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<button aria-controls="toc-Types_by_transmission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types by transmission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_by_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diesel–mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel–mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diesel–mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel–mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diesel–hydraulic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel–hydraulic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diesel–hydraulic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel–hydraulic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diesel–electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel–electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Diesel–electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel–electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.9</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia/Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia/Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia/Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia/Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.9</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.10</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.11</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.12</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.13</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel multiple unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Дызель-цягнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дызель-цягнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Дызэль-цягнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дызэль-цягнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Motorová jednotka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motorová jednotka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieseltogs%C3%A6t" title="Dieseltogsæt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dieseltogsæt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiselrong" title="Diiselrong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diiselrong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_di%C3%A9sel_m%C3%BAltiple" title="Unidad diésel múltiple – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad diésel múltiple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قطار خودکششی دیزلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار خودکششی دیزلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame_automotrice#Élément_automoteur_diesel" title="Rame automotrice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rame automotrice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A0%A4_%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%9D_%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" title="디젤 동력분산식 열차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디젤 동력분산식 열차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_rel_diesel" title="Kereta rel diesel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta rel diesel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotreno_(ferrovia)" title="Autotreno (ferrovia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autotreno (ferrovia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotreno" title="Autotreno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Autotreno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82" title="डेमू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेमू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieseltreinstel" title="Dieseltreinstel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dieseltreinstel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A" title="気動車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気動車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselmotorvogn" title="Dieselmotorvogn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dieselmotorvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel-poyezd" title="Dizel-poyezd – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dizel-poyezd" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalinowy_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_trakcyjny" title="Spalinowy zespół trakcyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spalinowy zespół trakcyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Дизель-поезд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизель-поезд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diesel multiple unit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Motorová jednotka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motorová jednotka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselmotorvagn" title="Dieselmotorvagn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dieselmotorvagn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="รถดีเซลราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถดีเซลราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizel_%C3%A7oklu_birim" title="Dizel çoklu birim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dizel çoklu birim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Дизель-поїзд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизель-поїзд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8A" title="柴聯車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柴聯車" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diesel-powered railcar designed to be used in formations of 2 or more cars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg/220px-JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg/330px-JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg/440px-JNR_kiha40_136_erimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/KiHa_40_series" title="KiHa 40 series">JNR Class KiHa40</a> in use for Erimo Express service, Hokkaido, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dublin_1.jpg/220px-Dublin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dublin_1.jpg/330px-Dublin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dublin_1.jpg/440px-Dublin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/IE_29000_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 29000 Class">IE 29000 Class</a> diesel multiple unit on a <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Suburban_Rail" title="Dublin Suburban Rail">western commuter</a> service at <a href="/wiki/Connolly_station" title="Connolly station">Dublin Connolly Rail station</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: #DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple unit trains</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Subtypes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coach_(rail)" title="Motor coach (rail)">Motor coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_train" title="Push–pull train">Push–pull train</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">Multiple-unit train control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_diesel_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes">Britain (DMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_electric_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes">Britain (EMU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Units_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Units of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiple_unit" title="Template talk:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple_unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiple unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg/220px-Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg/330px-Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg/440px-Class_185_at_Manchester_Piccadilly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_185" title="British Rail Class 185">British Rail Class 185</a> diesel hydraulic multiple unit operated by <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester Piccadilly station</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>diesel multiple unit</b> or <b>DMU</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-unit">multiple-unit</a> train powered by on-board <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. A DMU requires no separate <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. Diesel-powered single-unit <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a> are also generally classed as DMUs. Diesel-powered units may be further classified by their transmission type: diesel–mechanical <b>DMMU</b>, diesel–hydraulic <b>DHMU</b>, or diesel–electric <b>DEMU</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diesel engine may be located above the frame in an engine bay or under the floor. Driving controls can be at both ends, on one end, or in a separate car. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_by_transmission">Types by transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types by transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DMUs are usually classified by the method of transmitting motive power to their wheels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel–mechanical"><span id="Diesel.E2.80.93mechanical"></span>Diesel–mechanical <span class="anchor" id="DMMU"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diesel–mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a diesel–mechanical multiple unit (DMMU), the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearbox</a> and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">car</a>. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the great majority of first-generation <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> DMUs, but in most applications, gears are changed automatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel–hydraulic"><span id="Diesel.E2.80.93hydraulic"></span>Diesel–hydraulic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diesel–hydraulic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg/220px-JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg/330px-JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg/440px-JR_shikoku_for_2706_SA6D140HE-2_at_tokushima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5512" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>One of the underfloor diesel engines with hydraulic transmission under a car of <a href="/wiki/JR_Shikoku_2700_series" title="JR Shikoku 2700 series">JR Shikoku 2700 series</a> DMU</figcaption></figure> <p>In a diesel–hydraulic multiple unit (DHMU), a hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a>, a type of fluid coupling, acts as the transmission medium for the motive power of the diesel engine to turn the wheels. Some units feature a hybrid mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM and noise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel–electric"><span id="Diesel.E2.80.93electric"></span>Diesel–electric <span class="anchor" id="DEMU"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diesel–electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg/220px-Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg/330px-Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg/440px-Stadler_Flirt_DMU_2404_power_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>"Power Pack" car of <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> DMU with open bay of a diesel-generator. The Jacobs bogies under this car do not have their own traction motors, which are mounted on bogies under other cars.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a diesel–electric multiple unit (DEMU), a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> drives an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Alternator#Diesel_electric_locomotive_alternators" title="Alternator">alternator</a> which produces <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a>. The generated current is then fed to electric <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a> in the same way as a conventional <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric locomotive">diesel–electric locomotive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaz-voyager_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaz-voyager-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On some DEMUs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Bombardier Voyager</a>, each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator and electric motors.<sup id="cite_ref-gaz-voyager_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaz-voyager-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other designs, such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_207#Technical_details" title="British Rail Class 207">British Rail Class 207</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">Stadler FLIRT DMU</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some cars within the <a href="/wiki/Consist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consist">consist</a> may be entirely unpowered or only feature electric motors, obtaining electric current from other cars in the consist which have a generator and engine. </p><p>With diesel–electric transmission, some DMU can be no other than an <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">EMU</a> without <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contact_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact shoe">contact shoes</a> (for use on the former <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Southern Region of British Railways">Southern Region</a>), which "is substituted" by one or more on-board <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generators</a>; this kind of DEMU can be potentially upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">electro-diesel multiple unit</a> (EDMU), becoming a bi-mode multiple units train (BMU), just adding one or two pantographs or contact shoes (with opportune converters,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> if necessary) and related modifications on the electric system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NMBS/SNCB uses its <a href="/wiki/NMBS/SNCB_Class_41" class="mw-redirect" title="NMBS/SNCB Class 41">NMBS/SNCB Class 41</a> DMUs on the few remaining unelectrified lines. As electrification progresses, the DMUs become less and less important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station,_January_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg/220px-DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg/330px-DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg/440px-DMU_7023_at_Zagreb_Central_Station%2C_January_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>DMU 7023 at Zagreb Central Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Diesel multiple units cover large number of passenger lines in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> which are operated by the national passenger service operator <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Railways" title="Croatian Railways">HŽ Putnički Prijevoz</a>. On Croatian Railways, DMUs have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. The country's two largest towns, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, are connected with an inter-city service that is provided by DMU <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting</a> trains "<a href="/wiki/RegioSwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="RegioSwinger">RegioSwinger</a>" (Croatian series 7123) since 2004. Those trains may also cover other lines in the country depending on need and availability. </p><p>Luxury DMU series <a href="/wiki/H%C5%BD_series_7021" title="HŽ series 7021">7021</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, started to operate for <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Yugoslav Railways</a> in 1972 and after 1991 still remained in service of Croatian Railways until 2005. Units <a href="/wiki/H%C5%BD_series_7121" title="HŽ series 7121">7121</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y1_(railcar)" title="Y1 (railcar)">7122</a> (which came as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/H%C5%BD_series_7221" title="HŽ series 7221">7221</a> units), together with the newest series <a href="/wiki/H%C5%BD_series_7022" title="HŽ series 7022">7022</a> and 7023 built in 2010s Croatia, cover many of the country's local and regional services on unelectrified or partly electrified lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libun8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Libun8.jpg/220px-Libun8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Libun8.jpg/330px-Libun8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Libun8.jpg/440px-Libun8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%8CD_Class_810" class="mw-redirect" title="ČD Class 810">ČD Class 810</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mlad%C4%9Bjov,_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg/220px-Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg/330px-Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg/440px-Mlad%C4%9Bjov%2C_motorov%C3%A1_jednotka_814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3595" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%8CD_Class_814" title="ČD Class 814">ČD Class 814</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diesel multiple units also cover large number of passenger lines in the Czech Republic which are operated by the national operator <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_dr%C3%A1hy" title="České dráhy">České dráhy</a>. They have important role since they cover local, regional and distant lines all across the country. Those trains may also cover other lines in the country depending on need and availability too. </p><p>Also, the DMUs were manufactured for foreign carriers. The tables of cars and units are divided into vehicles operated until 1987, when the <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CSD" class="mw-redirect" title="ČSD">ČSD</a> used the series designations proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojt%C4%9Bch_Kry%C5%A1p%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vojtěch Kryšpín (page does not exist)">Vojtěch Kryšpín</a>, and vehicles created after this date, which no longer have Kryšpín's designations (with some exceptions). In addition, these new cars are the new vehicles are already different in both countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elron_(rail_transit)" title="Elron (rail transit)">Elron</a> has since 2015 a <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> fleet, with 20 trains DEMU version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany has employed DMUs for both commuter and express services for many decades. The SVT 877 <i><a href="/wiki/Fliegender_Hamburger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fliegender Hamburger">Fliegender Hamburger</a></i> DMU, introduced in 1933, made the run from Berlin to Hamburg in an astonishing 138 minutes, and its derivative <a href="/wiki/DRG_Class_SVT_137" title="DRG Class SVT 137">SVT 137</a> broke the land speed record in 1936. After World War 2, the <a href="/wiki/DB_Class_VT_11.5" title="DB Class VT 11.5">VT 11.5</a> DMU was the flagship of the glamorous <a href="/wiki/Trans_Europ_Express" title="Trans Europ Express">Trans Europ Express</a>. </p><p>Since 1968, DB has designated DMUs with class numbers beginning in 6. While DB and regional transport authorities generally prefer electric power for commuter rail, many local and rural lines remain un-electrified, and DMUs are invaluable in providing services to those areas. DMUs in service as of 2021 include the Adtranz <a href="/wiki/DBAG_Class_612" title="DBAG Class 612">Class 612</a> tilting train ("Regio Swinger"), the <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT" title="Alstom Coradia LINT">Alstom Coradia LINT</a> (Classes 620–623, 640 and 648), the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a> (Class 642) and the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Talent" title="Bombardier Talent">Bombardier Talent</a> (Class 643/644). From 2001 to 2016 there was even a DMU version of DB's high-speed <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a>, the Class 605 <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">ICE TD</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diakopto%E2%80%93Kalavryta_railway" title="Diakopto–Kalavryta railway">Diakopto–Kalavryta railway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiple_units_of_Ireland" title="Multiple units of Ireland">Multiple units of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IE_DMU_2751.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/IE_DMU_2751.JPG/220px-IE_DMU_2751.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/IE_DMU_2751.JPG/330px-IE_DMU_2751.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/IE_DMU_2751.JPG/440px-IE_DMU_2751.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> <a href="/wiki/IE_2700_and_2750_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 2700 and 2750 Classes">DMU 2751</a> at <a href="/wiki/Limerick_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Limerick railway station">Limerick Colbert station</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Republic of Ireland the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_Iompair_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Córas Iompair Éireann">Córas Iompair Éireann</a> (CIÉ), which controlled the republic's railways between 1945 and 1986, introduced DMUs in the mid-1950s and they were the first diesel trains on many main lines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg/220px-Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg/330px-Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg/440px-Motor_coach_CFR_77-0906-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Romanian_Railways#Diesel_Multiple_Unit" title="Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways">Romanian Class 77</a> Malaxa DMU in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc">Câmpulung Moldovenesc</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>DMUs are used mostly on shorter or less frequently travelled routes in remote areas. The national railway company <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">CFR</a> still uses, along with other DMU models, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Romanian_Railways#Diesel_Multiple_Unit" title="Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways">Class 77 and 78</a> DMUs, locally built by <a href="/wiki/FAUR" title="FAUR">Malaxa</a> between the 1930s and 50s and refurbished in the 70s. The main DMU in use is the Class 96 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a> aka Săgeata Albastră (The Blue Arrow). Private operators also largely use DMU units, mainly purchased from various French and German operators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szlov%C3%A1kia,_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky),_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_(M%C3%A1ria),_SzG3-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg/220px-Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg/330px-Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg/440px-Szlov%C3%A1kia%2C_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_%28Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky%29%2C_SK-ZSSK_813_044-5_%28M%C3%A1ria%29%2C_SzG3-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>ZSSK Class 813</figcaption></figure> <p>In the present, several types of DMUs operate in Slovakia. Was the most common type in Slovakia is a Class 812 ZSSK based on the <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CD_Class_810" class="mw-redirect" title="ČD Class 810">ČD Class 810</a>. These are used almost exclusively for hauling passenger trains on non-electrified <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">regional lines</a> and these trains often excel in low travel speeds. In the past, however, in Slovakia there were a number of <a href="/wiki/Express_train" title="Express train">express trains</a> driven by <a href="/wiki/Motor_coach_(rail)" title="Motor coach (rail)">motor coaches</a>, which often overcame heavier trains driven by steam locomotives at cruising speed, and classic sets. A typical example can be, for example, the Slovenská strela motor express train led on the Bratislava-Prague route by a motor car of the same name, or the Tatran express from Bratislava to Košice. Representatives of high-speed motor wagons were, for example, motor wagons of the M262 or M286 series, which, however, lost their application in high-speed wagons due to the gradual electrification of main lines and were, like the current wagons currently used for passenger trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_railcars_and_diesel_multiple_units" title="British railcars and diesel multiple units">British railcars and diesel multiple units</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Rail_diesel_multiple_unit_classes" title="List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes">List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg/220px-222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg/330px-222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg/440px-222009_at_St_Pancras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains" title="East Midlands Trains">East Midlands Trains</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_222" title="British Rail Class 222">Class 222</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">London St Pancras</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:170518_at_Peterborough.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/170518_at_Peterborough.JPG/220px-170518_at_Peterborough.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/170518_at_Peterborough.JPG/330px-170518_at_Peterborough.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/170518_at_Peterborough.JPG/440px-170518_at_Peterborough.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Trains" title="Central Trains">Central Trains</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_170" title="British Rail Class 170">Class 170</a> at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg/220px-The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg/330px-The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg/440px-The_12_-_52_to_Londonderry_leaves_Yorkgate_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2359652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/NIR_Class_3000" title="NIR Class 3000">C3K</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yorkgate_railway_station" title="Yorkgate railway station">Yorkgate station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first significant use of DMUs in the United Kingdom was by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, which introduced its small but successful series of diesel–mechanical <a href="/wiki/GWR_railcars" title="GWR railcars">GWR railcars</a> in 1934. The <a href="/wiki/London_%26_North_Eastern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & North Eastern Railway">London & North Eastern Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_%26_Scottish_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London, Midland & Scottish Railway">London, Midland & Scottish Railway</a> also experimented with DMUs in the 1930s, the LMS both on <a href="/wiki/LMS_railcars" title="LMS railcars">its own system</a>, and on that of its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Committee#Railcars" title="Northern Counties Committee">Northern Irish subsidiary</a>, but development was curtailed by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>After nationalisation, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a> (BR) revived the concept in the early 1950s. At that time there was an urgent need to move away from expensive steam traction which led to many experimental designs using diesel propulsion and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple units</a>. The early DMUs proved successful, and under BR's <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_1948%E2%80%931994#The_Modernisation_Plan" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994">1955 Modernisation Plan</a> the building of a large fleet was authorised. These BR "First Generation" DMUs were built between 1956 and 1963. </p><p>BR required that contracts for the design and manufacture of new locomotives and rolling stock be split between numerous private firms as well as BR's own workshops, while different BR Regions laid down different specifications. The result was a multitude of different types, one of which was: </p> <ul><li>'Intercity' units, which were more substantially constructed, and shared many features with contemporary hauled coaching stock. They were built for express services on important secondary routes on the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Scottish Region of British Railways">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Region_of_British_Railways" title="North Eastern Region of British Railways">North Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">Western</a> regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In 1960, British Railways introduced its <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Classes_251_and_261" class="mw-redirect" title="British Rail Classes 251 and 261">Blue Pullman</a> high-speed DEMUs.<sup id="cite_ref-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were few in number and relatively short-lived,<sup id="cite_ref-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they paved the way for the very successful <a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a> or High Speed Train (HST) units, which were built between 1975 and 1982 to take over most principal express services on non-electrified routes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewOps_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewOps-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 125 mph (201 km/h) trains run with a streamlined power car at each end and (typically) seven to nine intermediate trailer cars.<sup id="cite_ref-blue253_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue253-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blue254_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue254-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originally classified as DEMUs, the trailer cars are very similar to loco-hauled stock, and the power cars were later reclassified as locomotives under <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)" title="British Rail Class 43 (HST)">Class 43</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blue253_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue253-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blue254_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue254-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSTs started being replaced in 2017, but as of October 2022 some are still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, many of the surviving First Generation units were reaching the end of their design life, leading to spiralling maintenance costs, poor reliability and a poor public image for the railway. A stopgap solution was to convert some services back to locomotive haulage, as spare locomotives and hauled coaching stock were available, but this also increased operating costs. Commencing in the mid '80s, British Rail embarked upon its so called "Sprinterisation" programme, to replace most of the first generation DMUs and many locomotive-hauled trains with three new families of DMU: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacer_(British_Rail)" title="Pacer (British Rail)">Class 140–144 <i>Pacer</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">railbuses</a>, ultra-low-cost diesel–mechanical units (later converted to hydraulic) utilising four-wheeled chassis and lightweight bus bodywork, designed for provincial branch line and stopping services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(British_Rail)" title="Sprinter (British Rail)">Sprinter</a> a family of diesel–hydraulic DMUs. These fall into three sub-groups; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_150" title="British Rail Class 150">Class 150</a> <i>Sprinters</i> (for branch line/commuter service), <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_153" title="British Rail Class 153">Class 153</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_155" title="British Rail Class 155">155</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_156" title="British Rail Class 156">156</a> <i>Super Sprinters</i> (for longer cross country services), and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158" title="British Rail Class 158">Class 158</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_159" title="British Rail Class 159">159</a> <i>Express</i> units (for secondary express services);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networker_(train)" title="Networker (train)">Networker</a> diesel–hydraulic units, of <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_165" title="British Rail Class 165">Class 165</a> <i>Network Turbo</i> (standard commuter version) and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_166" title="British Rail Class 166">Class 166</a> <i>Network Express</i> (for longer distance commuter services). These took over the remaining non-electric commuter services into London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Impact of the privatisation of British Rail">impact of the privatisation of British Rail</a> in the late 1990s, several other DMU families have been introduced:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_168" title="British Rail Class 168">Class 168</a> <i>Clubman</i> and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_170" title="British Rail Class 170">Class 170</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_171" title="British Rail Class 171">171</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_172" title="British Rail Class 172">172</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Turbostar" title="Bombardier Turbostar">Bombardier <i>Turbostar</i></a>, a development of the earlier <i>Networkers</i>. These are built by <a href="/wiki/Adtranz" title="Adtranz">Adtranz</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works" title="Derby Litchurch Lane Works">Derby Litchurch Lane Works</a> and are the most numerous and widespread of the post-privatisation designs. Purchased by <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Railways" title="Anglia Railways">Anglia Railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Trains" title="Central Trains">Central Trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Midland" title="London Midland">London Midland</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Overground_Rail_Operations" title="London Overground Rail Operations">London Overground Rail Operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_Mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Mainline">Midland Mainline</a> and <a href="/wiki/ScotRail_(National_Express)" title="ScotRail (National Express)">ScotRail</a>. All are diesel-hydraulic except for the Class 172, which is diesel-mechanical.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_175" title="British Rail Class 175">Class 175</a> <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia" title="Alstom Coradia">Alstom <i>Coradia</i></a> diesel-hydraulic multiple units were designed by <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> as a rival to the 170 Turbostar, but bought only by <a href="/wiki/First_North_Western" title="First North Western">First North Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_class_180" class="mw-redirect" title="British Rail class 180">Class 180</a> <i>Adelante</i> diesel-hydraulic multiple units were an Alstom design for express services built only for <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="First Great Western">First Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_185" title="British Rail Class 185">Class 185</a> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens <i>Desiro</i></a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens</a> introduced in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/First_TransPennine_Express" title="First TransPennine Express">First TransPennine Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_195" title="British Rail Class 195">Class 195</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_196" title="British Rail Class 196">196</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_197" title="British Rail Class 197">197</a> <a href="/wiki/CAF_Civity" title="CAF Civity">CAF <i>Civity</i></a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">CAF</a> for <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Rail_North" title="Arriva Rail North">Arriva Rail North</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midlands Trains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_220" title="British Rail Class 220">Class 220</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_221" title="British Rail Class 221">221</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_222" title="British Rail Class 222">222</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyagers/Meridian</a></i> diesel-electric multiple units built by Bombardier in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hull_Trains" title="Hull Trains">Hull Trains</a>, Midland Mainline and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_CrossCountry" title="Virgin CrossCountry">Virgin CrossCountry</a></li></ul> <p>In 2018, the first <a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">bi and tri-mode electro-diesel multiple units</a> were introduced: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">Class 800</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802s</a> are being built by <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a>, Hull Trains, <a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_755" title="British Rail Class 755">Class 755</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler <i>FLIRT</i></a> are to be operated by <a href="/wiki/Abellio_Greater_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abellio Greater Anglia">Abellio Greater Anglia</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_769" title="British Rail Class 769">Class 769s</a> are being converted by <a href="/wiki/Brush_Traction" title="Brush Traction">Brush Traction</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_319" title="British Rail Class 319">Class 319s</a> for Arriva Rail North, Great Western Railway and <a href="/wiki/KeolisAmey_Wales" title="KeolisAmey Wales">KeolisAmey Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_230" title="British Rail Class 230">Class 230s</a> were converted by <a href="/wiki/Vivarail" title="Vivarail">Vivarail</a> from <a href="/wiki/London_Underground_D78_Stock" title="London Underground D78 Stock">London Underground D78 Stock</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midland Trains</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of Vivarail in 2022, the West Midlands units were withdrawn from service.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Otrain.jpg/220px-Otrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Otrain.jpg/330px-Otrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Otrain.jpg/440px-Otrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> <a href="/wiki/Talent_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (train)">Talent</a> low-floor DMUs on the <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada generally follows similar buffer strength requirements to the US,<sup id="cite_ref-rsaa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsaa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but new services are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As a result, several types of lightweight DMUs have been used: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/O-Train" title="O-Train">O-Train</a> <a href="/wiki/Trillium_Line" title="Trillium Line">Trillium Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a> uses European-standard <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT" title="Alstom Coradia LINT">Alstom Coradia LINT</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Talent" title="Bombardier Talent">Bombardier Talent</a>) DMUs on conventional railway tracks under a specific safety agreement with <a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> operates <a href="/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car" title="Budd Rail Diesel Car">Budd Rail Diesel Cars</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_%E2%80%93_White_River_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudbury – White River train">Sudbury – White River train</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlevoix_tourist_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlevoix tourist train">Réseau Charlevoix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Massif" title="Le Massif">Le Massif</a>) operates a shuttle in the <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix" title="Charlevoix">Charlevoix</a> region, Québec, using ex-<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> <a href="/wiki/DB_Class_628" title="DB Class 628">DB Class 628</a> units.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a> operates the small custom-built <a href="/wiki/Kaoham_Shuttle" title="Kaoham Shuttle">Kaoham Shuttle</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lillooet,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillooet, British Columbia">Lillooet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy,_British_Columbia" title="D'Arcy, British Columbia">D'Arcy</a> via <a href="/wiki/Seton_Portage,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seton Portage, British Columbia">Seton Portage</a>, 213 km (132 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, in a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Seton_Lake_Indian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Seton Lake Indian Band">Seton Lake Indian Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tsalalh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsalalh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Pearson_Express" title="Union Pearson Express">Union Pearson Express</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo_DMU" title="Nippon Sharyo DMU">Nippon Sharyo DMU</a> trains for express service between <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Pearson Airport</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg/220px-Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg/330px-Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg/440px-Tren_urbano_de_Costa_Rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5350" data-file-height="3527" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 2400 DMU in service in Costa Rica</figcaption></figure> <p>Costa Rica has purchased several Apolo 2400 series DMU railcars from the former narrow gauge operator in Spain, which are run in commuter service.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>42 <a href="/wiki/X%27Trapolis_Ts%C3%ADimin_K%27%C3%A1ak" title="X'Trapolis Tsíimin K'áak">X'Trapolis Tsíimin K'áak</a> train sets have been ordered for <a href="/wiki/Tren_Maya" title="Tren Maya">Tren Maya</a>, 10 of which are DMU and 32 are EDMU.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budd_RDC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budd_RDC.png/220px-Budd_RDC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budd_RDC.png/330px-Budd_RDC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Budd_RDC.png/440px-Budd_RDC.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car" title="Budd Rail Diesel Car">Budd Rail Diesel Car</a> RDC-1 #407 of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_May_Seashore_Lines" title="Cape May Seashore Lines">Cape May Seashore Lines</a>, New Jersey</figcaption></figure> <p>A type of diesel multiple units in the U.S. was the <a href="/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car" title="Budd Rail Diesel Car">Budd Rail Diesel Car</a> (RDC). The RDC was a single passenger car with two diesel engines and two sets of controls.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, DMU systems must be FRA-compliant to be permitted on freight rail corridors. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railway_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Railway Administration">Federal Railway Administration</a> has mandated higher <a href="/wiki/Coupler_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupler (railway)">coupling strength</a> requirements than European regulators, effectively prohibiting the use of lighter weight European-style <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> DMUs on U.S. main line railways without timesharing with freight operations or special waivers from the FRA. This has greatly restricted the development of DMUs within the U.S. as no other country requires the much heavier FRA compliant vehicles, and no export market for them exists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg/220px-WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg/330px-WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg/440px-WES_Commuter_Rail_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption>FRA compliant <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Railcar_DMU" title="Colorado Railcar DMU">Colorado Railcar DMU</a> of <a href="/wiki/WES_Commuter_Rail" title="WES Commuter Rail">WES Commuter Rail</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Operations using FRA-compliant vehicles: </p> <ul><li>Since February 2009, <a href="/wiki/TriMet" title="TriMet">TriMet</a> is using FRA-compliant <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Railcar_DMU" title="Colorado Railcar DMU">Colorado Railcar DMUs</a> for its rush-hour <a href="/wiki/WES_Commuter_Rail" title="WES Commuter Rail">WES Commuter Rail</a> service, a suburb-to-suburb line between <a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon" title="Beaverton, Oregon">Beaverton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilsonville,_Oregon" title="Wilsonville, Oregon">Wilsonville, Oregon</a>. The opening of the line was delayed from fall 2008 to early 2009 due to delays in getting the vehicles. TriMet also has four refurbished former <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Railroad" title="Alaska Railroad">Alaska RR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Railway_Express" title="Trinity Railway Express">Trinity Railway Express</a> RDCs as backup trainsets for when one or more Colorado Railcar DMUs is out of service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma%E2%80%93Marin_Area_Rail_Transit" title="Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit">Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit</a>, also referred to as SMART, operates <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo_DMU" title="Nippon Sharyo DMU">Nippon Sharyo DMUs</a> (the same as those in Toronto) on its route between Larkspur and Santa Rosa, California. Service commenced in 2017.</li></ul> <p>Operations using non FRA-compliant vehicles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Metro">Capital Metro</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> cars to operate <a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a>, a commuter rail line serving the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> area.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Denton_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Denton County">Denton County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/DCTA" class="mw-redirect" title="DCTA">DCTA</a> also uses <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> cars to operate its <a href="/wiki/A-train_(Denton_County)" class="mw-redirect" title="A-train (Denton County)">A-train</a> service. DCTA has secured from the FRA the first-ever alternative vehicle technology waiver to use these cars on active freight corridors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg/220px-TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg/330px-TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg/440px-TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4777" data-file-height="3495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/TEXRail" title="TEXRail">TEXRail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEXRail" title="TEXRail">TEXRail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant County, Texas</a> is a commuter rail line operated by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Metro" title="Trinity Metro">Trinity Metro</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> DMUs. The vehicles are FRA Alternate Compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line has 9 stops with termini at <a href="/wiki/DFW_Airport/Terminal_B_station" class="mw-redirect" title="DFW Airport/Terminal B station">DFW Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%26P_Station" title="T&P Station">T&P Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/River_Line_(NJ_Transit)" title="River Line (NJ Transit)">River Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Camden,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden, NJ">Camden, NJ</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenton, NJ">Trenton, NJ</a>, every 15 minutes during peak hours and every 30 minutes at other times. It uses modified <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> trains of one or two cars. The line is classified as <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> because it utilizes imported European made DMUs that do not meet <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railway_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Railway Administration">FRA</a> crash guidelines. The cars may not operate with the <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail">freight rail</a> service that shares the line, so evening operating hours are restricted to Saturday nights. This line currently carries over 7,500 passengers on a typical weekday, exceeding expectations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_Transit_District" title="North County Transit District">NCTD</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Sprinter_(rail_service)" title="Sprinter (rail service)">Sprinter</a> line using <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Desiro Classic</a> DMUs built by <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens</a>. Opened March 2008, The line operates every half-hour daily, except limitations in the morning and at night on Saturday, Sunday and on holidays. The line runs from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanside, CA">Oceanside, CA</a>, where transfer is possible with <a href="/wiki/Coaster_(rail_service)" title="Coaster (rail service)">Coaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Escondido, CA">Escondido, CA</a>. Like the NJT River Line, it is classified as light rail due to the use of European made DMUs, but does not run at a more typical light rail frequency.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/EBART" title="EBART">eBART</a> expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit">Bay Area Rapid Transit</a> system implements <a href="/wiki/Stadler_GTW" title="Stadler GTW">Stadler GTW</a> diesel multiple unit train service from <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg/Bay_Point_station" title="Pittsburg/Bay Point station">Pittsburg/Bay Point station</a> east along the Highway 4 corridor to the town of <a href="/wiki/Antioch_station_(BART)" title="Antioch station (BART)">Antioch</a>. Future expansions in this direction could also connect the <a href="/wiki/EBART" title="EBART">eBART</a> service to Oakley, Brentwood, Byron, and beyond to Tracy and Stockton. The DMU system was chosen as a less-expensive alternative to the existing third-rail BART design.<sup id="cite_ref-bart_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bart-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service began on 25 May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ebart_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebart-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_(rail_service)" title="Arrow (rail service)">Arrow</a> utilizes <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> trainsets along its service route in <a href="/wiki/Redlands,_California" title="Redlands, California">Redlands, California</a>.</li></ul> <p>Proposed operations: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> approved an allocation of $250,000 for a feasibility study of DMUs for "future transportation options for the region" on 5 July 2006 (Ara Najarian, Metro Board Member).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s commuter rail line, <a href="/wiki/Metra" title="Metra">Metra</a>, is studying the use of DMUs on its newly proposed lines (<a href="/wiki/Suburban_Transit_Access_Route_(Metra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban Transit Access Route (Metra)">STAR line</a>, <a href="/wiki/SouthEast_Service_(Metra)" class="mw-redirect" title="SouthEast Service (Metra)">SES)</a>. They claim these DMUs will have better acceleration, be more fuel efficient, and seat more customers than the current diesel locomotive and double decker rail cars that are currently in use.<sup id="cite_ref-metra_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seattle area – The Central Puget Sound's regional transit agency <a href="/wiki/Sound_Transit" title="Sound Transit">Sound Transit</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Regional_Council" title="Puget Sound Regional Council">Puget Sound Regional Council</a> evaluated the feasibility of both DMU and diesel locomotive technology for operation in the Eastside BNSF Corridor in response to a state legislative request. The Eastside BNSF corridor runs from the City of Snohomish in the north to Renton in the south of the metro area. Sound Transit has no plans to operate passenger rail service in the eastside BNSF corridor, but has committed limited funds to provide capital improvements in the event another public or private operator proposes to operate the service.<sup id="cite_ref-psrc_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psrc-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anchorage Mat-Su area – As part of a joint U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and ARRC Chugach Forest Whistle Stop project, a self-propelled rail car was purchased and delivered spring 2009. The diesel multiple unit (DMU) may be available for flexible demonstration service during winter months.<sup id="cite_ref-akrail_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akrail-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>, the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, is exploring the possibility of operating DMUs on some of its lesser traveled routes in non-electrified territory (on the <a href="/wiki/Montauk_Branch" title="Montauk Branch">Montauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenport_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenport Branch">Greenport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Branch" title="Port Jefferson Branch">Port Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_Branch" title="Oyster Bay Branch">Oyster Bay</a> branches), where operation of its current fleet of <a href="/wiki/C3_(railcar)" title="C3 (railcar)">C3</a> bilevel railcars pulled by <a href="/wiki/DE30AC" class="mw-redirect" title="DE30AC">DE30AC</a>/<a href="/wiki/DM30AC" class="mw-redirect" title="DM30AC">DM30AC</a> locomotives is uneconomical and inefficient.</li> <li>A proposal to use DMUs on Boston's <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Line" title="Fairmount Line">Fairmount Line</a> was initially approved, but was canceled in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Passaic%E2%80%93Bergen%E2%80%93Hudson_Transit_Project" title="Passaic–Bergen–Hudson Transit Project">Passaic–Bergen–Hudson Transit Project</a> is studying the re-introduction passenger service on a portion of the <a href="/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway">New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway</a> (NYSW) right-of-way in <a href="/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic County, New Jersey">Passiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hudson County, New Jersey">Hudson</a> counties using newly built, FRA-compliant diesel multiple units.<sup id="cite_ref-NJTPBH_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJTPBH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dallas Area Rapid Transit">Dallas Area Rapid Transit</a> is rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway">Cotton Belt Rail Line</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Line_(DART)" title="Silver Line (DART)">Silver Line</a>, which will utilize <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler FLIRT</a> units.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia/Australasia"><span id="Asia.2FAustralasia"></span>Asia/Australasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia/Australasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:319A4914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/319A4914.jpg/220px-319A4914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/319A4914.jpg/330px-319A4914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/319A4914.jpg/440px-319A4914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/V/Line_VLocity" title="V/Line VLocity">V/Line VLocity</a> operating in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria, Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>DMUs were first introduced to Australia in the late mid-20th century for use on quiet branch lines that could not justify a locomotive hauled service. Today, DMUs are widely used throughout Australia's southern states: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Metro" title="Adelaide Metro">Adelaide Metro</a> use <a href="/wiki/3000_class_railcar" title="3000 class railcar">3000 class DMUs</a> on their suburban network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> use <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Xplorer" title="New South Wales Xplorer">Xplorer DMUs</a> on services from <a href="/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney" title="Central railway station, Sydney">Sydney</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canberra_railway_station" title="Canberra railway station">Canberra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Griffith_railway_station" title="Griffith railway station">Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill_railway_station" title="Broken Hill railway station">Broken Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armidale_railway_station" title="Armidale railway station">Armidale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moree_railway_station" title="Moree railway station">Moree</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Endeavour_railcar" title="New South Wales Endeavour railcar">Endeavour DMUs</a> are used on services to <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst railway station, New South Wales">Bathurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss_Vale_railway_station" title="Moss Vale railway station">Moss Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goulburn_railway_station" title="Goulburn railway station">Goulburn</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Southern_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Southern railway line">Southern Highlands Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiama_railway_station" title="Kiama railway station">Kiama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bomaderry_railway_station" title="Bomaderry railway station">Bomaderry</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter railway line">Hunter Line</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Hunter_railcar" title="New South Wales Hunter railcar">Hunter railcar DMUs</a> are also used on the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter railway line">Hunter Line</a>.</li> <li>Victoria's <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> uses <a href="/wiki/V/Line_Sprinter" title="V/Line Sprinter">Sprinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/V/Line_VLocity" title="V/Line VLocity">V/Locity</a> DMUs on all medium distance services.</li> <li>Western Australia's <a href="/wiki/Transwa" title="Transwa">Transwa</a> operates the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prospector_(train)" title="The Prospector (train)">Prospector</a>, <a href="/wiki/AvonLink" title="AvonLink">AvonLink</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Australind_(train)" title="Australind (train)">Australind</a></i> on medium and long distance country services.</li></ul> <p>In Queensland, heritage DMUs are used on the <i><a href="/wiki/Savannahlander" title="Savannahlander">Savannahlander</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gulflander" title="Gulflander">Gulflander</a></i> tourist trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese manufactured (CNR Tangshan) DEMU was introduced in Bangladesh from 25 May 2013. DEMU is the country's first-ever commuter train service starting its journey on the Chittagong–Fouzdarhat line. These DEMUs also operate on the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Circular_Railway" title="Chittagong Circular Railway">Chittagong Circular Railway</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Bangladesh Railway</a>'s service between <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Railway,_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_Railway%2C_Komlapur_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A DEMU train (right) at <a href="/wiki/Kamalapur_railway_station" title="Kamalapur railway station">Kamalapur railway station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexican manufacturer Ferrovias Del Bajio supplied in 2019, three DSUs (Diesel Single Unit) to Royal Railway in Cambodia for their airport shuttle service from Phnom Penh international airport to the city central station. The other two units were assigned to long-distance services from the central station to Sihanoukville and to Poipet. Royal Railways Cambodia have now acquired eleven carriages DMU from Japan. Model: " Kiha 183 heavy snow ". (キハ183系オホーツク・大雪) Speed: 110 km/h (max) Type: 特急　(Limited Express) Started: 1986 ............ End of Service in Japan 17 March 2023 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FVB_DSU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FVB_DSU.jpg/220px-FVB_DSU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FVB_DSU.jpg/330px-FVB_DSU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FVB_DSU.jpg/440px-FVB_DSU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Ferrovias del Bajio DSU at Phom Penh Cambodia Airport</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DMUs (DEMUs) are widely used in India. DEMUs in India are used in both the eight-coach format and the four-coach format. These trains replaced many (up to 10 car) trains with a WDM-2 or WDM-3A locomotive in the middle. These old trains had the loco controls duplicated in the Driving Trailer coach and all the actuation information reaching the locomotive through thin communication lines. This was called 'push-pull train'. The longest running such push-pull service operated between Diva – Bhiwandi Road and Vasai Road and was recently converted into an MEMU train service in 2018. </p><p>India's first and largest DMU shed at <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhar District">Jalandhar</a>, Punjab, holds more than 90 units placed in service all over Punjab. First generation DMU: Rated power was 700 HP and had three or six coaches, made first by ICF. Transmission was Voith-hydraulic. Max speed 100 km/h. </p><p>Second generation DMU: Rated power is 1400 HP and have eight coaches. Max speed is 105 km/h. Transmission is DC electric. Made at ICF and <a href="/wiki/Rail_Coach_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail Coach Factory">RCF</a>. </p><p>Third generation DMU: Rated power is 1,600 HP and have ten coaches. Max speed is 110 km/h. Transmission is AC electric. Made at <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">ICF</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg/220px-Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg/330px-Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg/440px-Solo_Ekspres_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3459" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>KRDI Solo Express, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>State-owned company <a href="/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api" title="Industri Kereta Api">PT.INKA</a> builds several type of DMU, some of which operate in urban and suburban areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DC283_hokuto_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/DC283_hokuto_001.jpg/220px-DC283_hokuto_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/DC283_hokuto_001.jpg/330px-DC283_hokuto_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/DC283_hokuto_001.jpg/440px-DC283_hokuto_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>JR Hokkaido <a href="/wiki/KiHa_283" class="mw-redirect" title="KiHa 283">KiHa 283</a> <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting DMU</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hakodate_Main_Line" title="Hakodate Main Line">Hakodate Main Line</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, where gasoline-driven railbuses (on small private lines) and railmotors (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kihani_5000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kihani 5000 (page does not exist)">Kihani 5000</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways" title="Japanese National Railways">national railways</a>) had been built since the 1920s, the first two streamlined DMUs came in service in 1937, class <a href="/wiki/Kiha_43000" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiha 43000">Kiha 43000</a> (キハ43000系).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The service of several hundreds (in sum even thousands) of diesel railcars and DMUs started in 1950s following the improvement of fuel supply that was critical during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Kenya acquired DMUs from France to operate in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area. These trains connect the city with settlements outside Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and the Nairobi Terminus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu" title="Keretapi Tanah Melayu">Keretapi Tanah Melayu</a> (KTM) has a total of 13 DMU <a href="/wiki/KTM_Class_61" title="KTM Class 61">KTM Class 61</a> ordered from <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> for the West Coast Line and are assembled locally at CRRCs Batu Gajah factory from 2016 to 2020. The first scheduled service is expected from 1 September along the Gemas-Johor Bahru route, replacing old non-automotive stock.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">Philippine National Railways</a> (PNR) was one of the first adopters of diesel multiple unit trains in Asia. Initially built as gasoline-powered railmotors, the locally assembled Manila Railroad RMC class of 1929 was the first to be powered by diesel traction. Some units were also converted to <a href="/wiki/Streamliner" title="Streamliner">streamliner</a> units by 1932 for first-class services on the South Main Line between Manila and <a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi, Albay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r39_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r39-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, generations of DMUs were used chiefly for short-distance commuter services by the PNR in the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even without active <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> services in the present-day, DMUs are still used on the <a href="/wiki/PNR_Metro_Commuter_Line" title="PNR Metro Commuter Line">PNR Metro Commuter Line</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and the Bicol Commuter service in the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pea_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pea-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three generations of DMUs are in use: second-hand DMUs handed over by <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/KiHa_35" title="KiHa 35">KiHa 35</a>, <a href="/wiki/KiHa_52" title="KiHa 52">52</a> and <a href="/wiki/KiHa_59_series#Philippine_National_Railways" title="KiHa 59 series">59</a> series originally built in the 1960s and acquired in the early 2010s,<sup id="cite_ref-jr_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jr-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/PNR_Hyundai_Rotem_DMU" title="PNR Hyundai Rotem DMU">Rotem DMUs</a> of 2009 built by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korean</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai Rotem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/PNR_8000_class" title="PNR 8000 class">8000</a> and <a href="/wiki/PNR_8100_class" title="PNR 8100 class">8100 classes</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> firm <a href="/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api" title="Industri Kereta Api">PT INKA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2022 onwards, the PNR will purchase <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard gauge</a> DMUs for its upcoming inter-city rail network in Luzon and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. This is compared to the <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in gauge</a> of the rolling stock that is currently in active service. This move should allow access to better technology and increase line speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CJ5-0505@BCR_(20160905093550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg/220px-CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg/330px-CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg/440px-CJ5-0505%40BCR_%2820160905093550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=CJ5_(DEMU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CJ5 (DEMU) (page does not exist)">CJ5 (DEMU)</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an%E2%80%93Huyi_railway" title="Xi'an–Huyi railway">Xi'an–Huyi railway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 January 2014, <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Changchun_Railway_Vehicles" title="CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles">CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles</a> announced that hybrid electric multiple units were put into production. At the end of 2014, the first batch of hybrid EMUs, one train each with battery-catenary power supply (EEMU) and catenary power supply-internal combustion engine (DEMU), rolled off the assembly line in Changchun. From 2016 to 2020, the vehicles were tested in Hohhot and Beijing Academy of Railway Sciences. </p><p>In September 2022, the first CJ-5 train used by the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>-Huxian Railway arrived in Xi'an. The No. 0506 train, which uses an internal combustion engine and a battery hybrid, was used as a vehicle during the initial operation of the Xi'an-Huxian Railway. During the operation period, it will be temporarily managed by <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Metro" title="Xi'an Metro">Xi'an Metro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PP-DHC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PP-DHC.jpg/220px-PP-DHC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PP-DHC.jpg/330px-PP-DHC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PP-DHC.jpg/440px-PP-DHC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Now retired Korail DHC-PP with new CI colour</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg/220px-Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg/330px-Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg/440px-Korail_RDC_DMU.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>Korail RDC DMU at Bujeon Station. Not a Budd Rail Diesel Car (RDC).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a> used to operates many DMUs. The DHC (Diesel Hydraulic Car), which made its debut for the 1988 Seoul Olympics, was able to reach speeds up to 150 km/h (93 mph) and served <a href="/wiki/Saemaul-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Saemaul-ho">Saemaul-ho</a> trains. These train have retired on 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DMUs were first introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Railways" title="Sri Lanka Railways">Sri Lanka</a> in 1940. The aim of this was connecting minor railway stations and stops on the main line where most express trains don't have a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DMUs are now usually used on the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Railway_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Railway Administration">Taiwan Railway Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Hualien%E2%80%93Taitung_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualien–Taitung Line">Hualien–Taitung Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Link_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Link Line">North-Link Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-Link_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Link Line">South-Link Line</a>. DMUs in Taiwan are classified as Class DR. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DR2700_series" title="DR2700 series">Class DR2700</a> – built by <a href="/wiki/Tokyu_Car_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyu Car Corporation">Tokyu Car Corporation</a> in 1966; was the fastest train on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_line_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast line (Taiwan)">West Coast line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR2800_series" title="DR2800 series">Class DR2800</a> – built by Tokyu Car Corporation in 1982 and 1984<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR2900_series" title="DR2900 series">Class DR2900</a></li> <li>Class DR3000</li> <li>Class DR3100</li></ul> <p><b>Thailand</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprinter2509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprinter2509.jpg/220px-Sprinter2509.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprinter2509.jpg/330px-Sprinter2509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprinter2509.jpg/440px-Sprinter2509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>ASR (Sprinter) Class diesel train at Bangkok (Krungthep Station) Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The State Railway of Thailand <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand_ASR_class" title="State Railway of Thailand ASR class">ASR class</a> is a diesel multiple unit operated by the <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a>. Built by <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a> at <a href="/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works" title="Derby Litchurch Lane Works">Derby Litchurch Lane Works</a> in England, it is based on the <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_158" title="British Rail Class 158">British Rail Class 158</a>. Twenty carriages were built in 1990/91. All were painted in the same <a href="/wiki/Regional_Railways" title="Regional Railways">Regional Railways</a> livery as the Class 158s. </p> <ul><li>Numbers 2501 – 2512 (with cockpit) 12 Unit</li> <li>Numbers 2113 – 2120 (no cockpit) 8 Unit</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DMU manufacturers include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda" class="mw-redirect" title="AnsaldoBreda">AnsaldoBreda</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEML" title="BEML">BEML</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals_Limited" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited">BHEL</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Engineering_Limited" title="British Rail Engineering Limited">British Rail Engineering Limited</a>, United Kingdom (1962–1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a>, United Kingdom (1950s–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Company" title="Budd Company">Budd Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">CAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Railcar" title="Colorado Railcar">Colorado Railcar</a>, US (Rader Railcar 1988–1997, Colorado Railcar 1997–2008, US Railcar<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demikhovsky_Machine-building_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Demikhovsky Machine-building Plant">DMZ</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIKON_International" title="EIKON International">EIKON International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrovias_Del_Bajio_S.A._de_C.V.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrovias Del Bajio S.A. de C.V. (page does not exist)">Ferrovias Del Bajio S.A. de C.V.</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganz-M%C3%81VAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganz-MÁVAG">Ganz-MÁVAG</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai Rotem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_Industri_Kereta_Api" class="mw-redirect" title="PT Industri Kereta Api">INKA</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luganskteplovoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Luganskteplovoz">Luganskteplovoz</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materfer" title="Materfer">Materfer</a>, Argentina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrovagonmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrovagonmash">Metrovagonmash</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_Transys" title="Niigata Transys">Niigata Transys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo" title="Nippon Sharyo">Nippon Sharyo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pojazdy_Szynowe_Pesa_Bydgoszcz" class="mw-redirect" title="Pojazdy Szynowe Pesa Bydgoszcz">Pojazdy Szynowe Pesa Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_Vagonb%C5%ABves_R%C5%ABpn%C4%ABca" title="Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca">RVR</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Mobility" title="Siemens Mobility">Siemens Mobility</a> DMU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Rail" title="Stadler Rail">Stadler Rail</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bussnang" title="Bussnang">Bussnang</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torzhoksky_car-building_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Torzhoksky car-building factory">Torzhoksky car-building factory</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CVASA%C5%9E" title="TÜVASAŞ">TÜVASAŞ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>, Turkey</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diesel_multiple_units,_motor_coaches_and_railcars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diesel multiple units, motor coaches and railcars">Diesel multiple units, motor coaches and railcars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">Diesel locomotive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diesel_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gaz-voyager-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaz-voyager_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaz-voyager_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022558/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/cutting-noise-and-smoothing-the-ride.html">"Cutting noise and smoothing the ride"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i>. 1 August 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//cutting-noise-and-smoothing-the-ride.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>In the Voyager application, every car has a Cummins underfloor engine and alternator supplying power to a pair of body-mounted traction motors. Each drives one inner axle through a cardan shaft and axle-mounted final drive gearbox.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Cutting+noise+and+smoothing+the+ride&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2F%2Fcutting-noise-and-smoothing-the-ride.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stadler Flirt DMU/DEMU example: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elektriraudtee_Classes_2200,_2300_and_2400" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elektriraudtee Classes 2200, 2300 and 2400">Elron Elektriraudtee Classes 2200, 2300 and 2400</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TEXRail_Stadler_FLIRT_DFW_Airport_Nov_2019.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:TEXRail Stadler FLIRT DFW Airport Nov 2019.jpg">TEXRail Stadler FLIRT</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2013" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Julian (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gApAhy8QvoEC&q=ireland+diesel+multiple+unit+1950&pg=PA72"><i>An A-Z of Famous Express Trains: An Illustrated Trip Down Memory Lane</i></a>. David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446302958" title="Special:BookSources/9781446302958"><bdi>9781446302958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+A-Z+of+Famous+Express+Trains%3A+An+Illustrated+Trip+Down+Memory+Lane&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2013-01&rft.isbn=9781446302958&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgApAhy8QvoEC%26q%3Direland%2Bdiesel%2Bmultiple%2Bunit%2B1950%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lner.info/locos/IC/aw_railcar.php">"LNER Encyclopedia: The LNER Armstrong-Whitworth Diesel–Electric Railcars"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LNER+Encyclopedia%3A+The+LNER+Armstrong-Whitworth+Diesel%E2%80%93Electric+Railcars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lner.info%2Flocos%2FIC%2Faw_railcar.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heaps,_BR_Diary:_1968–1977_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaps1988" class="citation book cs1">Heaps, Chris (1988). "End of the Blue Pullmans". <i>BR Diary: 1968–1977</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan</a>. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1611-8"><bdi>978-0-7110-1611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Blue+Pullmans&rft.btitle=BR+Diary%3A+1968%E2%80%931977&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-1611-8&rft.aulast=Heaps&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2486000/2486817.stm">"1976: New train speeds into service"</a>. London: BBC News. 4 October 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1976%3A+New+train+speeds+into+service&rft.date=1976-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F4%2Fnewsid_2486000%2F2486817.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewOps-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewOps_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_WP001.pdf">"New opportunities for the railways: the privatisation of British Rail"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Railway Archive. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023114338/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_WP001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+opportunities+for+the+railways%3A+the+privatisation+of+British+Rail&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Railway+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaysarchive.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2FDoT_WP001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue253-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue253_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue253_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150731/http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_253V.2.htm">"Class 253 High Speed Train"</a>. Railblue.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_253V.2.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Class+253+High+Speed+Train&rft.pub=Railblue.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railblue.com%2FClass%2520Headers%2520v2.0%2Fclass_253V.2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blue254-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue254_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue254_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715150736/http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_254V.2.htm">"Class 254 High Speed Train"</a>. Railblue.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railblue.com/Class%20Headers%20v2.0/class_254V.2.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hyundai-rotem.co.kr&rft.atitle=Railway+Systems-Project+Record+View&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyundai-rotem.co.kr%2FEng%2FBusiness%2FRail%2FBusiness_Record_View.asp%3Fbrid%3D228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiesel+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.news.yahoo.com/two-more-pnr-trainsets-arrive-121543715.html">"Two more PNR trainsets arrive in PH"</a>. <i>ph.news.yahoo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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