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href="#Characteristics_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics of real property</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_real_property-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of real property subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Immobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Externalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_of_urban_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_of_urban_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Supply of urban land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_of_urban_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_real_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identification of real property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estates_and_ownership_interests_defined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estates_and_ownership_interests_defined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Estates and ownership interests defined</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estates_and_ownership_interests_defined-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Estates and ownership interests defined subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estates_and_ownership_interests_defined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bundle_of_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bundle_of_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bundle of rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bundle_of_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_right_to_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_right_to_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The right to transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_right_to_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_right_to_exclude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_right_to_exclude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>The right to exclude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_right_to_exclude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_right_to_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_right_to_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>The right to use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_right_to_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_right_to_destroy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_right_to_destroy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>The right to destroy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_right_to_destroy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ownership_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ownership_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other ownership types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ownership_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdictional_peculiarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdictional_peculiarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jurisdictional peculiarities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisdictional_peculiarities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisdictional peculiarities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisdictional_peculiarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_aspects_of_real_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_aspects_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic aspects of real property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_aspects_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_of_real_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Overview of real property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_law_of_real_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_law_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>The law of real property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_law_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_the_law_of_real_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_the_law_of_real_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Analysis of the law of real property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_the_law_of_real_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Real property</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activit%C3%A9s_en_immobilier" title="Activités en immobilier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Activités en immobilier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%84" title="Անժառանգ գույք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անժառանգ գույք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekayaan_yasan" title="Kekayaan yasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekayaan yasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settore_immobiliare" title="Settore immobiliare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Settore immobiliare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastgoedsector" title="Vastgoedsector – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vastgoedsector" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A3" title="物的財産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物的財産" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legal concept. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_law" title="Template:Property law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law" title="Template talk:Property law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_to_Back_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Back_to_Back_House.jpg/250px-Back_to_Back_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Back_to_Back_House.jpg/375px-Back_to_Back_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Back_to_Back_House.jpg/500px-Back_to_Back_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, <b>real property</b>, <b>real estate</b>, <b>immovable property</b> or, solely in the US and Canada, <b>realty</b>, refers to parcels of land and any associated structures which are the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> of a person. For a structure (also called an <a href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">improvement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">fixture</a>) to be considered part of the real property, it must be integrated with or affixed to the land. This includes crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads. The term is historic, arising from the now-discontinued <a href="/wiki/Form_of_action" title="Form of action">form of action</a>, which distinguished between real property disputes and <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> disputes. Personal property, or personalty, was, and continues to be, all property that is not real property. </p><p>In countries with personal ownership of real property, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> protects the status of real property in real-estate markets, where <a href="/wiki/Estate_agent" title="Estate agent">estate agents</a> work in the market of buying and selling real estate. Scottish civil law calls real property <b>heritable property</b>, and in French-based law, it is called <i>immobilier</i> ("immovable property"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "real" derives from Latin <i>res</i> ("thing"). Under European civil law, a lawsuit that seeks official recognition of a property right is known as an <i>actio <a href="/wiki/In_rem" class="mw-redirect" title="In rem">in rem</a></i> (action in relation to a thing). This contrasts with an <i>actio <a href="/wiki/In_personam" title="In personam">in personam</a></i> in which the plaintiff seeks relief for the actions of a particular person. The distinction can be subtle; the medieval action of <i><a href="/wiki/Novel_disseisin" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel disseisin">novel disseisin</a></i>, although aimed at repossessing land, was not an <i>actio in rem</i> because it was brought against the alleged dispossessor.<sup id="cite_ref-maitland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maitland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton" title="Henry de Bracton">Henry de Bracton</a>'s <i>Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England</i> is credited with giving "real property" its particular meaning in English law. After discussing the distinction in civil law, Bracton proposed that actions for movable property were inherently actions for relief, and that therefore an <i>actio in rem</i> could be brought only upon immovable property.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is not accepted in continental civil law, but can be understood in the context of legal developments during Bracton's lifetime. In thirteenth-century England the courts of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> claimed broad authority to interpret <a href="/wiki/Last_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will">wills</a>, but inheritance of land remained a matter for the royal courts. Laws governing the conveyance of land and that of movable <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> then developed along different paths.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern legal systems derived from English common law, the classification of property as real or personal may vary somewhat according to jurisdiction or, even within jurisdictions, according to purpose, as in defining whether and how the property may be taxed. <a href="/wiki/Houseboat" title="Houseboat">Houseboats</a>, for example, occupy a gray area between personal and real property, and may be treated as either according to jurisdiction or circumstance. Bethell (1998) contains much information on the historical evolution of real property and property rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_real_property">Characteristics of real property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immobility">Immobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real property is immobile. Owners cannot move their land to a better location, such as another city, for sale. Thus the fixed location of a parcel of land directly affects, and is a major determinant of, its value.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, products of the land, such as minerals and crops, can be transported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externalities">Externalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Externalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes that take place nearby will directly affect the real property's value. Real property is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> due to its immobile nature. External factors outside of the real property will affect the value of the real property, for example, the noises that neighboring people and construction sites produce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A location of desired resources will draw attention to the location. Natural locational attractions include water supply, climate, soil fertility, water frontage, and mineral deposits. As the area develops revolving around such natural resources, these developments become components to look for when determining land use and real property values. The surrounding development and proximity, such as markets and transportation routes, will also determine the value of the real property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_of_urban_land">Supply of urban land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supply of urban land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the overall amount of land (in terms of its surface area) is fixed, the supply of specifically urban land may vary. Sometimes urban land is created from previously agricultural land. Usually urban land is more valuable than agricultural land; this creates the incentive to convert non-urban land to urban land. The value of the land is directly associated with its use. Zoning regulations regarding multi-story development are modified to intensify the use of cities, instead of occupying more physical space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_of_real_property">Identification of real property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Identification of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be of any value, a claim to any property must be accompanied by a verifiable and legal <a href="/wiki/Land_description" title="Land description">property description</a>. Such a description usually makes use of natural or man-made boundaries such as seacoasts, rivers, streams, the crests of ridges, <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">lakeshores</a>, highways, roads, and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad track">railroad tracks</a> or purpose-built markers such as <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a>'s posts, iron pins or pipes, concrete monuments, <a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">fences</a>, official government surveying marks (such as ones affixed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geodetic_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a>), and so forth. In many cases, a description refers to one or more lots on a <a href="/wiki/Plat" title="Plat">plat</a>, a map of property boundaries kept in public records. </p><p>These legal descriptions are usually described in two different ways – <a href="/wiki/Metes_and_bounds" title="Metes and bounds">metes and bounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lot_and_block_survey_system" title="Lot and block survey system">lot and block</a>. A third way is the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as used in the United States. </p> <ul><li><b>Metes</b>. The term "metes" refers to a boundary defined by the measurement of each straight run, specified by a distance between the terminal points, and orientation or direction. A direction may be a simple compass bearing (magnetic), or a more precise orientation determined by accurate survey methods.</li> <li><b>Bounds</b>. The term "bounds" refers to a more general boundary description, the <a href="/wiki/Abuttals_and_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuttals and boundaries">abuttals and boundaries</a>, such as along a certain watercourse, a stone wall, an adjoining public roadway, an adjoining property owner, or an existing building. The system is often used to define larger pieces of property (e.g. farms), and political subdivisions (e.g. town boundaries) where the precise definition is not required or would be far too expensive, or previously designated boundaries can be incorporated into the description.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Lot_(real_estate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (real estate)">lot</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">block</a></b> system is perhaps the simplest of the three main survey systems to understand. For a legal description in the lot and block system a description must identify: <ul><li>the individual lot,</li> <li>the block in which the lot is located, if applicable,</li> <li>a reference to a platted subdivision or a phase thereof,</li> <li>a reference to find the cited plat map (i.e., a page and/or volume number), and</li> <li>a description of the map's place of official recording (e.g., <i>recorded in the files of the County Engineer</i>).</li></ul></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meridians-baselines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Principal meridians and Baselines governing the United States Public Land Survey System." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meridians-baselines.png/220px-Meridians-baselines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meridians-baselines.png/330px-Meridians-baselines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meridians-baselines.png/440px-Meridians-baselines.png 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Principal_meridian" title="Principal meridian">Principal meridians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)" title="Baseline (surveying)">Baselines</a> governing the United States <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a></figcaption></figure>The <b>Public Land Survey System</b> (PLSS) is the <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> method developed and used in the United States to divide real property for sale and settling. The PLSS used nominally rectangular shapes to divide. The basic unit in the PLSS is the <a href="/wiki/Section_(surveying)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section (surveying)">Section</a> of land, typically 1-mile square. A 6 x 6-mile grid of sections of landform is what is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Townships_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Townships in the United States">Township</a>. Townships are laid out east and west of a <a href="/wiki/Principal_meridian" title="Principal meridian">Principal meridian</a>, and north and south of a <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)" title="Baseline (surveying)">Baseline</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estates_and_ownership_interests_defined">Estates and ownership interests defined</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estates and ownership interests defined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law recognizes different sorts of interests called <a href="/wiki/Estates_in_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates in land">estates</a>, in real property. The type of estate is usually determined by the language of the <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_sale" title="Bill of sale">bill of sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</a>, etc., through which the estate was acquired. Estates are distinguished by the varying <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property rights</a> that vest in each and determine the duration and transferability of the various estates. A party enjoying an estate is called a "tenant". </p><p>Some important types of <a href="/wiki/Estates_in_the_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates in the land">estates in the land</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a>: An estate of indefinite duration that can be freely transferred. The most common and perhaps most absolute type of estate, under which the tenant enjoys the greatest discretion over the disposal of the property.</li> <li>Fee simple conditional: An estate lasting forever as long as one or more conditions stipulated by the deed's grantor does not occur. If such a condition does occur, the property reverts to the grantor, or a remainder interest is passed on to a third party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a>: An estate which, upon the death of the tenant, is transferred to his or her heirs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a>: An estate lasting for the natural life of the grantee, called a "life tenant". If a life estate can be sold, a sale does not change its duration, which is limited by the natural life of the original grantee.</li> <li>A life estate <i>per autre vie</i> is held by one person for the natural <a href="/wiki/Life_estate#Duration_of_a_life_estate" title="Life estate">life of another person</a>. Such an estate may arise if the original life tenant sells her life estate to another, or if the life estate is originally granted <i>per autre vie</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasehold">Leasehold</a>: An estate of limited term, as set out in a contract, called a lease, between the party granted the leasehold, called the lessee, and another party, called the lessor, having a longer estate in the property. For example, an apartment-dweller with a one-year lease has a leasehold estate in her apartment. Lessees typically agree to pay a stated rent to the lessor. Though a leasehold relates to real property, the leasehold interest is historically classified as personal property.</li></ul> <p>A tenant enjoying an undivided estate in some property after the termination of some estate of limited term is said to have a "future interest". Two important types of future interests are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reversion_(law)" title="Reversion (law)">Reversion</a>: A reversion arises when a tenant grants an estate of a lesser maximum term than his own. Ownership of the land returns to the original tenant when the grantee's estate expires. The original tenant's future interest is a reversion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">Remainder</a>: A remainder arises when a tenant with a fee simple grants someone a life estate or conditional fee simple, and specifies a third party to whom the land goes when the life estate ends or the condition occurs. The third party is said to have a remainder. The third-party may have a legal right to limit the life tenant's use of the land.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estates</a> may be held jointly as <a href="/wiki/Joint_tenants_with_rights_of_survivorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint tenants with rights of survivorship">joint tenants with rights of survivorship</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Tenants_in_common" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants in common">tenants in common</a>. The difference between these two types of joint ownership of an estate in land is basically the inheritability of the estate and the shares of interest that each tenant owns. </p><p>In a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship deed or JTWROS, the death of one tenant means that the surviving tenants become the sole owners of the estate. Nothing passes to the heirs of the deceased tenant. In some jurisdictions, the specific words "with right of survivorship" must be used, or the tenancy will assume to be tenants in common without rights of survivorship. The co-owners always take a JTWROS deed in equal shares, so each tenant must own an equal share of the property regardless of any contribution to the purchase price. If the property is someday sold or subdivided, the proceeds must be distributed equally with no credits given for any excess that any one co-owner may have contributed to purchase the property. </p><p>The death of a co-owner of tenants in common (TIC) deed will have a heritable portion of the estate in proportion to his ownership interest which is presumed to be equal among all tenants unless otherwise stated in the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_deed" title="Transfer deed">transfer deed</a>. However, if TIC property is sold or subdivided, in some States, Provinces, etc., a credit can be automatically made for unequal contributions to the purchase price (unlike a partition of a JTWROS deed). </p><p>Real property may be owned jointly with several tenants, through devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Condominium" title="Condominium">condominium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">building cooperative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bundle_of_rights">Bundle of rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bundle of rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Property consists of what has been referred to as a "bundle of rights" or a "bundle of sticks." The most important "sticks" in the bundle are: the right to transfer, the right to exclude, the right to use, and the right to destroy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_right_to_transfer">The right to transfer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The right to transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also called <i>alienability</i>, the right to transfer means that the owner may freely transfer or <i>alienate</i> his property to anyone. The scope of this right may be limited for public policy reasons; who can transfer, what can be transferred, and how property may be transferred may be regulated. For example, an insane person may neither transfer nor obtain real property; certain types of property may not be transferred at all, while some can be given away but not sold; how property is transferred can be regulated to avoid fraud, uncertainty, or other legal problems. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_right_to_exclude">The right to exclude</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The right to exclude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An owner has a right to exclude any other person from his property. This has been described by the U.S. Supreme Court "as one of the most essential sticks" in the bundle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the owner of a tract of land may prevent anyone else from entering upon it. This right is enforced by the tort of <i>trespass</i>. Some exceptions apply: for example, a farm owner in New Jersey employed several migrant workers who lived on the property during the harvest season. The Supreme Court of New Jersey held that the owner was not entitled to exclude social services and legal counsel from entering the property to provide service to the migrant workers residing on the property.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_right_to_use">The right to use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The right to use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, a landowner had the absolute right to use his property in any way he wished, as long as he did not harm the rights of others. This concept is embodied in the Latin maxim <i>sic utere tuo ut alienum non-laedas</i>, which broadly translates to: use your own property in a manner that does not injure another person's property. As a general rule, a landowner is entitled to use their land as they see fit. The scope of this right is limited in some aspects. For example, an owner may not build a "spite fence" that substantially affects the use of the neighbor's land (e.g. a hotel owner built a wall 85 ft (26 metres) long and 18 ft (5.5 metres) high that blocked the windows of a neighboring hotel owner).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_right_to_destroy">The right to destroy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The right to destroy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is inevitable that most property will eventually be destroyed. A termite-infested house that has outlived its useful life may be demolished to build a new one. However, the scope of this right can be limited. For example, most jurisdictions may not allow an owner to destroy something of substantial value, like a new mansion. In one case, a homeowner directed the executor of her estate to destroy her historic home after her death. The Missouri court held that it would violate public policy to allow the destruction of the home.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ownership_types">Other ownership types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other ownership types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a>: Real property that is independent of any superior landlord. <a href="/wiki/Allodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Allodium">Allodium</a> is "Land held absolutely in one's own right, and not of any lord or superior; land not subject to feudal duties or burdens. An estate held by absolute ownership, without recognizing any superior to whom any duty is due on account thereof."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdictional_peculiarities">Jurisdictional peculiarities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jurisdictional peculiarities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg/220px-Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg/330px-Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg/440px-Kiinteist%C3%B6maailma_Hallituskatu_10_Oulu_20150403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3228" /></a><figcaption>Office of the Kiinteistömaailma real estate agency in <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the law of almost every country, the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> is the ultimate owner of all land under its jurisdiction, because it is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, or supreme lawmaking authority. Physical and corporate persons do not have <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial title</a>; they do not own land but only enjoy estates in the land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, the <a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a> system of real estate ownership is managed and guaranteed by the government and replaces cumbersome tracing of ownership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Torrens title system operates on the principle of "title by registration" (i.e. the indefeasibility of a registered interest) rather than "registration of title". The system does away with the need for a chain of title (i.e. tracing title through a series of documents) and does away with the conveyancing costs of such searches. The State guarantees title and is usually supported by a compensation scheme for those who lose their title due to the State's operation. It has been in practice in all Australian states and New Zealand since between 1858 and 1875, has more recently been extended to <a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">strata title</a>, and has been adopted by many states, provinces and countries, and in modified form in 9 states of the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> is held to be the ultimate owner of all real property in the realm. This fact is material when, for example, the property has been disclaimed by its erstwhile owner, in which case the law of <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a> applies. In some other jurisdictions (not including the United States), real property is held <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">absolutely</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> has retained the common law distinction between real property and personal property, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(private_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (private law)">civil law</a> distinguishes between "movable" and "immovable" property. In English law, real property is not confined to the ownership of property and the buildings sited thereon – often referred to as "land". Real property also includes many legal relationships between individuals or owners of the land that are purely conceptual. One such relationship is the <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a>, where the owner of one property has the right to pass over a neighboring property. Another is the various "incorporeal hereditaments", such as <a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)"><i>profits-à-Prendre</i></a>, where an individual may have the right to take crops from land that is part of another's estate. </p><p>English law retains several forms of property that are largely unknown in other common law jurisdictions such as the <a href="/wiki/Advowson" title="Advowson">advowson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancel_repair_liability" title="Chancel repair liability">chancel repair liability</a> and lordships of the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a>. In the early common law, these are all classified as real property, as they would have been protected by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real action (page does not exist)">real actions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each U.S. State except <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> has its own laws governing real property and the estates therein, grounded in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> real property is generally defined as land and the things permanently attached to the land. Things that are permanently attached to the land, which also can be referred to as <i>improvements</i>, include homes, garages, and buildings. Manufactured homes can obtain an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> of affixture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_aspects_of_real_property">Economic aspects of real property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economic aspects of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land use, land valuation, and the determination of the incomes of landowners are among the oldest questions in economic theory. <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">Land</a> is an essential input (<a href="/w/index.php?title=A_factor_of_production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A factor of production (page does not exist)">a factor of production</a>) for agriculture, and agriculture is by far the most important economic activity in pre-industrial societies. With the advent of industrialization, important new uses for land emerged as sites for factories, warehouses, offices, and urban agglomerations. The value of the real property, taking the form of man-made structures and machinery, generally decreases relative to the value of the land alone. Where industrial, agricultural, and commercial property values depreciate as a result of contamination, extraction, and expected wear and tear, respectively, residential property value depreciation is mitigated by more frequent and affordable maintenance and improvements. </p><p>Starting in the 1960s, as part of the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">law and economics</a>, economists and legal scholars began to study the <a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">property rights</a> enjoyed by tenants under the various estates and the economic benefits and costs of the various estates. This resulted in a much-improved understanding of the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Property right">Property rights</a> enjoyed by tenants under the various estates. These include the right to: <ul><li>Decide how a piece of real property is used;</li> <li>Exclude others from enjoying the property;</li> <li>Transfer (alienate) some or all of these rights to others on mutually agreeable terms;</li></ul></li> <li>Nature and consequences of <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a> when changing and transferring estates.</li></ul> <p>For an introduction to the economic analysis of property law, see Shavell (2004), and Cooter and Ulen (2003). For a collection of related scholarly articles, see Epstein (2007). Ellickson (1993) broadens the economic analysis of real property with a variety of facts drawn from history and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">Fiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ownership_in_Canada" title="Land ownership in Canada">Land ownership in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlord</a></li> <li>Mesne assignment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li>Real estate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Report" title="The Land Report">The Land Report</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-maitland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maitland_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, F. 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UBC Real Estate Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083338764">1083338764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+estate+trading+services+licensing+course+manual&rft.pub=UBC+Real+Estate+Division&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083338764&rft.aulast=Division.&rft.aufirst=Real+Estate+Council+of+British+Columbia.+The+University+of+British+Columbia.+Real+Estate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083338764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blmsurveymanual.org/">"BLM Manual of Surveying Instructions For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States"</a>. <i>www.blmsurveymanual.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.blmsurveymanual.org&rft.atitle=BLM+Manual+of+Surveying+Instructions+For+the+Survey+of+the+Public+Lands+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blmsurveymanual.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprankling2021" class="citation book cs1">Sprankling, John G. (2021). <i>Property : a contemporary approach</i> (Fifth ed.). St. Paul, MN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68467-717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68467-717-7"><bdi>978-1-68467-717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+%3A+a+contemporary+approach&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-68467-717-7&rft.aulast=Sprankling&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16160854243434985019&q=kaiser+aetna+v.+united+states&hl=en&as_sdt=6,26&as_vis=1">"Kaiser Aetna v. United States 444 U.S. 164"</a>. 1979 [Argued 1 October 1979]. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaiser+Aetna+v.+United+States+444+U.S.+164&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D16160854243434985019%26q%3Dkaiser%2Baetna%2Bv.%2Bunited%2Bstates%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D6%2C26%26as_vis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7485975328048715903&q=state+v+shack&hl=en&as_sdt=6,26&as_vis=1">"State v. Shack 277 A.2d 269"</a>. 1971 [Argued 8 March 1971]. p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+v.+Shack+277+A.2d+269&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D7485975328048715903%26q%3Dstate%2Bv%2Bshack%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D6%2C26%26as_vis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2583268537681054534&q=sundowner+inc+v+king&hl=en&as_sdt=6,26&as_vis=1">"Sundowner, Inc. v. King 509 P.2d 785"</a>. 1973. p. 785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sundowner%2C+Inc.+v.+King+509+P.2d+785&rft.pages=785&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D2583268537681054534%26q%3Dsundowner%2Binc%2Bv%2Bking%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D6%2C26%26as_vis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2034358078762812058&q=eyerman+v+mercantile+trust+co+na&hl=en&as_sdt=6,26&as_vis=1">"Eyerman v. Mercantile Trust Co., NA 524 S.W.2d 210"</a>. 1975. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyerman+v.+Mercantile+Trust+Co.%2C+NA+524+S.W.2d+210&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D2034358078762812058%26q%3Deyerman%2Bv%2Bmercantile%2Btrust%2Bco%2Bna%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D6%2C26%26as_vis%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1910" class="citation book cs1">Black, Henry Campbell (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&q=allodium&pg=PA60"><i>Black's Law Dictionary – 2nd Edition</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+2nd+Edition&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Henry+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR2c8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dallodium%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+property" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Realty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Realty">Realty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_real_property">Overview of real property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Overview of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schram, Joseph F., 2006. <i>Real Estate Appraisal</i>, Rockwell Publishing.</li> <li>Moore, Geoff., 2005. <i>Essential Real Property</i>, Psychology Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_law_of_real_property">The law of real property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The law of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stoebuck, W. B., and Dale A. Whitman, 2000. <i>The Law of Property</i>, 3rd. ed. St. Paul MN: West Group Publishing.</li> <li>Thomas, David A., ed., 1996. <i>Thompson on Real Property</i>. Charlottesville VA: Michie Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_the_law_of_real_property">Analysis of the law of real property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_property&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Analysis of the law of real property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ackerman" title="Bruce Ackerman">Ackerman, B.</a>, R. Ellickson, and C.M. Rose, 2002. <i>Perspectives on Property Law</i>, 3rd ed. Aspen Law and Business.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a>, 1998. <i>Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity through the Ages</i>. St Martin's Press. For laypeople.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooter" title="Robert Cooter">Robert Cooter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ulen" title="Thomas Ulen">Thomas Ulen</a>, 2003. <i>Law and Economics</i>, 4th. ed. Addison-Wesley. Chpts. 4,5. Easier text.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ellickson" title="Robert Ellickson">Ellickson, Robert</a>, 1993, "Property in Land," <i>Yale Law Journal</i> 102: 1315–1400.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Allen Epstein">Richard Epstein</a>, ed., 2007, <i>Economics of Property Law</i>. Edward Elgar. An anthology of articles, mostly from the law literature.</li> <li>Shavell, Steven, 2004. <i>Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law</i>. Harvard Univ. Press. Chpts. 2–5. Harder text; extensive references.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a>, 1988. <i>The Right to Private Property</i>. Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswaldo_D._Agcaoili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswaldo D. Agcaoili (page does not exist)">Oswaldo D. Agcaoili</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-23-4501-7" title="Special:BookSources/971-23-4501-7">971-23-4501-7</a>, ed. 2006, <i>Property Registration Code</i>. Agcaoili. Land Titles and Deeds: Property Law and Cases in the Philippines.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_estate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate" title="Template:Real estate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Italy" title="Real estate in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan" title="Real estate in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Panama" title="Real estate in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Real estate in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">Commercial building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Real Estate">Corporate Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_real_estate" title="International real estate">International real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease_administration" title="Lease administration">Lease administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_real_estate" title="Niche real estate">Niche real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden real estate">Garden real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_real_estate" title="Healthcare real estate">Healthcare real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacation property">Vacation property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_property" title="Golf property">Golf property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury real estate">Luxury real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-plan_property" title="Off-plan property">Off-plan property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_real_estate" title="Private equity real estate">Private equity real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_owned" title="Real estate owned">Real estate owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential property">Residential property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">Real estate investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flipping" title="Flipping">Real estate flipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relocation_service" title="Relocation service">Relocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Law</a> and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_of_title" title="Chain of title">Chain of title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_(real_estate)" title="Closing (real estate)">Closing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sale" title="Conditional sale">Conditional sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encumbrance" title="Encumbrance">Encumbrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">Foreclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">Land registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Lease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_abstract" title="Property abstract">Property abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_transaction" title="Real estate transaction">Real estate transaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_contract" title="Real estate contract">Real estate contract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_(land)" title="Severance (land)">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics, financing<br />and valuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset-based_lending" title="Asset-based lending">Asset-based lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_rate" title="Capitalization rate">Capitalization rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_gross_income" title="Effective gross income">Effective gross income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_rent_multiplier" title="Gross rent multiplier">Gross rent multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_loan" title="Hard money loan">Hard money loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_and_best_use" title="Highest and best use">Highest and best use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_equity_loan" title="Home equity loan">Home equity loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_rating_for_real_estate" title="Investment rating for real estate">Investment rating for real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">Mortgage loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_derivative" title="Real estate derivative">Real estate derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate valuation">Real estate valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remortgage" title="Remortgage">Remortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_value" title="Rental value">Rental value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Appraiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer agent">Buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_broker" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer broker">Buyer broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Surveyor" title="Chartered Surveyor">Chartered Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_buyer_agent" title="Exclusive buyer agent">Exclusive buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_manager" title="Property manager">Property manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Real estate broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_club" title="Real estate investment club">Real estate investment club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">Real estate investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Real property administrator">Real property administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Tenant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_companies" title="Category:Real estate companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Graduate real estate education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_indices" title="Category:Real estate indices">Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_industry_trade_groups" title="Category:Real estate industry trade groups">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_real_estate_investment_firms" title="List of real estate investment firms">Investment firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_real_estate" title="Category:Businesspeople in real estate">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_cycle" title="Property cycle">Property cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_trends" title="Real estate trends">Real estate trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_real_estate_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate real estate programs">Undergraduate real estate programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_housing_markets_by_real_estate_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of housing markets by real estate prices">List of housing markets by real estate prices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate" title="Category:Real estate">Category</a></b></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Realty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Realty"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_real_estate_articles" title="Index of real estate articles">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10494269#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642537">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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