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<span>Sultans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak_(1150–1210)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak_(1150–1210)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1150–1210)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak_(1150–1210)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iltutmish_(r._1211–1236)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iltutmish_(r._1211–1236)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iltutmish_(r._1211–1236)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مماليك الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مماليك الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99zzil%C9%99r_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Müəzzilər sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müəzzilər sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C_(%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="مملوک سولطانلیغی (دهلی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مملوک سولطانلیغی (دهلی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF)" title="মামলুক সালতানাত (দিল্লি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মামলুক সালতানাত (দিল্লি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucs_de_Delhi" title="Mamelucs de Delhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamelucs de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklavendynastie" title="Sklavendynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklavendynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucos_de_Delhi" title="Mamelucos de Delhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mamelucos de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluka_dinastio_(Delhio)" title="Mamluka dinastio (Delhio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mamluka dinastio (Delhio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_(%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="سلطنت مملوک (دهلی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطنت مملوک (دهلی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_des_esclaves" title="Dynastie des esclaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie des esclaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6" title="ગુલામ વંશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલામ વંશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="노예 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="ग़ुलाम वंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ुलाम वंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Mamluk_(Delhi)" title="Kesultanan Mamluk (Delhi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Mamluk (Delhi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucchi_di_Delhi" title="Mamelucchi di Delhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mamelucchi di Delhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99" title="השושלת הממלוכית של דלהי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הממלוכית של דלהי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მამლუქების დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მამლუქების დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ദില്ലിയിലെ മംലൂക്ക് രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദില്ലിയിലെ മംലൂക്ക് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="गुलाम घराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलाम घराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Mamluk_(Delhi)" title="Kesultanan Mamluk (Delhi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Mamluk (Delhi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlukkendynastie" title="Mamlukkendynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mamlukkendynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुलाम वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुलाम वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="奴隷王朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷王朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlukdynastiet" title="Mamlukdynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mamlukdynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlukdynastiet" title="Mamlukdynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mamlukdynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ ਖ਼ਾਨਦਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ ਖ਼ਾਨਦਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="غلاماں راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غلاماں راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Мамлюкская династия (Дели) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мамлюкская династия (Дели)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88" title="غلام گهراڻو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غلام گهراڻو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjadynastia_(Delhi)" title="Orjadynastia (Delhi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjadynastia (Delhi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dynasty that ruled northern India (c. 1206–1290)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, see <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mamluk</div><div class="ib-country-names">مملوک</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1206–1290</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)"><img alt="Flag of Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/125px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/188px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/250px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1267" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.[4]"><img alt="Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.[4]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/250px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/375px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/500px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> <small>(1206–1210)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Badayun">Badayun</a> <small>(1210–1214)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> <small>(1214–1290)</small></li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-vsoxford2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsoxford2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <small>(main)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small><br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <small>(administration)</small><sup id="cite_ref-asi.nic.in_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asi.nic.in-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RE31_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE31-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1206–1210 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1287–1290 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud din Qaiqabad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1206</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1290</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chahamanas of Shakambhari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tomara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomara dynasty">Tomara dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Sultanate">Ghurid Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Qutb Minaret</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:254px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg/63px-Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg/95px-Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg/126px-Qutb_Minar_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="7304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Minaret</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:254px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg/191px-Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg/287px-Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg/382px-Qutub_Minar_Inscriptions_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Base with inscriptions</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a>, started by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> in 1220, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works. It is somewhat similar to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Mamluk dynasty</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Slave dynasty</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), or the <b>Mamluk Sultanate</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">historiographical</a> name or <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> used to refer to the three dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> origin who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurid territories</a> in India and subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a>, from 1206 to 1290<sup id="cite_ref-JE_Walsh_68-70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE_Walsh_68-70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Anzalone_100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266–1290).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a>'s tenure as a <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Gangetic plain</a> and established control over some of the new areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RE39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last ruler, <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shamsuddin Kayumars</a>, an infant, was murdered by <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-Din_Khalji" title="Jalal-ud-Din Khalji">Jalal-ud-Din Khalji</a>, a nobleman who then established the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The Mamluk dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> slave-general of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> were soldiers of slave origins who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military class in various Muslim societies. Mamluks held political and military power most notably in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>In 1206, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a>, was assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_at_War:_A_History_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_at_War:_A_History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since he had no male heirs, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals. <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Elduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajuddin Elduz">Taj-ud-Din Yildoz</a> became the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> got <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Qabacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha">Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha</a> became the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> became the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, establishing the Mamluk dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_Walsh_70_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE_Walsh_70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his reign as the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a> was short-lived with his death in 1210. His successor <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a> rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> in 1211. </p><p>The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of India">his successors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Anzalone_100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from <a href="/wiki/Rukn_ud_din_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukn ud din Firuz">Rukn ud din Firuz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia Sultana</a> until <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud din Balban</a> rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate from the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> invasions and internal threats from the rebellious sultanate nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Anzalone_100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_Walsh_70_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE_Walsh_70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the Mamluk Sultanate in India, the Ghurid Turks maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".<sup id="cite_ref-RE31_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE31-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> came into being when <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ud_din_Firuz_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji">Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji</a> overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud din Qaiqabad</a>, the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-C_Anzalone_101_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C_Anzalone_101-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sultans">Sultans</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor,_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish,_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/250px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/375px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/500px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad">Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shams al-Din Iltutmish</a>, Sultan of Dehli.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, who had the titular name of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> and reigned from 1206 to 1210. He temporarily quelled the rebellions of <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Qabacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha">Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Yildoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajuddin Yildoz">Tajuddin Yildoz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> his capital, he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the <a href="/wiki/Quwwat-ul-Islam_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque">Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1210, he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game of <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> in Lahore; his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near the <a href="/wiki/Anarkali_Bazaar" title="Anarkali Bazaar">Anarkali Bazaar</a> in Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from 1210 to 1211. An elite group of forty nobles named <i>Chihalgani</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Forty</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) conspired against Aram Shah and invited <a href="/wiki/Shams_ud_din_Iltutmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams ud din Iltutmish">Shams-ud-din Iltutmish</a>, then Governor of <a href="/wiki/Badaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaun">Badaun</a>, to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. It is not quite certain what became of Aram.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third Sultan was Shams-ud-din <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Nasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin</i> and reigned from 1211 to 1236. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni, who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> encroached into India in pursuit of the last <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-din_Mangabarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni">Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni</a>, who was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus" title="Battle of the Indus">Battle of the Indus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death, Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories. <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, which had been held by the Turko-Afghan general <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> and his successors of the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a>, was finally incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1227.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_at_War:_A_History_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_at_War:_A_History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1230, Iltutmish built the <a href="/wiki/Hauz-i-Shamsi" title="Hauz-i-Shamsi">Hauz-i-Shamsi</a> reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Mehrauli" title="Mehrauli">Mehrauli</a>, and in 1231 he built <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ghari" title="Sultan Ghari">Sultan Ghari</a>, which was the first Islamic mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> (r. 1211–1236) in the <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub Minar</a> complex.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fourth Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Rukn_ud_din_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukn ud din Firuz">Rukn-ud-din Feroze</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from April 1236 to November 1236. He ruled for only seven months and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Turkan" title="Shah Turkan">Shah Turkan</a>, for all practical purposes was running the government. He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On 9 November 1236, both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani. </p><p>The fifth Sultana was <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia al-Din</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Jalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana</i> and reigned from 1236 to 1240. As the first female Muslim ruler in India, she initially managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well. However, she began associating with the African <a href="/wiki/Jamal-ud-Din_Yaqut" title="Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut">Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut</a>, provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy, who were primarily Central Asian Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful nobleman <a href="/wiki/Malik_Altunia" title="Malik Altunia">Malik Altunia</a> whom she agreed to marry. Her half-brother <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Muiz-ud-din Bahram</a>, however, usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband. The couple fled and reached <a href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</a>, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a> and were robbed and killed on 14 October 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sixth Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Muiz-ud-din Bahram</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from 1240 to 15 May 1242. During his reign, the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore. Muiz-ud-din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them, and the Chihalgani besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) is located in South Asia"><img alt="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">South Asia<br />1250 CE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_88x57" style="position:absolute; left:88px; top:57px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_BW_2694.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Emojione_BW_2694.svg/7px-Emojione_BW_2694.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Emojione_BW_2694.svg/11px-Emojione_BW_2694.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Emojione_BW_2694.svg/14px-Emojione_BW_2694.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_72x55" style="position:absolute; left:72px; top:55px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beas_River" title="Battle of Beas River"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">Beas<br />1285</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x70" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:70px; font-size:8.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8.5; line-height:10.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">DELHI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x80" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:80px; font-size:8.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8.5; line-height:10.5px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x90" style="position:absolute; 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left:120px; top:230px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x210" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:210px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x200" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:200px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HOYSALAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x180" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:180px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KADAMBAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x220" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:220px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHERAS</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>South Asian polities, circa 1250 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The seventh Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Ala_ud_din_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ud din Masud">Ala-ud-din Masud</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from 1242 to 1246. He was effectively a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs had become upset with Ala-ud-din Masud's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(grandson_of_Iltutmish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a>, who was another grandson of Iltutmish.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eighth Sultan was Nasiruddin Mahmud, who had the titular name of <i>Nasir-ud-din Feroze Shah</i> and reigned from 1246 to 1266. As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. It was his Deputy Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyath-ud-din Balban</a>, who primarily dealt with state affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyath-ud-din Balban</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from 1266 to 1287. Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen. He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outposts with garrisons of soldiers in areas where there had been disorder. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system. He also fought against the Mongols and repelled many invasions by them. He lost his favourite son Prince Muhammad in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beas_River" title="Battle of Beas River">Battle of Beas River</a> against the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tenth and final Sultan was <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad</a>, who had the titular name of <i>Sultan</i> and reigned from 1287 to 1290. Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by a <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a> chief. His three-year-old son Kayumars nominally succeeded him, but the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khaljis.<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <p>The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes:<sup id="cite_ref-RE48_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Gandhak ki Baoli</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhak_ki_Baoli,_Mehrauli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg/128px-Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg/192px-Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg/256px-Gandhak_ki_Baoli%2C_Mehrauli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Empty</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg/256px-Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg/384px-Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg/512px-Gandhak-ki-baoli_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Filled with water</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Baolis_of_Mehrauli" title="Baolis of Mehrauli">Gandhak Ki Baoli stepwell</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> (r. 1211–1236).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak_(1150–1210)"><span id="Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak_.281150.E2.80.931210.29"></span>Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1150–1210)</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, founder of the dynasty, in 1192 AD in the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutb complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mehrauli" title="Mehrauli">Mehrauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam_Mosque" title="Qutb Minar complex">Quwwat-ul-Islam</a> ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutb complex</a> in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by <a href="/wiki/Qutb-ud-din-Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb-ud-din-Aibak">Qutb-ud-din-Aibak</a> to mark his victory over the Rajputs</li> <li>The tomb of Qutb ud-Din Aybak, in <a href="/wiki/Anarkali_Bazaar" title="Anarkali Bazaar">Anarkali Bazaar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iltutmish_(r._1211–1236)"><span id="Iltutmish_.28r._1211.E2.80.931236.29"></span>Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236)</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hauz-i-Shamsi" title="Hauz-i-Shamsi">Hauz-i-Shamsi</a> reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> (school) around it, built by Iltutmish.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Baolis_of_Mehrauli#Gandhak_ki_Baoli" title="Baolis of Mehrauli">Gandhak ki Baoli</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwell</a> for the Sufi saint, <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki" title="Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki">Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>, second <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a> (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi.</li> <li>The Mausoleum of Prince <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)">Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud</a>, eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Iltumish" class="mw-redirect" title="Iltumish">Iltumish</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ghari" title="Sultan Ghari">Sultan Ghari</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Kunj" title="Vasant Kunj">Vasant Kunj</a>, built in 1231</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_rulers">Other rulers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balban%27s_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Balban's tomb">Balban's tomb</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mehrauli_Archaeological_Park" title="Mehrauli Archaeological Park">Mehrauli Archaeological Park</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Quwwat-ul-Islam ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the Qutb complex in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak to mark his victory over the Rajputs"><img alt="The Quwwat-ul-Islam ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the Qutb complex in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak to mark his victory over the Rajputs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/200px-Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/300px-Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg/400px-Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam_Mosque" title="Qutb Minar complex">Quwwat-ul-Islam</a> ("Might of Islam") mosque, at the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutb complex</a> in Delhi, started in 1193 CE by <a href="/wiki/Qutb-ud-din-Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb-ud-din-Aibak">Qutb-ud-din-Aibak</a> to mark his victory over the Rajputs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque,_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intricate stone carvings on the cloister columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi. These are recycled Hindu temple pillars displaying Hindu iconography."><img alt="Intricate stone carvings on the cloister columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi. These are recycled Hindu temple pillars displaying Hindu iconography." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg/150px-Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg/225px-Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg/300px-Intricate_stone_carvings_in_the_cloister_of_Quwwat_ul-Islam_mosque%2C_near_Qutub_Minar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intricate stone carvings on the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi. These are recycled Hindu temple pillars displaying Hindu iconography.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_(6133975257).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak."><img alt="The Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg/200px-Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg/300px-Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg/400px-Adhai_Din-ka-Jhonpra_Screen_wall_%286133975257%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra" title="Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra">Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra</a> mosque in <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari"><img alt="Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg/133px-Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg/200px-Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg/266px-Inside_the_Marble_Mehrab_at_Sultan_Ghari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab at <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ghari" title="Sultan Ghari">Sultan Ghari</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2></div> <p>The first Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbuddin Aibak">Qutbuddin Aibak</a> was succeeded by a certain <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a>, who was then deposed by <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>, Aibak's son in law. </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Descendents of Iltutumish </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></b> <br />(3) <br />r. 1206–1210</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(eldest_son_of_Iltutmish)" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a> <br />(heir apparent, died<br />before his father)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia</a></b> <br />(5) <br />r. 1236–1240</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Firuz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Firuz I">Firuz I</a></b> <br />(4) <br />r. 1236</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Bahram</a></b> <br />(6) <br /><span class="nowrap">r. 1240–1242</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I,_Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I, Sultan of Delhi">Mahmud I</a></b> <br />(8) <br />r. 1246–1266</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Masud_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah">Masud Shah</a></b> <br />(8) <br />r. 1242–1246</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Iltutmish's descendents ruled until 1266, when Mahmud I's father-in-law and vizier, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Balban">Ghiyasuddin Balban</a> usurped the throne. </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Descendents of Balban </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Balban" title="Balban">Balban</a></b> <br />(9) <br /><span class="nowrap">r. 1266–1287</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Bughra_Khan" title="Nasiruddin Bughra Khan">Bughra Khan</a><br />(Sultan of Bengal)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Qaiqabad</a></b> <br />(10) <br />r. 1287–1290</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Kayumars</a></b> <br />(11) <br />r. 1290</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: lightyellow;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEDC82; border-bottom: solid lightyellow 5px;"> Ruling dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluk dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a></td><td> 1206–1210</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a></td><td> 1210–1211</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></td><td> 1211–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Rukn_ud_din_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukn ud din Firuz">Rukn ud din Firuz</a></td><td> 1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia Sultana</a></td><td> 1236-1240</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Muiz ud din Bahram</a></td><td> 1240–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ala_ud_din_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ud din Masud">Ala ud din Masud</a></td><td> 1242–1246</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(grandson_of_Iltutmish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a></td><td> 1246–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud din Balban</a></td><td> 1266–1287</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud din Qaiqabad</a></td><td> 1287–1290</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shamsuddin Kayumars</a></td><td> 1290</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-din_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-ud-din Khalji">Jalaluddin</a></td><td> 1290–1296</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin</a></td><td> 1296–1316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Omar" title="Shihabuddin Omar">Shihabuddin Omar</a></td><td> 1316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah">Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah</a></td><td> 1316–1320</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Khan" title="Khusrau Khan">Khusrau Khan</a></td><td> 1320</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a></td><td> <span class="nowrap">1320–1325</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a></td><td> 1325–1351</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a></td><td> 1351–1388</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_Khan" title="Tughluq Khan">Tughluq Khan</a></td><td> 1388–1389</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Shah" title="Abu Bakr Shah">Abu Bakr Shah</a></td><td> 1389–1390</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ud_din_Muhammad_Shah_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III">Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III</a></td><td> 1390–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ala_ud-din_Sikandar_Shah" title="Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah">Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah</a></td><td> 1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-din_Nusrat_Shah_Tughluq" title="Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq">Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq</a></td><td> 1394–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Mahmud_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq">Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq</a></td><td> 1394–1413</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a></td><td> 1414–1421</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Mubarak Shah</a></td><td> 1421–1434</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Muhammad Shah</a></td><td> 1434–1445</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Alam_Shah" title="Alam Shah">Alam Shah</a></td><td> 1445–1451</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Khan Lodi</a></td><td> 1451–1489</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a></td><td> 1489–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></td><td> 1517–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td 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style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td 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href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaq Dynasty">Tughlaq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_campaigns_of_Muhammad_of_Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor">Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a></i> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/60px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/90px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/120px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="311" /></a></span> in <a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_(top)_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_(bottom)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" title="File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg">the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKadoi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kadoi, Yuka (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17410816">"On the Timurid flag"</a>. <i>Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie</i>. <b>2</b>: 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29091%2F9783954909537%2F009">10.29091/9783954909537/009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263250872">263250872</a>. <q>...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+islamischen+Kunst+und+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=On+the+Timurid+flag&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29091%2F9783954909537%2F009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263250872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadoi&rft.aufirst=Yuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17410816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> flag, and the red <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a> flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQurashi1942" class="citation book cs1">Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up"><i>The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi</i></a>. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi&rft.place=Kashmiri+Bazar+Lahore&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=SH.+MUHAMMAD+ASHRAF&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Qurashi&rft.aufirst=Ishtiyaq+Hussian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281982%2Fpage%2Fn159%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span>, also in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2016" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11887-4"><bdi>978-1-107-11887-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reverence%2C+Resistance+and+Politics+of+Seeing+the+Indian+National+Flag&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11887-4&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Sadan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lswCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span>, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapliyal1938" class="citation book cs1">Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94"><i>The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study</i></a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7018-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7018-092-0"><bdi>978-81-7018-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dhvaja%2C+Standards+and+Flags+of+India%3A+A+Study&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-81-7018-092-0&rft.aulast=Thapliyal&rft.aufirst=Uma+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMogAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (h). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.3+%28h%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vsoxford2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vsoxford2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent A Smith, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2gxAQAAMAAJ">The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP37"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asi.nic.in-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asi.nic.in_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp">"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India"</a>. Asi.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp">the original</a> on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+Persian+Epigraphical+Studies+%E2%80%93+Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.pub=Asi.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE31-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RE31_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE31_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>. <q>The ethnicity of Turkish slaves, the earliest generation of whom dated to the Ghurid invasions of India, survived well into the thirteenth century. For a time, even Persian-speaking secretaries had to master Turkish in order to function. There persisted, more-over, deep cultural tensions between native Persian-speakers – whether from Iran, Khurasan or Central Asia – and ethnic Turks. Nizam al-Din Auliya (d. 1325), Delhi's renowned Sufi shaikh, characterized Turks as rude, bellicose and vain, reflecting a view, prevalent among many native Persians of the day, that Turks were uncultured boors who had illegitimately monopolized power and privilege. Such animosities were amplified by the asymmetrical power relations between ethnic Turks and Persians, often depicted in the literature as 'men of the sword' and 'men of the pen' respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE_Walsh_68-70-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE_Walsh_68-70_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, pp. 68-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C_Anzalone_100-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_Anzalone_100_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anzalone, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. 72–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=72-80&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>. <q>they actually belonged to three distinct ruling houses-the Qutbi dynasty (1206-11) founded by Qutubuddin Aibek, the first ilbari or shamsi dynasty (1211-66), known after Shamsuddin Iltutmish, and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266-90), founded by Ghiasuddin Balban.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.au=Jaswant+Lal+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSisirkumar_Mitra1977">Sisirkumar Mitra 1977</a>, pp. 123–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RE39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 39–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=39-45&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_at_War:_A_History-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_at_War:_A_History_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_at_War:_A_History_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafzigerWalton2003" class="citation book cs1">Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz"><i>Islam at War: A History</i></a></span>. Praeger Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275981013" title="Special:BookSources/9780275981013"><bdi>9780275981013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+at+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275981013&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Walton%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamatwarhistor0000nafz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE_Walsh_70-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_Walsh_70_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_Walsh_70_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C_Anzalone_101-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C_Anzalone_101_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anzalone, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE48-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE48_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP35"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. pp. 45–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=45-57&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA43"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37%2C+147&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Delhi_that_No-one_Knows_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ronald Vivian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cN7-8ZwviRgC&pg=PA12"><i>The Delhi that No-one Knows</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-020-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-020-7"><bdi>978-81-8028-020-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+that+No-one+Knows&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-020-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcN7-8ZwviRgC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzalone2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anzalone, Christopher (2008). "Delhi Sultanate". In Ackermann, M. E. etc (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of World History</i>. Vol. 2. Facts on File. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-6386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delhi+Sultanate&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6386-4&rft.aulast=Anzalone&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, J. E. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a></span>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5658-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5658-7"><bdi>0-8160-5658-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8160-5658-7&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofin0000wals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif">Dynastic Chart</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>, v. 2, <i>p. 368.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisirkumar_Mitra1977" class="citation book cs1">Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113"><i>The Early Rulers of Khajurāho</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120819979" title="Special:BookSources/9788120819979"><bdi>9788120819979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Rulers+of+Khajur%C4%81ho&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788120819979&rft.au=Sisirkumar+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirHN2UA_Z7gC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1967" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, A. L. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sa%2065000828"><i>The History of India, 1000–1707 A.D.</i></a> Shiva Lal Agarwala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+1000%E2%80%931707+A.D.&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2Fsa%252065000828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamluk+dynasty+%28Delhi%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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