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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Turbine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin-scroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin-scroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Twin-scroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin-scroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable-geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Variable-geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrically-assisted_turbochargers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrically-assisted_turbochargers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Electrically-assisted turbochargers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrically-assisted_turbochargers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ported_shroud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ported_shroud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ported shroud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ported_shroud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_hub_rotating_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_hub_rotating_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Center hub rotating assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_hub_rotating_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Supporting components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbo_lag_and_boost_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbo_lag_and_boost_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Turbo lag and boost threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbo_lag_and_boost_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_multiple_turbochargers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_multiple_turbochargers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use of multiple turbochargers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_multiple_turbochargers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbocharging_versus_supercharging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbocharging_versus_supercharging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Turbocharging versus supercharging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turbocharging_versus_supercharging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Turbocharging versus supercharging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Turbocharging_versus_supercharging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twincharging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twincharging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Twincharging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twincharging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbocharger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboaanjaer" title="Turboaanjaer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turboaanjaer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="شاحن توربيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاحن توربيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompresor" title="Turbocompresor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turbocompresor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodoldurma" title="Turbodoldurma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turbodoldurma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турбокомпресор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турбокомпресор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompressor" title="Turbocompressor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turbocompressor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodmychadlo" title="Turbodmychadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turbodmychadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbolader" title="Turbolader – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turbolader" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbolader" title="Turbolader – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turbolader" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbokompressor" title="Turbokompressor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turbokompressor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Υπερπλήρωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερπλήρωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompresor" title="Turbocompresor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turbocompresor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinkompresoro" title="Turbinkompresoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turbinkompresoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbokonpresore" title="Turbokonpresore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turbokonpresore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D8%B1" title="توربوشارژر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توربوشارژر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompresseur" title="Turbocompresseur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turbocompresseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompresor" title="Turbocompresor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turbocompresor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0" title="ટર્બોચાર્જર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટર્બોચાર્જર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B3%B4%EC%B0%A8%EC%A0%80" title="터보차저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="터보차저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="टर्बोचार्जर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टर्बोचार्जर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopuhalo" title="Turbopuhalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turbopuhalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin-kompresilo" title="Turbin-kompresilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turbin-kompresilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turbocharger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%BEjappa" title="Forþjappa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forþjappa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompressore" title="Turbocompressore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turbocompressore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95" title="מגדש טורבו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדש טורבו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಟರ್ಬೋಚಾರ್ಜರ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟರ್ಬೋಚಾರ್ಜರ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turb%C3%B3felt%C3%B6lt%C5%91" title="Turbófeltöltő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Turbófeltöltő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC" title="ടർബോ ചാർജർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടർബോ ചാർജർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecas_turbo" title="Pengecas turbo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengecas turbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbolader" title="Turbolader – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turbolader" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ターボチャージャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ターボチャージャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo" title="Turbo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboladar" title="Turboladar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turboladar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3" title="ਟਰਬੋ ਇੰਜਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਬੋ ਇੰਜਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85)" title="ٹربو (فلم) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹربو (فلم)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbospr%C4%99%C5%BCarka" title="Turbosprężarka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turbosprężarka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocompressor" title="Turbocompressor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turbocompressor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_de_turbosupraalimentare" title="Grup de turbosupraalimentare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grup de turbosupraalimentare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Турбонаддув – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турбонаддув" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turbocharger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbod%C3%BAchadlo_(spa%C4%BEovac%C3%AD_motor)" title="Turbodúchadlo (spaľovací motor) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turbodúchadlo (spaľovací motor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbopolnilnik" title="Turbopolnilnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turbopolnilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboahdin" title="Turboahdin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turboahdin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo" title="Turbo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turbo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เทอร์โบชาร์จเจอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทอร์โบชาร์จเจอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo%C5%9Farj" title="Turboşarj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turboşarj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Система турбонаддування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система турбонаддування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Exhaust-powered forced-induction device for engines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Turbo" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turbo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turbo (disambiguation)">Turbo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbocharger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turbocharger.jpg/300px-Turbocharger.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turbocharger.jpg/450px-Turbocharger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turbocharger.jpg/600px-Turbocharger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Cut-away view turbocharger (turbine section on the left, compressor section on the right)</figcaption></figure> <p>In an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, a <b>turbocharger</b> (also known as a <b>turbo</b> or a <b>turbosupercharger</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">forced induction</a> device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">displacement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reviews.cnet.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviews.cnet.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, whereas a <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharger</a> is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the invention of the turbocharger, <a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">forced induction</a> was only possible using mechanically-powered <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">superchargers</a>. Use of superchargers began in 1878, when several supercharged two-stroke gas engines were built using a design by Scottish engineer <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Clerk" title="Dugald Clerk">Dugald Clerk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1885, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1905 patent by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_B%C3%BCchi" title="Alfred Büchi">Alfred Büchi</a>, a Swiss engineer working at <a href="/wiki/Sulzer_(manufacturer)" title="Sulzer (manufacturer)">Sulzer</a> is often considered the birth of the turbocharger.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newatlas.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newatlas.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patent was for a compound <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a> with an exhaust-driven axial flow <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> and compressor mounted on a common shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prototype was finished in 1915 with the aim of overcoming the power loss experienced by aircraft engines due to the decreased density of air at high altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-aeplus.com_page_1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeplus.com_page_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cummins.ru_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummins.ru-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the prototype was not reliable and did not reach production.<sup id="cite_ref-aeplus.com_page_1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeplus.com_page_1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early patent for turbochargers was applied for in 1916 by French steam turbine inventor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rateau" title="Auguste Rateau">Auguste Rateau</a>, for their intended use on the Renault engines used by French fighter planes.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Air_&_Space,_Hill_Climb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_&_Space,_Hill_Climb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separately, testing in 1917 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA) and <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Alexander_Moss" title="Sanford Alexander Moss">Sanford Alexander Moss</a> showed that a turbocharger could enable an engine to avoid any power loss (compared with the power produced at sea level) at an altitude of up to 4,250 m (13,944 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The testing was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak" title="Pikes Peak">Pikes Peak</a> in the United States using the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a> aircraft engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Air_&_Space,_Hill_Climb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_&_Space,_Hill_Climb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial application of a turbocharger was in June 1924 when the first heavy duty turbocharger, model VT402, was delivered from the Baden works of <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a>, under the supervision of Alfred Büchi, to SLM, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Locomotive_and_Machine_Works" title="Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works">Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works</a> in Winterthur.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed very closely in 1925, when Alfred Büchi successfully installed turbochargers on ten-cylinder diesel engines, increasing the power output from 1,300 to 1,860 kilowatts (1,750 to 2,500 hp).<sup id="cite_ref-ae-plus.com_page_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ae-plus.com_page_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engine was used by the German Ministry of Transport for two large passenger ships called the <i>Preussen</i> and <a href="/wiki/German_minelayer_Hansestadt_Danzig" title="German minelayer Hansestadt Danzig"><i>Hansestadt Danzig</i></a>. The design was licensed to several manufacturers and turbochargers began to be used in marine, railcar and large stationary applications.<sup id="cite_ref-cummins.ru_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummins.ru-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turbochargers were used on several aircraft engines during World War II, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a> in 1938, which used turbochargers produced by General Electric.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early turbocharged airplanes included the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Consolidated B-24 Liberator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a> and experimental variants of the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>. </p><p>The first practical application for trucks was realized by Swiss truck manufacturing company <a href="/wiki/Saurer" title="Saurer">Saurer</a> in the 1930s. BXD and BZD engines were manufactured with optional turbocharging from 1931 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss industry played a pioneering role with turbocharging engines as witnessed by Sulzer, Saurer and <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automobile manufacturers began research into turbocharged engines during the 1950s, however the problems of "turbo lag" and the bulky size of the turbocharger were not able to be solved at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-newatlas.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newatlas.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cummins.ru_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cummins.ru-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first turbocharged cars were the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair#First_generation_(1960–1964)" title="Chevrolet Corvair">Chevrolet Corvair Monza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Jetfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldsmobile Jetfire">Oldsmobile Jetfire</a>, both introduced in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bwauto.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwauto.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater adoption of turbocharging in passenger cars began in the 1980s, as a way to increase the performance of smaller <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">displacement</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbosuperchargers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Turbosuperchargers.png/220px-Turbosuperchargers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Turbosuperchargers.png/330px-Turbosuperchargers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Turbosuperchargers.png/440px-Turbosuperchargers.png 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>Turbocharger components</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other forced induction devices, a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">compressor</a> in the turbocharger pressurises the intake air before it enters the <a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">inlet manifold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a turbocharger, the compressor is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gases, which is extracted by the turbocharger's <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main components of the turbocharger are: </p> <ul><li>Turbine – usually a <a href="/wiki/Radial_turbine" title="Radial turbine">radial turbine</a> design</li> <li>Compressor – usually a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li>Center housing hub rotating assembly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbine">Turbine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turbine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbo-turbine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Turbo-turbine.jpg/350px-Turbo-turbine.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Turbo-turbine.jpg/525px-Turbo-turbine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Turbo-turbine.jpg/700px-Turbo-turbine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Turbine section of a <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Motion" title="Garrett Motion">Garrett</a> GT30 with the turbine housing removed</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> section (also called the "hot side" or "exhaust side" of the turbo) is where the rotational force is produced, in order to power the compressor (via a rotating <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Shaft (mechanical engineering)">shaft</a> through the center of a turbo). After the exhaust has spun the turbine it continues into the exhaust piping and out of the vehicle. </p><p>The turbine uses a series of blades to convert kinetic energy from the flow of exhaust gases to mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (which is used to power the compressor section). The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the turbine section, and the turbine itself can spin at speeds of up to 250,000 rpm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some turbocharger designs are available with multiple turbine housing options, allowing a housing to be selected to best suit the engine's characteristics and the performance requirements. </p><p>A turbocharger's performance is closely tied to its size,<sup id="cite_ref-eight_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the relative sizes of the turbine wheel and the compressor wheel. Large turbines typically require higher exhaust gas flow rates, therefore increasing turbo lag and increasing the boost threshold. Small turbines can produce boost quickly and at lower flow rates, since it has lower rotational inertia, but can be a limiting factor in the peak power produced by the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-one_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-two_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various technologies, as described in the following sections, are often aimed at combining the benefits of both small turbines and large turbines. </p><p>Large diesel engines often use a single-stage <a href="/wiki/Axial_turbine" title="Axial turbine">axial inflow turbine</a> instead of a radial turbine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twin-scroll">Twin-scroll</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twin-scroll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A twin-scroll turbocharger uses two separate exhaust gas inlets, to make use of the pulses in the flow of the exhaust gasses from each cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a standard (single-scroll) turbocharger, the exhaust gas from all cylinders is combined and enters the turbocharger via a single intake, which causes the gas pulses from each cylinder to interfere with each other. For a twin-scroll turbocharger, the cylinders are split into two groups in order to maximize the pulses. The exhaust manifold keeps the gases from these two groups of cylinders separated, then they travel through two separate spiral chambers ("scrolls") before entering the turbine housing via two separate nozzles. The <a href="/wiki/Scavenging_(engine)" title="Scavenging (engine)">scavenging</a> effect of these gas pulses recovers more energy from the exhaust gases, minimizes parasitic back losses and improves responsiveness at low engine speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another common feature of twin-scroll turbochargers is that the two nozzles are different sizes: the smaller nozzle is installed at a steeper angle and is used for low-rpm response, while the larger nozzle is less angled and optimised for times when high outputs are required.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutaway view showing the two scrolls of a Mitsubishi twin-scroll (the larger scroll is illuminated in red)"><img alt="Cutaway view showing the two scrolls of a Mitsubishi twin-scroll (the larger scroll is illuminated in red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG/338px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG/507px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG/675px-Mitsubishi_twin-scroll_turbo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutaway view showing the two scrolls of a <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi</a> twin-scroll (the larger scroll is illuminated in red)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transparent exhaust manifold and turbo scrolls on a Hyundai Gamma engine, showing the paired cylinders (1 & 4 and 2 & 3)"><img alt="Transparent exhaust manifold and turbo scrolls on a Hyundai Gamma engine, showing the paired cylinders (1 & 4 and 2 & 3)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg/297px-Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg/446px-Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg/593px-Twin-scroll_turbo_T-GDI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transparent exhaust manifold and turbo scrolls on a <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Gamma_engine" title="Hyundai Gamma engine">Hyundai Gamma engine</a>, showing the paired cylinders (1 & 4 and 2 & 3)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable-geometry">Variable-geometry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variable-geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG/220px-VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG/330px-VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG/440px-VariableGeometryTurbo_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway view of a <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> variable-geometry turbocharger</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variable-geometry_turbocharger" title="Variable-geometry turbocharger">Variable-geometry turbocharger</a></div> <p>Variable-geometry turbochargers (also known as <i>variable-nozzle turbochargers</i>) are used to alter the effective <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of the turbocharger as operating conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, which affect flow of gases towards the turbine. Some variable-geometry turbochargers use a rotary <a href="/wiki/Actuator#Electric" title="Actuator">electric actuator</a> to open and close the vanes,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others use a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_actuator" title="Pneumatic actuator">pneumatic actuator</a>. </p><p>If the turbine's aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output. By altering the geometry of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, variable-geometry turbochargers often have reduced lag, a lower boost threshold, and greater efficiency at higher engine speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-eight_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eight-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-one_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefit of variable-geometry turbochargers is that the optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrically-assisted_turbochargers">Electrically-assisted turbochargers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrically-assisted turbochargers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Electrically-assisted_turbocharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically-assisted turbocharger">electrically-assisted turbocharger</a> combines a traditional exhaust-powered turbine with an electric motor, in order to reduce turbo lag. This differs from an <a href="/wiki/Electric_supercharger" title="Electric supercharger">electric supercharger</a>, which solely uses an electric motor to power the compressor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressor">Compressor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbo-compressor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Turbo-compressor.jpg/350px-Turbo-compressor.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Turbo-compressor.jpg/525px-Turbo-compressor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Turbo-compressor.jpg/700px-Turbo-compressor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Compressor section of a <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Motion" title="Garrett Motion">Garrett</a> GT30 with the compressor housing removed</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">compressor</a> draws in outside air through the engine's intake system, pressurises it, then feeds it into the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chambers</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">inlet manifold</a>). The compressor section of the turbocharger consists of an impeller, a diffuser, and a volute housing. The operating characteristics of a compressor are described by the <a href="/wiki/Compressor_map" title="Compressor map">compressor map</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ported_shroud">Ported shroud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ported shroud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some turbochargers use a "ported shroud", whereby a ring of holes or circular grooves allows air to bleed around the compressor blades. Ported shroud designs can have greater resistance to compressor surge and can improve the efficiency of the compressor wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_hub_rotating_assembly">Center hub rotating assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Center hub rotating assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The center hub rotating assembly (CHRA) houses the shaft that connects the turbine to the compressor. A lighter shaft can help reduce turbo lag.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CHRA also contains a bearing to allow this shaft to rotate at high speeds with minimal friction. </p><p>Some CHRAs are water-cooled and have pipes for the engine's coolant to flow through. One reason for water cooling is to protect the turbocharger's lubricating oil from overheating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporting_components">Supporting components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Supporting components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png/310px-TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png/465px-TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png/620px-TurbochargedGasolineEngineFlowDiagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a typical turbo petrol engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest type of turbocharger is the <i>free floating</i> turbocharger.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system would be able to achieve maximum boost at maximum engine revs and full throttle, however additional components are needed to produce an engine that is driveable in a range of load and rpm conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-thirteen_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirteen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional components that are commonly used in conjunction with turbochargers are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a> - a radiator used to cool the intake air after it has been pressurised by the turbocharger<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(engine)" title="Water injection (engine)">Water injection</a> - spraying water into the combustion chamber, in order to cool the intake air<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastegate" title="Wastegate">Wastegate</a> - many turbochargers are capable of producing boost pressures in some circumstances that are higher than the engine can safely withstand, therefore a wastegate is often used to limit the amount of exhaust gases that enters the turbine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a> - to prevent <i>compressor stall</i> when the throttle is closed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turbo_lag_and_boost_threshold">Turbo lag and boost threshold <span class="anchor" id="Turbocharger_lag"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lag"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turbo lag and boost threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turbocharger" title="Special:EditPage/Turbocharger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Turbo lag</b> refers to delay – when the engine rpm is within the turbocharger's operating range – that occurs between pressing the throttle and the turbocharger spooling up to provide boost pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This delay is due to the increasing exhaust gas flow (after the throttle is suddenly opened) taking time to spin up the turbine to speeds where boost is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of turbo lag is reduced <a href="/wiki/Throttle_response" title="Throttle response">throttle response</a>, in the form of a delay in the power delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superchargers do not suffer from turbo lag because the compressor mechanism is driven directly by the engine. </p><p>Methods to reduce turbo lag include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Lowering the rotational inertia of the turbocharger by using lower radius parts and ceramic and other lighter materials</li> <li>Changing the turbine's <i><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> (A/R ratio)</i></li> <li>Increasing upper-deck air pressure (compressor discharge) and improving wastegate response</li> <li>Reducing bearing frictional losses, e.g., using a <a href="/wiki/Foil_bearing" title="Foil bearing">foil bearing</a> rather than a conventional oil bearing</li> <li>Using <a href="/wiki/Variable-geometry_turbocharger" title="Variable-geometry turbocharger">variable-nozzle</a> or <a href="#Twin-scroll">twin-scroll</a> turbochargers</li> <li>Decreasing the volume of the upper-deck piping</li> <li>Using multiple turbochargers sequentially or in parallel</li> <li>Using an <a href="/wiki/Antilag_system" title="Antilag system">antilag system</a></li> <li>Using a turbocharger spool valve to increase exhaust gas flow speed to the (twin-scroll) turbine</li> <li>Using a <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">butterfly valve</a> to force exhaust gas through a smaller passage in the turbo inlet</li> <li>Electric turbochargers<sup id="cite_ref-parkhurst_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkhurst-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_turbocharger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid turbocharger">hybrid turbochargers</a>.</li></ul> <p>A similar phenomenon that is often mistaken for turbo lag is the <b>boost threshold</b>. This is where the engine speed (rpm) is currently below the operating range of the turbocharger system, therefore the engine is unable to produce significant boost. At low rpm, the exhaust gas flow rate is unable to spin the turbine sufficiently. </p><p>The boost threshold causes delays in the power delivery at low rpm (since the unboosted engine must accelerate the vehicle to increase the rpm above the boost threshold), while turbo lag causes delay in the power delivery at higher rpm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_multiple_turbochargers">Use of multiple turbochargers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use of multiple turbochargers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twin-turbo" title="Twin-turbo">Twin-turbo</a></div> <p>Some engines use multiple turbochargers, usually to reduce turbo lag, increase the range of rpm where boost is produced, or simplify the layout of the intake/exhaust system. The most common arrangement is twin turbochargers, however triple-turbo or quad-turbo arrangements have been occasionally used in production cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turbocharging_versus_supercharging">Turbocharging versus supercharging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turbocharging versus supercharging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supercharger#Supercharging_versus_turbocharging" title="Supercharger"> Supercharger #Supercharging versus turbocharging</a></div> <p>The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine (often through a belt connected to the <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>) whereas a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto.howstuffworks.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto.howstuffworks.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto.howstuffworks.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto.howstuffworks.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, and supercharged engines are less likely to <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_heat_management" title="Exhaust heat management">heat soak</a> the intake air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twincharging">Twincharging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twincharging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twincharger" title="Twincharger">Twincharger</a></div> <p>A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is called <i>twincharging</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiffsdiesel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Schiffsdiesel.jpg/220px-Schiffsdiesel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Schiffsdiesel.jpg/330px-Schiffsdiesel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Schiffsdiesel.jpg/440px-Schiffsdiesel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>A medium-sized six-cylinder marine diesel-engine, with turbocharger and exhaust in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Turbochargers have been used in the following applications: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharged_petrol_engine" title="Turbocharged petrol engine">Petrol-powered car engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-diesel" title="Turbo-diesel">Diesel-powered car and van engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction_in_motorcycles" title="Forced induction in motorcycles">Motorcycle engines</a> (quite rarely)</li> <li>Diesel-powered <a href="/wiki/Truck#Engines_and_motors" title="Truck">truck engines</a>, beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Saurer" title="Saurer">Saurer</a> truck in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coach_(bus)" title="Coach (bus)">coach</a> diesel engines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine#Reciprocating_(piston)_engines" title="Aircraft engine">Aircraft piston engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine engine">Marine engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">Locomotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple unit</a> engines for trains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_engine" title="Stationary engine">Stationary/industrial engines</a></li></ul> <p>In 2017, 27% of vehicles sold in the US were turbocharged.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe 67% of all vehicles were turbocharged in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, more than 90% of turbochargers were diesel, however, adoption in petrol engines is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-thirty_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirty-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies which manufacture the most turbochargers in Europe and the U.S. are <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Motion" title="Garrett Motion">Garrett Motion</a> (formerly Honeywell), <a href="/wiki/BorgWarner" title="BorgWarner">BorgWarner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Turbocharger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reviews.cnet.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reviews.cnet.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-just-auto.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-just-auto.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turbocharger failures and resultant high exhaust temperatures are among the causes of car fires.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failure of the seals will cause oil to leak into the cylinders causing blue-gray smoke. In diesel engines, this can cause an overspeed, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine_runaway" title="Diesel engine runaway">diesel engine runaway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turbochargers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turbochargers">Turbochargers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boost_gauge" title="Boost gauge">Boost gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_downsizing" title="Engine downsizing">Engine downsizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_pulse_pressure_charging" title="Exhaust pulse pressure charging">Exhaust pulse pressure charging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_vee_turbocharged_engine" title="Hot vee turbocharged engine">Hot vee turbocharged engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbocharger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNice2000" class="citation web cs1">Nice, Karim (4 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo.htm">"How Turbochargers Work"</a>. Auto.howstuffworks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+handbook&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=528&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Robert+Bosch&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8376-1243-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_t1oPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbocharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rwebs.net/avhistory/opsman/geturbo/geturbo.htm">"The Turbosupercharger and the Airplane Power Plant"</a>. Rwebs.net. 30 December 1943<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+David+Paja%2C+VP%2C+Global+Marketing+and+Craig+Balis%2C+VP%2C+Engineering+Honeywell+Turbo&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoneywellbooster.com%2Fassets%2Finterview-honeywell-david-paja-craig-balis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbocharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.com_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitamura2008" class="citation web cs1">Kitamura, Makiko (24 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aYKNPOS_J37k">"IHI Aims to Double Turbocharger Sales by 2013 on Europe Demand"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IHI+Aims+to+Double+Turbocharger+Sales+by+2013+on+Europe+Demand&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft.aulast=Kitamura&rft.aufirst=Makiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaYKNPOS_J37k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbocharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-just-auto.com-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-just-auto.com_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCLEPA_CEO_Lars_Holmqvist_is_retiring2002" class="citation web cs1">CLEPA CEO Lars Holmqvist is retiring (18 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.just-auto.com/analysis/turbochargers-european-growth-driven-by-spread-to-small-cars_id86995.aspx">"Turbochargers - European growth driven by spread to small cars"</a>. Just-auto.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turbochargers+-+European+growth+driven+by+spread+to+small+cars&rft.pub=Just-auto.com&rft.date=2002-11-18&rft.au=CLEPA+CEO+Lars+Holmqvist+is+retiring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.just-auto.com%2Fanalysis%2Fturbochargers-european-growth-driven-by-spread-to-small-cars_id86995.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbocharger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsa.com.au/assets/library/ARTSA_Truck_Fires_Nov06.pdf">Why trucks catch fire</a>. Australian Road Transport Suppliers Association (ARTSA). November 2006. 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engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" 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