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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>National Geodetic Survey</b> (<b>NGS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States federal agency</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> that defines and manages a national <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">coordinate system</a>, providing the foundation for transportation and communication, mapping and charting, and a large number of science and engineering applications. Since its founding in 1970, it has been part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), a division within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg/220px-DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg/330px-DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg/440px-DarienCTUSCoastAndGeodeticSurvey1965Marker11042007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey marker embedded in a large rock in front of the Noroton Volunteer Fire Department in <a href="/wiki/Darien,_Connecticut" title="Darien, Connecticut">Darien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg/220px-Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg/330px-Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg/440px-Geodeticsurveypicwickenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A survey marker in <a href="/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona" title="Wickenburg, Arizona">Wickenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg/220px-East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg/330px-East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg/440px-East_Falls_Church_Station_survey_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A metro survey marker at <a href="/wiki/East_Falls_Church_station" title="East Falls Church station">East Falls Church station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey#History" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey § History</a></div> <p>The National Geodetic Survey's history and heritage are intertwined with those of other NOAA offices. It traces its history to the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_the_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey of the Coast">Survey of the Coast</a>, which was formed in 1807 as the first scientific agency of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a>. It became the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878, the latter name change reflecting the increasing role of <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> in its work. Upon the creation of NOAA in 1970, the Coast and Geodetic Survey was abolished and its responsibilities were split among various agencies and offices of NOAA. The Coast and Geodetic Survey′s former geodetic responsibilities were placed under the new National Geodetic Survey in NOAA's National Ocean Survey (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a>). </p><p>In 2009, former <a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps</a> officer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliana_P._Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliana P. Blackwell (page does not exist)">Juliana P. Blackwell</a> was named NGS Director, becoming the first woman to head either NGS or any of its ancestor organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_and_function">Purpose and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose and function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Geodetic Survey is an office of NOAA's <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a>. Its core function is to maintain the <a href="/wiki/National_Spatial_Reference_System" title="National Spatial Reference System">National Spatial Reference System</a> (NSRS), "a consistent coordinate system that defines latitude, longitude, height, scale, gravity, and orientation throughout the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-What_We_Do_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_We_Do-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NGS is responsible for defining the NSRS and its relationship with the <a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System_and_Frame" title="International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame">International Terrestrial Reference Frame</a> (ITRF). The NSRS enables precise and accessible knowledge of where things are in the United States and its territories. </p><p>The NSRS may be divided into its geometric and physical components. The official <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">geodetic datum</a> of the United States, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Datum" title="North American Datum">NAD83</a> defines the geometric relationship between points within the United States in three-dimensional space. The datum may be accessed via NGS's network of survey marks or through the <a href="/wiki/Real-time_kinematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time kinematic">Continuously Operating Reference Station</a> (CORS) network of <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> reference antennas. NGS is responsible for computing the relationship between NAD83 and the ITRF. The physical components of the NSRS are reflected in its height system, defined by the vertical datum <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">NAVD88</a>. This datum is a network of <a href="/wiki/Orthometric_height" title="Orthometric height">orthometric heights</a> obtained through spirit <a href="/wiki/Levelling" title="Levelling">leveling</a>. Because of the close relationship between height and Earth's gravity field, NGS also collects and curates terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> measurements and develops regional models of the <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> (the level surface that best approximates sea level) and its slope, the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">deflection of the vertical</a>. NGS is responsible for ensuring the accuracy of the NSRS over time, even as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American plate</a> rotates and deforms over time due to crustal strain, <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, elastic deformation of the crust, and other geophysical phenomena. </p><p>NGS will release new datums in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (NATRF2022) will supersede NAD83 in defining the geometric relationship between the North American plate and the ITRF.<sup id="cite_ref-geodesy.noaa.gov_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geodesy.noaa.gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States territories on the Pacific, Caribbean, and Mariana plates will have their own respective geodetic datums. The North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022) will separately define the height system of the United States and its territories, replacing NAVD88.<sup id="cite_ref-geodesy.noaa.gov_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geodesy.noaa.gov-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will use a geoid model accurate to 1 centimeter (0.4") to relate orthometric height to ellipsoidal height measured by GPS, eliminating the need for future leveling projects. This geoid model will be based on airborne and terrestrial gravity measurements collected by NGS's GRAV-D program as well as satellite-based gravity models derived from observations collected by <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">GRACE</a>, <a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">satellite altimetry</a> missions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NGS provides a number of other public services.<sup id="cite_ref-What_We_Do_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_We_Do-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It maps changing shorelines in the United States and provides aerial imagery of regions affected by natural disasters, enabling rapid damage assessment by emergency managers and members of the public. The Online Positioning and User Service (OPUS) processes user-input GPS data and outputs position solutions within the NSRS. The agency offers other tools for conversion between datums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Height_Modernization" title="Height Modernization">Height Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-What_We_Do-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_We_Do_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_We_Do_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geodesy.noaa.gov/INFO/WhatWeDo.shtml">"National Geodetic Survey – What We Do"</a>. <i>National Geodetic Survey Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geodetic+Survey+Website&rft.atitle=National+Geodetic+Survey+%E2%80%93+What+We+Do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeodesy.noaa.gov%2FINFO%2FWhatWeDo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+National+Geodetic+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodesy.noaa.gov/datums/newdatums/index.shtml">"New Datums"</a>. <i>National Geodetic Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geodetic+Survey&rft.atitle=New+Datums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeodesy.noaa.gov%2Fdatums%2Fnewdatums%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+National+Geodetic+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geodesy.noaa.gov-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geodesy.noaa.gov_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geodesy.noaa.gov_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce,_NOAA,_National_Geodetic_Survey" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Geodetic Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodesy.noaa.gov/datums/newdatums/naming-convention.shtml">"Naming Conventions, New Datums"</a>. <i>geodesy.noaa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geodesy.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Naming+Conventions%2C+New+Datums&rft.au=US+Department+of+Commerce%2C+NOAA%2C+National+Geodetic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeodesy.noaa.gov%2Fdatums%2Fnewdatums%2Fnaming-convention.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+National+Geodetic+Survey" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce,_NOAA,_National_Geodetic_Survey" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Geodetic Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/xGEOID16/">"xGEOID16 Evaluation Computation"</a>. <i>beta.ngs.noaa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beta.ngs.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=xGEOID16+Evaluation+Computation&rft.au=US+Department+of+Commerce%2C+NOAA%2C+National+Geodetic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.ngs.noaa.gov%2FGEOID%2FxGEOID16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU.S.+National+Geodetic+Survey" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodesy.noaa.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template talk:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States government agencies</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">Global Change Research Program</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Water_and_Climate_Center" title="National Water and Climate Center">National Water and Climate Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Directorate_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="DHS Directorate for Science and Technology">Science and Technology Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health <br />and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command">Combat Capabilities Development Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Domestic_Climate_Policy" title="White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy">Climate Policy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation_and_Implementation" title="White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation">Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate" title="U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate">U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967252#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967252#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148370622">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/552839/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/290343-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81003786">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35375653">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Geodetic Survey (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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