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<span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Théorie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Théorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dans_un_milieu_linéaire,_homogène_et_isotrope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_un_milieu_linéaire,_homogène_et_isotrope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dans un milieu linéaire, homogène et isotrope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_un_milieu_linéaire,_homogène_et_isotrope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_un_milieu_plus_complexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_un_milieu_plus_complexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dans un milieu plus complexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_un_milieu_plus_complexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permittivité_du_vide_et_permittivité_relative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permittivité_du_vide_et_permittivité_relative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Permittivité du vide et permittivité relative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Permittivité_du_vide_et_permittivité_relative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Permittivité du vide et permittivité relative</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Permittivité_du_vide_et_permittivité_relative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permittivité_d’un_matériau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permittivité_d’un_matériau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Permittivité d’un matériau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permittivité_d’un_matériau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permittivité_complexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permittivité_complexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Permittivité complexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permittivité_complexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_avec_d'autres_propriétés_physiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_avec_d'autres_propriétés_physiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relations avec d'autres propriétés physiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_avec_d'autres_propriétés_physiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Relations avec d'autres propriétés physiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_avec_d'autres_propriétés_physiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permittivité_et_susceptibilité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permittivité_et_susceptibilité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Permittivité et susceptibilité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permittivité_et_susceptibilité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permittivité_et_polarisabilité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permittivité_et_polarisabilité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Permittivité et polarisabilité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permittivité_et_polarisabilité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesure_de_permittivité_d'un_matériau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesure_de_permittivité_d'un_matériau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mesure de permittivité d'un matériau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesure_de_permittivité_d'un_matériau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Permittivité</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 47 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سماحية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سماحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="প্ৰৱেশ্যতা – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰৱেশ্যতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Дыэлектрычная пранікальнасць – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыэлектрычная пранікальнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Дыэлектрычная пранікальнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыэлектрычная пранікальнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Диелектрична проницаемост – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диелектрична проницаемост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivitat" title="Permitivitat – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Permitivitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivita" title="Permitivita – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Permitivita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Диэлектрикле витереслĕх – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Диэлектрикле витереслĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivitet" title="Permittivitet – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Permittivitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A4t" title="Permittivität – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Permittivität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Permittivity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitividad" title="Permitividad – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Permitividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielektriline_l%C3%A4bitavus" title="Dielektriline läbitavus – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dielektriline läbitavus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="گذردهی (فیزیک) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذردهی (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittiivisyys" title="Permittiivisyys – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Permittiivisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceada%C3%ADocht" title="Ceadaíocht – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceadaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מקדם דיאלקטרי – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדם דיאלקטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युतशीलता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युतशीलता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivnosti" title="Permitivnosti – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Permitivnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A1s" title="Permittivitás – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Permittivitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դիէլեկտրական թափանցելիություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիէլեկտրական թափանցելիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivitas" title="Permitivitas – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permitivitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsv%C3%B6runarstu%C3%B0ull" title="Rafsvörunarstuðull – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafsvörunarstuðull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A0_elettrica" title="Permittività elettrica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Permittività elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E9%9B%BB%E7%8E%87" title="誘電率 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="誘電率" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%A8" title="유전율 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전율" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielektrin%C4%97_skvarba" title="Dielektrinė skvarba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dielektrinė skvarba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Диелектрична спроводливост – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диелектрична спроводливост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketelusan" title="Ketelusan – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketelusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittiviteit" title="Permittiviteit – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Permittiviteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivitet" title="Permittivitet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Permittivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivitet" title="Permittivitet – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Permittivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wzgl%C4%99dna_przenikalno%C5%9B%C4%87_elektryczna" title="Względna przenikalność elektryczna – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Względna przenikalność elektryczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissividade" title="Permissividade – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Permissividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivitate_(electromagnetism)" title="Permitivitate (electromagnetism) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Permitivitate (electromagnetism)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Диэлектрическая проницаемость – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диэлектрическая проницаемость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivnost" title="Permitivnost – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Permitivnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitivita" title="Permitivita – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Permitivita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielektri%C4%8Dnost" title="Dielektričnost – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dielektričnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permitiviteti" title="Permitiviteti – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Permitiviteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivitet" title="Permittivitet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Permittivitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="สภาพยอม – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภาพยอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1tkanl%C4%B1k_sabiti" title="Yalıtkanlık sabiti – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yalıtkanlık sabiti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Абсолютна діелектрична проникність – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абсолютна діелектрична проникність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%A9m" title="Độ điện thẩm – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ điện thẩm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="电容率 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电容率" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="電容率 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電容率" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211569#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A9" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Permittivit%C3%A9" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A9"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Permittivit%C3%A9" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Permittivit%C3%A9" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&oldid=216797914" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Permittivit%C3%A9&id=216797914&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermittivit%25C3%25A9"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermittivit%25C3%25A9"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Permittivit%C3%A9"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211569" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style=""> <div>Permittivité diélectrique</div> </div> <div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Diel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Diel.png/220px-Diel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Diel.png/330px-Diel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Diel.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">La <b>permittivité</b> décrit la réponse d'un milieu donné à un <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique">champ électrique</a> appliqué.</div><table><caption class="hidden" style="">Données clés</caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9s_de_base_du_Syst%C3%A8me_international" title="Unités de base du Système international">Unités SI</a></th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a> par <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre">mètre</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dimension_(physique)" title="Dimension (physique)">Dimension</a></th> <td> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Masse" title="Masse">M</a><sup> −1</sup>·<a href="/wiki/Longueur" title="Longueur">L</a><sup> −3</sup>·<a href="/wiki/Temps_(physique)" title="Temps (physique)">T</a><sup> 4</sup>·<a href="/wiki/Intensit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensité électrique">I</a><sup> 2</sup></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nature</th> <td> Grandeur <a href="/wiki/Tenseur" title="Tenseur">tensorielle</a> <a href="/wiki/Grandeur_intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandeur intensive">intensive</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lien à d'autres grandeurs</th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Induction_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Induction électrique"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/196ce8c850d472b3997fd67254f334528828d9d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=}"></span></a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"></span></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table><p class="navbar bordered noprint" style=""><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Grandeur_physique" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>La <b>permittivité</b>, plus précisément <b>permittivité diélectrique</b>, est une propriété <a href="/wiki/Physique" title="Physique">physique</a> qui décrit la réponse d'un milieu donné à un <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique">champ électrique</a> appliqué. </p><p>C'est une <a href="/wiki/Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_macroscopique" title="Propriété macroscopique">propriété macroscopique</a>, essentielle de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrostatique" title="Électrostatique">électrostatique</a>, ainsi que de l‘<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrodynamique_des_milieux_continus" title="Électrodynamique des milieux continus">électrodynamique des milieux continus</a>. Elle intervient dans de nombreux domaines, notamment dans l’étude de la propagation des <a href="/wiki/Onde_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Onde électromagnétique">ondes électromagnétiques</a>, et en particulier la <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">lumière visible</a> et les ondes utilisées en <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion" title="Radiodiffusion">radiodiffusion</a>. </p><p>On la retrouve donc en <a href="/wiki/Optique" title="Optique">optique</a>, via l'<a href="/wiki/Indice_de_r%C3%A9fraction" title="Indice de réfraction">indice de réfraction</a>. Les lois gérant la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction" title="Réfraction">réfraction</a> et la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9flexion_(optique)" title="Réflexion (optique)">réflexion</a> de la lumière y font appel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Théorie"><span id="Th.C3.A9orie"></span>Théorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Théorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Théorie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En électromagnétisme, le <a href="/wiki/Induction_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Induction électrique">champ d’induction électrique</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4bab6670be71833b1e405dab053af4f29dda49d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"></span> représente la façon dont le <a href="/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique">champ électrique</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"></span> influe sur l’organisation des <a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique">charges électriques</a> dans un matériau donné, notamment le déplacement des charges (d'où la notation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4bab6670be71833b1e405dab053af4f29dda49d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"></span>) et la réorientation des dipôles électriques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_un_milieu_linéaire,_homogène_et_isotrope"><span id="Dans_un_milieu_lin.C3.A9aire.2C_homog.C3.A8ne_et_isotrope"></span>Dans un milieu linéaire, homogène et isotrope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Dans un milieu linéaire, homogène et isotrope" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans un milieu linéaire, homogène et isotrope"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La relation des champs électrique et d’induction à la permittivité, dans le très simple cas d'un matériau <i>linéaire, homogène, isotrope</i>, et avec <i>réponse instantanée</i> aux changements du champ électrique, est : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/367c45f6ef2ab35e5f44ff2f1ab5b1d2b275f19b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> désigne la permittivité sous forme <span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Scalaire" class="mw-disambig" title="Scalaire">scalaire</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_un_milieu_plus_complexe">Dans un milieu plus complexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Dans un milieu plus complexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans un milieu plus complexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Si le matériau n’est pas isotrope, la permittivité est un <a href="/wiki/Tenseur" title="Tenseur">tenseur</a> de rang 2, représenté par une matrice <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\varepsilon ]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\varepsilon ]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de5139270a1d58ba6553c9b2e829be9160f523ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\varepsilon ]}"></span>. Dans ce cas, le champ de vecteurs <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4bab6670be71833b1e405dab053af4f29dda49d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"></span> n'est pas colinéaire à <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"></span>.</li> <li>Si le matériau n’est pas homogène, les coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i,j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i,j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6514fd50d473d93c5d83deea57a208aced7ae23" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.018ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i,j}}"></span> de la matrice <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f88c68cb63ae29ef789a94aaf49bf14712eb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}"></span> dépendent des coordonnées de l'espace <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y,z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y,z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bbeca34b28f569a407ef74a955d041df9f360268" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.641ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y,z}"></span>.</li> <li>Si le matériau n’est pas à réponse instantanée (ces derniers milieux sont dits « parfaits »), les coefficients <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i\,j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i\,j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3cf0be86fa77bd8ccf0b049daf0b6073262ba3fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.948ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i\,j}}"></span> de la matrice <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f88c68cb63ae29ef789a94aaf49bf14712eb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[\varepsilon \right]}"></span> dépendent des coordonnées de temps <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> ou de fréquence <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }"></span>.</li> <li>Si le matériau n’est pas linéaire, la relation précédente <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/367c45f6ef2ab35e5f44ff2f1ab5b1d2b275f19b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}=\varepsilon {\vec {E}}}"></span> n'est plus valable.</li></ul> <p>D’une manière générale, la permittivité n’est pas une constante : elle varie suivant la position dans le matériau, la fréquence du champ appliqué, l’humidité, la température, et d’autres paramètres. Dans un matériau non linéaire, la permittivité peut dépendre de la force du champ électrique. </p><p>De plus, la permittivité en fonction de la fréquence des champs électriques et d’induction peut prendre des valeurs réelles ou complexes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Dimensions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dimensions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le champ vecteur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}"></span> est exprimé en volts par mètre (<abbr class="abbr" title="volt par mètre">V m<sup>−1</sup></abbr>) et le champ vecteur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4bab6670be71833b1e405dab053af4f29dda49d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {D}}}"></span> est exprimé en <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a> par mètre carré (<abbr class="abbr" title="coulomb par mètre carré">C m<sup>−2</sup></abbr> = <abbr class="abbr" title="ampère seconde par mètre carré">A s m<sup>−2</sup></abbr>). </p><p>Pour conserver l'homogénéité de l’équation, la grandeur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> doit donc s‘exprimer en coulombs (c’est-à-dire ampères-secondes) par <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> et par mètre (<abbr class="abbr" title="coulomb par volt mètre">C V<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup></abbr>). </p><p>Comme la charge d'un condensateur de capacité <i>C</i>, en <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farads</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="farad">F</abbr>), soumis à une tension <i>u</i>, en <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="volt">V</abbr>), est <i>q</i> = <i>C</i>⋅<i>u</i>, les unités sont liées par C = <abbr class="abbr" title="farad volt">F V</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="coulomb par volt">C V<sup>−1</sup></abbr> = <abbr class="abbr" title="farad">F</abbr>, de sorte que <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> s'exprime généralement en farads par mètre (<abbr class="abbr" title="farad par mètre">F/m</abbr>).| </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permittivité_du_vide_et_permittivité_relative"><span id="Permittivit.C3.A9_du_vide_et_permittivit.C3.A9_relative"></span>Permittivité du vide et permittivité relative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Permittivité du vide et permittivité relative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Permittivité du vide et permittivité relative"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pour représenter la permittivité <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> d'un milieu autre que le vide, on utilise une grandeur appelée <b>permittivité relative</b> ou « constante diélectrique ». Cette grandeur relie la permittivité du milieu à la <a href="/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A9_du_vide" title="Permittivité du vide">permittivité du vide</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span> : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,\varepsilon _{\text{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,\varepsilon _{\text{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/652aa0ab807be330617501b458d03003d7896383" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.667ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,\varepsilon _{\text{r}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Le vide est choisi comme milieu de référence, car il est linéaire, homogène, isotrope, et avec réponse instantanée. La <a href="/wiki/Permittivit%C3%A9_du_vide" title="Permittivité du vide">permittivité du vide</a> est une constante : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span> = 8,854 187 × 10<sup>−12</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="farad par mètre">F/m</abbr>.</dd></dl> <p>Ce vide de référence est un vide absolu et théorique, qui ne peut être obtenu en pratique de façon expérimentale. Dans nombre d’expériences, on admet cependant un gaz neutre à faible pression (comme l’air, ou mieux un halogène) comme suffisant pour approcher le vide. Dans d’autres cas (notamment si le gaz peut être ionisé ou si la faible pression du vide approché expérimentalement est suffisante pour fausser les résultats), on tiendra compte de la permittivité relative de ce gaz. </p><p>La permittivité relative dépend de la fréquence du champ électrique appliqué. Par exemple, pour de l'eau à <span title="68 °F ou 293,2 K">20 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, elle passe de 80 pour des fréquences inférieures au GHz à moins de 10 pour des fréquences supérieures à 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="gigahertz">GHz</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Elle est liée à l'indice de réfraction <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> du milieu par la relation : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01c088a058993d2067620be478c40b94da417e3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.389ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\sqrt {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Exemples de permittivités relatives typiques de quelques isolants, à basse fréquence </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Matériau </th> <th scope="col">Permittivité relative <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span><sub>r</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique)">Vide</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">Air</a> sec </td> <td>1,000 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isolant de câble de téléphone</td> <td>1,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9flon" title="Téflon">Téflon</a> (PTFE)</td> <td>2,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huile de transformateur, <a href="/wiki/Paraffine" title="Paraffine">paraffine</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trole" title="Pétrole">pétrole</a></td> <td>2,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papier" title="Papier">Papier</a></td> <td>2,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polystyr%C3%A8ne" title="Polystyrène">Polystyrène</a> (PS)</td> <td>2,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caoutchouc_(mat%C3%A9riau)" title="Caoutchouc (matériau)">Caoutchouc</a> vulcanisé</td> <td>2,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plexiglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexiglas">Plexiglas</a> (PMMA)</td> <td>3,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papier_kraft" title="Papier kraft">Papier kraft</a> (imprégné d'huile) </td> <td>3,5<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bak%C3%A9lite" title="Bakélite">Bakélite</a> (PF)</td> <td>3,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marbre" title="Marbre">Marbre</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isolant de câble pour courant fort</td> <td>4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(min%C3%A9ral)" title="Quartz (minéral)">Quartz</a></td> <td>4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Verre" title="Verre">Verre</a> standard</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a></td> <td>3−6<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eau" title="Eau">Eau</a></td> <td>78,5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voir aussi le tableau détaillé de la section suivante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permittivité_d’un_matériau"><span id="Permittivit.C3.A9_d.E2.80.99un_mat.C3.A9riau"></span>Permittivité d’un matériau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Permittivité d’un matériau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Permittivité d’un matériau"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au niveau microscopique, la permittivité d’un matériau est liée à la <a href="/wiki/Polarisabilit%C3%A9" title="Polarisabilité">polarisabilité</a> électrique des molécules ou atomes constituant le matériau. </p><p>La permittivité d'un matériau est une grandeur tensorielle (la réponse du matériau peut dépendre de l’orientation des axes cristallographiques du matériau), qui se réduit à un scalaire dans les milieux isotropes. </p><p>Elle est très généralement <i>complexe</i>, la partie <i>imaginaire</i> étant liée au phénomène d‘absorption ou d‘émission du champ électromagnétique par le matériau. </p><p>La constante diélectrique est également notée <i>k</i> dans le domaine des circuits intégrés et des semi-conducteurs. Les matériaux dits <i>low-k</i> sont des diélectriques à faible permittivité. Ils sont utilisés comme isolants entre les interconnexions métalliques pour diminuer le couplage entre celles-ci. </p> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:1.6em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);">Permittivité relative de quelques isolants</div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <table> <caption><b>Permittivité relative de quelques isolants</b> (aux conditions normales)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Matériaux<br />simples ou synthétiques </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span><sub>r</sub><br />minimale </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span><sub>r</sub><br />maximale </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique)">Vide</a> absolu</td> <td>1 (par définition)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">Air</a></td> <td>1,000 5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polystyr%C3%A8ne" title="Polystyrène">Polystyrène</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mousse_(mati%C3%A8re)" title="Mousse (matière)">mousse</a>)</td> <td>1,03</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9flon" title="Téflon">Téflon</a></td> <td>2,1</td> <td>2,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trachlorure_de_carbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrachlorure de carbone">Tétrachlorure de carbone</a></td> <td>2,17</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polystyr%C3%A8ne" title="Polystyrène">Polystyrène</a></td> <td>2,4</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9thacrylate_de_m%C3%A9thyle" title="Polyméthacrylate de méthyle">Lucite</a></td> <td>2,5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne" title="Polyéthylène">Polyéthylène</a></td> <td>2,5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9thacrylate_de_m%C3%A9thyle" title="Polyméthacrylate de méthyle">Plexiglas</a></td> <td>2,6</td> <td>3,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89bonite" title="Ébonite">Ébonite</a></td> <td>2,7</td> <td>2,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinylite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinylite (page inexistante)">Vinylite</a></td> <td>2,7</td> <td>7,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate</a></td> <td>2,9</td> <td>3,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">Silicone</a></td> <td>3,2</td> <td>4,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></td> <td>3,3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide</a></td> <td>3,4</td> <td>3,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poly%C3%A9poxyde" title="Polyépoxyde">Résine époxyde</a></td> <td>3,4</td> <td>3,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></td> <td>3,5</td> <td>4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Celluloïd">Celluloïd</a></td> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durite" class="mw-redirect" title="Durite">Durite</a></td> <td>4,7</td> <td>5,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polychlorure_de_vinyle" title="Polychlorure de vinyle">PVC</a></td> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9atite" title="Stéatite">Stéatite</a></td> <td>5,2</td> <td>6,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9l%C3%A9nium" title="Sélénium">Sélénium</a></td> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolantite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolantite (page inexistante)">Isolantite</a></td> <td>6,1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcool_%C3%A9thylique" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcool éthylique">Alcool éthylique</a></td> <td>6,5</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorure_de_sodium" title="Chlorure de sodium">Chlorure de sodium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sel_(chimie)" title="Sel (chimie)">sel</a>)</td> <td>6,12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eau_distill%C3%A9e" title="Eau distillée">Eau distillée</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioxyde_de_titane" title="Dioxyde de titane">Dioxyde de titane</a></td> <td>100</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanate_de_baryum" title="Titanate de baryum">Titanate de baryum</a></td> <td>100</td> <td>1 250 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Matériaux<br />complexes ou naturels </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span><sub>r</sub><br />minimale </th> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span><sub>r</sub><br />maximale </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bois" title="Bois">Bois</a> sec</td> <td>1,4</td> <td>2,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papier" title="Papier">Papier</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulosique</a></td> <td>1,5</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caoutchouc_naturel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caoutchouc naturel">Caoutchouc naturel</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraffine" title="Paraffine">Paraffine</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></td> <td>2,4</td> <td>2,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cire_d%27abeille" title="Cire d'abeille">Cire d'abeille</a></td> <td>2,4</td> <td>2,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sol_(p%C3%A9dologie)" title="Sol (pédologie)">Sol</a> sec</td> <td>2,4</td> <td>2,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre">Ambre</a></td> <td>2,6</td> <td>2,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gomme-laque" title="Gomme-laque">Gomme-laque</a></td> <td>2,9</td> <td>3,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tate_de_cellulose" title="Acétate de cellulose">Acétate de cellulose</a></td> <td>2,9</td> <td>4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre" title="Fibre">Fibre</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Amiante" title="Amiante">amiante</a></td> <td>3,1</td> <td>4,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Micarta" title="Micarta">Micarta</a></td> <td>3,2</td> <td>5,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></td> <td>3,4</td> <td>22,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Formica_(marque)" title="Formica (marque)">Formica</a></td> <td>3,6</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Verre_de_silice" class="mw-redirect" title="Verre de silice">Verre de silice</a></td> <td>3,8</td> <td>14,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Batiste" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></td> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9opr%C3%A8ne" title="Néoprène">Néoprène</a> (gomme)</td> <td>4</td> <td>6,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Verre" title="Verre">Verre</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrex" title="Pyrex">Pyrex</a></td> <td>4.6</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre_textile" title="Fibre textile">Fibre textile</a></td> <td>5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(min%C3%A9ral)" title="Quartz (minéral)">Quartz</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porcelaine" title="Porcelaine">Porcelaine</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>6,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a> rouge</td> <td>5,4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bak%C3%A9lite" title="Bakélite">Bakélite</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardoise" title="Ardoise">Ardoise</a></td> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycalex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycalex (page inexistante)">Mycalex</a></td> <td>7,3</td> <td>9,3 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permittivité_complexe"><span id="Permittivit.C3.A9_complexe"></span>Permittivité complexe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Permittivité complexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Permittivité complexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans un milieu diélectrique réel, il existe toujours à basses fréquences une faible conductivité liée à différents mécanismes microscopiques (défauts notamment). On parle alors de <i>pertes diélectriques</i>. On peut tenir compte de ces pertes en définissant une permittivité complexe : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon ^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ).=\varepsilon _{0}\left(\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>r</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon ^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ).=\varepsilon _{0}\left(\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72d675e2e68bdd86853835131e43e3812510552f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.007ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )=\varepsilon ^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }(\omega ).=\varepsilon _{0}\left(\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime }(\omega )-i\varepsilon _{\text{r}}^{\prime \prime }(\omega )\right)}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl> <p>Ces pertes sont souvent très faibles. La partie imaginaire est donc très petite devant la partie réelle. On parle alors parfois d'<i>angle de perte</i>, exprimé en pour cents et défini par : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta _{e}\approx \tan \delta _{e}={\frac {\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}{\varepsilon ^{\prime }}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta _{e}\approx \tan \delta _{e}={\frac {\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}{\varepsilon ^{\prime }}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e4d4c9b95a308d2d90741d9eb270305e5eafb41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.062ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta _{e}\approx \tan \delta _{e}={\frac {\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}{\varepsilon ^{\prime }}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Cette appellation s'explique par le fait que cet angle <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta _{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta _{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e18d0dbba5d6a01d4292950d6f49d12dcee61670" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.031ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta _{e}}"></span> est l'angle formé par les vecteurs champ électrique et déplacement électrique dans le plan complexe. </p><p>Les parties réelles et imaginaires de la permittivité ne sont pas complètement indépendantes. Elles sont reliées par les <a href="/wiki/Relations_de_Kramers-Kronig" title="Relations de Kramers-Kronig">relations de Kramers-Kronig</a>. </p><p>Dans le cas où la permittivité d'un milieu est complexe, la relation liant l'indice de réfraction de ce milieu et sa permittivité relative existe toujours : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )=n(\omega )-i\kappa (\omega )={\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )^{1/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>κ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )=n(\omega )-i\kappa (\omega )={\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )^{1/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f1eaba1343b79fff3ec4a11b0bb2abe7e6da8e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.043ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )=n(\omega )-i\kappa (\omega )={\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )^{1/2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/745f703450d572350490d9d6f8eb0fb7c64dac3d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.65ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}(\omega )}"></span> est l'indice de réfraction complexe du milieu, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(\omega )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(\omega )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5cd5670e77c35314472dcea1ba1651b58538d0d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.65ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(\omega )}"></span> l'indice de réfraction du milieu (celui utilisé pour calculer la vitesse de propagation d'une onde électromagnétique dans ce milieu) et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>κ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6d53c5d78c54e2f206e04a6e5cf4efb77f7b501" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.594ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}"></span> définit l'absorption dans ce milieu (si <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>κ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6d53c5d78c54e2f206e04a6e5cf4efb77f7b501" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.594ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}"></span> augmente, l'absorption augmente et vice versa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_avec_d'autres_propriétés_physiques"><span id="Relations_avec_d.27autres_propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s_physiques"></span>Relations avec d'autres propriétés physiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Relations avec d'autres propriétés physiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Relations avec d'autres propriétés physiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permittivité_et_susceptibilité"><span id="Permittivit.C3.A9_et_susceptibilit.C3.A9"></span>Permittivité et susceptibilité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Permittivité et susceptibilité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Permittivité et susceptibilité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Susceptibilit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Susceptibilité électrique">Susceptibilité électrique</a>.</div></div> <p>La susceptibilité électrique <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/656111758322ace96d80a9371771aa6d3de25437" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.455ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi }"></span> est un nombre sans dimension tel que <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8350cae27e0aeac7c08a795bde9d8a4e99ebc765" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.245ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}"></span>. Elle est liée à la permittivité par la relation : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,(1+\chi )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>χ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,(1+\chi )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4814463a9b53bc26fcbb286b06aee2c193ca103" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.974ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon _{0}\,(1+\chi )}"></span>, valable dans le cas d'un milieu linéaire, homogène et isotrope.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permittivité_et_polarisabilité"><span id="Permittivit.C3.A9_et_polarisabilit.C3.A9"></span>Permittivité et polarisabilité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Permittivité et polarisabilité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Permittivité et polarisabilité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Formule_de_Clausius-Mossotti" title="Formule de Clausius-Mossotti">Formule de Clausius-Mossotti</a>.</div></div> <p>La permittivité est une grandeur macroscopique ; la polarisabilité est définie pour un atome ou une molécule. Sous certaines hypothèses, il est possible de relier les deux : c'est la <a href="/wiki/Formule_de_Clausius-Mossotti" title="Formule de Clausius-Mossotti">formule de Clausius-Mossotti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesure_de_permittivité_d'un_matériau"><span id="Mesure_de_permittivit.C3.A9_d.27un_mat.C3.A9riau"></span>Mesure de permittivité d'un matériau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Mesure de permittivité d'un matériau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mesure de permittivité d'un matériau"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La mesure de permittivité peut s'effectuer à l'aide de différents instruments tels que : </p> <ul><li>des sondes coaxiales ;</li> <li>des guides d'ondes ;</li> <li>des cavités ;</li> <li>des bancs en espace libre, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr></li></ul> <p>Ces instruments permettent de mesurer le comportement des ondes lorsqu'elles entrent en contact avec le matériau ou le traversent. Il est ensuite nécessaire d'utiliser un <a href="/wiki/Algorithme" title="Algorithme">algorithme</a> d'extraction afin de connaitre la permittivité. Les plus utilisés sont le NRW (Nicolson Ross Weir) et celui de Baker Jarvis (algorithme itératif développé au NIST). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dielectric-permittivity-of-water-as-a-function-of-frequency-for-the-temperature-0-100C_fig5_281552350"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Figure 1: Dielectric permittivity of water as a function of frequency…</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">ResearchGate</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-05-15" data-sort-value="2020-05-15">15 mai 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="S.2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Okabe_S.2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Okabe S., « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Common insulating properties in insulating materials</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-02" data-sort-value="2006-02">février 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 328 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1558-4135">1558-4135</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1624277">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Common+insulating+properties+in+insulating+materials&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Dielectrics+and+Electrical+Insulation&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Okabe&rft.date=2006-02&rft.pages=328&rft.issn=1558-4135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APermittivit%C3%A9"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="YoungFreedmanLewis2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="H._D._YoungR._A._FreedmanA._L._Lewis2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman et A. L. Lewis, <cite class="italique" lang="en">University Physics with Modern Physics</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>, <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-321-69686-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-321-69686-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-321-69686-1</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 801<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+Physics+with+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.edition=13&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft.au=R.+A.+Freedman&rft.au=A.+L.+Lewis&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=801&rft.isbn=978-0-321-69686-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APermittivit%C3%A9"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technick.net/public/code/cp_dpage.php?aiocp_dp=guide_dielectric_constants">Constantes diélectriques de quelques matériaux</a>, sur <i>technick.net</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le signe – de cette définition <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44c76ea1bb4f1e5bb8c57a8c8bf54a62b38a668c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.814ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }-i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"></span> est pratique avec la convention <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(\omega t-\mathbf {k.r} )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">k</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold">.</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(\omega t-\mathbf {k.r} )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4131046e42f63678b4da250214e4d65d6f5b6d3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.002ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(\omega t-\mathbf {k.r} )}}"></span> pour le champ. De la sorte, une valeur positive de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d860c41bb2f89d9a7a76af6fc983c5fb278eca24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.221ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"></span> correspond à de l'absorption. À l'inverse, si l'on utilise la convention de signe <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(-\omega t+\mathbf {k.r} )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">k</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold">.</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(-\omega t+\mathbf {k.r} )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62088c8480e6d7fd8f5642988c24e1d582a69d2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.281ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}e^{i(-\omega t+\mathbf {k.r} )}}"></span>, il vaut mieux poser <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }+i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>i</mi> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }+i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cab7a5f6234bd6188e8a906df5b965b8da9fddf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.814ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =\varepsilon ^{\prime }+i\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"></span> pour qu'une valeur positive de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d860c41bb2f89d9a7a76af6fc983c5fb278eca24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.221ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }}"></span> corresponde à de l'absorption.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/permittivit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:permittivité">permittivité</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permittivit%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigidit%C3%A9_di%C3%A9lectrique" title="Rigidité diélectrique">Rigidité diélectrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Charge électrique">Charge électrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptibilit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Susceptibilité électrique">Susceptibilité électrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm%C3%A9abilit%C3%A9_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Perméabilité magnétique">Perméabilité magnétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrostatique" title="Électrostatique">Électrostatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensateur" title="Condensateur">Condensateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail de la physique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg/24px-Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg/36px-Circle-icons-physics-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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