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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spread subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shahnameh's_impact_and_affirmation_of_Persianate_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahnameh's_impact_and_affirmation_of_Persianate_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shahnameh's impact and affirmation of Persianate culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahnameh's_impact_and_affirmation_of_Persianate_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safavids_and_the_resurrection_of_Iranianhood_in_West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safavids_and_the_resurrection_of_Iranianhood_in_West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safavids and the resurrection of Iranianhood in West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safavids_and_the_resurrection_of_Iranianhood_in_West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottomans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottomans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ottomans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottomans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persianate_culture_of_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persianate_culture_of_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Persianate culture of South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persianate_culture_of_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_of_Persianate_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_of_Persianate_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media of Persianate culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_of_Persianate_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media of Persianate culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_of_Persianate_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_poetry_(Sufi_poetry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_poetry_(Sufi_poetry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Persian poetry (Sufi poetry)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_poetry_(Sufi_poetry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi'ism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi'ism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Shi'ism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi'ism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Persian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_persianada" title="Sociedad persianada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad persianada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جوامع فارسی‌زبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوامع فارسی‌زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_persianizada" title="Sociedade persianizada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociedade persianizada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Персијско друштво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијско друштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persifierat_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Persifierat samhälle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persifierat samhälle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsla%C5%9Fm%C4%B1%C5%9F_toplum" title="Farslaşmış toplum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Farslaşmış toplum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="波斯化的社會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯化的社會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7170270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sleeping_Rustam.jpg/220px-Sleeping_Rustam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sleeping_Rustam.jpg/330px-Sleeping_Rustam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sleeping_Rustam.jpg/440px-Sleeping_Rustam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp">Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustam">Rustam</a> asleep, while his horse <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a> slays a lion, fol. 118r.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_with_Mirror_(Qajar_art,_Art_Museum_of_Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg/170px-Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg/255px-Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg/340px-Girl_with_Mirror_%28Qajar_art%2C_Art_Museum_of_Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption><i>Girl With Mirror</i>. <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> art.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Persianate society</b> is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">art</a> and/or identity.<sup id="cite_ref-arjomand_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arjomand-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>The term "Persianate" is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> credited to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Marshall Hodgson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1974 book, <i>The Venture of Islam: The expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods</i>, he defined it thus: "The rise of Persian had more than purely literary consequences: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom.... Most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims... depended upon Persian wholly or in part for their prime literary inspiration. We may call all these cultural traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, 'Persianate' by extension."<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293–94">: 293–94 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term designates ethnic Persians but also societies that may not have been predominantly ethnically <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> but whose linguistic, material or artistic cultural activities were influenced by or based on Persianate culture. Examples of pre-19th-century Persianate societies were the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alp-Arslan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alp-Arslan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_historical_Persianate_(or_Islamic_Persosphere)_states/dynasties"><span id="List_of_historical_Persianate_.28or_Islamic_Persosphere.29_states.2Fdynasties"></span>List of historical Persianate (or Islamic Persosphere) states/dynasties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of historical Persianate (or Islamic Persosphere) states/dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western:_Central_Asia_to_West_Asia">Western: <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western: Central Asia to West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Emirate</a></b> (819–999)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid Emirate</a></b> (861–1003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid Emirate</a> (864–928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid Emirate</a> (889–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid Emirate</a> (919–1062)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid Emirate</a> (931–1090)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasid Emirate</a> (932–968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid Emirates</a> (934–1062)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadid Emirates</a> (951–1199)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Ravadid Emirate</a> (955–1070/1116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid Emirate</a> (1008–1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire"><b>Seljuk Sultanate</b></a> (1037–1194)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Rum Sultanate</a> (1077–1308)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> (1077–1231)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a> (1090–1273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Kilis" title="Emirate of Kilis">Kilis Emirate</a> (1181–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Bitlis Emirate</a> (1182–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bing%C3%B6l" title="Emirate of Bingöl">Bingol Emirate</a> (1231–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Hasankeyf" title="Emirate of Hasankeyf">Hasankeyf Emirate</a> (1232–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran Emirate</a> (?–1514; 1816–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_%C5%9Eirvan" title="Emirate of Şirvan">Shirvan Emirate</a> (?–1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanid Kingdom</a> (1236–1537)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><b>Ilkhanate Iran</b></a> (1256–1335)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></b> (1299–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid Kingdom</a> (1314–1393)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalairid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuid Emirate</a> (1335–1357)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadar state</a> (1337–1381)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid Emirate</a> (1338–1357)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab Emirate</a> (1349–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Marashiyan Emirate</a> (1359–1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> (1370–1507)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu Confederation</a> (1374–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufid Khanate</a> (1361–1379)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu Confederation</a> (1378–1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> (1441–1783)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></b> (1465–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Siberian Khanate</a> (1468–1598)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></b> (1501–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva Khanate</a> (1511–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a> (1736–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand Iran</a> (1751–1794)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></b> (1789–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> (1925–1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern:_Central_Asia_to_South_Asia">Eastern: <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern: Central Asia to South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Qarakhanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><b>Ghaznavid Sultanate</b></a> (977–1186)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire"><b>Ghurid Sultanate</b></a> (1011–1215)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> (1207–1526)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></b> (1226–1705)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartid Sultanate</a> (1244–1381)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Sultanate" title="Kashmir Sultanate">Kashmir Sultanate</a> (1320–1589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> (1335–1378)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahamani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamani Sultanate">Bahamani Kingdom</a></b> (1347–1527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Sindh Sultanate</a> (1351–1593)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></b> (1352–1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandesh Sultanate">Khandesh Sultanate</a> (1382–1601)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa Sultanate</a> (1392–1562)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a> (1394–1479)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a></b> (1394–1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langah_Sultanate" title="Langah Sultanate">Langah Sultanate</a> (1445–1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a> (1454–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar Sultanate</a> (1490–1572)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></b> (1490–1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a> (1489–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur Sultanate</a> (1490–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a> (1492–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Bukhara Khanate</a> (1501–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Golconda Sultanate</a> (1518–1687)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></b> (1526–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (1538–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat Khanate</a> (1666–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Sindh Emirates</a> (1701–1955)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a> (1708–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak Kingdom</a> (1709–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Sultanate" title="Carnatic Sultanate">Carnatic Sultanate</a> (1710–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rohilkhand" title="Kingdom of Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand Kingdom</a> (1721–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State"><b>Hyderabad</b></a> (1724–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a> (1747–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a> (1774–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a> (1730–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a> (1732–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire"><b>Durrani Afghanistan</b></a> (1747–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a> (1748–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a> (1761–1799)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara Emirate</a> (1785–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_State" title="Sachin State">Sachin</a> (1791–1948)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></b> (1799–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonk_State" title="Tonk State">Tonk</a> (1806–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Barakzai Afghanistan</a> (1818–1973)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_State_of_Kashmir_and_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (1846–1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persianate culture flourished for nearly fourteen centuries. It was a mixture of Persian and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic</a> cultures that eventually underwent <a href="/wiki/Persification" class="mw-redirect" title="Persification">Persification</a> and became the dominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the peoples of Greater Iran were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic forces</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries, they became part of an empire much larger than any previous one under Persian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Islamic conquest led to the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of language and culture in the former Byzantine territories, this did not happen in Persia. Rather, the new Islamic culture evolving there was largely based on pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Persian traditions</a> of the area,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim culture">Islamic customs</a> that were introduced to the region by the Arab conquerors.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persianate culture, especially among the elite classes, spread across the Muslim territories in western, central, and south Asia, although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, local, tribal, and ethnic) and spoke many different languages. It was spread by poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Persianate world, from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persianate culture involved modes of consciousness, ethos, and religious practices that have persisted in the Iranian world against <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a> Arab Muslim (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>) cultural constructs. This formed a calcified Persianate structure of thought and experience of the sacred, entrenched for generations, which later informed history, historical memory, and identity among <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Alid</a> loyalists and <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> groups labeled by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>-minded authorities as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulāt</a></i>. In a way, along with investing the notion of <a href="/wiki/Heteroglossia" title="Heteroglossia">heteroglossia</a>, Persianate culture embodies the Iranian past and ways in which this past blended with the Islamic present or became transmuted. The historical change was largely on the basis of a binary model: a struggle between the religious landscapes of late Iranian antiquity and a monotheist paradigm provided by the new religion, Islam. </p><p>This duality is symbolically expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> tradition that <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, the third Shi'ite Imam, had married <a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bibi_Sahrbanu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibi_Sahrbanu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. This genealogy makes the later imams, descended from Husayn and Shahrbanu, the inheritors of both the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and of the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Arab Muslim conquest of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>, the language of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Pre-Islamic Iran</a>, continued to be widely used well into the second Islamic century (8th century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of public affairs, the Iranians retained much of their pre-Islamic outlook and way of life, adjusted to fit the demands of Islam. Towards the end of the 7th century, the population began resenting the cost of sustaining the Arab <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">caliphs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a>, and in the 8th century, a general Iranian uprising—led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim Khorrasani</a>—brought another Arab family, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, to the Caliph's throne. </p><p>Under the Abbasids, the capital shifted from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, which had once been part of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> and was still considered to be part of the Iranian cultural domain. Persian culture, and the customs of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakid</a> <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>, became the style of the ruling elite. Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control over Iranians. The governors of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids">Tahirids</a>, though appointed by the caliph, were effectively independent. When the Persian <a href="/wiki/Saffarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarids">Saffarids</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> freed the eastern lands, the <a href="/wiki/Buyyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyyids">Buyyids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarids">Ziyarids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> in Western Iran, Mazandaran and the north-east respectively, declared their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of the eastern territories from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> was expressed in a distinctive Persianate culture that became dominant in west, central, and south Asia, and was the source of innovations elsewhere in the Islamic world. The Persianate culture was marked by the use of the <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> language as a medium of administration and intellectual discourse, by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianised-Turks</a> to military control, by the new political importance of non-Arab <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> and by the development of an ethnically composite Islamic society. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Middle-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-Persian">Pahlavi</a> was the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the Sassanian Empire before the Arab invasion, but towards the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> became a medium of literary expression. In the 9th century, a New Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science",<sup id="cite_ref-frye_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frye-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. The language that appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries was a new form of Persian, derivative of<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Middle-Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by Arabic vocabulary and written in the Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Persian language, according<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_293_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_293-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Marshall Hodgson</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Venture_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Venture of Islam">The Venture of Islam</a></i>, was to form the chief model for the rise of still other languages to the literary level. Like <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims were heavily influenced by Persian (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> being a prime example). One may call these traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, ‘Persianate’ by extension. This seems<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be the origin of the term <i>Persianate</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread">Spread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg/220px-Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg/330px-Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg/440px-Demotte_Shahname_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol Shahnameh</a>, 1330s, <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram Gur</a> killing a wolf, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Art Museum">Harvard University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Iranian dynasty of the Samanids began recording its court affairs in Persian as well as Arabic, and the earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. The Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. In addition, the learned authorities of Islam, the <i>ulama</i>, began using the Persian <i>lingua franca</i> in public. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language was the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> (Book of Kings), presented by its author <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> to the court of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> (998–1030). This was a kind of Iranian nationalistic resurrection: Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiment by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery and enshrined in literary form the most treasured folk stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i> enjoyed a special status in Iranian courtly culture as a historical narrative as well as a mythical one. The powerful effect that this text came to have on the poets of this period is partly due to the value that was attached to it as a legitimizing force, especially for new rulers in the Eastern Islamic world: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Persianate tradition the <i>Shahnameh</i> was viewed as more than literature. It was also a political treatise, as it addressed deeply rooted conceptions of honor, morality, and legitimacy. Illustrated versions of it were considered desirable as expressions of the aspirations and politics of ruling elites in the Iranian world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Persianate culture that emerged under the Samanids in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, in northeast Persia and the borderlands of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkistan</a> exposed the Turks to Persianate culture;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incorporation of the Turks into the main body of the Middle Eastern Islamic civilization, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, thus began in Khorasan; "not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a> (11th and 12th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a> (14th and 15th centuries), and the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a> (19th and 20th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghaznavids, the rivals and future successors of the Samanids,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ruled over the southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>. Persian scholars and artists flocked to their court, and the Ghaznavids became patrons of Persianate culture. The Ghaznavids took with them Persianate culture as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia . Apart from Ferdowsi, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Abu Ali Sina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a> Balkhi, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi Sistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanaayi">Sanayi Ghaznawi</a> and Abu Sahl Testari were among the great Iranian scientists and poets of the period under Ghaznavid patronage. </p><p>Persianate culture was carried by successive dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, particularly by the Persianized <a href="/wiki/Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqs">Seljuqs</a> (1040–1118) and their successor states, who presided over <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> until the 13th century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. These two dynasties together drew the centers of the Islamic world eastward. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. Under their patronage, poets and scholars from <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a> and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. Thus, the Persian language and Persianate culture was brought deep into India<sup id="cite_ref-Ikram_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikram-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carried further in the 13th century. The Seljuqs won a decisive victory over the Ghaznavids and swept into Khorasan; they brought Persianate culture westward into western Persia, Iraq, Anatolia, and Syria. Iran proper along with <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> became the heartland of Persian language and culture. </p><p>As the Seljuqs came to dominate western Asia, their courts were Persianized as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Under their rule, many pre-Islamic Iranian traditional arts like Sassanid architecture were resurrected, and great Iranian scholars were patronized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the same time, the Islamic religious institutions became more organized and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> orthodoxy became more codified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Persian jurist and theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> was among the scholars at the Seljuq court who proposed a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, which became the basis for a richer Islamic theology. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a>, a temporal office alongside the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, which at that time was merely a religious office. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the <i>ulama</i> on these dogmatic issues was the <a href="/wiki/Nezamiyeh" title="Nezamiyeh">Nezamiyeh</a>, better known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a></i>, named after its founder <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, a Persian vizier of the Seljuqs. These schools became the means of uniting Sunni <i>ulama</i>, who legitimized the rule of the Sultans. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the <i>ulama</i> and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the <i>madrasas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frye_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frye-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224–30">: 224–30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahnameh's_impact_and_affirmation_of_Persianate_culture"><span id="Shahnameh.27s_impact_and_affirmation_of_Persianate_culture"></span>Shahnameh's impact and affirmation of Persianate culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shahnameh's impact and affirmation of Persianate culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the result of the impacts of Persian literature as well as to further political ambitions, it became a custom for rulers in the Persianate lands to not only commission a copy of the <i>Shahnameh</i>, but also to have his own epic, allowing court poets to attempt to reach the level of Ferdowsi: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus, as with any piece of historical writing, the <i>Shahnameh</i> can be evaluated as a historical source on two levels: firstly, for its contribution to the store of basic factual knowledge of a period, and secondly, for the light it sheds, intentionally or otherwise, on contemporary thought and politics.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Iranian and Persianate poets received the <i>Shahnameh</i> and modeled themselves after it. Murtazavi formulates three categories of such works too: poets who took up material not covered in the epic, poets who eulogized their patrons and their ancestors in <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi_(poetic_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masnavi (poetic form)">masnavi</a></i> form for monetary reward, and poets who wrote poems for rulers who saw themselves as heroes in the <i>Shahnameh</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> echoing the earlier <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a> trend of patronizing the Shahnameh for legitimizing texts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, Persian poets attempted to continue the chronology to a later period, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Zafarnamah_(Mustawfi)" title="Zafarnamah (Mustawfi)">Zafarnamah</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Hamdollah_Mostowfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdollah Mostowfi">Hamdollah Mostowfi</a> (d. 1334 or 1335), which deals with Iranian history from the Arab conquest to the Mongols and is longer than Ferdowsi's work.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary value of these works must be considered on an individual basis as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Rypka" title="Jan Rypka">Jan Rypka</a> cautions: "all these numerous epics cannot be assessed very highly, to say nothing of those works that were substantially (or literally) copies of Ferdowsi. There are however exceptions, such as the <i>Zafar-Nameh</i> of Hamdu'llah Mustaufi a historically valuable continuation of the Shah-nama"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Shahanshahnamah</i> (or <i>Changiznamah</i>) of Ahmad Tabrizi in 1337–38, which is a history of the Mongols written for Abu Sa'id. </p><p>Second, poets versified the history of a contemporary ruler for reward, such as the <i>Ghazannameh</i> written in 1361–62 by Nur al-Din ibn Shams al-Din. Third, heroes not treated in the <i>Shahnameh</i> and those having minor roles in it became the subjects of their own epics, such as the 11th-century <i>Garshāspnāmeh</i> by <a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a>. This tradition, chiefly a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> one, resulted in the creation of Islamic epics of conquests as discussed by Marjan Molé.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also see the classification employed by Z. Safa for epics: <i>milli</i> (national, those inspired by Ferdowsi's epic), <i>tarikhi</i> (historical, those written in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Iskandarnameh_of_Nizami" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandarnameh of Nizami">Nizami's <i>Iskandarnamah</i></a>) and <i>dini</i> for religious works.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other source of inspiration for Persianate culture was another Persian poet, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, a most admired, illustrated and imitated writer of romantic <i>masnavis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Ferdowsi's and Nizami's works, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusraw_Dehlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusraw Dehlavi">Amir Khusraw Dehlavi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Khamseh" title="Khamseh">khamseh</a></i> came to enjoy tremendous prestige, and multiple copies of it were produced at Persianized courts. Seyller has a useful catalog of all known copies of this text.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction">Distinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, Persianate culture became sharply distinct from the Arab world to the west, the dividing zone falling along the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Socially the Persianate world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were non-Iranians in origin, but the administrative cadres and literati were Iranians. Cultural affairs were marked by a characteristic pattern of language use: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">New Persian</a> was the language of state affairs, scholarship and literature and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> the language of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ikram_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikram-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safavids_and_the_resurrection_of_Iranianhood_in_West_Asia">Safavids and the resurrection of Iranianhood in West Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Safavids and the resurrection of Iranianhood in West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> dynasty ascended to predominance in Iran in the 16th century—the first native Iranian dynasty since the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyyids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyers_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Safavids, who were of mixed <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> ancestry, moved to the <a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a> region in the 11th century. They re-asserted the Persian identity over many parts of West Asia and Central Asia, establishing an independent Persian state,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and patronizing Persian culture <sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made Iran the spiritual bastion of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi’ism</a> against the onslaughts of orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, and a repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Persian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillenbrand_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> </p><p>The founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shah Isma'il</a>, adopted the title of Persian Emperor <i>Pādišah-ī Īrān</i>, with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Afghanistan as far as the Euphrates and the North Caucasus, and from the Oxus to the southern territories of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillenbrand_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> Shah Isma'il's successors went further and adopted the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shāhanshāh</a></i> (king of kings). The Safavid kings considered themselves, like their predecessors the Sassanid Emperors, the <i>khudāygān</i> (the shadow of God on earth).<sup id="cite_ref-Hillenbrand_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> They revived Sassanid architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-Hillenbrand_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> build grand mosques and elegant <i>charbagh</i> gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes), and patronized "Men of the Pen"<sup id="cite_ref-titley_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, their Sunni archrivals to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodgson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodgson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottomans">Ottomans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ottomans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/200px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/300px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/400px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanname" title="Süleymanname">Süleymanname</a> (The Book of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleyman</a>) manuscript of Celebi, in Shirazi style with Persian Texts</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> rose to predominance in Asia Minor. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman Empire's undeniable affiliation with the Persianate world during the first few decades of the sixteenth century are illustrated by the works of a scribe from the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> court, Edris Bedlisi.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most renowned Persian poets in the Ottoman court was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fethullah_Arifi_%C3%87elebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fethullah Arifi Çelebi (page does not exist)">Fethullah Arifi Çelebi</a>, also a painter and historian, and the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanname" title="Süleymanname">Süleymanname</a></i> (or <i>Suleyman-nama</i>), a biography of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent">Süleyman the Magnificent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 17th century, they gave up Persian as the court and administrative language, using Turkish instead; a decision that shocked the highly Persianized Mughals in India.<sup id="cite_ref-titley_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titley-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159">: 159 </span></sup> The Ottoman Sultan Suleyman wrote an entire <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a> in Persian language.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hodgson: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rise of Persian (the language) had more than purely literary consequence: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom. Henceforth while Arabic held its own as the primary language of the religious disciplines and even, largely, of natural science and philosophy, Persian became, in an increasingly part of Islamdom, the language of polite culture; it even invaded the realm of scholarship with increasing effects. It was to form the chief model of the rise of still other languages. Gradually a third "classical" tongue emerged, Turkish, whose literature was based on Persian tradition.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_293_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_G._S_1974_page_293-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Toynbee's assessment of the role of the Persian language is worth quoting in more detail, from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Iranian world, before it began to succumb to the process of Westernization, the New Persian language, which had been fashioned into literary form in mighty works of art...gained a currency as a lingua franca; and at its widest, about the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of the Christian Era, its range in this role extended, without a break, across the face of South-Eastern Europe and South-Western Asia from the Ottoman pashalyq of Buda, which had been erected out of the wreckage of the Western Christian Kingdom of Hungary after the Ottoman victory at Mohacz in A.D. 1526, to the Muslim "successor-states" which had been carved, after the victory of the Deccanese Muslim princes at Talikota in A.D. 1565, out of the carcass of the slaughtered Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar. For this vast cultural empire the New Persian language was indebted to the arms of Turkish-speaking empire-builders, reared in the Iranian tradition and therefore captivated by the spell of the New Persian literature, whose military and political destiny it had been to provide one universal state for Orthodox Christendom in the shape of the Ottoman Empire and another for the Hindu World in the shape of the Timurid Mughal Raj. These two universal states of Iranian construction on Orthodox Christian and on Hindu ground were duly annexed, in accordance with their builders' own cultural affinities, to the original domain of the New Persian language in the homelands of the Iranian Civilization on the Iranian plateau and in the Basin of the Oxus and the Jaxartes; and in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of <i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">literae humaniores</a></i> by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>E. J. W. Gibb is the author of the standard <i>A Literary History of Ottoman Poetry</i> in six volumes, whose name has lived on in an important series of publications of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish texts, the <a href="/wiki/Gibb_Memorial_Series" title="Gibb Memorial Series">Gibb Memorial Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibb classifies Ottoman poetry between the "Old School", from the 14th century to about the middle of the 19th century, during which time Persian influence was dominant; and the "Modern School", which came into being as a result of the Western impact. According to Gibb in the introduction (Volume I): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Turks very early appropriated the entire Persian literary system down to its minute detail, and that in the same unquestioning and wholehearted fashion in which they had already accepted Islam.</p></blockquote> <p>The Saljuqs had, in the words of the same author: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>attained a very considerable degree of culture, thanks entirely to Persian tutorage. About the middle of the eleventh century they [that is, the Saljuqs] had overrun Persia, when, as so often happened, the Barbarian conquerors adopted the culture of their civilized subjects. Rapidly the Seljuq Turks pushed their conquest westward, ever carrying with them Persian culture...[s]o, when some hundred and fifty years later Sulayman's son [the leader of the Ottomans]... penetrated into Asia Minor, they [the Ottomans] found that although Seljuq Turkish was the everyday speech of the people, Persian was the language of the court, while Persian literature and Persian culture reigned supreme. It is to the Seljuqs with whom they were thus fused, that the Ottomans, strictly so called, owe their literary education; this therefore was of necessity Persian as the Seljuqs knew no other. The Turks were not content with learning from the Persians how to express thought; they went to them to learn what to think and in what way to think. In practical matters, in the affairs of everyday life and in the business of government, they preferred their own ideas; but in the sphere of science and literature they went to school with the Persian, intent not merely on acquiring his method, but on entering into his spirit, thinking his thought and feeling his feelings. And in this school they continued so long as there was a master to teach them; for the step thus taken at the outset developed into a practice; it became the rule with the Turkish poets to look ever Persia-ward for guidance and to follow whatever fashion might prevail there. Thus it comes about that for centuries Ottoman poetry continued to reflect as in a glass the several phases through which that of Persia passed...[s]o the first Ottoman poets, and their successors through many a generation, strove with all their strength to write what is little else than Persian poetry in Turkish words. But such was not consciously their aim; of national feeling in poetry they dreamed not; poetry was to them one and indivisible, the language in which it was written merely an unimportant accident.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persianate_culture_of_South_Asia">Persianate culture of South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persianate culture of South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a></div> <p>In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture was brought into the Subcontinent (or South Asia) by various Persianised <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Afghan</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Asian society was enriched by the influx of Persian-speaking and Islamic scholars, historians, architects, musicians, and other specialists of high Persianate culture who fled the Mongol devastation. <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">The sultans of Delhi</a>, who were of Turko-Afghan origin, modeled their lifestyles after the Persian upper classes. They patronized Persian literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Irano-Islamic architecture, combining it with Indian traditions to produce a profusion of <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country.<sup id="cite_ref-Ikram_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikram-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speculative thought of the times at the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> court, as in other Persianate courts, leaned towards the eclectic <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic</a> dimension of Sufi Islam, having similarities with Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantism</a>, indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> and popular <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rizvi_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rizvi-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, who were of <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> descent, strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a>, in South Asia. For centuries, Iranian scholar-officials had immigrated to the region where their expertise in Persianate culture and administration secured them honored service within the Mughal Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-fisher_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–32">: 24–32 </span></sup> Networks of learned masters and madrasas taught generations of young South Asian men Persian language and literature in addition to Islamic values and sciences. Furthermore, educational institutions such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farangi_Mahall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farangi Mahall (page does not exist)">Farangi Mahall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain College">Delhi College</a> developed innovative and integrated curricula for modernizing Persian-speaking South Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-fisher_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> They cultivated Persian art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, and other cities of Greater Iran. The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a> were commissioned by the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> for his Iranian bride. </p><p>Iranian poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi (poet)">Sa’di</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, who were great masters of Sufi mysticism from the Persianate world, were the favorite poets of the Mughals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their works were present in Mughal libraries and counted among the emperors’ prized possessions, which they gave to each other; <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> often quoted from them, signifying that they had imbibed them to a great extent. An autographed note of both Jahangir and Shah Jahan on a copy of Sa’di's <i>Gulestān</i> states that it was their most precious possession.<sup id="cite_ref-soudavar_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soudavar-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101, cat. no. 36 a.c">: 101, cat. no. 36 a.c </span></sup> A gift of a <i>Gulestān</i> was made by Shah Jahan to <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a>, an incident which is recorded by her with her signature.<sup id="cite_ref-soudavar_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soudavar-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 332.38, Cat. no. 136a.f">: 332.38, Cat. no. 136a.f </span></sup> Shah Jahan also considered the same work worthy enough to be sent as a gift to the king of England in 1628, which is presently in the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a>, Dublin. The emperor often took out auguries from a copy of the <i>diwan</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> belonging to his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>. One such incident is recorded in his own handwriting in the margins of a copy of the <i>diwan</i>, presently in the <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Patna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court poets <a href="/wiki/Naziri" title="Naziri">Naziri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%98Urfi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="‘Urfi (page does not exist)">‘Urfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faizi" title="Faizi">Faizi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan-i_Khanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan-i Khanan (page does not exist)">Khan-i Khanan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuhuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuhuri (page does not exist)">Zuhuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qodsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qodsi (page does not exist)">Qodsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Talib-i Amuli</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Talib_Kalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Talib Kalim (page does not exist)">Abu Talib Kalim</a> were all masters imbued with a similar Sufi spirit, thus following the norms of any Persianate court.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tendency towards Sufi mysticism through Persianate culture in Mughal court circles is also testified by the inventory of books that were kept in Akbar's library, and are especially mentioned by his historian, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l Fazl</a>, in the <i>Ā’in-ī Akbarī</i>. Some of the books that were read out continually to the emperor include the <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi_(poetic_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masnavi (poetic form)">masnavis</a></i> of Nizami, the works of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a>, Sharaf Manayri and Jami, the <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi i-manavi</a></i> of Rumi, the <i>Jām-i Jam</i> of <a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a>, the <i>Hakika o Sanā’i</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Qabus_nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabus nama">Qabusnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Keikavus" title="Keikavus">Keikavus</a>, Sa’di's <i>Gulestān</i> and <i>Būstān</i>, and the <i>diwans</i> of <a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This intellectual symmetry continued until the end of the 19th century, when a Persian newspaper, <i>Miftah al-Zafar</i> (1897), campaigned for the formation of Anjuman-i Ma’arif, an academy devoted to the strengthening of Persian language as a scientific language.<sup id="cite_ref-rizvi_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rizvi-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_of_Persianate_culture">Media of Persianate culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media of Persianate culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/220px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/330px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg/440px-Jami_Rose_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from Jami's <i>Rose Garden of the Pious</i>, dated 1553. The image blends Persian poetry and <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> into one, as is the norm for many works of Persian literature.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_poetry_(Sufi_poetry)"><span id="Persian_poetry_.28Sufi_poetry.29"></span>Persian poetry (Sufi poetry)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persian poetry (Sufi poetry)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a></div> <p>From about the 12th century, Persian lyric poetry was enriched with a spirituality and devotional depth not to be found in earlier works. This development was due to the pervasive spread of mystical experience within Islam. <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> developed in all Muslim lands, including the sphere of Persian cultural influence. As a counterpoise to the rigidity of formal Islamic <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and law, Islamic mysticism sought to approach the divine through acts of devotion and love rather than through mere rituals and observance. Love of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> being the focus of the Sufis' religious sentiments, it was only natural for them to express it in lyrical terms, and Persian <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a>, often of exceptional sensibility and endowed with poetic verve, did not hesitate to do so. The famous 11th-century Sufi, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB-Sa%27%C4%ABd_Abul-Khayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr">Abu Sa'id</a> of Mehna frequently used his own love <a href="/wiki/Quatrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatrains">quatrains</a> (as well as others) to express his spiritual yearnings, and with mystic poets such as <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Iraqi</a>, mysticism became a legitimate, even fashionable subject of lyric poems among the Persianate societies. Furthermore, as Sufi orders and centers (<i>Khaneghah</i>) spread throughout Persian societies, Persian mystic poetic thought gradually became so much a part of common culture that even poets who did not share Sufi experiences ventured to express mystical ideas and imagery in their work.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi'ism"><span id="Shi.27ism"></span>Shi'ism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shi'ism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_music">Persian music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Persian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated the appearance of variations of Persianate culture. After 1500, the Iranian culture developed distinct features of its own, with interposition of strong pre-Islamic and Shiite Islamic culture. Iran's ancient cultural relationship with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Southern Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>) remained strong and endured in spite of the loss of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the Ottomans. Its ancient cultural and historical relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> endured until the loss of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> to Imperial Russia following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a> in the course of the 19th century. The culture of peoples of the eastern Mediterranean in Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt developed somewhat independently; India developed a vibrant and completely distinct South Asian style with little to no remnants of the once patronized Indo-Persian culture by the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Out of the wreckage of the Persianate Samanid empire of Khurasan and Transoxiana..."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-arjomand-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arjomand_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArjomand2004" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, Said Amir (2004). <i>Studies on Persianate Societies</i>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-667-4"><bdi>978-81-7304-667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Persianate+Societies&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-667-4&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2009" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bruce B. (2009). "Islam in Afro-Eurasia: A Bridge Civilization". In Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.). <i>Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87248-2"><bdi>978-0-203-87248-2</bdi></a>. <q>Persianate is a new term, first coined by Marshall Hodgson to offer a different explanation of Islam in the world system than that extrapolated from Wallerstein. While Persianate depicts a cultural force that is linked to Persian language and to self-identifying Persians, Persianate is more than either a language or a people; it highlights elements that Persians share with Indo-Aryan rulers who preceded Muslims to the subcontinent. Two elements are paramount: <i>hierarchy</i> ... (and) <i>deference</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Afro-Eurasia%3A+A+Bridge+Civilization&rft.btitle=Civilizations+in+World+Politics%3A+Plural+and+Pluralist+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87248-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Bruce+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1974" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974). <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson"><i>The Venture of Islam</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venture+of+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Marshall+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzgündenli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Özgündenli, O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-manuscripts-1-ottoman">"Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Manuscripts+in+Ottoman+and+Modern+Turkish+Libraries&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.aulast=%C3%96zg%C3%BCndenli&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-manuscripts-1-ottoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alp-Arslan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alp-Arslan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Luther, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alp-arslan-saljuq-sultan">"Alp Arslān"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (online ed.). <q>Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially <a href="/wiki/Nizam_ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam ul-Mulk">Nezām-al-molk</a> ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alp+Arsl%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Falp-arslan-saljuq-sultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688">"Seljuq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (online ed.). <q>Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seljuq&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9066688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html">"Timurids"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html">the original</a> on 2006-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timurids&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fti%2FTimurids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central role in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanameh"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013213643/http://iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Fpdfarticles%2Fv3_articles%2Fbabor_zahir-al-din_mohammad&OptStrLogFile=%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Flogs%2Fpdfdownload.html">"Zaher ud-Din Babor – Founder of Mughal empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Center for Iranian (Persian) Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">320–</span>323. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v3_articles/babor_zahir-al-din_mohammad&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-07</span></span>. <q>His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zaher+ud-Din+Babor+%E2%80%93+Founder+of+Mughal+empire&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Center+for+Iranian+%28Persian%29+Studies&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Fsearch%2Fsearchpdf.isc%3FReqStrPDFPath%3D%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Fpdfarticles%2Fv3_articles%2Fbabor_zahir-al-din_mohammad%26OptStrLogFile%3D%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Flogs%2Fpdfdownload.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923222924/http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/">"Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)"</a>. SOAS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/">the original</a> on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-Persian+Literature+Conference%3A+SOAS%3A+North+Indian+Literary+Culture+%281450%E2%80%931650%29&rft.pub=SOAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fsouthasia%2Fresearch%2Fnilc%2Findopersian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica-2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzgündenli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Özgündenli, O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122005207/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html">"Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> (online ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Manuscripts+in+Ottoman+and+Modern+Turkish+Libraries&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=online&rft.aulast=%C3%96zg%C3%BCndenli&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Fot_grp7%2Fot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Persian in service of the state: the role of Persophone historical writing in the development of an Ottoman imperial aesthetic", <i>Studies on Persianate Societies</i>, vol. 2, 2004, pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+in+service+of+the+state%3A+the+role+of+Persophone+historical+writing+in+the+development+of+an+Ottoman+imperial+aesthetic&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Persianate+Societies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Historiography. xi. Persian Historiography in the Ottoman Empire". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. 12, fasc. 4. 2004. pp. <span class="nowrap">403–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historiography.+xi.+Persian+Historiography+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter" class="citation book cs1">Walter, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vwb-verlag.com/Katalog/m641.html">"7. The Departure of Turkey from the 'Persianate' Musical Sphere"</a>. <i>Music of the Ottoman court</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+The+Departure+of+Turkey+from+the+%27Persianate%27+Musical+Sphere&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Ottoman+court&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vwb-verlag.com%2FKatalog%2Fm641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.C.S. Peacock, <i>The Great Seljuk Empire</i>, (Edinburgh University Press, 2015),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAndCQAAQBAJ&dq=persianate++samanid+empire&pg=PT33">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205081102/https://books.google.com/books?id=hAndCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT33&dq=persianate++samanid+empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJjIa_lLjrAhXJlXIEHfT0D-QQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=persianate%20%20samanid%20empire&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a> dynasties</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_dynasty" title="Tarkhan dynasty">Tarkhan</a> dynasties</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora</a> dynasty and <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpur</a> dynasties of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, and <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canfield-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert (1991). <i>Turko-Persia in historical perspective</i>. 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Vol. V. pp. <span class="nowrap">514–</span>15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E514-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gibb-memorial-series-">"GIBB MEMORIAL SERIES – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=GIBB+MEMORIAL+SERIES+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgibb-memorial-series-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205081103/https://books.google.nl/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMIs-fO2_aRxgIVygYsCh2NJgBM#v=onepage&q=persian%20language%20in%20anatolia&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9231028137" title="Special:BookSources/978-9231028137">978-9231028137</a> p 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rizvi-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rizvi_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rizvi_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1993" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, S. (1993). "Chapter 1". <i>Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>. New Delhi, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Muslim+Revivalist+Movements+in+Northern+India+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fisher_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fisher_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, M. H. (2001). "Persian Professor in Britain: Mirza Muhammad Ibrahim at the East India Company's College, 1826–44". <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a></i>. <b>21</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). Duke University Press: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201X-21-1-2-24">10.1215/1089201X-21-1-2-24</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144947402">144947402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Persian+Professor+in+Britain%3A+Mirza+Muhammad+Ibrahim+at+the+East+India+Company%27s+College%2C+1826%E2%80%9344&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201X-21-1-2-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144947402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soudavar-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soudavar_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soudavar_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoudavar" class="citation book cs1">Soudavar. <i>Art of the Persian Courts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Persian+Courts&rft.au=Soudavar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince Khurram's (Shahjahan) own specimen of calligraphic verses of Hafiz is in the <a href="/wiki/Rampur_Raza_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampur Raza Library">Rampur Raza Library</a>, Rampur (hereafter RL) (Siddiqi, Rampur Raza Library: pl. 24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Browne, E.G. (1951). <i>A Literary History of Persia</i>. Vol. II and III. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Persia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArberry1958" class="citation book cs1">Arberry, A.J. (1958). <i>Classical Persian Literature</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Persian+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-arena.com/devpoet.htm">"The Development of Persian Poetry"</a>. <i>Iransaga</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iransaga&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Persian+Poetry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-arena.com%2Fdevpoet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamil2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shamil, S. (2004). "The City of Beauties in Indo-Persian Poetic Landscape". <i>Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</i>. <b>24</b>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Beauties+in+Indo-Persian+Poetic+Landscape&rft.volume=24&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shamil&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelvoye1996" class="citation book cs1">Delvoye, F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn7/south/delvoye.html">"Music in the Indo-Persian Courts of India (14th–18th century)"</a>. <i>Studies in Artistic Patronage</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+in+the+Indo-Persian+Courts+of+India+%2814th%E2%80%9318th+century%29&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Artistic+Patronage&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Delvoye&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.nl%2Fiiasn%2Fiiasn7%2Fsouth%2Fdelvoye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianate+society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson says, "It could even be said that Islamicate civilization, historically, is divisible in the more central areas into an earlier 'caliphal' and a later 'Persianate' phase; with variants in the outlying regions—Maghrib, Sudanic lands, Southern Seas, India,... (p. 294)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the influence of Rumi's poetry on contemporary poetics, see Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: 374.78; for Mughal poetry, see Ghani, A History of Persian Language and Literature; Rahman, Persian Literature; Hasan, Mughal Poetry; Abidi, .Tālib-I Āmulī; idem, .Qudsi Mashhadi.; Nabi Hadi, Talib-i Amuli; Browne, A Literary History, vol. IV: 241.67.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianate_society&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persianatesocieties.org">Association for the Study of Persianate Societies (ASPS)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Timor-Leste" title="Culture of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_assimilation56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> or Castilianization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonezation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> or Hungarization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianization">Macedonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> or Latinization <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabization">De-arabization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> 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