "in 1885 Texas ranked ninth among forty states in number of workers involved in strikes (4,000); for the six-year period it ranked fifteenth. Seventy-five of the one hundred strikes, chiefly interstate strikes of telegraphers and railway workers, occurred in the year 1886."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1890, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> became the largest city in Texas, and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000, which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later. Dallas was the harnessmaking capital of the world and a center of other manufacturing. As an example of its ambitions, in 1907 Dallas built the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Building" title="Praetorian Building">Praetorian Building</a>, fifteen storeys tall and the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi, soon to be followed by other skyscrapers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas was transformed by a railroad network linking five important cities, among them Houston with its nearby port at Galveston, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and El Paso. Each exceeded fifty thousand in population by 1920, with the major cities having three times that population.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class. Nonetheless, major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; and Dallas, Fort Worth, and Houston, Texas. Growth began occurring at a geometric rate. Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town, with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century. </p><p>The first major oil well in the South was drilled at <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a> near <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont, Texas</a>, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The resulting "Oil Boom" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the richest economic expansion after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to Northern and Western cities, defecting from persistent <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>, violence, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>, poor education, and inability to vote. Black migration transformed many Northern and Western cities, creating new cultures and music. Many African Americans, like other groups, became industrial workers; others started their own businesses within the communities. Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, and Los Angeles, where they took jobs in the booming new auto and defense industry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children,_Walker_County,_Alabama,_8b35778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg/220px-Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg/330px-Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg/440px-Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children%2C_Walker_County%2C_Alabama%2C_8b35778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7562" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecropper</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker County, Alabama</a>, circa 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Oklahoma Panhandle</a> region, and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Americans</a> were homeless, hungry and jobless.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands would leave the region to seek economic opportunities along the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> noted the South as the "number one priority" in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression. His administration created programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development. Locked into low-productivity agriculture, the region's growth was slowed by limited industrial development, low levels of entrepreneurship, and the lack of capital investment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s_through_late_20th_century">1940s through late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1940s through late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States home front during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami,_circa_1942-43_(80-G-K-13376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg/220px-North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg/330px-North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg/440px-North_American_SNJ_Texans_parked_at_Naval_Air_Station_Miami%2C_circa_1942-43_%2880-G-K-13376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5826" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Naval Air Station Miami, circa 1942–43</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">World War II</a> marked a time of dramatic change within the South from an economic standpoint, as new industries and military bases were developed by the federal government, providing much-needed capital and infrastructure in many regions. People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region's many bases and new industries. During and after the war millions of hard-scrabble farmers, both white and black, left agriculture for other occupations and urban jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States began mobilizing for war in a major way in the spring of 1940. The warm weather of the South proved ideal for building 60% of the Army's new training camps and nearly half the new airfields. In all, 40% of spending on new military installations went to the South. For example, in 1940 the small town of 1500 people in <a href="/wiki/Starke,_Florida" title="Starke, Florida">Starke, Florida</a>, became the base of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Blanding" title="Camp Blanding">Camp Blanding</a>. By March 1941, 20,000 men were constructing a permanent camp for 60,000 soldiers. Money flowed freely for the war effort, as over $4 billion went into military facilities in the South, and another $5 billion into defense plants. Major shipyards were built in Virginia, in Charleston, South Carolina, and along the Gulf Coast. </p><p>Huge warplane plants were opened in Dallas-Fort Worth and Georgia. The most secret and expensive operation was at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, where unlimited amounts of locally generated electricity were used to prepare uranium for the atom bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of production workers doubled during the war. Most training centers, factories and shipyards were closed in 1945, but not all, and the families that left hardscrabble farms remained to find jobs in the growing urban South. The region had finally reached the take off stage into industrial and commercial growth, although its income and wage levels lagged well behind the national average. Nevertheless, as <a href="/wiki/George_B._Tindall" class="mw-redirect" title="George B. Tindall">George B. Tindall</a> notes, the transformation was, "The demonstration of industrial potential, new habits of mind, and a recognition that industrialization demanded community services."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per capita income jumped 140% from 1940 to 1945, compared to 100% elsewhere in the United States. Southern income rose from 59% to 65%. Dewey Grantham says the war, "brought an abrupt departure from the South's economic backwardness, poverty, and distinctive rural life, as the region moved perceptively closer to the mainstream of national economic and social life."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1970, the proportion of the <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">African American population</a> living in the South stabilized and began slightly increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco, to include cattle, rice, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, and other foods. Industrial growth increased in the 1960s and greatly accelerated into the 1980s and 1990s. Several large urban areas in Texas, Georgia, and Florida grew to over four million people. Rapid expansion in industries such as autos, telecommunications, textiles, technology, banking, and aviation gave some states in the South an industrial strength to rival large states elsewhere in the country. By the 2000 census, the South (along with the West) was leading the nation in population growth. With this growth, however, has come long commute times and air pollution problems in cities such as Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, and others that rely on sprawling development and highway networks.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, and especially after the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_elections" title="2010 United States elections">2010 midterm elections</a>, the Republican Party has largely dominated the South, both at the state and federal levels. As of 2024, Republicans control both houses of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">state legislatures</a> of 10 out of the eleven former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>, the sole exception being the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are still some Democratic statewide officeholders in the South, such as Kentucky governor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Beshear" title="Andy Beshear">Andy Beshear</a>, North Carolina governor <a href="/wiki/Josh_Stein" title="Josh Stein">Josh Stein</a>, Virginia's U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>, and Georgia's U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Jon Ossoff</a>. </p><p>In 2019, Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Southern states included: Texas with 50, Virginia with 21, Florida with 18, Georgia with 17, North Carolina with 11, and Tennessee with 10.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Texas led the nation with the most Fortune 500 company headquarters with 53.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to report some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with certain southern states and areas doing well economically, many southern states and areas still have high poverty rates when compared to the U.S. nationally. In 2021, nine out of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate">states with the highest poverty rates</a> were in the South. Also, in 2023 all five states with <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP" title="List of U.S. states and territories by GDP">the lowest GDP per capita</a> were in the South: Mississippi, West Virginia, Arkansas, Alabama, and South Carolina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_economy">Modern economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century, the South changed dramatically. It saw a boom in its <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a>, manufacturing base, high technology industries, and the financial sector. Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission" title="Alamo Mission">Alamo Mission</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. Tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast also grew steadily throughout the last decades of the 20th century. </p><p>Numerous new automobile production plants have opened in the region, or are soon to open, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_U.S._International" title="Mercedes-Benz U.S. International">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>; the <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> production plant in <a href="/wiki/BMW_US_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW US Manufacturing Company">Spartanburg, South Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> plants in <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Kentucky" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky">Georgetown, Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Mississippi" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi">Blue Springs, Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Texas" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas">San Antonio</a>; the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_Manufacturing" title="Spring Hill Manufacturing">Spring Hill, Tennessee</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Alabama" title="Lincoln, Alabama">Lincoln, Alabama</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> North American headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin, Tennessee</a> and factories in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee" title="Smyrna, Tennessee">Smyrna, Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Mississippi" title="Canton, Mississippi">Canton, Mississippi</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_Georgia" title="West Point, Georgia">West Point, Georgia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant</a> in Tennessee. </p><p>The two largest research parks in the country are located in the South: <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> in North Carolina (the world's largest) and the <a href="/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park" title="Cummings Research Park">Cummings Research Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a> (the world's fourth largest). </p><p>In medicine, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> in Houston has achieved international recognition in education, research, and patient care, especially in the fields of heart disease, cancer, and rehabilitation. In 1994 the Texas Medical Center was the largest medical center in the world including fourteen hospitals, two medical schools, four colleges of nursing, and six university systems.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Texas <a href="/wiki/M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="M.D. Anderson Cancer Center">M.D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> is consistently ranked the No. 1 cancer research and treatment center in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many major banking corporations have headquarters in the region. <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truist_Financial" title="Truist Financial">Truist Financial</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wachovia" title="Wachovia">Wachovia</a> was headquartered there before its purchase by <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, as is <a href="/wiki/AmSouth_Bancorporation" title="AmSouth Bancorporation">AmSouth Bancorporation</a>, and previously <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="BBVA Compass">BBVA Compass</a> before its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> is the district headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta</a>. </p><p>Many corporations are headquartered in Atlanta and its surrounding area, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Home_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="The Home Depot">The Home Depot</a>, and also many cable television networks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a> (<a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TBS_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TBS (U.S. TV channel)">TBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNT_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT (U.S. TV network)">TNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turner_South" title="Turner South">Turner South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a> in the past have ranked in the lower half of some national surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When allowance for race is considered, a 2007 US Government list of test scores often shows white fourth and eighth graders performing better than average for reading and math; while black fourth and eighth graders also performed better than average.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comparison does not hold across the board. Mississippi often scores lower than national averages, no matter how statistics are compared. Newer data from 2009 suggests that secondary school education in the South is on par nationally, with 72% of high schoolers graduating compared to 73% nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern United States is home to some of the nation's largest and most prominent public and private institutions of higher education. Notable public colleges and universities in the South include: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg/150px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg/225px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg/300px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/225px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalala_Student_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shalala_Student_Center.jpg/150px-Shalala_Student_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shalala_Student_Center.jpg/225px-Shalala_Student_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shalala_Student_Center.jpg/300px-Shalala_Student_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg/150px-Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg/225px-Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg/300px-Rice_University_Sally_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" title="University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University" title="Florida A&M University">Florida A&M University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="North Carolina A&T State University">North Carolina A&T State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a></li></ul> <p>Notable private colleges and universities in the South include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_College" title="Berry College">Berry College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg/220px-Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg/330px-Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg/440px-Maynardville-musicians-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Street_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Street musician">Street musicians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maynardville,_Tennessee" title="Maynardville, Tennessee">Maynardville, Tennessee</a>, in 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_dialect_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Southern_dialect_map.png/300px-Southern_dialect_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Southern_dialect_map.png/450px-Southern_dialect_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Southern_dialect_map.png/600px-Southern_dialect_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>The approximate extent of Southern American English, based upon <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ling.upenn.edu_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling.upenn.edu-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The predominant culture of the South is <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English</a>, and has its origins with the settlement of the region by large groups of people particularly from parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest England">southwest England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast England">southeast England</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> who moved to the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a> and the eastern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> in the 17th and early 18th centuries. For example, the city of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a> is named after <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham, England</a> in the West Midlands. <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots lowlanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> (later called the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a>) who settled in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a> in the mid to late 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the many African people who were brought to the American South as slaves. Their descendants, identified as Black or African American people, compose the United States' second-largest racial minority, accounting for 12.1% of the total population according to the 2000 census. Despite <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> era <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">outflow to the North</a>, the majority of the black population remains concentrated in Southern states and has heavily contributed to the cultural blend of religion, food, art, and music (see <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>) that characterizes Southern culture today. </p><p>Overall, the South has had lower housing values, lower household incomes, and lower <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> than the rest of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors, combined with the fact that Southerners have continued to maintain strong loyalty to family ties, has led some sociologists to label <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a> an ethnic or quasi-ethnic group,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this interpretation has been subject to criticism on the grounds that proponents of the view do not satisfactorily indicate how Southerners meet the criteria of ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In previous censuses, the largest ancestry group identified by Southerners was <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> or mostly English,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 19,618,370 self-reporting "English" as an ancestry on the 1980 census, followed by 12,709,872 listing "<a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>" and 11,054,127 "<a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Afro-American</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census.gov_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a third of all Americans who claim English ancestry can be found in the American South, and over a quarter of all Southerners claim English descent as well.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Southern <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> originated from the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">early modern</a> English <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>, who were aristocratic landowners but not <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peers or "titled nobility"</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/G._E._Mingay" title="G. E. Mingay">G. E. Mingay</a>, the gentry were landowners whose wealth "made possible a certain kind of education, a standard of comfort, and a degree of leisure and a common interest in ways of spending it". Leisure distinguished gentry from businessmen who gained their wealth through work.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gentry did not work; their income came largely from rents paid by <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> living on their estates.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a> originated from the gentry rank of <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman</a>, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric ideal</a> of the white <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> supposedly descended from the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a> of the Medieval and colonial eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Genovese_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genovese-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USHist_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHist-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Southern states (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) were among the British colonies that sent delegates to sign the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and then fought against the government (Great Britain), along with the Middle and New England colonies, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis for much of Southern culture derives from these states being among the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and from much of the population of the colonial South having ancestral links to colonists who emigrated west. Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England that was held by the early population. </p><p>In 1765, London philanthropist Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Fothergill_(physician)" title="John Fothergill (physician)">John Fothergill</a> remarked on the cultural differences of the British American colonies southward from Maryland and those to the north, suggesting that the Southerners were marked by "idleness and extravagance". Fothergill suggested that Southerners were more similar to the people of the Caribbean than to the colonies to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-cob_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cob-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Hector_St._John_de_Cr%C3%A8vec%C5%93ur" title="J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur">J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur</a>'s 1782 <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_an_American_Farmer" title="Letters from an American Farmer"><i>Letters from an American Farmer</i></a> described <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> slaveholders as having "all that life affords most bewitching and pleasurable, without labour, without fatigue, hardly subjected to the trouble of wishing." He declared that although slavery had not yet been completely <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">abolished in the Northern states</a>, the lot of northern slaves was far "different... in every respect." Crèvecœur sought to portray Southerners as stuck in the social, cultural and economic remnants of colonialism, in contrast to the Northerners whom he considered to be representative of the distinctive culture of the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-cob_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cob-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in United States history, the contrasting characteristics of Southern states were acknowledged in a discussion between <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Jean_de_Chastellux" title="François-Jean de Chastellux">François-Jean de Chastellux</a>. Jefferson ascribed the Southerners' "unsteady", "generous", "candid" traits to their climate, while De Chastellux claimed that Southerners' "indelible character which every nation acquires at the moment of its origin" would "always be aristocratic" not only because of slavery but also "vanity and sloth". A visiting French dignitary concurred in 1810 that American customs seemed "entirely changed" over the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, and that Southern society resembled those of the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-cob_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cob-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South has had a majority of its population adhering to <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> ever since the early 1800s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper classes often stayed <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> starting in the 1740s and the Second Great Awakening ending in the 1850s generated large numbers of Methodist and Baptist converts. These denominations remain the two main Christian confessions in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> had become the largest Protestant denomination in the whole United States with its membership concentrated in rural areas of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> are the most common religious group, followed by <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> and other denominations. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholics</a> historically were concentrated in Maryland, Louisiana, and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The great majority of <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">black Southerners</a> are either Baptist or Methodist.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States, constituting the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> has been strong across the South since the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_influences">National and international influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National and international influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from its climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Westerners</a>, mainly since the late 20th century, has reshaped the culture of major metropolitan areas and coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hispanics have long been a major factor in Texas, millions more have arrived in other Southern states during the 1990s and early 2000s bringing values not rooted in local traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Raymond Mohl emphasizes the role of <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a> in lowering trade barriers and facilitating large-scale population movements. He adds other factors such as ongoing economic crisis in Mexico, new more liberal immigration policies in the United States, labor recruitment and smuggling, that have produced a major flow of Mexican and Hispanic migration to the southeast. That region's low-wage, low-skill economy readily hired cheap, reliable, nonunion labor, without asking applicants too many questions about legal status.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard J. Gonzales argues that the rise of <a href="/wiki/La_Raza" title="La Raza">La Raza</a> (Mexican American community) in terms of numbers and influence in politics, education, and language and cultural rights will grow rapidly in Texas by 2030 when demographers predict Hispanics will outnumber Anglos in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However thus far their political participation and the <a href="/wiki/Latino_vote" title="Latino vote">Latino vote</a> have been low, so the potential political impact is much higher than the actual one thus far.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have suggested that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining in the Deep South, particularly when defined against "an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct".<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_L._Ayers_2005_p._46_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_L._Ayers_2005_p._46-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Southerners have moved west in large numbers, especially to California and to the Midwest. Thus, journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirsh_(journalist)" title="Michael Hirsh (journalist)">Michael Hirsh</a> proposed that aspects of Southern culture have spread throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed "<a href="/wiki/Southernization" title="Southernization">Southernization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsh_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsh-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Americans_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/220px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/330px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/African_Americans_by_state.svg/440px-African_Americans_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Race (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Share of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>128,716,190 </td> <td>100.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>69,482,320 </td> <td>54.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>23,449,438 </td> <td>18.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>4,745,783 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>552,317 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Islander (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>99,668 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiracial (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>5,247,967 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some other race (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>643,598 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic or Latino (Of any race) </td> <td>24,495,100 </td> <td>19.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The South has the largest <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> population by region.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South has largely remained a black and white region while the other regions of the US have received larger amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> immigrants. However, the Hispanic population has seen rapid growth in certain areas of the South, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a> is heavily white, with few African Americans in this subregion of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_BCS_Champ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_BCS_Champ.jpg/220px-2010_BCS_Champ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_BCS_Champ.jpg/330px-2010_BCS_Champ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_BCS_Champ.jpg/440px-2010_BCS_Champ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Alabama</a> plays <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football" title="Texas Longhorns football">Texas</a> in American football for the 2010 <a href="/wiki/BCS_National_Championship_Game" title="BCS National Championship Game">BCS National Championship</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg/220px-Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg/330px-Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg/440px-Dallas_Cowboys_in_the_red-zone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> are one of the region's most popular NFL teams.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> is heavily considered the most popular team sport in most areas of the Southern United States. </p><p>The region is home to numerous decorated and historic <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> programs, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> (known as the "SEC"), <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> (known as the "ACC"), and the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a>. The SEC, consisting almost entirely of teams based in Southern states, is widely considered to be the strongest league in contemporary college football and includes the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Alabama Crimson Tide</a>, the program with the most national championships in the sport's modern history. The sport is also highly competitive and has a spectator following at the <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school level</a>, particularly in rural areas, where high school football games often serve as prominent community gatherings. </p><p>The first established professional American football team based in the South were the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Washington_Commanders" title="History of the Washington Commanders">Washington Redskins</a>, now called the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Commanders" title="Washington Commanders">Washington Commanders</a>. They still retain a large following in most of Virginia and parts of Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) and <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a> (AFL) began to expand many teams in the Southern US during the 1960s, with franchises like the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Atlanta Falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Oilers" title="Houston Oilers">Houston Oilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Dolphins" title="Miami Dolphins">Miami Dolphins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>. In later decades, NFL expansion into Southern states continued, with the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a> during the 1970s, along with the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Panthers" title="Carolina Panthers">Carolina Panthers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars" title="Jacksonville Jaguars">Jacksonville Jaguars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens" title="Baltimore Ravens">Baltimore Ravens</a> during the 1990s. The Houston Oilers were eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a>, after the Oilers relocated to <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Titans" title="Tennessee Titans">Tennessee Titans</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Collegiate football teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Team</th> <th width="90px">League</th> <th>Attendance<br />(2019 avg/game)<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football" title="Texas A&M Aggies football">Texas A&M Aggies</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>101,608 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Alabama Crimson Tide</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">NCAA</a> (SEC)</td> <td>101,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football" title="LSU Tigers football">LSU Tigers</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>100,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football" title="Texas Longhorns football">Texas Longhorns</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>96,306 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football" title="Georgia Bulldogs football">Georgia Bulldogs</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>92,817 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football" title="Tennessee Volunteers football">Tennessee Volunteers</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>87,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football" title="Oklahoma Sooners football">Oklahoma Sooners</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>86,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football" title="Auburn Tigers football">Auburn Tigers</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>84,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_Gators_football" title="Florida Gators football">Florida Gators</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>82,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football" title="Clemson Tigers football">Clemson Tigers</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>80,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football" title="South Carolina Gamecocks football">South Carolina Gamecocks</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>73,628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football" title="Florida State Seminoles football">Florida State Seminoles</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>68,288 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football" title="Miami Hurricanes football">Miami Hurricanes</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>61,469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football" title="Louisville Cardinals football">Louisville Cardinals</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>61,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football" title="Oklahoma State Cowboys football">Oklahoma State Cowboys</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>60,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football" title="Arkansas Razorbacks football">Arkansas Razorbacks</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>59,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football" title="Virginia Tech Hokies football">Virginia Tech Hokies</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>59,574 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football" title="West Virginia Mountaineers football">West Virginia Mountaineers</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>58,158 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football" title="Mississippi State Bulldogs football">Mississippi State Bulldogs</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>58,057 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football" title="Kentucky Wildcats football">Kentucky Wildcats</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>57,572 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack_football" title="NC State Wolfpack football">NC State Wolfpack</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>56,855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football" title="Texas Tech Red Raiders football">Texas Tech Red Raiders</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>56,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football" title="Ole Miss Rebels football">Ole Miss Rebels</a></td> <td>NCAA (SEC)</td> <td>55,685 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football" title="Virginia Cavaliers football">Virginia Cavaliers</a></td> <td>NCAA (ACC)</td> <td>47,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baylor_Bears_football" title="Baylor Bears football">Baylor Bears</a></td> <td>NCAA (Big 12)</td> <td>44,915 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Star_Series,_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Lone_Star_Series%2C_Houston_Astros_vs_Texas_Rangers_at_Globe_Life_Park_in_Arlington%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas</a> face-off during the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Series" title="Lone Star Series">Lone Star Series</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_League_West" title="American League West">American League West</a> division of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> has been played in the Southern United States dating back to the mid-19th century. It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South. The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 19th century and early 20th century games were common, especially once the professional leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_League" title="Texas League">Texas League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(1916_baseball)" title="Dixie League (1916 baseball)">Dixie League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1885%E2%80%9399)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern League (1885–99)">Southern League</a> were organized. </p><p>The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Colonels" title="Louisville Colonels">Louisville Colonels</a> were a part of the early <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association (19th century)">American Association</a>, but ceased to exist in 1899. The first Southern Major League Baseball team after the Colonels appeared in 1962, when the Houston Colt .45s (known today as the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a>) were enfranchised. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a> came in 1966, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> in 1972, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Marlins" title="Miami Marlins">Miami Marlins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a> in the 1990s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/College_baseball" title="College baseball">College baseball</a> appears to be more well attended in the South than elsewhere, as teams like <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball" title="Florida State Seminoles baseball">Florida State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_baseball" title="Arkansas Razorbacks baseball">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSU_Tigers_baseball" title="LSU Tigers baseball">LSU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_baseball" title="Virginia Cavaliers baseball">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball" title="Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball">Mississippi State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball" title="Ole Miss Rebels baseball">Ole Miss</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_baseball" title="South Carolina Gamecocks baseball">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball" title="Florida Gators baseball">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball" title="Texas Longhorns baseball">Texas</a> are commonly at the top of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a>'s attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams with Virginia, Vanderbilt, LSU, South Carolina, Florida and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers" title="Coastal Carolina Chanticleers">Coastal Carolina</a> winning recent <a href="/wiki/College_World_Series" title="College World Series">College World Series</a> Titles. </p><p>The following is a list of each MLB team in the Southern U.S. and the total fan attendance for 2019: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Team</th> <th>League</th> <th>2019 overall<br />annual attendance<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></td> <td>2,857,367 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a></td> <td>2,654,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Washington Nationals</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a></td> <td>2,259,781 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></td> <td>2,133,004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore Orioles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></td> <td>1,307,807 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a></td> <td>1,178,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_Marlins" title="Miami Marlins">Miami Marlins</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a></td> <td>811,302 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auto_racing">Auto racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Auto racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG/220px-Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG/330px-Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG/440px-Green_flag_at_Daytona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>The start of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Daytona_500" title="2015 Daytona 500">2015 Daytona 500</a>, the biggest race in <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway" title="Daytona International Speedway">Daytona International Speedway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida" title="Daytona Beach, Florida">Daytona Beach, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Southern states are commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">stock car racing</a> and its most prominent competition level <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida" title="Daytona Beach, Florida">Daytona Beach</a>. The sport was developed in the South during the early 20th century, with stock car racing's historic mecca being Daytona Beach, where cars initially raced on the wide, flat beachfront, before the construction of <a href="/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway" title="Daytona International Speedway">Daytona International Speedway</a>. Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States, a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport, particularly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. Both states are home to several prominent <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> programs, including the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball" title="Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball">Kentucky Wildcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball" title="Louisville Cardinals men's basketball">Louisville Cardinals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball" title="Duke Blue Devils men's basketball">Duke Blue Devils</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_basketball" title="North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball">North Carolina Tar Heels</a>. Other southern teams, like the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball" title="Florida Gators men's basketball">Florida Gators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_basketball" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball">Virginia Cavaliers</a> have won national championships. </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> teams based in the South include the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Wizards" title="Washington Wizards">Washington Wizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets" title="Charlotte Hornets">Charlotte Hornets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Atlanta Hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Magic" title="Orlando Magic">Orlando Magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Heat" title="Miami Heat">Miami Heat</a>. The Spurs and Heat in particular have become prominent within the NBA, with eight championships won by the two between 1999 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South, with the region's warm climate allowing it to host many <a href="/wiki/Professional_golf_tours" title="Professional golf tours">professional tournaments</a> and numerous destination golf resorts, particularly in the state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The region is home to <a href="/wiki/The_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Masters">The Masters</a> which is played at <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, and has become one of the professional game's most important tournaments. One of the four <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Men's major golf championships">major championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Head Island">Hilton Head Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, is also home to a prominent American golf tournament and has several high-quality courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soccer">Soccer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Soccer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, known in the South as in the rest of the United States as "soccer", has become a popular sport at youth and collegiate levels throughout the region. The game has been historically widespread at the college level in the Atlantic coast states of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas; which contain many of the nation's most successful college soccer programs. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_men%27s_soccer" title="Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer">Virginia</a> has won 7 NCAA National Championships, the third most of any school. </p><p>The establishment of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> has led to professional soccer clubs in the Southern cities including <a href="/wiki/FC_Dallas" title="FC Dallas">FC Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/D.C._United" title="D.C. United">D.C. United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_City_SC" title="Orlando City SC">Orlando City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter_Miami_CF" title="Inter Miami CF">Inter Miami CF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville_SC" title="Nashville SC">Nashville SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta United">Atlanta United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin_FC" title="Austin FC">Austin FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_FC" title="Charlotte FC">Charlotte FC</a>. The current United States second division soccer league, the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>, was initially geographically based in the coastal Southeast around clubs in Charleston, Richmond, Charlotte, <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>, Raleigh, Virginia Beach, and Atlanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_sports_teams_in_the_South">Major sports teams in the South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Major sports teams in the South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Southern region is home to numerous professional sports franchises in the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">"Big Four" leagues</a> (NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB), with many championships collectively among them. </p> <ul><li>Dallas-Fort Worth: <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Cowboys</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Rangers</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Mavericks</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Stars" title="Dallas Stars">Stars</a> (NHL)</li> <li>Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Commanders" title="Washington Commanders">Washington Commanders</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Nationals</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Wizards" title="Washington Wizards">Wizards</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capitals" title="Washington Capitals">Capitals</a> (NHL)</li> <li>Miami-Fort Lauderdale: <a href="/wiki/Miami_Dolphins" title="Miami Dolphins">Dolphins</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Miami_Marlins" title="Miami Marlins">Marlins</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Miami_Heat" title="Miami Heat">Heat</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panthers" title="Florida Panthers">Panthers</a> (NHL)</li> <li>Houston: <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Texans</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Astros</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Rockets</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Atlanta: <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Falcons</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Braves</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Hawks</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Tampa Bay: <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Buccaneers</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Rays</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning" title="Tampa Bay Lightning">Lightning</a> (NHL)</li> <li>Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens" title="Baltimore Ravens">Ravens</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Orioles</a> (MLB)</li> <li>Charlotte: <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Panthers" title="Carolina Panthers">Panthers</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets" title="Charlotte Hornets">Hornets</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Nashville: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Titans" title="Tennessee Titans">Titans</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Predators" title="Nashville Predators">Predators</a> (NHL)</li> <li>New Orleans: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">Saints</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">Pelicans</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Orlando: <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Magic" title="Orlando Magic">Magic</a> (NBA)</li> <li>San Antonio: <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">Spurs</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Jacksonville: <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars" title="Jacksonville Jaguars">Jaguars</a> (NFL)</li> <li>Oklahoma City: <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Thunder</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Memphis: <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Grizzlies</a> (NBA)</li> <li>Raleigh: <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes" title="Carolina Hurricanes">Hurricanes</a> (NHL)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg/300px-Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg/450px-Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg/600px-Life_expectancy_by_U.S._state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2020 life expectancy map of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The map on the right shows that <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is lower overall in most Southern states compared to the rest of the country. Obesity rates, hypertension, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> are higher relative to the rest of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study reported that six Southern states have the worst incidence of sleep disturbances in the nation, attributing the disturbances to high rates of obesity and smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South has a higher percentage of obese people<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diabetics when compared to national regional averages.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region also has the largest number of people dying from stroke complications<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Dementia#Cognitive_testing" title="Dementia">cognitive decline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy is lower and death rates are higher, when compared to national averages of other regions in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disparity reflects substantial divergence between the South and other regions since the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">East South Central</a> Census Division of the United States (made up of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012. The other divisions, West South Central (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana) and South Atlantic (West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) ranked seventh and fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States, but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For cancer causes, the South, particularly an axis from West Virginia through Texas, leads the nation in adult obesity, adult smoking, low exercise, low fruit consumption, low vegetable consumption, all known cancer risk factors,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which matches a similar high risk axis in "All Cancers Combined, Death Rates by State, 2011" from the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South is home to some of the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_medical_centre" title="Academic medical centre">academic health systems</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Health_System" title="Duke University Health System">Duke University Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Health" title="University of Florida Health">University of Florida Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNC_Medical_Center" title="UNC Medical Center">UNC Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_School_of_Medicine" title="Miller School of Medicine">University of Miami Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/UT_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="UT Health Science Center at Houston">UT Health Science Center at Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emory_Healthcare" title="Emory Healthcare">Emory Healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida_College_of_Medicine" title="University of South Florida College of Medicine">University of South Florida Health</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Politics of the Southern United States</a></div> <p>In the first decades after <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> in the 1880s and 1890s, white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures, and began to make voter registration more complicated, to reduce black voting. With a combination of intimidation, fraud and violence by paramilitary groups, they suppressed black voting and turned Republicans out of office. From 1890 to 1908, ten of eleven states ratified new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most black voters and many poor white voters. This disenfranchisement persisted for six decades into the 20th century, depriving blacks and poor whites of all political representation. Because they could not vote, they could not sit on juries. They had no one to represent their interests, resulting in state legislatures consistently underfunding programs and services, such as schools, for blacks and poor whites.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have characterized pockets of the Southern United States as being "authoritarian enclaves" from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickey_2015_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickey_2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuo_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the collapse of the Republican Party in nearly all parts of the South, the region became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>", and the Democratic Party after 1900 moved to a system of primaries to select their candidates. Victory in a primary was <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">tantamount to election</a>. From the late 1870s to the 1960s, only rarely was a state or national Southern politician a Republican, outside from Southern Republican strongholds within the Appalachian mountain districts.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Republicans during this period would continue to control parts of the Appalachian Mountain areas and compete for power in the former Border States. Apart from a few states (such as the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Machine">Byrd Machine</a> in Virginia, the <a href="/wiki/E._H._Crump" title="E. H. Crump">Crump</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">Machine</a> in Memphis), and a few other local organizations, the Democratic Party itself was very lightly organized. It managed primaries but party officials had little other role. To be successful a politician built his own network of friends, neighbors and allies. Reelection was the norm, and the result from 1910 to the late 20th century was that Southern Democrats in Congress had accumulated seniority, and automatically took the chairmanships of all committees.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1940s the Supreme Court began to find disenfranchisement measures like the "grandfather clause" and the white primary unconstitutional. Southern legislatures quickly passed other measures to keep blacks disenfranchised, even after suffrage was extended more widely to poor whites. Because white Democrats controlled all the Southern seats in the U.S. Congress, they had outsize power and could sidetrack or <a href="/wiki/Southern_filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern filibuster">filibuster</a> efforts to pass legislation they did not agree with. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/220px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/330px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/440px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>A rally against school integration in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a>, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Increasing support for civil rights legislation by the national Democratic Party beginning in 1948 caused segregationist Southern Democrats to nominate <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> on a third-party "Dixiecrat" ticket in 1948. These Dixiecrats returned to the party by 1950, but Southern Democrats held off Republican inroads in the suburbs by arguing that only they could defend the region from the onslaught of northern liberals and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. In response to the <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> ruling of 1954, 101 Southern congressmen (19 senators, 82 House members of which 99 were Southern Democrats and 2 were Republicans) in 1956 denounced the Brown decisions as a "clear abuse of judicial power [that] climaxes a trend in the federal judiciary undertaking to legislate in derogation of the authority of Congress and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people." The manifesto lauded, "...those states which have declared the intention to resist enforced integration by any lawful means". It was signed by all Southern senators except Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and Tennessee senators <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Albert Gore Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>. Virginia closed schools in <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia" title="Warren County, Virginia">Warren County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> rather than integrate, but no other state followed suit. Democratic governors <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a> of Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a> of Mississippi, <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> of Texas, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a> of Georgia, and, especially, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> of Alabama resisted integration and appealed to a rural and <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern Democrats' support of civil rights issues culminated when Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, which ended legal segregation and provided federal enforcement of voting rights for blacks. In the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s only electoral victories outside his home state of <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Arizona, 1964">Arizona</a> were in the states of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> where few blacks could vote before the 1965 Voting Rights Act.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, which caused a backlash among moderates.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major resistance to school busing extended into the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> began to develop their <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a> to attract conservative white Southerners, especially the middle class and suburban voters, in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia. The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades. First, the states started voting Republican in presidential elections, except for native Southerners <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1976 and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1992 and 1996. Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors. Georgia was the last state to do so, with <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> taking the governorship in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its middle class and business base, Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote, mostly Southern Baptists, which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Southern_liberalism_during_the_20th_century">Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Decline of Southern liberalism during the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern liberals were an essential part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> – without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. Typical leaders were <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> in Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a> in Florida, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">Earl Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a> in Louisiana, and <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> in Tennessee. They promoted subsidies for small farmers, and supported the nascent labor union movement. An essential condition for this north–south coalition was for northern liberals to ignore the problem of racism throughout the South and elsewhere in the country. After 1945, however, northern liberals – led especially by young <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> of Minnesota – increasingly made civil rights a central issue. They convinced Truman to join them in 1948. The conservative Southern Democrats – the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a> – took control of the state parties in half the region and ran <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> for president against Truman. Thurmond carried only the Deep South, but that threat was enough to guarantee the national Democratic Party in 1952 and 1956 would not make civil rights a major issue. In 1956, 101 of the 128 southern congressmen and senators signed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a> denouncing forced desegregation.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labor movement in the South was divided, and lost its political influence. Southern liberals were in a quandary – most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism, others switched sides, and the rest continued on the liberal path. One by one, the last group was defeated; historian Numan V. Bartley states, "Indeed, the very word 'liberal' gradually disappeared from the southern political lexicon, except as a term of opprobrium."<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents_from_the_South">Presidents from the South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Presidents from the South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, newly elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor of Arkansas</a>, speaking with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1978. Carter and Clinton were both <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> and elected to the presidencies in <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The South produced nine of the country's first twelve <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Dynasty">Virginia Dynasty</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> won the presidential election of 1848, no Southern politician was elected president until <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> in 1912. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>) who was <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">vice president</a> in 1865, became president after the death of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. </p><p>Out of the last eleven U.S. presidents, six have Southern region ties: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; 1963–69), <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>; 1977–81), <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; 1989–93), <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>; 1993–2001), <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; 2001–2009), and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>; 2021–present). Johnson was a native of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, while Carter is from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and Clinton from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. While George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas, they were both born in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and have their ancestral roots in that region. Similarly, while Joe Biden was born in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, he grew up largely in Delaware (classified as a Southern state by the U.S. Census Bureau) and spent his entire political career there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_politicians_and_political_movements">Other politicians and political movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other politicians and political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South has produced various nationally known politicians and political movements. In 1948, a group of Democratic congressmen, led by Governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> of South Carolina, split from the Democrats in reaction to an anti-segregation speech given by <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> mayor and future senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. They founded the States Rights Democratic or <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a> Party. During that year's presidential election, the party ran Thurmond as its candidate and he carried four Deep South states. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 Presidential election</a>, Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Wallace">George C. Wallace</a> ran for president on the <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> ticket. Wallace ran a "law and order" campaign similar to that of Republican candidate, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a> of gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues and focused on culturally conservative values, such as family issues, patriotism, and cultural issues that appealed to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptists">Southern Baptists</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1994">the 1994 mid-term elections</a>, another Southern politician, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>, ushering in twelve years of GOP control of the House. Gingrich became <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a> in 1995 and served until his resignation in 1999. The incumbent Speaker of the House, Louisiana Republican <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a>, is also from the South. </p><p>Except for <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> from Kansas (1985–96) and <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> from South Dakota (2025-elect), nearly all the recent Republican Senate Leaders have all been Southerners: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> (1981–1985) of Tennessee, <a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a> (1996–2003) of Mississippi, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a> (2003–2006) of Tennessee, and <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (2007–present) of Kentucky. </p><p>The Republican candidates for president have won the South in elections since <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>. The region is not, however, entirely monolithic, and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states. <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> won Florida, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Biden also performed well for a modern Democrat in the South, winning Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Race_relations">Race relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Race relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native Americans have lived in what is now termed the American South for nearly 12,000 years. More and more of their land was taken until they were defeated by settlers in a series of conflicts ending in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, and most of the surviving population were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> <p>The South witnessed two major events in the lives of 20th century African Americans: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a>. The Great Migration began during World War I, hitting its high point during World War II. During this migration, Black people left the South to find work in Northern factories and other sectors of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, the Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a>, the March on <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a> in Birmingham includes the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a> which details Birmingham's role as the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a> served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> as well as the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a>. This park served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>; it has since been rededicated as a place of "Revolution and Reconciliation" and is now the setting of moving sculptures related to the battle for Civil Rights in the city. Both Kelly Ingram Park and the 16th Street Baptist Church are centerpieces of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_District" title="Birmingham Civil Rights District">Birmingham Civil Rights District</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, the location of Martin Luther and <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>'s gravesites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_integration">Racial integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Racial integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s and 1960s, the racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda. Involved in it were issues of <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a>, racism, and the alumni's demand for the top players who it needed to win high-profile games. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a> (ACC) would take the lead. First, they started to schedule integrated teams from the North. The wake-up call came in 1966, when <a href="/wiki/Don_Haskins" title="Don Haskins">Don Haskins</a>'s <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso#History" title="University of Texas at El Paso">Texas Western College</a> team with <a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Texas_Western_Miners_men%27s_basketball_team" title="1965–66 Texas Western Miners men's basketball team">five black starters</a>, upset the all-white University of Kentucky team to win the NCAA national basketball championship.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That happened at a time when there were no black varsity basketball teams in either the Southeastern Conference or the Southwest Conference. Finally ACC schools, typically under pressure from boosters and civil rights groups, integrated their sports teams.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an alumni base that dominated local and state politics, society and business, the ACC flagship schools were successful in their endeavor – as historian Pamela Grundy argues, they had learned how to win: </p> <dl><dd>The widespread admiration that athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields from grounds of symbolic play to forces for social change, places where a wide range of citizens could publicly and at times effectively challenge the assumptions that cast them as unworthy of full participation in U.S. society. While athletic successes would not rid society of prejudice or stereotype – black athletes would continue to confront racial slurs...[minority star players demonstrated] the discipline, intelligence, and poise to contend for position or influence in every arena of national life.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_ends_segregation_(1964)_and_guarantees_voting_rights_(1965)"><span id="Congress_ends_segregation_.281964.29_and_guarantees_voting_rights_.281965.29"></span>Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Congress ends segregation (1964) and guarantees voting rights (1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/220px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/330px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/440px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> was required by state laws in the South and other U.S. states until 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decisive action ending segregation came when Congress, in a bipartisan fashion, overcame Southern filibusters to pass the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. A complex interaction of factors came together unexpectedly in the period from 1954 to 1965 to make the momentous changes possible. The Supreme Court had taken the first initiative in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954) making segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Enforcement was rapid in the North and border states but was deliberately stopped in the South by the movement called <a href="/wiki/Massive_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive Resistance">Massive Resistance</a>, sponsored by rural segregationists who largely controlled the state legislatures. Southern liberals, who counseled moderation, were shouted down by both sides and had limited impact. Much more significant was the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC) headed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> It largely displaced the old, much more moderate NAACP in taking leadership roles. King organized massive demonstrations, that seized massive media attention in an era when network television news was an innovative and universally watched phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCLC, student activists and smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across the South. National attention focused on Birmingham, Alabama, where protesters deliberately provoked <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">Bull Connor</a> and his police forces by using young teenagers as demonstrators – and Connor arrested 900 in one day alone. The next day Connor unleashed billy clubs, police dogs, and high-pressure water hoses to disperse and punish the young demonstrators with a brutality that horrified the nation. It was very bad for business and the image of a modernizing progressive urban South. President John F. Kennedy, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. The result in Birmingham was a compromise by which the new mayor opened the library, golf courses, and other city facilities to both races, against the backdrop of church bombings and assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confrontations continued to escalate. In the summer of 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, involving over 100,000 participants and 15,000 arrests. In Alabama in June 1963, Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the University of Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill and ordered Attorney General Robert Kennedy to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools and to deny funds for discriminatory programs. Doctor King launched a massive march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the Lincoln Memorial, the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Kennedy was assassinated President Lyndon Johnson called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the southern filibuster was broken, and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by a vote of 73 to 27.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Commission">Civil Rights Commission</a>; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a> in Georgia, who became governor, but the great majority of restaurants and hotels in Georgia followed the new law as the business community realized that peaceful integration was the only way forward.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, black people have gone on to hold many offices within the Southern states. Black people have been elected or appointed as mayors or police chiefs in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte, NC">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh">Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. They have also gone on to serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures of Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Great_Migration">New Great Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: New Great Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></div> <p>The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s ended Jim Crow laws across the South and other areas of the United States. In recent decades, a second migration appears to be underway, this time with <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">African Americans from the North moving to the South</a> in record numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South and most of the U.S., the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality. According to 2003 report by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Beach">Virginia Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville-Davidson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> at number six.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Great Migration is not evenly distributed throughout the South. The rise in net gain points to Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, and Houston being a growing hot spots for the migrants of The New Great Migration. The percentage of Black Americans who live in the South has been increasing since 1990, and the biggest gains have been in the region's large urban areas, according to census data. The Black population of metro Atlanta more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, surpassing 2 million in the most recent census. The Black population also more than doubled in metro Charlotte while Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth both saw their Black populations surpass 1 million for the first time. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio;<sup id="cite_ref-expressnews.com_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expressnews.com-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary destinations are states that have the most job opportunities, especially <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Other southern states, including <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, have seen little net growth in the African American population from return migration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#Battle_flag" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate battle flag</a> is used as a symbol to identify the South, states' rights and Southern tradition. Such groups as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a> have a high regard for the secession movement of 1860, citing a desire to protect and defend Southern heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous political battles have erupted nationally and within the South over flying the Confederate flag over state capitols, and the naming of public buildings or highways after Confederate leaders, the prominence of certain statues and monuments, and the everyday display of Confederate insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other symbols of the South include the <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">Bonnie Blue Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolia</a> trees, and the song "<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_centers">Population centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Population centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South was predominately rural up until the 1940s. Since the mid-20th century, the population has increasingly grown in urban and metropolitan areas. The following tables show the twenty largest cities, counties, metropolitan and combined statistical areas in the South. <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> is the largest city in the Southern United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Houston_night.jpg/220px-Houston_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Houston_night.jpg/330px-Houston_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Houston_night.jpg/440px-Houston_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dallas_view.jpg/220px-Dallas_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dallas_view.jpg/330px-Dallas_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dallas_view.jpg/440px-Dallas_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5951" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Skyline_2011_-_Ricky_W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg/220px-Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg/330px-Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg/440px-Downtown_Oklahoma_City_skyline_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg/220px-Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg/330px-Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg/440px-Nashville_panorama_Kaldari_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg/220px-WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg/330px-WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg/440px-WashMonument_WhiteHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Louisville,_Kentucky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/220px-Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/330px-Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg/440px-Downtown_Louisville%2C_Kentucky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg/220px-A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg/330px-A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg/440px-A_view_of_the_skyline_during_Light_City_2018_in_Baltimore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5872" data-file-height="3915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_Skyline_(26739424722).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg/220px-Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg/330px-Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg/440px-Atlanta_Skyline_%2826739424722%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Miami_skyline.jpg/220px-Miami_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Miami_skyline.jpg/330px-Miami_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Miami_skyline.jpg/440px-Miami_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg/220px-Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg/330px-Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg/440px-Tampa_Florida_November_2013-3g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11522" data-file-height="4871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/330px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/440px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Rank </th> <th valign="bottom">City </th> <th valign="bottom">State </th> <th valign="bottom">Population (2021 est.) <p><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th valign="bottom">National Rank </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,288,250 </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">1,451,853 </td> <td align="center">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">1,288,457 </td> <td align="center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">964,177 </td> <td align="center">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">954,614 </td> <td align="center">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">935,508 </td> <td align="center">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">879,709 </td> <td align="center">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> </td> <td align="right">687,725 </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td align="right">678,851 </td> <td align="center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">678,415 </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </td> <td>--- </td> <td align="right">670,050 </td> <td align="center">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> </td> <td align="right">628,594 </td> <td align="center">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td align="right">628,127 </td> <td align="center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td align="right">576,498 </td> <td align="center">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">496,461 </td> <td align="center">38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">469,124 </td> <td align="center">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </td> <td align="right">457,672 </td> <td align="center">42 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">439,890 </td> <td align="center">44 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> </td> <td align="right">411,401 </td> <td align="center">47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">387,050 </td> <td align="center">52 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_counties">Major counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Major counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Rank </th> <th valign="bottom">County </th> <th valign="bottom">Seat </th> <th valign="bottom">State </th> <th valign="bottom">Population (2021 est.) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">4,779,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">2,721,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,647,850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,144,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas" title="Bexar County, Texas">Bexar County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,048,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,966,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="West Palm Beach, Florida">West Palm Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,524,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida" title="Hillsborough County, Florida">Hillsborough County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,512,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida" title="Orange County, Florida">Orange County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,417,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas">Travis County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">1,328,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wake County, North Carolina">Wake County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,152,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </td> <td align="right">1,145,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_North_Carolina" title="Mecklenburg County, North Carolina">Mecklenburg County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,143,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McKinney,_Texas" title="McKinney, Texas">McKinney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">1,095,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia" title="Fulton County, Georgia">Fulton County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">1,091,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td align="right">1,055,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">978,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duval_County,_Florida" title="Duval County, Florida">Duval County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">975,961 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwinnett_County,_Georgia" title="Gwinnett County, Georgia">Gwinnett County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia" title="Lawrenceville, Georgia">Lawrenceville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">954,076 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas" title="Denton County, Texas">Denton County</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">944,139 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_metropolitan_areas">Major metropolitan areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Major metropolitan areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Rank </th> <th valign="bottom">Metropolitan Statistical Area </th> <th valign="bottom">State(s) </th> <th valign="bottom">Population<br />(2018 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th valign="bottom">National Rank </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">7,573,136 </td> <td align="center">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">6,997,384 </td> <td align="center">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington-Arlington-Alexandria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>-<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a>-<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">DC</a> </td> <td align="right">6,280,487 </td> <td align="center">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">6,166,488 </td> <td align="center">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">6,020,364 </td> <td align="center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area" title="Tampa Bay area">Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">3,194,831 </td> <td align="center">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore-Columbia-Towson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td align="right">2,800,053 </td> <td align="center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area" title="Charlotte metropolitan area">Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> </td> <td align="right">2,636,883 </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Orlando" title="Greater Orlando">Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">2,608,147 </td> <td align="center">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio" title="Greater San Antonio">San Antonio-New Braunfels</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,518,036 </td> <td align="center">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky</a>*<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> </td> <td align="right">2,190,209 </td> <td align="center">29 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">2,168,316 </td> <td align="center">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a> </td> <td align="right">2,020,000<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td align="right">1,930,961 </td> <td align="center">36 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a>-<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,676,822 </td> <td align="center">37 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_metropolitan_area" title="Jacksonville metropolitan area">Jacksonville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,559,514 </td> <td align="center">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_metropolitan_area" title="Oklahoma City metropolitan area">Oklahoma City-Norman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">OK</a> </td> <td align="right">1,396,445 </td> <td align="center">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Raleigh-Cary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,362,540 </td> <td align="center">42 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis-Forrest City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> </td> <td align="right">1,350,620 </td> <td align="center">43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond-Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </td> <td align="right">1,291,900 </td> <td align="center">44 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td align="right">1,297,310 </td> <td align="center">45 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans-Metairie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> </td> <td align="right">1,261,726 </td> <td align="center">47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham-Hoover</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,114,262 </td> <td align="center">50 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Asterisk indicates part of the metropolitan area is outside the states classified as Southern by the U.S. Census Bureau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_combined_statistical_areas">Major combined statistical areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Major combined statistical areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Rank </th> <th valign="bottom">Combined Statistical Area </th> <th valign="bottom">State(s) </th> <th valign="bottom">Population (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington-Baltimore-Arlington</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">DC</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>-<a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a>-<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td align="right">9,764,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">7,846,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston-The Woodlands-Baytown</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td align="right">7,093,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area#Miami-Port_Saint_Lucie-Fort_Lauderdale_Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">6,828,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlanta" title="Metro Atlanta">Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">6,555,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Orlando" title="Greater Orlando">Orlando-Deltona-Daytona Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </td> <td align="right">3,284,198 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area" title="Charlotte metropolitan area">Charlotte-Concord</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> </td> <td align="right">2,684,121 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td align="right">2,238,265 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">2,199,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td align="right">2,027,489 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Virginia Beach-Norfolk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a>-<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,829,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Triad" title="Piedmont Triad">Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,663,532 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_metropolitan_area" title="Jacksonville metropolitan area">Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a>-<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </td> <td align="right">1,631,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville/Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Madison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td align="right">1,522,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans-Metairie-Hammond_combined_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans-Metairie-Hammond combined statistical area">New Orleans-Metairie-Hammond</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> </td> <td align="right">1,510,162 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_metropolitan_area" title="Oklahoma City metropolitan area">Oklahoma City-Shawnee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> </td> <td align="right">1,455,935 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson,_SC_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area">Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> </td> <td align="right">1,460,036 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis-Forrest City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> </td> <td align="right">1,374,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega,_AL_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega, AL Combined Statistical Area">Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> </td> <td align="right">1,364,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville,_OK_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville, OK Combined Statistical Area">Tulsa-Muskogee-Bartlesville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> </td> <td align="right">1,160,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_states">Southern states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Southern states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are states that are defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> as the Southern United States. Washington, D.C. is located in the Southern United States region as defined by the Census Bureau, but serves as the capital city of the United States, and is not a state. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Rank </th> <th valign="bottom">State </th> <th valign="bottom">Capital </th> <th valign="bottom">Population (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th valign="bottom">National Rank </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>Texas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> </td> <td align="center">29,145,505 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>Florida </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a> </td> <td align="center">21,538,187 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>Georgia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> </td> <td align="center">10,711,908 </td> <td align="center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>North Carolina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> </td> <td align="center">10,439,388 </td> <td align="center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td>Virginia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> </td> <td align="center">8,631,393 </td> <td align="center">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td>Tennessee </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> </td> <td align="center">6,910,840 </td> <td align="center">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td>Maryland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a> </td> <td align="center">6,177,224 </td> <td align="center">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>South Carolina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a> </td> <td align="center">5,118,425 </td> <td align="center">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td>Alabama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> </td> <td align="center">5,024,279 </td> <td align="center">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td>Louisiana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> </td> <td align="center">4,657,757 </td> <td align="center">25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td>Kentucky </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a> </td> <td align="center">4,505,836 </td> <td align="center">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td>Oklahoma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> </td> <td align="center">3,959,353 </td> <td align="center">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td>Arkansas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a> </td> <td align="center">3,011,524 </td> <td align="center">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td>Mississippi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a> </td> <td align="center">2,961,279 </td> <td align="center">34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td>West Virginia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a> </td> <td align="center">1,793,716 </td> <td align="center">39 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td>Delaware </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a> </td> <td align="center">989,948 </td> <td align="center">45 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albion%27s_Seed" title="Albion's Seed">Albion's Seed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">Antebellum architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">List of plantations in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_honor_(Southern_United_States)" title="Culture of honor (Southern United States)">Culture of honor (Southern United States)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_art" title="Southern art">Southern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hospitality" title="Southern hospitality">Southern hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southernization" title="Southernization">Southernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern literature">Southern literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CensusBureau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusBureau_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004241/https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf">"Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202412/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Change+in+Resident+Population+of+the+50+States%2C+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+1910+to+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fpopulation-change-data-table.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_South-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_South_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_South_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/the-South-region">The South</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711085417/https://www.britannica.com/place/the-South-region">Archived</a> July 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Retrieved June 5, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., are identified in a number of sources as Northeastern: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221327/http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/">"About – CSG"</a>. <i>csg-erc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/">the original</a> on June 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csg-erc.org&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+CSG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csg-erc.org%2Fabout-csg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm">"Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>bls.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708094045/http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bls.gov&rft.atitle=Home+%3A+Geographic+Information+%3A+U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fregions%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers">"Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)"</a>. <i>noaa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629052132/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Regional+Climate+Centers+%E2%80%93+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information+%28NCEI%29+formerly+known+as+National+Climatic+Data+Center+%28NCDC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fcustomer-support%2Fpartnerships%2Fregional-climate-centers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx">"Region and Area Maps"</a>. <i>scouting.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205651/http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scouting.org&rft.atitle=Region+and+Area+Maps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouting.org%2FHome%2FOutdoorProgram%2FProperties%2FRegion%2520and%2520Area%2520Maps.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm">"Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305213420/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Northeast+Regional+Office+%E2%80%93+National+Historic+Landmarks+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fcontact%2Fnero.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219134403/https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarreau1982" class="citation book cs1">Garreau, Joel (1982). <i>The Nine Nations of North America</i>. Avon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-57885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-57885-6"><bdi>978-0-380-57885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Nations+of+North+America&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-380-57885-6&rft.aulast=Garreau&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2012" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Colin (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannationsh0000wood"><i>American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312202-9"><bdi>978-0-14-312202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Nations%3A+A+History+of+the+Eleven+Rival+Regional+Cultures+of+North+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-312202-9&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericannationsh0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geography.vt.edu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geography.vt.edu_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101170046/http://www.geography.vt.edu/sedaag/">"Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geography.vt.edu/sedaag/">the original</a> on January 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Division+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geography.vt.edu%2Fsedaag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/sections/se/">"Geological Society of America – Southeastern Section"</a>. <i>geosociety.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701183006/http://www.geosociety.org/Sections/se/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geosociety.org&rft.atitle=Geological+Society+of+America+%E2%80%93+Southeastern+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2Fsections%2Fse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123648/http://www.slcatlanta.org/staff_and_structure/officers.shtml">"Southern Legislative Conference – Serving the South"</a>. <i>slcatlanta.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slcatlanta.org/staff_and_structure/officers.shtml">the original</a> on October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slcatlanta.org&rft.atitle=Southern+Legislative+Conference+%E2%80%93+Serving+the+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slcatlanta.org%2Fstaff_and_structure%2Fofficers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune,_Lawrence_E" class="citation web cs1">Bethune, Lawrence E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm">"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775"</a>. <i>Lawrence E. Bethune's M.U.S.I.C.s Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+E.+Bethune%27s+M.U.S.I.C.s+Project&rft.atitle=Scots+to+Colonial+North+Carolina+Before+1775&rft.au=Bethune%2C+Lawrence+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalhousielodge.org%2FThesis%2Fscotstonc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenPardelliTimmons2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Jeffrey; Pardelli, Giuliana; Timmons, Jeffrey F. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/representation-and-taxation-in-the-american-south-18201910/1B32EABA137128C2E9C15F2480196470">"Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Press</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009122825">10.1017/9781009122825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009122825" title="Special:BookSources/9781009122825"><bdi>9781009122825</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266475609">266475609</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023035002/https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/representation-and-taxation-in-the-american-south-18201910/1B32EABA137128C2E9C15F2480196470">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=Representation+and+Taxation+in+the+American+South%2C+1820%E2%80%931910&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266475609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009122825&rft.isbn=9781009122825&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Pardelli%2C+Giuliana&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Jeffrey+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Felements%2Frepresentation-and-taxation-in-the-american-south-18201910%2F1B32EABA137128C2E9C15F2480196470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mickey_2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mickey_2015_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mickey_2015_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickey2015" class="citation book cs1">Mickey, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691133386/paths-out-of-dixie"><i>Paths Out of Dixie</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13338-6"><bdi>978-0-691-13338-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226001709/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691133386/paths-out-of-dixie">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Save+a+Constitutional+Democracy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Huq%2C+Aziz+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FH%2Fbo28381225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuo_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuo_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo, Didi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227165741/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e6bc/5d22b1a863a8f2010db62f012f4778947d8f.pdf">"Comparing America: Reflections on Democracy across Subfields"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 788–800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719001014">10.1017/S1537592719001014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202249318">202249318</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundary-control/subnational-authoritarianism-in-the-united-states/85765543D8C22FBA874D213C5D73144E">"Subnational Authoritarianism in the United States"</a>. <i>Boundary Control</i>. pp. 35–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139017992">10.1017/CBO9781139017992</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139017992" title="Special:BookSources/9781139017992"><bdi>9781139017992</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830165134/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundary-control/subnational-authoritarianism-in-the-united-states/85765543D8C22FBA874D213C5D73144E">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Odum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46514"><i>Southern regions of the United States</i></a> (1936), University of North Carolina Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Mark, and Rob Vaughan, <i>The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperKnotts2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. 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(October 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://werehistory.org/disenfranchisement/">The Process of Disfranchisment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829005646/http://werehistory.org/disenfranchisement/">Archived</a> August 29, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>werehistory.org</i>. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/feb/07/gop-eyes-potential-seats-in-mid-south/">"GOP eyes potential for picking up U.S. House seats in Mid-South"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113092853/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/feb/07/gop-eyes-potential-seats-in-mid-south/">Archived</a> January 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Memphis Commercial Appeal</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKdBQFZdVygC&q=mid-south"><i>VA health care resource allocations to medical centers in the Mid South ...</i></a> DIANE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428938656" title="Special:BookSources/9781428938656"><bdi>9781428938656</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814125833/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKdBQFZdVygC&q=mid-south">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VA+health+care+resource+allocations+to+medical+centers+in+the+Mid+South+...&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.isbn=9781428938656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKdBQFZdVygC%26q%3Dmid-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasJones1977" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Richard K.; Jones, Virginia Anne (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZAaHAAACAAJ&q=mid-south">"The Mid-South"</a>. <i>google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813152214/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZAaHAAACAAJ&q=mid-south">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=The+Mid-South&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Virginia+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZAaHAAACAAJ%26q%3Dmid-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyeBrister1986" class="citation book cs1">Dye, David H.; Brister, Ronald C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYOSHQAACAAJ&q=mid-south"><i>The Tchula Period in the Mid-South and Lower Mississippi Valley</i></a>. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780938896487" title="Special:BookSources/9780938896487"><bdi>9780938896487</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816094748/https://books.google.com/books?id=CYOSHQAACAAJ&q=mid-south">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tchula+Period+in+the+Mid-South+and+Lower+Mississippi+Valley&rft.pub=Mississippi+Department+of+Archives+and+History&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780938896487&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Brister%2C+Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYOSHQAACAAJ%26q%3Dmid-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abadi, Mark. 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Federal Aviation Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701113700/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/arc/southern_region/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Region&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Foffice_org%2Fheadquarters_offices%2Farc%2Fsouthern_region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/southeast-area/">"Southeast Area"</a>. Agricultural Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604135837/https://www.ars.usda.gov/southeast-area/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeast+Area&rft.pub=Agricultural+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fsoutheast-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705075545/https://www.nps.gov/orgs/rtca/contactus.htm">"Contact Us"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service.+Rivers%2C+Trails%2C+and+Conservation+Assistance+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Forgs%2Frtca%2Fcontactus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guy_prentice-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guy_prentice_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentice" class="citation web cs1">Prentice, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417212814/http://www.nps.gov/history/seac/SoutheastChronicles/NISI/NISI%20Cultural%20Overview.htm">"Native american archeology and culture history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/seac/SoutheastChronicles/NISI/NISI%20Cultural%20Overview.htm">the original</a> on April 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+american+archeology+and+culture+history&rft.aulast=Prentice&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fseac%2FSoutheastChronicles%2FNISI%2FNISI%2520Cultural%2520Overview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Noble David. <i>Born To Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650</i>, pp. 1–11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521627306" title="Special:BookSources/9780521627306">9780521627306</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2019" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Jeffrey (May 28, 2019). <i>Surviving Genocide</i>. 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Oxford University Press (OUP): 52–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaaa008">10.1093/jahist/jaaa008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Germs%2C+Genocides%2C+and+America%27s+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-76&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaaa008&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Tai+S&rft.au=Kelton%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjahist%252Fjaaa008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilio-Whitaker2019" class="citation book cs1">Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (April 2, 2019). <i>As Long as Grass Grows</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Michael+McDonald%2C+US+Elections+Project%3A+Alabama+Redistricting+Summary%2C+George+Mason+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.gmu.edu%2FRedistricting%2FAL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span>, accessed April 6, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/">"Strikes", Texas Handbook On-Line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527043219/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/">Archived</a> May 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed April 6, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdd01">Jackie McElhaney and Michael V. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=The+South+Remains+a+Black-White+Region&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Andre+M.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Donoghoe%2C+Manann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-south-remains-a-black-white-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2014" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Robinson (September 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/09/the-geography-of-nfl-fandom/379729/">"Here Is Every U.S. County's Favorite Football Team (According to Facebook)"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080305/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/09/the-geography-of-nfl-fandom/379729/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Here+Is+Every+U.S.+County%27s+Favorite+Football+Team+%28According+to+Facebook%29&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2014%2F09%2Fthe-geography-of-nfl-fandom%2F379729%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2019.pdf">"2019 National College Football Attendance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718061918/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/Attendance/2019.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+National+College+Football+Attendance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffs.ncaa.org%2FDocs%2Fstats%2Ffootball_records%2FAttendance%2F2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWriters'_Program_of_the_Work_Projects_Administration_on_the_State_of_Texas1942" class="citation book cs1">Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration on the State of Texas (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/houstonahistory00writmiss#page/215/mode/1up"><i>Houston: A History and Guide</i></a>. 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April 16, 1861. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120093907/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth236140/m1/1/zoom/?q=%22base%20ball%22&zoom=6&lat=2565.42725&lon=2008.57349&layers=BF">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Base+Ball+Club&rft.date=1861-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth236140%2Fm1%2F1%2Fzoom%2F%3Fq%3D%2522base%2520ball%2522%26zoom%3D6%26lat%3D2565.42725%26lon%3D2008.57349%26layers%3DBF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler,_Tami2014" class="citation web cs1">Cutler, Tami (March 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportswriters.net/ncbwa/news/2014/attendance140331.pdf">"2014 Division I Baseball Attendance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Baseball_Writers_Association" title="National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association">National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216084702/http://www.sportswriters.net/ncbwa/news/2014/attendance140331.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Division+I+Baseball+Attendance&rft.pub=National+Collegiate+Baseball+Writers+Association&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.au=Cutler%2C+Tami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportswriters.net%2Fncbwa%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fattendance140331.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/mlb/attendance">"MLB Attendance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016145842/http://espn.go.com/mlb/attendance">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLB+Attendance&rft.pub=ESPN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fmlb%2Fattendance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/37736110/nba-finals-matchup-list-which-teams-won-title">"Every NBA finals matchup and winner"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overweight+and+Obesity&rft.atitle=Adult+Obesity+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fobesity%2Fdata%2Fadult.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2012" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Douglas A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=247wallst.com&rft.atitle=The+Six+Worst+States+for+Sleep&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F247wallst.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2012%2F03%2F09%2Fthe-six-worst-states-for-sleep%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Pomerance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2012/08/16/most-and-least-obese-us-states">"Most and Least Obese U.S. States"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419015540/http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2012/08/16/most-and-least-obese-us-states">Archived</a> April 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>, August 16, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090924231753.htm">"Diabetes Most Prevalent In Southern United States, Study Finds"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906193806/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090924231753.htm">Archived</a> September 6, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a></i>, September 25, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_133821.html">"Southern Diet Might Explain the 'Stroke Belt'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506183056/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_133821.html">Archived</a> May 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>HealthDay</i>, February 7, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Nauert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/news/2011/05/27/u-s-south-has-higher-risk-of-cognitive-decline/26525.html">"U.S. South Has Higher Risk of Cognitive Decline"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503011100/http://psychcentral.com/news/2011/05/27/u-s-south-has-higher-risk-of-cognitive-decline/26525.html">Archived</a> May 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Psych Central</i>, May 27, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenCumminsFuchs2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen, Mark R.; Cummins, Clint; Fuchs, Victor R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328498">"Geographic and Racial Variation in Premature Mortality in the U.S.: Analyzing the Disparities"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (4): e32930. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...732930C">2012PLoSO...732930C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032930">10.1371/journal.pone.0032930</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328498">3328498</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22529892">22529892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Geographic+and+Racial+Variation+in+Premature+Mortality+in+the+U.S.%3A+Analyzing+the+Disparities&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e32930&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328498%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22529892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...732930C&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft.au=Cummins%2C+Clint&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Victor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC" class="citation web cs1">CDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db64.htm#fig4">"Death in the United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813143258/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db64.htm#fig4">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+United+States&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fdatabriefs%2Fdb64.htm%23fig4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenelon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fenelon, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109895">"Geographic Divergence in Mortality in the United States"</a>. <i>Population and Development Review</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 611–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2013.00630.x">10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00630.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109895">4109895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25067863">25067863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Geographic+Divergence+in+Mortality+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-634&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4109895%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25067863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4457.2013.00630.x&rft.aulast=Fenelon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4109895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiess,_AJ_and_Elixhauser_A2014" class="citation web cs1">Wiess, AJ and Elixhauser A (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp">"Overview of Hospital Utilization, 2012"</a>. <i>HCUP Statistical Brief No. 180</i>. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133935/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HCUP+Statistical+Brief+No.+180&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Hospital+Utilization%2C+2012&rft.date=2014-10&rft.au=Wiess%2C+AJ+and+Elixhauser+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcup-us.ahrq.gov%2Freports%2Fstatbriefs%2Fsb179-Emergency-Department-Trends.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorio_CM,_Andrews_RM2014" class="citation journal cs1">Torio CM, Andrews RM (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb178-Preventable-Hospitalizations-by-Region.jsp">"Geographic Variation in Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Acute and Chronic Conditions, 2005–2011"</a>. <i>HCUP Statistical Brief No. 178</i>. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411684">25411684</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224192019/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb178-Preventable-Hospitalizations-by-Region.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HCUP+Statistical+Brief+No.+178&rft.atitle=Geographic+Variation+in+Potentially+Preventable+Hospitalizations+for+Acute+and+Chronic+Conditions%2C+2005%E2%80%932011&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25411684&rft.au=Torio+CM%2C+Andrews+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcup-us.ahrq.gov%2Freports%2Fstatbriefs%2Fsb178-Preventable-Hospitalizations-by-Region.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Stiles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/17/398019555/the-state-of-the-cancer-nation">"The State of the Cancer Nation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506105900/http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/17/398019555/the-state-of-the-cancer-nation">Archived</a> May 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, April 17, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2nd map in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/state.htm">"Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Rates by State"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716185350/https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/state.htm">Archived</a> July 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, August 25, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Perman, <i>Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Key; <i>Southern Politics in State and Nation</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon B. McKinney (2010); <i>Southern Mountain Republicans 1865–1900</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9724-9">978-0-8078-9724-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The classic study is V.O. Key, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiESAAAAYAAJ"><i>Southern politics in State and Nation</i> (1949)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427064828/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiESAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> April 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numan V. Bartley, <i>The New South, 1945–1980</i> (1995) pp 455–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Cosman, <i>Five States for Goldwater Continuity and Change in Southern Presidential Voting Patterns</i> (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Chalmers, <i>Backfire: how the Ku Klux Klan helped the civil rights movement</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartley, <i>The New South</i> pp 408–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Black and Merle Black, <i>The Rise of Southern Republicans</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Martin, <i>With God On Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent J. Aucoin, "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation." <i>Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i> 55.2 (1996): 173–193 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40030963">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807081845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40030963">Archived</a> August 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numan V. Bartley, <i>The New South, 1945–1980: the story of the South's modernization</i> (1995) pp 61, 67–73, 92, 101; quoting p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-10/romney-bus-tour-charts-course-for-battlegrounds-obama-won">Romney Bus Tour Charts Course for Battlegrounds Obama Won</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813022450/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-10/romney-bus-tour-charts-course-for-battlegrounds-obama-won">Archived</a> August 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Businessweek. August 10, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katzman, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Don_Haskins" title="Don Haskins">Don Haskins</a> and Dan Wetzel, <i>My Story of the 1966 NCAA Basketball Championship and How One Team Triumphed Against the Odds and Changed America Forever</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles H. Martin, "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow in Southern College Sports: The Case of the Atlantic Coast Conference." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 76.3 (1999): 253–284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23522657">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418053400/http://www.jstor.org/stable/23522657">Archived</a> April 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pennington, <i>Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football</i> (McFarland, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamela Grundy, <i>Learning to Win: Sports, Education, and Social Change in Twentieth-Century North Carolina</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 2003) p 297; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flexpub.com/preview/learning-to-win">preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Allison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Framing-South-Hollywood-Television-Struggle/dp/0801866154/"><i>Framing the South: Hollywood, television, and race during the Civil Rights Struggle</i> (2001).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010054344/https://www.amazon.com/Framing-South-Hollywood-Television-Struggle/dp/0801866154">Archived</a> October 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Home:_Birmingham,_Alabama_-_The_Climactic_Battle_of_the_Civil_Rights_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama - The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution">Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama - The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution</a></i> (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey W. Grantham, <i>The South in Modern America</i> (1994) 228–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan T. Carter, <i>The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics</i> (LSU Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Gilbert, "John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 12.3 (1982): 386–399. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547837">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070716/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547837">Archived</a> August 5, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garth E. Pauley, "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964." <i>Southern Journal of Communication</i> 63.1 (1997): 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grantham, <i>The South in Modern America </i>(1994) 234–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Garrow, <i>Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference</i> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeanne Theoharis, <i>A More Beautiful and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History</i> (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For primary sources see John A. Kirk, ed., <i>The Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary Reader</i> (2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/7234/US-Race-Relations-Region-South.aspx">"Gallup Poll: U.S. race relations by region; The South"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527064428/http://www.gallup.com/poll/7234/US-Race-Relations-Region-South.aspx">Archived</a> May 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. November 19, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5261746">"Tracking New Trends in Race Migration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Notes" title="News & Notes">News & Notes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. March 14, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518011612/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5261746">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Notes&rft.atitle=Tracking+New+Trends+in+Race+Migration&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5261746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memphis.bizjournals.com/memphis/stories/2003/01/13/daily9.html">"Study shows Memphis among most integrated cities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals" title="American City Business Journals">Memphis Business Journal</a></i>. January 13, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040325124931/http://memphis.bizjournals.com/memphis/stories/2003/01/13/daily9.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memphis+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Study+shows+Memphis+among+most+integrated+cities&rft.date=2003-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemphis.bizjournals.com%2Fmemphis%2Fstories%2F2003%2F01%2F13%2Fdaily9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauerRyan_S._King2007" class="citation web cs1">Mauer, Marc; Ryan S. King (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_stateratesofincbyraceandethnicity.pdf">"Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration By Race and Ethnicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Sentencing_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentencing Project">The Sentencing Project</a>. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710063352/http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_stateratesofincbyraceandethnicity.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uneven+Justice%3A+State+Rates+of+Incarceration+By+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+Sentencing+Project&rft.date=2007-07&rft.aulast=Mauer&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Ryan+S.+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentencingproject.org%2Fdoc%2Fpublications%2Frd_stateratesofincbyraceandethnicity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> (Report.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expressnews.com-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expressnews.com_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hare2021" class="citation news cs1">O'Hare, By Peggy (August 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Latinos-Black-communities-grow-in-San-Antonio-16385595.php">"Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines"</a>. <i>San Antonio Express-News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301110840/https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Latinos-Black-communities-grow-in-San-Antonio-16385595.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Antonio+Express-News&rft.atitle=Latinos%2C+Blacks+Show+Strong+Growth+in+San+Antonio+as+White+Population+Declines&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=O%27Hare&rft.aufirst=By+Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressnews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FLatinos-Black-communities-grow-in-San-Antonio-16385595.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltonHardenSchaul2022" class="citation news cs1">Felton, Emmanuel; Harden, John D.; Schaul, Kevin (January 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223173307/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/14/black-migration-south/">"Still looking for a 'Black mecca,' the new Great Migration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/14/black-migration-south/">the original</a></span> on December 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Still+looking+for+a+%27Black+mecca%2C%27+the+new+Great+Migration&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Harden%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Schaul%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2022%2F01%2F14%2Fblack-migration-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leagueofthesouth.com/corebeliefs/">"Core Beliefs Statement of The League of the South"</a>. <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a>. June 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214062210/https://leagueofthesouth.com/corebeliefs/">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Core+Beliefs+Statement+of+The+League+of+the+South&rft.pub=League+of+the+South&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleagueofthesouth.com%2Fcorebeliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Horowitz, <i>Confederates in the Attic</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezRichardsonMcNinch-Su2000" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC"><i>Confederate Symbols</i></a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813017587" title="Special:BookSources/9780813017587"><bdi>9780813017587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917205225/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Symbols&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780813017587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERsyiUOYI4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928171234/https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020%E2%80%932021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Fdatasets%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">"Table 4. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical (CBSA-EST2012-01)"</a>. <i>March 2018 United States Census</i>. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616024757/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=March+2018+United+States+Census&rft.atitle=Table+4.+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Population+of+Metropolitan+and+Micropolitan+Statistical+%28CBSA-EST2012-01%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2012 Census population estimate for the part within the South (Kentucky) is 431,997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datausa.io/profile/geo/san-juan-caguas-guaynabo-pr-metro-area/">San Juan-Carolina-Caguas, PR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417040955/https://datausa.io/profile/geo/san-juan-caguas-guaynabo-pr-metro-area/">Archived</a> April 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Datausa.io. Retrieved June 30, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2017+%E2%80%93+United+States+%E2%80%93+Combined+Statistical+Area%3B+and+for+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Population+Division&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FPEP%2F2017%2FGCTPEPANNR.US41PR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_John_O._and_Clayton_E._Jewett2004" class="citation book cs1">Allen, John O. and Clayton E. Jewett (2004). <i>Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32019-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+South%3A+A+State-by-State+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32019-4&rft.au=Allen%2C+John+O.+and+Clayton+E.+Jewett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ayers, Edward L. <i>What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History</i> (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05947-2">978-0-393-05947-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers,_Edward_L.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Ayers" title="Edward L. Ayers">Ayers, Edward L.</a> (1993). <i>The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508548-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+the+New+South%3A+Life+after+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508548-8&rft.au=Ayers%2C+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington,_Monroe_Lee1975" class="citation book cs1">Billington, Monroe Lee (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalsouthin00bill"><i>The Political South in the 20th Century</i></a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13983-8"><bdi>978-0-684-13983-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+South+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-684-13983-8&rft.au=Billington%2C+Monroe+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalsouthin00bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Earl & Black, Merle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofsouthernre00earl_0"><i>The Rise of Southern Republicans</i></a>. Belknap press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01248-6"><bdi>978-0-674-01248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Southern+Republicans&rft.pub=Belknap+press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01248-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft.au=Black%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofsouthernre00earl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cash, Wilbur J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMindOfTheSouthW.J.Cash/mode/2up"><i>The Mind of the South</i></a> (1941). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73647-9">978-0-679-73647-9</a>.</li> <li>Cooper, Christopher A. and H. Gibbs Knotts, eds. <i>The New Politics of North Carolina</i> (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5876-9">978-0-8078-5876-9</a></li> <li>Davis, Donald, and Mark R. Stoll. <i>Southern United States: An Environmental History</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9780-7">978-1-8510-9780-7</a></li> <li>Edwards, Laura F. "Southern History as U.S. History", <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, 75 (Aug. 2009), 533–64.</li> <li>Flynt, J. Wayne <i>Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites</i> (1979). Deals with the 20th century. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2532-1736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2532-1736-3">978-0-2532-1736-3</a></li> <li>Frederickson, Kari. (2013). <i>Cold War Dixie: Militarization and Modernization in the American South.</i> Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_D._Genovese1976" class="citation book cs1">Eugene D. Genovese (1976). <i>Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made</i>. New York: Vintage Books. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71652-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71652-7"><bdi>978-0-394-71652-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roll%2C+Jordan%2C+Roll%3A+The+World+the+Slaves+Made&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-394-71652-7&rft.au=Eugene+D.+Genovese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grantham, Dewey W. <i>The South in modern America</i> (2001) survey covers 1877–2000.</li> <li>Grantham, Dewey W. <i>The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History</i> (1992).</li> <li>Jensen, Jeffrey; Pardelli, Giuliana; Timmons, Jeffrey F. 2023. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/representation-and-taxation-in-the-american-south-18201910/1B32EABA137128C2E9C15F2480196470">Representation and Taxation in the American South, 1820–1910</a></i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Johnson, Charles S. <i>Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties</i> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATjQAAAAMAAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Katzman1996" class="citation book cs1">David M. Katzman (1996). "Black Migration". <i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Migration&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.au=David+M.+Katzman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Key_Jr." title="V. O. Key Jr.">Key, V. O.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernpolitics0000keyv_d3i3"><i>Southern Politics in State and Nation</i></a> (1951). Classic political analysis, state by state.</li> <li>Kirby, Jack Temple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruralworldslosta0000kirb"><i>Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960</i></a> (LSU Press, 1986). Major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Kreyling1998" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kreyling (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66"><i>Inventing Southern Literature</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventingsouther00krey_0/page/66">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-045-0"><bdi>978-1-57806-045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Southern+Literature&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-045-0&rft.au=Michael+Kreyling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventingsouther00krey_0%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayford_Logan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a> (1997). <i>The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80758-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+Negro+from+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+to+Woodrow+Wilson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80758-9&rft.au=Rayford+Logan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McWhiney, Grady. <i>Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South</i> (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817304584" title="Special:BookSources/9780817304584">9780817304584</a></li> <li>Mark, Rebecca, and Rob Vaughan. <i>The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures</i> (2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286977645">"A More Southern Environmental History"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 581–598.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+More+Southern+Environmental+History&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=581-598&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F286977645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Odem, Mary E. and Elaine Lacy, eds. <i>Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South</i> (U of Georgia Press, 2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitz,_Howard_N.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinowitz, Howard N. (September 1976). "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865–1890". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 325–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1899640">10.2307/1899640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899640">1899640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=From+Exclusion+to+Segregation%3A+Southern+Race+Relations%2C+1865%E2%80%931890&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325-350&rft.date=1976-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1899640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1899640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+Howard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol_C._Rae1994" class="citation book cs1">Nicol C. Rae (1994). <i>Southern Democrats</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508709-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508709-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508709-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Democrats&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508709-3&rft.au=Nicol+C.+Rae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_A._Raffel1998" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey A. Raffel (1998). <i>Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29502-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29502-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+School+Segregation+and+Desegregation%3A+The+American+Experience&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29502-7&rft.au=Jeffrey+A.+Raffel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rivers, Larry E., and Canter Brown, eds. <i>The Varieties of Women's Experiences: Portraits of Southern Women in the Post-Civil War Century</i> (UP of Florida, 2010).</li> <li>Thornton III, J. Mills. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/48143"><i>Archipelagoes of My South: Episodes in the Shaping of a Region, 1830–1965</i></a> (2016)</li> <li>Tindall, George B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnewso00tind"><i>The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Twyman.David_C._Roller1979" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Twyman.; David C. Roller, eds. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_d5d4"><i>Encyclopedia of Southern History</i></a></span>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0575-7"><bdi>978-0-8071-0575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Southern+History&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0575-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofso0000unse_d5d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Virts, Nancy (2006). "Change in the Plantation System: American South, 1910–1945". <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 153–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2005.04.003">10.1016/j.eeh.2005.04.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Change+in+the+Plantation+System%3A+American+South%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-176&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2005.04.003&rft.aulast=Virts&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Jonathan Daniel (2009). "The Southern Middle Class". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 651–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Middle+Class&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=651-&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Charles_ReaganWilliam_Ferris1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Charles Reagan; William Ferris, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso00dia_teb"><i>Encyclopedia of Southern Culture</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1823-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-1823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1823-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofso00dia_teb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, Charles R., ed. (2006-2020) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture</i> (University of North Carolina Press), complete in 24 volumes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/series/new-encyclopedia-southern-culture/?amount=100&supapress_order=publishdate-desc">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward,_C._Vann1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (1955). <i>The Strange Career of Jim Crow</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514690-5"><bdi>978-0-19-514690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Career+of+Jim+Crow&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514690-5&rft.au=Woodward%2C+C.+Vann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woodward, C. Vann. <i>Origins of the New South, 1877–1913: A History of the South</i> (1951). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0009-7">978-0-8071-0009-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Wright1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Wright (1996). <i>Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2098-9"><bdi>978-0-8071-2098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+South%2C+New+South%3A+Revolutions+in+the+Southern+Economy+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2098-9&rft.au=Gavin+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_United_States&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernstudies.olemiss.edu/">Center for the Study of Southern Culture</a> – the research center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>, with a graduate program and undergraduate major in southern studies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Mississippi_Libraries" class="citation web cs1">University of Mississippi Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.olemiss.edu/subject/southernstudies/internet">"Southern Studies"</a>. <i>Library Guides</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Guides&rft.atitle=Southern+Studies&rft.au=University+of+Mississippi+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.olemiss.edu%2Fsubject%2Fsouthernstudies%2Finternet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_North_Carolina,_Southern_Studies" class="citation web cs1">University of North Carolina, Southern Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sostudies/jump.htm">"Southern Studies Jumpgate"</a>. <q>Annotated list of sites</q></cite><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this 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World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_the_Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_the_Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to the Southern United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_personifications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_personifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National personifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaso" title="Huaso">Huaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia 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href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172385572">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244550/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Southern States"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125633">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="États-Unis (sud)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934175m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="États-Unis (sud)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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