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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Domination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sabuktigin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabuktigin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sabuktigin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabuktigin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahmud,_son_of_Sabuktigin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahmud,_son_of_Sabuktigin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahmud,_son_of_Sabuktigin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Indian conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_sons_of_Mahmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_sons_of_Mahmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Twin sons of Mahmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_sons_of_Mahmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibrahim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibrahim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ibrahim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibrahim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mas'ud_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mas'ud_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mas'ud III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mas'ud_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultan_Bahram_Shah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultan_Bahram_Shah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sultan Bahram Shah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultan_Bahram_Shah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ghaznavids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ghaznavids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Late Ghaznavids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ghaznavids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military and tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>State and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_Ghaznavid_sultans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_of_the_Ghaznavid_sultans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_Ghaznavid_sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghaznavids</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السلالة الغزنوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلالة الغزنوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99zn%C9%99vil%C9%99r" title="Qəznəvilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəznəvilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="غزنوی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غزنوی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="গজনভি রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গজনভি রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BD%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ғәзнәүиҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәзнәүиҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Газневіды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газневіды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Газневиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газневиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazn%C3%A8vides" title="Gaznèvides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaznèvides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznawiden" title="Ghaznawiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghaznawiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γαζναβίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαζναβίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaznavidoj" title="Gaznavidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaznavidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غزنویان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غزنویان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazn%C3%A9vides" title="Ghaznévides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghaznévides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A6%88%EB%82%98_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="가즈나 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가즈나 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ग़ज़नवी साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ज़नवी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznawiyah" title="Ghaznawiyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ghaznawiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavidi" title="Ghaznavidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghaznavidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಘಜ಼್ನವೀಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಘಜ಼್ನವೀಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Ғазнауи әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғазнауи әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaznevidai" title="Gaznevidai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gaznevidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaznavid%C3%A1k" title="Gaznavidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaznavidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="غزنویون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="غزنویون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznaviden" title="Ghaznaviden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghaznaviden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%8A%E6%9C%9D" title="ガズナ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガズナ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid" title="Ghaznavid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ghaznavid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBaznaviylar" title="Gʻaznaviylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻaznaviylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غزنويان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غزنويان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznawidzi" title="Ghaznawidzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ghaznawidzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Газневиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газневиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznovci" title="Ghaznovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ghaznovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شانشینی غەزنەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی غەزنەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavidit" title="Ghaznavidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ghaznavidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznaviderna" title="Ghaznaviderna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ghaznaviderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Ghaznavid" title="Mga Ghaznavid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Ghaznavid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கசானவித்துப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசானவித்துப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิกาสนาวิยะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิกาสนาวิยะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ғазнавиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғазнавиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazneliler" title="Gazneliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazneliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Газневіди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газневіди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت غزنویہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت غزنویہ" 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ghaznavid Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غزنویان</span></span><br /><i>Ġaznaviyān</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">977–1186</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_(drab).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghaznavids is located in Ghaznavid Empire"><img alt="Ghaznavids is located in Ghaznavid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Ghaznavid_Empire_%28drab%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2470" /></a></span>Habbari dynasty<div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1030</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x20" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:20px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x85" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:85px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">BUYIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_35x75" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:75px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kakuyid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuyid dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KAKUYIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x5" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:5px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAZARS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_88x10" style="position:absolute; left:88px; top:10px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x150" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:150px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x115" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:115px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x113" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:113px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAHAMANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_260x30" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_272x203" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:203px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_800_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 800 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1100_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978146_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a><br /><small>(977–1163)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a><br /><small>(1163–1186)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<small>official and court language; lingua franca</small>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-coinage_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coinage-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<small>coinage</small>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (<small>coinage and theology</small>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic</a> (<small>military</small>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963134_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963134-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (majority in India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 977–997 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1160–1186 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 998–1013 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Isfaraini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini">Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini</a> <small>(first mentioned)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 12th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Ma%27ali_Nasrallah" title="Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah">Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah</a> <small>(last mentioned)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1186</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1029 est.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1997496_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1997496-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,300,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Emirate of Multan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty">Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbari dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ghaznavid dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غزنویان</span> <i>Ġaznaviyān</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ruled the <b>Ghaznavid Empire</b> or the <b>Empire of Ghazni</b> from 977 to 1186, which at its at its greatest extent, extended from the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>. The dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> upon his succession to the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazna</a> after the death of his father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Alp_Tigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp Tigin">Alp Tigin</a>, who was an ex-general of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. </p><p>Sabuktigin's son, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the east and to <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a> in the west. Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud I</a>, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">Battle of Dandanaqan</a> in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. </p><p>In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a>. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the <a href="/wiki/Ghuzz_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghuzz Turks">Ghuzz Turks</a> who in turn lost it to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">Lahore was conquered</a> by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a>, imprisoned and later executed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/300px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/450px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg/600px-Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Zaranj" title="Zaranj">Zaranj</a> in 1003 CE. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami al-Tawarikh">Jami al-Tawarikh</a></i>, 1314 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom,_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg/170px-Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg/255px-Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg/340px-Portrait_from_the_Palace_courtroom%2C_Lashkari_Bazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_Bazar" title="Lashkari Bazar">Lashkari Bazar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schlumberger" title="Daniel Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a>, the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Simjurids" title="Simjurids">Simjurids</a> and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Kohistan</a> region of eastern Khorasan. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Simjuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan Simjuri">Abu al-Hasan Simjuri</a> competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> they could dominate after the death of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_I_(Samanid_emir)" title="Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir)">Abd al-Malik I</a> in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers. </p><p>A court party instigated by men of the scribal class – civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals – rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne. <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Mansur I</a> was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a>, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/220px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/330px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg/440px-Fighting_between_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_and_Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27Ali_Simjuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu 'Ali Simjuri">Abu 'Ali Simjuri</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i>, 1306-1314</figcaption></figure> <p>The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in 992, establishing in Transoxania the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alp Tigin's died in 963, and after two ghulam governors and three years, his slave <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> became the governor of Ghazna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domination">Domination</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_(northern_view,_composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/400px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/600px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg/800px-Ghaznavid_ruins_of_Lashkari_Bazar_%28northern_view%2C_composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Ghaznavid fortress of <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_Bazar" title="Lashkari Bazar">Lashkari Bazar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Lashkargah</a>, ancient Bost, southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> in 998-1030 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sabuktigin lived as a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a>, Turkic slave-soldier,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeviSela201083_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeviSela201083-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during his youth and later married the daughter of his master <a href="/wiki/Alp_Tigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp Tigin">Alptigin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200619_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200619-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fled to <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazna</a> following a failed coup attempt, and conquered the city from the local <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik rulers</a> in 962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196337_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196337-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Alptigin death, his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim governed Ghazna for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196338_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196338-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was followed by the reign of a former ghulam of Alptigin, Bilgetigin. Bilgetigin's rule was so harsh the populace invited <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Lawik" title="Abu Bakr Lawik">Abu Bakr Lawik</a> back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196338_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196338-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was through Sabuktigin's military ability that Lawik was removed, Bilgetigin was exiled, and Sabuktigin gained the governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196339_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196339-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once established as governor of Ghazna, Sabuktigin was asked to intervene in Khurasan, at the insistence of the Samanid emir, and after a victorious campaign received the governorships of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur and Gharchistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabuktigin inherited a governorship in turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zabulistan, the typical military fief system(<i>mustaghall</i>) were being changed into permanent ownership(<i>tamlik</i>) which resulted in the Turkic soldiery unwilling to take up arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabuktigin reformed the system making them all a <i>mustaghall</i>-type fief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196342-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 976, he ended the conflict between two Turkic ghulams at Bust and restored the original ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1994203_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1994203-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that same year, Sabuktigin campaigned against Qusdar, catching the ruler(possibly Mu'tazz b. Ahmad) off guard and obtaining an annual tribute from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1994203_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1994203-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Sabuktigin, his son by Alptigin's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a>, was given Ghazna.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son, Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, was given the governorship of Bust, while in Khorasan, the eldest son Mahmud, was given command of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabuktigin's intent was to ensure governorships for his family, despite the decaying influence of the Samanid Empire, and did not consider his dynasty as independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ismail, upon gaining his inheritance, quickly traveled to Bust and did homage to Emir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nuh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud, who had been left out of any significant inheritance, proposed a division of power, to which Ismail refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975169_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975169-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud marched on Ghazna and subsequently Ismail was defeated and captured in 998 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(998)" title="Battle of Ghazni (998)">Battle of Ghazni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201588_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201588-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahmud,_son_of_Sabuktigin"><span id="Mahmud.2C_son_of_Sabuktigin"></span>Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/330px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/495px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg/660px-Mahmud_in_robe_from_the_caliph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Mahmud of Ghazni at his court (center) receives a robe from Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">Al-Qadir</a>; painting by <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i>, 1306-1314.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 998, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghaznavid">Mahmud</a>, son of Sebuktigin, succeeded to the governorship, and Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty became perpetually associated with him. He emphasized his loyalty in a letter to the caliph, saying that the Samanids had only been replaced because of their treason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud received the governorship of Khurasan and titles of Yamin al-Dawla and Amin al-Milla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a representative of caliphal authority, he championed Sunni Islam by campaigning against the Ismaili and Shi'ite Buyids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed the conquest of the Samanid and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Shahi</a> territories, including the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Kingdom of Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buwayhid</a> territory. </p><p>By all accounts, the rule of Mahmud was the golden age and height of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern India to establish his control and set up tributary states, and his raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. He established his authority from the borders of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>. </p><p>During Mahmud's reign (997–1030), the Ghaznavids settled 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> families near Farana in Khorasan. By 1027, due to the Turkmen raiding neighbouring settlements, the governor of Tus, Abu l'Alarith Arslan Jadhib, led military strikes against them. The Turkmen were defeated and scattered to neighbouring lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963224_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963224-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, as late as 1033, Ghaznavid governor <a href="/wiki/Tash_Farrash" title="Tash Farrash">Tash Farrash</a> executed fifty Turkmen chiefs for raids into Khorasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963225_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963225-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_conquests">Indian conquests</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_India" title="Ghaznavid campaigns in India">Ghaznavid campaigns in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_(Majmu_al-Tawarikh,_Hafiz_i-Abru,_Herat,_1425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/330px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/495px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg/660px-Mahmud_of_Ghazni_receiving_Indian_elephants_as_tribute_%28Majmu_al-Tawarikh%2C_Hafiz_i-Abru%2C_Herat%2C_1425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (<i>Majmu al-Tawarikh</i>, Hafiz i-Abru, Herat, 1425).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg/220px-Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg/330px-Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg/440px-Ghaznavid_map_1025_ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The Ghaznavid Empire at its height</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahmud of Ghazni led incursions deep into <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a>. In 1001, he defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1001)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1001)">Battle of Peshawar</a>. In 1004-5, he invaded the <a href="/wiki/Bhera" title="Bhera">Principality of Bhatiya</a> and in 1006 the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Emirate of Multan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1008-9, he again vanquished the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chach" title="Battle of Chach">Battle of Chach</a>, and established Governors in the conquered areas.<sup id="cite_ref-DAA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the Ghaznavids were called <i>Turushkas</i> ("Turks") or <i>Hammiras</i> (from the Arabic <i>Amir</i> "Commander").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201929_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201929-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1018, he laid waste the city of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, which was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah</a>, writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">"all the idols" were burnt and destroyed</a> during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1018 Mahmud also captured <a href="/wiki/Kanauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanauj">Kanauj</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a>, and then confronted the <a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti">Chandelas</a>, from whom he obtained the payment of tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1026, he raided and plundered the <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a>, taking away a booty of 20 million dinars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200436–37_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200436–37-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealth brought back from Mahmud's <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Beyhaghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolfazl Beyhaghi">Abolfazl Beyhaghi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital and of the conqueror's munificent support of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud died in April 1030 and had chosen his son, Mohammed, as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963228_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963228-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_sons_of_Mahmud">Twin sons of Mahmud</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg/220px-Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg/330px-Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg/440px-Mahmud_coin_minted_in_Ghazni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Mahmud minted in Ghazni. Most coins were minted in <a href="/wiki/Parwan_Province" title="Parwan Province">Parwan</a>, they were made of gold, silver, and copper. Mahmud was the first Muslim ruler to commission coinage featuring bilingual inscriptions and dates in both Arabic and Sanskrit/Devanagari.<sup id="cite_ref-coinage_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coinage-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mahmud left the empire to his son Mohammed, who was mild, affectionate and soft. His brother, <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud</a>, asked for three provinces that he had won by his sword, but his brother did not consent. Mas'ud had to fight his brother, and he became king, blinding and imprisoning Mohammed as punishment. Mas'ud was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">Battle of Dandanaqan</a> in 1040, he lost all the Ghaznavid lands in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and Central Asia to the Seljuks, plunging the realm into a "time of troubles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmirsoleimani1999243_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirsoleimani1999243-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler19911051_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler19911051-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last act was to collect all his treasures from his forts in hope of assembling an army and ruling from India, but his own forces plundered the wealth and he proclaimed his blind brother as king again. The two brothers now exchanged positions: Mohammed was elevated from prison to the throne, while Mas'ud was consigned to a dungeon after a reign of ten years and was assassinated in 1040. Mas'ud's son, Madood, was governor of Balkh, and in 1040, after hearing of his father's death, he came to Ghazni to claim his kingdom. He fought with the sons of the blind Mohammed and was victorious. However, the empire soon disintegrated and most kings did not submit to Madood. In a span of nine years, four more kings claimed the throne of Ghazni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibrahim">Ibrahim</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ghaznavids in Lashkari Bazar</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:263px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg/100px-Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg/150px-Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:286px;max-width:286px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:263px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan,_probably_built_by_Masud_I_(1030-41).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg/284px-Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg/426px-Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg/568px-Ghaznavid_figures_in_the_wall_paintings_from_one_of_the_Ghaznavid_palaces_at_La%C5%A1kar%C4%AB_B%C4%81z%C4%81r_in_central_Afghanistan%2C_probably_built_by_Masud_I_%281030-41%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Figures in the wall paintings from the Ghaznavid palace of <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_Bazar" title="Lashkari Bazar">Lashkari Bazar</a> in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41); with black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">line drawing</a> of the left figure, by the discoverer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schlumberger" title="Daniel Schlumberger">Daniel Schlumberger</a> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures wear the typical Turkic attire.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1058, Mas'ud's son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Ghazna" title="Ibrahim of Ghazna">Ibrahim</a>, a great calligrapher who wrote the Koran with his own pen, became king. Ibrahim re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Ibrahim and his successors the empire enjoyed a period of sustained tranquility. Shorn of its western land, it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faced stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gahadvala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahadvala">Gahadvala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ruled until 1098. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mas'ud_III"><span id="Mas.27ud_III"></span>Mas'ud III</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_III_of_Ghazni" title="Mas'ud III of Ghazni">Mas'ud III</a> became king for sixteen years, with no major event in his lifetime. Mas'ud built the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Sultan_Mas%27ud_III" title="Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III">Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_Minarets" title="Ghazni Minarets">Ghazni Minarets</a>. Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when he died in 1115, with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram Shah</a> as a Seljuk vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahram Shah defeated his brother <a href="/wiki/Arslan_ibn_Mas%27ud" class="mw-redirect" title="Arslan ibn Mas'ud">Arslan</a> for the throne at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(1117)" title="Battle of Ghazni (1117)">Battle of Ghazni</a> in 1117. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultan_Bahram_Shah">Sultan Bahram Shah</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Sultan Bahram Shah</a> was the last Ghaznavid King, ruling <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazni</a>, the first and main Ghaznavid capital, for thirty-five years. In 1148 he was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(1148)" title="Battle of Ghazni (1148)">defeated in Ghazni</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Suri" title="Sayf al-Din Suri">Sayf al-Din Suri</a>, but he recaptured the capital the next year. <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ghorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghorid">Ghorid</a> King, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(1151)" title="Battle of Ghazni (1151)">conquered the city</a> in 1151, in revenge for his brother Kutubbuddin's death, who was son-in-law of the king but was publicly punished and killed for a minor offence. Ala al-Din Husayn then razed the city, burning it for 7 days, after which he became known as <i>"Jahānsuz"</i> (<i>World Burner</i>). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks, who came to the aid of Bahram.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory, and Ghazni and <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> were lost to a group of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> before being captured by the Ghurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> fell to the Ghurids around 1170.<sup id="cite_ref-CEB299_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEB299-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ghaznavids">Late Ghaznavids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">Siege of Lahore (1186)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghaznavids is located in South Asia"><img alt="Ghaznavids is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.027%;left:35.169%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-15px;top:-15px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ghaznavids"><img alt="Ghaznavids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/30px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/45px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/60px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1456" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>South Asia<br />1175 CE</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x1" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:1px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>KARAKHANID<br />KHANATE</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:-2.651%;left:57.922%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>QARA KHITAI</b></span></div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.27%;left:9.61%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>GHURID<br />EMPIRE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.78%;left:53.766%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kumaon" title="Kingdom of Kumaon"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KUMAON</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_73x130" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHAULUKYAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x81" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:81px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHAHAMANAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x57" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:57px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>LATE<br />GHAZNAVIDS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_85x118" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:118px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>PARAMARAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x152" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:152px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_143x173" style="position:absolute; left:143px; top:173px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAKATIYAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_85x145" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SHILA-<br />HARAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x205" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:205px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x215" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:215px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHERAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x230" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:230px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x182" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:182px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KADAMBAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.081%;left:43.377%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>HOYSALAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_147x85" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:85px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GAHADAVALAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_93x105" style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Guhila_dynasty" title="Guhila dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GUHILAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_122x95" style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kachchhapaghata_dynasty" title="Kachchhapaghata dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KACHCHAPA-<br />GHATAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x105" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHANDELAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x117" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:117px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALACHURIS<br /><small>(TRIPURI)</small></b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_132x133" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:133px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura"><b><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALACHURIS<br /><small>(RATNAPURA)</small></span></b></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.431%;left:75.844%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SENAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_185x94" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:94px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARNATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>NAGVANSIS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa#Breakup_and_End_of_Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAMARUPAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.571%;left:62.857%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EASTERN<br />GANGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.73%;left:51.169%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.09%;left:44.675%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MARYUL</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:39.481%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>LOHA-<br />RAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.01%;left:23.117%;font-size:45%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>SOOMRA<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_5x90" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kalmat"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>MAKRAN<br />SULTANATE</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The last Ghaznavid king <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a> had his capital in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid</a> invasion of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197832,_146_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197832,_146-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, the Ghaznavids established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, their regional capital for Indian territories since its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazni, which became the new capital of the Late Ghaznavids.<sup id="cite_ref-CEB299_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEB299-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghaznavid power in northwestern India continued until the Ghurid conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> in 1186, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a> and his son were imprisoned and summarily executed in <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a> in 1191, extinguishing the Ghaznavid lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977131_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977131-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_tactics">Military and tactics</h2></div> <p>The core of the Ghaznavid army was primarily made up of Turks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink2002114_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink2002114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as thousands of native <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> who were trained and assembled from the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> in what is now Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987151_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987151-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rule of Sultan Mahmud, a new, larger military training center was established in Bost (now <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Lashkar Gah</a>). This area was known for <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a> where war weapons were made. After capturing and conquering the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, the Ghaznavids began to employ <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in their army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201624_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201624-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant,_Persian_painting,_1306-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/330px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/495px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/660px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khanid">Kara-Khanid</a> ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant, in 1017. They agreed to partition former <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a> territory along the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos106_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i>, circa 1306-14.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian soldiers, whom <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, were one of the components of the army with their commander called <i><a href="/wiki/Sipahsalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipahsalar">sipahsalar</a>-i-Hinduwan</i> and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Baihaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the other dynasties that rose out of the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, the Ghaznavid administrative traditions and military practice came from the Abbasids. The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a>, at least in the earliest campaign, were still substantial in Ghaznavid military incursions, especially in dashing raids deep into hostile territory. There is a record of '6000 Arab horse' being sent against king Anandapala in 1008, and evidence of this Arabian cavalry persists until 1118 under the Ghaznavid governor in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963111-112_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963111-112-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their access to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus-Ganges plains</a>, the Ghaznavids, during the 11th and 12th centuries, developed the first Muslim army to use <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a> in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elephants were protected by <a href="/wiki/Armour_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour plating">armour plating</a> on their fronts. The use of these elephants was a foreign weapon in other regions that the Ghaznavids fought in, particularly in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1992205_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1992205-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_and_culture">State and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ghaznavid_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ghaznavid Viziers">List of Ghaznavid Viziers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret,_Ghazni,_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_(graphical_reconstruction,_colorized).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg/170px-Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg/255px-Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg/340px-Mas%27ud_III_b._Ibrahim_minaret%2C_Ghazni%2C_built_between_1099_and_1115_CE_%28graphical_reconstruction%2C_colorized%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_III_of_Ghazni" title="Mas'ud III of Ghazni">Mas'ud III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazni minaret">minaret in Ghazni</a> was at least 44 meters tall, before its top half crumbled in 1902 due to an earthquake. It was built between 1099 and 1115 CE. It stood next to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Sultan_Mas%27ud_III" title="Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III">Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RPW_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPW-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the dynasty was of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> Turkic origin, it was thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Persianised" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianised">Persianised</a> in terms of language, culture, literature and habits<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Clifford Edmund Bosworth</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a>, but the sources, all in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, do not allow us to estimate the persistence of Turkish practices and ways of thought amongst them. Yet given the fact that the essential basis of the Ghaznavids' military support always remained their Turkish soldiery, there must always have been a need to stay attuned to their troops' needs and aspirations; also, there are indications of the persistence of some Turkish literary culture under the early Ghaznavids (Köprülüzade, pp. 56–57). The sources do make it clear, however, that the sultans' exercise of political power and the administrative apparatus which gave it shape came very speedily to be within the Perso-Islamic tradition of statecraft and monarchical rule, with the ruler as a distant figure, buttressed by divine favor, ruling over a mass of traders, artisans, peasants, etc., whose prime duty was obedience in all respects but above all in the payment of taxes. The fact that the personnel of the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> which directed the day-to-day running of the state, and which raised the revenue to support the sultans' life-style and to finance the professional army, were <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> who carried on the administrative traditions of the Samanids, only strengthened this conception of secular power. </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout,_Ghaznavid_dynasty,_late_11th_to_early_12th_century,_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart,_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg/170px-Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg/255px-Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg/340px-Vessel_with_bull%27s_head_spout%2C_Ghaznavid_dynasty%2C_late_11th_to_early_12th_century%2C_bronze_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3355" data-file-height="4458" /></a><figcaption>Vessel with bull's head spout, Ghaznavid dynasty, late 11th to early 12th century, bronze. Linden-Museum – Stuttgart, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianisation</a> of the state apparatus was accompanied by the Persianisation of high culture at the Ghaznavid court... The level of literary creativity was just as high under Ebrāhīm and his successors up to Bahrāmšāh, with such poets as Abu’l-Faraj Rūnī, Sanāʾī, ʿOṯmān Moḵtārī, Masʿūd-e Saʿd-e Salmān, and Sayyed Ḥasan Ḡaznavī.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197775-77,_107-110_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197775-77,_107-110-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We know from the biographical dictionaries of poets (taḏkera-ye šoʿarā) that the court in Lahore of Ḵosrow Malek had an array of fine poets, none of whose dīvāns has unfortunately survived, and the translator into elegant Persian prose of Ebn Moqaffaʿ’s Kalīla wa Demna, namely Abu’l-Maʿālī Naṣr-Allāh b. Moḥammad, served the sultan for a while as his chief secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977127-128_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977127-128-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghaznavids thus present the phenomenon of a dynasty of Turkish slave origin which became culturally Persianised to a perceptibly higher degree than other contemporary dynasties of Turkish origin such as <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Saljuqs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Qarakhanids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Persian literary culture enjoyed a renaissance under the Ghaznavids during the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196844_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196844-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlet201146_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlet201146-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowson1998251_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowson1998251-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghaznavid court was so renowned for its support of Persian literature that the poet <a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi</a> traveled from his home province to work for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlet201127_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlet201127-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet Unsuri's short collection of poetry was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Sultan Mahmud</a> and his brothers Nasr and Yaqub.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlet201152_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlet201152-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another poet of the Ghaznavid court, <a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a>, wrote numerous poems about the merits of drinking wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYarshater196044_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarshater196044-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg/220px-Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg/330px-Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg/440px-Detail_of_the_Intricate_Brickwork_on_the_Mas%27ud_III_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Intricate Brickwork on the Mas'ud III <a href="/wiki/Ghazni_minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazni minaret">Ghazni minaret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg/220px-MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg/330px-MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg/440px-MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Marble wall border, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Sultan_Mas%27ud_III" title="Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III">Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III</a>, Ghazni, Afghanistan, 12th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan Mahmud, modelling the Samanid Bukhara as a cultural center, made Ghazni into a center of learning, inviting Ferdowsi and al-Biruni. He even attempted to persuade <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, but was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud preferred that his fame and glory be publicized in Persian and hundreds of poets assembled at his court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994244_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994244-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni and even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his invasion of Rayy and Isfahan, Persian literary production was inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Iraq" title="Persian Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmadi2004146_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadi2004146-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghaznavids continued to develop historical writing in Persian that had been initiated by their predecessors, the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisami1993247_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisami1993247-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-e_Beyhaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh-e Beyhaqi">Tarikh-e Beyhaqi</a></i>, written in the latter half of the 11th century, is an example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoliakova1984241_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoliakova1984241-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Ghaznavids were Turkic and their military leaders were generally of the same stock,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634"In_this_book_I_have_discussed_the_Ghaznavids_as_a_Turkish_dynasty,_of_slave_origin,_who_established_themselves_on_the_eastern_margins_of_the_Iranian_world_[...]_these_Turkish_condotierri_became_rulers_of_what_was,_at_Mahmud's_death_in_1030,_the_most_extensive_empire_known_in_the_eastern_Islamic_world,_since_the_dismemberment_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate"_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634"In_this_book_I_have_discussed_the_Ghaznavids_as_a_Turkish_dynasty,_of_slave_origin,_who_established_themselves_on_the_eastern_margins_of_the_Iranian_world_[...]_these_Turkish_condotierri_became_rulers_of_what_was,_at_Mahmud's_death_in_1030,_the_most_extensive_empire_known_in_the_eastern_Islamic_world,_since_the_dismemberment_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate"-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of the original involvement of <a href="/wiki/Sebuktigin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebuktigin">Sebuktigin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> in Samanid affairs and in the Samanid cultural environment, the dynasty became thoroughly Persianized, so that in practice one cannot consider their rule over Iran one of foreign domination. They also copied their administrative system from the Samanids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196836_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196836-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of cultural championship and the support of Persian poets, they were more Persian than their ethnically-Iranian rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a>, whose support of Arabic letters in preference to Persian is well known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYarshater2008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarshater2008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 16th century Persian historian, <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>, records Sabuktigin's <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> as descended from the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian kings</a>: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yezdijird</a>, king of Persia." However, modern historians believe this was an attempt to connect himself with the history of old Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196840_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196840-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Bosworth explains: "In fact with the adoption of Persian administrative and cultural ways the Ghaznavids threw off their original Turkish steppe background and became largely integrated with the Perso-Islamic tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996297_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996297-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> developed into a great centre of Arabic learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963134_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963134-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Sultan Mahmud's invasions of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, Persian culture was established at Lahore, which later produced the famous poet, <a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahore, under Ghaznavid rule in the 11th century, attracted Persian scholars from Khorasan, India and Central Asia and became a major Persian cultural centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlamNaliniGaborieau200024_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlamNaliniGaborieau200024-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most significant early works on Sufism, the Kashf al-mahjub, was written in Lahore by Abu al-Hasan Hujwiri al-Ghaznawi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhanbaghi2016201_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhanbaghi2016201-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during Mahmud's reign that Ghaznavid coinage began to have bilingual legends consisting of Arabic and Devanagari script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196344-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire range of Persianate institutions and customs that would come to characterize the political economy of most of India would be implemented by the later Ghaznavids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201935_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201935-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Persian culture established by the Ghaznavids in Ghazna and Eastern Afghanistan survived the Ghurid invasion in the 12th century and endured until the invasion of the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196839_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196839-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghaznavids is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Ghaznavids is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_100x75" style="position:absolute; 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margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Ghaznavids and other polities in continental Asia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100</div></div></div></div> <p>At its height, the Ghaznavid empire grew from the Oxus to the Indus Valley and was ruled from 977 to 1186. The history of the empire was written by Abu Nasr al-Utbi, who documented the Ghaznavid's achievements, including regaining lost territory from their rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanids</a>, in present-day Iran and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg/220px-MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg/330px-MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg/440px-MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud I of Ghazni</a> (1030–1041), derived from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a> designs, with the name of Mas'ud (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مسعود</span>) around the head of the horserider.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a>, the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. The Ghaznavid rulers are generally credited with spreading Islam into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p><p>They were, however, unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> had taken over their <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> domains and a century later the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> took over their remaining sub-continental lands. </p><p>The Ghaznavid conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> until the Turko-Afghans successfully established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="5%"># </th> <th width="20%">Laqab </th> <th width="20%">Personal Name </th> <th width="15%">Reign </th> <th width="15%">Succession right </th> <th width="25%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Nasir-ud-din <p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نصر الدين</span></span><br /><i>Defender of the Faith</i> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> </td> <td>977–997 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>No title </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a> </td> <td>997–998 </td> <td>son of Sabuktigin </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم</span><br /><i>Right-hand man of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a> </td> <td>998–1030 </td> <td>first son of Sabuktigin </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Jalal ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال الدولہ</span><br /><i>Dignity of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Muhammad</a> </td> <td>1030<br /><i>1st reign</i> </td> <td>second son of Mahmud </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Shihab ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شھاب الدولہ</span><br /><i>Star of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma%27sud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'sud I of Ghazni">Masud I</a> </td> <td>1030–1041 </td> <td>first son of Mahmud </td> <td>Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">battle of Dandanaqan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Jalal ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال الدولہ</span><br /><i>Dignity of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Muhammad</a> </td> <td>1041<br /><i>2nd reign</i> </td> <td>second son of Mahmud </td> <td>Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Shihab ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شھاب الدولہ</span><br /><i>Star of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maw%27dud_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maw'dud Ghaznavi">Mawdud</a> </td> <td>1041–1048 </td> <td>son of Masud I </td> <td>Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197722-24_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197722-24-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>?<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">?</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_II_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud II of Ghazni">Masud II</a> </td> <td>1048 </td> <td>son of Mawdud </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Baha ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھاء الدولہ </span><br /><i>Splendor of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Ghazna" title="Ali of Ghazna">Ali</a> </td> <td>1048–1049 </td> <td>son of Masud I </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Izz ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عز الدولہ</span><br /><i>Glory of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rashid_of_Ghazna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rashid</a> </td> <td>1049–1052 </td> <td>fifth son of Mahmud </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Qiwam ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قوام الدولہ</span><br /><i>Support of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toghrul_of_Ghazna" title="Toghrul of Ghazna">Toghrul</a> </td> <td>1052–1053 </td> <td>Turkish mamluk general </td> <td>Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197745_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197745-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Jamal ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جمال الدولہ</span><br /><i>Beauty of the state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrukh-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna">Farrukh-Zad</a> </td> <td>1053–1059 </td> <td>son of Masud I </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Zahir ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ظھیر الدولہ</span><br /><i>Help of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Ghazna" title="Ibrahim of Ghazna">Ibrahim</a> </td> <td>1059–1099 </td> <td>son of Masud I </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Ala ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">علاء الدولہ</span><br /><i>Blessing of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_III_of_Ghazni" title="Mas'ud III of Ghazni">Mas'ūd III</a> </td> <td>1099–1115 </td> <td>son of Ibrahim </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Kamal ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کمال الدولہ</span><br /><i>Perfection of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shir-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Shir-Zad of Ghazna">Shir-Zad</a> </td> <td>1115–1116 </td> <td>son of Masud III </td> <td>Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197790_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197790-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Sultan ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان الدولہ</span><br /><i>Sultan of the state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arslan_ibn_Mas%27ud" class="mw-redirect" title="Arslan ibn Mas'ud">Arslan-Shah</a> </td> <td>1116–1117 </td> <td>son of Masud III </td> <td>Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197793-95_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197793-95-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Yamin ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یمین الدولہ </span><br /><i>Right-hand man of the state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram Shah</a> </td> <td>1117–1157 </td> <td>son of Masud III </td> <td>Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a>. Bahram was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a>, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996297_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996297-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Muizz ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">معزالدولہ </span><br /><i>Honor of the State</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Khusrau Shah of Ghazna">Khusrau Shah</a> </td> <td>1157–1160 </td> <td>son of Bahram-Shah </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Taj ad-Dawlah<br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تاج الدولہ</span><br /><i>Crown of the state</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a> </td> <td>1160–1186 </td> <td>son of Khusrau-Shah </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree_of_the_Ghaznavid_sultans">Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghaznavid_sultans_family_tree" title="Template:Ghaznavid sultans family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghaznavid_sultans_family_tree" title="Template talk:Ghaznavid sultans family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghaznavid_sultans_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghaznavid sultans family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Ghaznavid sultans family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Bajkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qara Bajkam (page does not exist)">Qara Bajkam</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 977-997)<br /><b>Emir of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bughrachuq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bughrachuq (page does not exist)">Bughrachuq</a></b><br />(died 998)<br /><b>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghazna">Mahmud</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 998-1030)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Muzaffar_Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr (page does not exist)">Nasr</a></b><br />(997- ?)<br /><b>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Bust</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ismail_of_Ghazni" title="Ismail of Ghazni">Ismail</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 997-998)<br /><b>Emir of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Yusuf</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Hurra-yi_Khuttali" title="Hurra-yi Khuttali">Hurra-yi Khuttali</a></b><br /><i>Princess</i><br />married <a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Mamunid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Ma%27mun_II" title="Ma'mun II">Ma'mun II</a>.</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghaznavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ghaznavi">Muhammad</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1030, 1041)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud I</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1030-1041)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rashid_of_Ghazna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rashid</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1049-1052)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">'<b>Abd al-Rahman</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Ahmad</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Maw%27dud_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maw'dud of Ghazni">Maw'dud</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1041-1048)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Ghazna" title="Ali of Ghazna">Ali</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1048-1049)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Farrukh-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna">Farrukh-Zad</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1053-1059)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Ghazna" title="Ibrahim of Ghazna">Ibrahim</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1059-1099)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Majdud</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Mardan-shah</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Izad-yar</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Sa'id</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_II" title="Mas'ud II">Mas'ud II</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1048)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_III_of_Ghazni" title="Mas'ud III of Ghazni">Mas'ud III</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1099-1115)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Shir-Zad_of_Ghazna" title="Shir-Zad of Ghazna">Shir-Zad</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1115-1116)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Arslan-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Arslan-Shah of Ghazna">Arslan-Shah</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1116-1117)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram-Shah</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1117-1157)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Khusrau Shah of Ghazna">Khusrau-Shah</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1157-1160)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Malik" title="Khusrau Malik">Khusrau Malik</a></b><br />(<i>r</i>. 1160-1186)<br /><b>Sultan of Ghazna</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids</a> Table 1. Genealogical chart of the Ghaznavid rulers.</li> <li>C.E. Bosworth, <i>The Ghaznavids:994-1040</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 1963.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atkinson1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Atkinson1839.jpg/200px-Atkinson1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Atkinson1839.jpg/300px-Atkinson1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Atkinson1839.jpg/400px-Atkinson1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="635" /></a></span><br />The palace of the emir in 1839</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="line-height:1.35em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg/240px-Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg/360px-Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg/480px-Faravahar_at_Behistun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;padding-bottom:0.4em">History of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-Islamic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE / BC</a></b> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <i><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></i></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3400 – c. 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3300-2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2800–550</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Complex</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutian Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2141-2050</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Kingdom of Mannai</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 10th–7th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 728–550</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550–330</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BCE – 428 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 330–150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Caucasian Iberia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> c. 302 BCE – 580 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 250–125</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 248 BCE–224 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2nd century BCE –<br />8th century CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 27 BCE – 330 CE</td></tr></tbody></table> <b><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></b><hr /> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 30–275</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrighids" title="Afrighids">Afrighid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 305–995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 425–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 880s – 1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 8th/9th century – 1238 / 9</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1490</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Islamic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 637–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 799–1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty" title="Dulafid dynasty">Dulafid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 840–897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Zaydis of Tabaristan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864–928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889/90–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 928–1043</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 941–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 975–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1307</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1353</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1231–1389</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1299–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1314–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chupanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalairid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalairid Sultanate">Jalairid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1339–1432</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1407–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1378–1508</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1722</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1526–1857</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1750–1794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1794–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1794–1925</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greater_Iran_sidebar" title="Template:History of Greater Iran sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greater_Iran_sidebar" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pakistan" title="Category:History of Pakistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Pakistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistani_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of an Indus priest or king found in Mohenjodaro, 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pakistani_Flag.jpg/190px-Pakistani_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pakistani_Flag.jpg/285px-Pakistani_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pakistani_Flag.jpg/380px-Pakistani_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history" title="Timeline of Pakistani history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a>, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia_(satrapy)" title="Gedrosia (satrapy)">Gedrosia</a>, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara#Part_of_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a>, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE</li></ul></li> <li>Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a>, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Porus the Elder">Porus</a>, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxiles" title="Taxiles">Taxiles</a>, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a>, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apracharajas" title="Apracharajas">Apracharajas</a>, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a>, c. 120 – c. 300 CE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a>, c. 25 – c. 80 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, c. 60 – 345 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, c. 250 – 655 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">Indo-Sasanians</a>, c. 240 – 410 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a>, c. 240 – 410 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, c. 345 – c. 455 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a>, c. 415 – 644 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>, c. 450 – 560 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman_dynasty_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahman dynasty of Sindh">Brahman dynasty</a>, c. 641 – 725 CE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, c. 643 – 860 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Persia.28642.E2.80.93651.29" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, c. 643 – 661 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim#Umayyad_interest_in_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, c. 670 – 860 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, c. 770 – 850 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbari dynasty</a>, c. 841 – 1024 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahi</a>, c. 870 – 1010 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>, c. 905 – 999 CE</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavids</a>, c. 999 – 1186 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a>, c. 1024 – 1351 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a>, c. 1170 – 1215 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a>, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq dynasty</a>, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a>, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi dynasty</a>, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol Empire</a>, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raees_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Raees dynasty">Raees dynasty</a>, c. 1320 – 1620 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katoor_dynasty" title="Katoor dynasty">Katoor dynasty</a>, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma dynasty</a>, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghun dynasty</a>, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a>, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_dynasty" title="Tarkhan dynasty">Tarkhan dynasty</a>, c. 1554 – 1591 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Bela_(princely_state)" title="Las Bela (princely state)">Las Bela</a>, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misl</a>, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, c. 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, c. 1947 – 1956 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan">Republican Pakistan</a>, c. 1956 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History of provinces</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="background:#iee;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="History of Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan" title="History of East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="History of Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamabad" title="History of Islamabad">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pakistan" title="Category:History of Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Pakistan" title="Template:History of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:History of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Category:History of Turkmenistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Turkmenistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.,_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Turkmens at the gates of the ancient city of Merv, 1914"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/200px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/300px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg/400px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9B._%D0%9B.%2C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5_%281914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Ancient_history" title="History of Turkmenistan">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun#Jeitun_culture" title="Jeitun">Jeitun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#The_ten_tribe_Proto-Turkic_tribal_confederation" title="History of Turkmenistan">Proto-Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Arab_conquests_and_Islamization" title="History of Turkmenistan">Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Oghuz_tribes" title="History of Turkmenistan">Oghuz Turkomans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turkomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Karts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Turkmenistan_in_the_16th_and_17th_centuries" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Russian_Colonization_and_Great_Game" title="History of Turkmenistan">Russian conquest and the Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Transcaspian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan#Revolution_and_civil_war" title="History of Turkmenistan">October Revolution and Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">After Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaspian_Oblast" title="Transcaspian Oblast">Transcaspia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkmenistan" title="Portal:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ghaznavid_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire">List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2003128_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2003128-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Shah, <a href="/wiki/Yazdgerd_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazdgerd III">Yazdgerd III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeviSela201083_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeviSela201083-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201588_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201588-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firdawsi was writing his Shah-nama. One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler1970147_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1970147-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978146-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978146_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA430"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">430–</span>431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2003128-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2003128_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatouzian2003">Katouzian 2003</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coinage-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coinage_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coinage_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raza, S. 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Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-15369-4"><bdi>978-1-135-15369-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Seljuq+History%3A+A+New+Interpretation&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-15369-4&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxj9haotAapcC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Kane, Bernard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPU3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art</i></a>. Persian Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-16-5"><bdi>978-1-934283-16-5</bdi></a>. <q>a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Appearance+of+Persian+on+Islamic+Art&rft.pub=Persian+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-934283-16-5&rft.aulast=O%27Kane&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPU3AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reach.ieee.org/primary-sources/medieval-catapult-illustrated/">"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh"</a>. <i>IEEE Reach</i>. <q>Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Reach&rft.atitle=Medieval+Catapult+Illustrated+in+the+Jami%27+al-Tawarikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freach.ieee.org%2Fprimary-sources%2Fmedieval-catapult-illustrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlumberger1952" class="citation journal cs1">Schlumberger, Daniel (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312">"Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar"</a>. <i>Syria</i>. <b>29</b> (3/4): 263 & 267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1952.4789">10.3406/syria.1952.4789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-7946">0039-7946</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312">4390312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=Le+Palais+ghazn%C3%A9vide+de+Lashkari+Bazar&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=263+%26+267&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0039-7946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4390312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.1952.4789&rft.aulast=Schlumberger&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4390312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2006_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2006">Bosworth 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201588_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2015">Roy 2015</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196345_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975169-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975169_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1975">Bosworth 1975</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1986301_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1986">Kennedy 1986</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963224-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963224_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963225-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963225_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worcester.emuseum.com/objects/11449/an-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the">"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru"</a>. <i>worcester.emuseum.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worcester.emuseum.com&rft.atitle=An+Indian+Embassy+before+Sultan+Mahmud+of+Ghanzna%2C+from+the+%22Majmal+al-Tawarikh%22+of+Hafiz-e+Abru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworcester.emuseum.com%2Fobjects%2F11449%2Fan-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAA_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAA_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2022" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AttiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation</i></a>. K.K. Publications. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dimensions+of+Indian+Historiography+%3A+Historical+Facts+and+Hindutva+Interpretation&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Dr+Aijaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAttiEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201929-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201929_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2019">Eaton 2019</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA146"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHzGvqRbV_IC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethiSaranBhandari1951" class="citation book cs1">Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNGAAAAMAAJ"><i>The March of Indian History</i></a>. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Indian+History&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Ranjit+Printers+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Saran%2C+Parmatma&rft.au=Bhandari%2C+D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbNGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirishtah2003" class="citation book cs1">Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&pg=PA60"><i>The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1994-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1994-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1994-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Hindustan.+Vol.+1&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1994-8&rft.aulast=Firishtah&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Q%C4%81sim+Hind%C5%AB+Sh%C4%81h+Astar%C4%81b%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTyRYXtxMSEC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1977" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Sisir Kumar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA81"><i>The Early Rulers of Khajur</i></a> (Second Revised ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1997-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Rulers+of+Khajur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1997-9&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirHN2UA_Z7gC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYagnikSheth200539–40_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYagnikSheth2005">Yagnik & Sheth 2005</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200436–37-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200436–37_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ghazni" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ghazni">Ghazni</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">917–</span>918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghazni&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E918&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963228-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963228_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirsoleimani1999243-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmirsoleimani1999243_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmirsoleimani1999">Amirsoleimani 1999</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler19911051-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler19911051_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpuler1991">Spuler 1991</a>, p. 1051.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une Résidence Royale Ghaznévide et Ghoride, Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique Française, XVIII (Paris: Boccard, 1978) vol. 1, plate 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35061254">"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"</a>. <i>Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia</i>. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 233, Fig 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interaction+in+the+Himalayas+and+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Turk+in+the+Dukhang%3F+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Elite+Dress+in+Medieval+Ladakh+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=233%2C+Fig+14&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35061254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEB299-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEB299_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEB299_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (31 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299"><i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i></a>. BRILL. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2383-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2383-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCgawCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Habib1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib</i></a>. People's Publishing House. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Society+During+the+Early+Medieval+Period%3A+Collected+Works+of+Professor+Mohammad+Habib&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Mohammad+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQ1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206-1526%29+-+Part+One&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197832,_146-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197832,_146_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 32, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977131-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977131_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1977">Bosworth 1977</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink2002114-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink2002114_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2002">Wink 2002</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987151-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987151_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoutsma1987">Houtsma 1987</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201624-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201624_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bos106-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bos106_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA99"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <q>An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr <a href="/wiki/Ali_Arslan_Khan" title="Ali Arslan Khan">b. Ali</a> making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires [the Karakhanids and the Ghaznavids], for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romila Thapar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40">Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History</a>. Verso. p. 40. ISBN 9781844670208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963111-112-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963111-112_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 111-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2012" class="citation journal cs1">Raza, S. Jabir (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156208">"Indian Elephant Corps Under the Ghaznavids"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>73</b>: <span class="nowrap">212–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156208">44156208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Indian+Elephant+Corps+Under+the+Ghaznavids&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=S.+Jabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1992205-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1992205_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1992">Lewis 1992</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPW-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RPW_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Pinder-Wilson (2001) Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets, Iran, 39:1, 155-186, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2001.11834389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiad2006294_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiad2006">Ziad 2006</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisami1999143_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisami1999">Meisami 1999</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1970147-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler1970147_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpuler1970">Spuler 1970</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth197775-77,_107-110-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth197775-77,_107-110_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1977">Bosworth 1977</a>, p. 75-77, 107-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977127-128-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977127-128_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1977">Bosworth 1977</a>, p. 127-128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196844-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196844_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlet201146-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlet201146_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#CITEREFYarshater1960">Yarshater 1960</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoonerHanaway2012284_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpoonerHanaway2012">Spooner & Hanaway 2012</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994244-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994244_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994">Notghi & Sabri-Tabrizi 1994</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1963132_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634"In_this_book_I_have_discussed_the_Ghaznavids_as_a_Turkish_dynasty,_of_slave_origin,_who_established_themselves_on_the_eastern_margins_of_the_Iranian_world_[...]_these_Turkish_condotierri_became_rulers_of_what_was,_at_Mahmud's_death_in_1030,_the_most_extensive_empire_known_in_the_eastern_Islamic_world,_since_the_dismemberment_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate"-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19634"In_this_book_I_have_discussed_the_Ghaznavids_as_a_Turkish_dynasty,_of_slave_origin,_who_established_themselves_on_the_eastern_margins_of_the_Iranian_world_[...]_these_Turkish_condotierri_became_rulers_of_what_was,_at_Mahmud's_death_in_1030,_the_most_extensive_empire_known_in_the_eastern_Islamic_world,_since_the_dismemberment_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate"_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1963">Bosworth 1963</a>, p. 4, "In this book I have discussed the Ghaznavids as a Turkish dynasty, of slave origin, who established themselves on the eastern margins of the Iranian world [...] these Turkish condotierri became rulers of what was, at Mahmud's death in 1030, the most extensive empire known in the eastern Islamic world, since the dismemberment of the Abassid Caliphate".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196836-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196836_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYarshater2008-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYarshater2008_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater2008">Yarshater 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196840-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth196840_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, 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Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+historiography+to+the+end+of+the+twelfth+century&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Meisami&rft.aufirst=Julie+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotghiSabri-Tabrizi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Notghi, Hamid; Sabri-Tabrizi, Gholam-Reza (1994). "Hail to Heydarbaba: A Comparative View of Popular Turkish & Classical Persian Poetical Languages". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">240–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530199408705603">10.1080/13530199408705603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Hail+to+Heydarbaba%3A+A+Comparative+View+of+Popular+Turkish+%26+Classical+Persian+Poetical+Languages&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530199408705603&rft.aulast=Notghi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft.au=Sabri-Tabrizi%2C+Gholam-Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliakova1984" class="citation journal cs1">Poliakova, E. 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Tauris Academic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patronage+and+Poetry+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+Social+Mobility+and+Status+in+the+Medieval+Middle+East+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sharlet&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoonerHanaway2012" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012). <i>Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order</i>. 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(1991). "Ghaznawids". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, C.; Schacht, J. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Vol. II. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghaznawids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Taagepera, Rein (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. 41 (3):(September) (3). 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Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=The+Theme+of+Wine-Drinking+and+the+Concept+of+the+Beloved+in+Early+Persian+Poetry&rft.volume=13&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii2-islamic-period-page-2">"Iran"</a>. <i>Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-ii2-islamic-period-page-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiad2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ziad, Homayra (2006). "Ghaznavids". In Meri, J. (ed.). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghaznavids&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Homayra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963) <i>The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040</i> Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3601436">3601436</a></li> <li>Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977) <i>The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay, The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186</i> Columbia University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04428-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04428-3">0-231-04428-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation cs2">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1998), "THE GHAZNAVIDS", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20ghaznavids.pdf"><i>History of Civilisations of Central Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, UNESCO Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=THE+GHAZNAVIDS&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilisations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fsilkroad%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_IVa%2520silk%2520road_the%2520ghaznavids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>M. Ismail Marcinkowski (2003) <i>Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey</i> Pustaka Nasional, Singapore, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-77-488-7" title="Special:BookSources/9971-77-488-7">9971-77-488-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghaznavid_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ghaznavids" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html">Mahmud of Ghazna</a> – <i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud">Mahmud</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a> – <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts">Ghaznavids and Ghurids</a> – <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online Edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042545/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/mahmud_ghaznavi/Mahmud%20Ghaznavi.html">Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India</a> (archived 11 March 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0"><i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period</i>by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. <i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period</i></a>, published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877 (Online Copy: – Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in translation).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/afghan-secrets-revealed-on-google-earth/2008/07/18/1216163136557.html">Afghan secrets revealed</a> on <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthé1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ethé, Karl Hermann (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Persia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Persia">"Persia" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Eth%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Karl+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhaznavids" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles744" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles744" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory84"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_Intermezzo_dynasties_(800–1100_AD)136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Template:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Template talk:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian Intermezzo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_Intermezzo_dynasties_(800–1100_AD)136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a> dynasties (800–1100 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian and Caspian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid dynasty">Samanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuyid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakuyid dynasty">Kakuyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavand dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani_(tribe)" title="Hadhabani (tribe)">Hadhabani (tribe)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khwarezmian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrighids" title="Afrighids">Afrighids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sogdian kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Banu Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12844800#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata839" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12844800#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata839" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12844800#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54945714">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5090155832946733490007">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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