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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongol_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Mongol invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Anjou_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Anjou_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>The Anjou Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Anjou_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_Sigismund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_Sigismund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>The Age of Sigismund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_Sigismund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunyadi_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunyadi_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Hunyadi family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunyadi_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_divided_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_divided_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>The divided kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_divided_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kuruc_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kuruc_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>The Kuruc age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kuruc_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Hungarian Revolution of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary_(1867–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary_(1867–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary_(1867–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitions_(1918_to_1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitions_(1918_to_1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Transitions (1918 to 1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitions_(1918_to_1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_short-lived_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_short-lived_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Two short-lived republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_short-lived_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_restoration_of_the_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_restoration_of_the_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>The restoration of the Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_restoration_of_the_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Trianon_(1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Trianon_(1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Treaty of Trianon (1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Trianon_(1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_1920_and_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_1920_and_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Between 1920 and 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_1920_and_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II_1941–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II_1941–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>During World War II 1941–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II_1941–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitioning_into_a_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitioning_into_a_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Transitioning into a republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitioning_into_a_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Hungary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Ungarn" title="Königreich Ungarn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="مملكة المجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة المجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_d%27Hongr%C3%ADa" title="Reino d'Hongría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino d'Hongría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_d%27Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Reinu d'Hungría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu d'Hungría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C4%B1stan_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Macarıstan krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macarıstan krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ماجاریستان شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماجاریستان شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="হাঙ্গেরি রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঙ্গেরি রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4ng-g%C3%A2-l%C4%AB_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Hông-gâ-lī Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hông-gâ-lī Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Венгрия короллеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венгрия короллеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Венгрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Венгрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Каралеўства Вугоршчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралеўства Вугоршчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Унгария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Унгария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Hongria" title="Regne d'Hongria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Hongria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhersko" title="Uhersko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhersko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Hwngari" title="Teyrnas Hwngari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Hwngari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Ungarn" title="Kongeriget Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Ungarn" title="Königreich Ungarn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari_kuningriik" title="Ungari kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungari kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Ουγγαρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Ουγγαρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Reino de Hungría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Hungría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungara_re%C4%9Dlando" title="Hungara reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungara reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariako_Erresuma" title="Hungariako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hungariako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پادشاهی مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Hongrie" title="Royaume de Hongrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Reino de Hungría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Hungría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="헝가리 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝가리 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հունգարիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Ugarska" title="Kraljevina Ugarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Ugarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_Hungaria" title="Rejio Hungaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hungaria" title="Kerajaan Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת הונגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת הונגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="უნგრეთის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრეთის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Mecaristan%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Mecaristanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Mecaristanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Hungariae" title="Regnum Hungariae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Hungariae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C4%81rijas_Karaliste" title="Ungārijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ungārijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengrijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Vengrijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vengrijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Magyar Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyar Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Унгарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Унгарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="უნგრეთიშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უნგრეთიშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hungary" title="Kerajaan Hungary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Hungary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Hongarije_(1867-1918)" title="Koninkrijk Hongarije (1867-1918) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Hongarije (1867-1918)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ハンガリー王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Ungarn" title="Kongedømmet Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Ungarn" title="Kongedømet Ungarn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مملکت ہنگری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت ہنگری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_W%C4%99gier" title="Królestwo Węgier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Węgier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Hungria" title="Reino da Hungria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Hungria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Ungariei" title="Regatul Ungariei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Ungariei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мадярске кральовство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мадярске кральовство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Венгрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Hungary" title="Kinrick o Hungary – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Hungary" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Hungaris%C3%AB" title="Mbretëria e Hungarisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Hungarisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="හංගේරියා රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හංගේරියා රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Hungary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhorsko" title="Uhorsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhorsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogrska" title="Ogrska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogrska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Угарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Угарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkarin_kuningaskunta" title="Unkarin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkarin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Ungern" title="Kungariket Ungern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Ungern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Unggriya" title="Kaharian ng Unggriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Unggriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கங்கேரி இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கங்கேரி இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Маҗарстан патшалыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маҗарстан патшалыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ราชอาณาจักรฮังการี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรฮังการี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Hungary&params=47_29_46_N_19_02_22_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°29′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°02′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.49611°N 19.03944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.49611; 19.03944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central European monarchy (1000–1946)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Hungary<br /><a href="#Names">Names ↓</a></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="line-height:1.1em;"> <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyar Királyság</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Hungariae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Ungarn</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1000–1918<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />1920–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1896-1915;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingdom of Hungary"><img alt="Flag of Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag<br />(1915–1918)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_(1915-1918,_1919-1946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Hungary"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lands_of_the_Holy_Hungarian_Crown_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Mária királysága, Magyarország védőnője</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span><br /><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Himnusz" title="Himnusz">Himnusz</a></i></span>" (1844–1946)<br />"Hymn"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="Himnusz_1920s.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Himnusz_1920s.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Himnusz_1920s.ogg/Himnusz_1920s.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimnusz_1920s.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimnusz_1920s.ogg&lang=hu-formal&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu-x-formal" label="magyar (formal) ‪(hu-formal)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimnusz_1920s.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimnusz_1920s.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <hr /><b>Royal anthem</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser" title="Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser">God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country!</a></i><br />(1797–1918)<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Deutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Deutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Deutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg/Deutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADeutschlandlied_played_by_USAREUR_Band.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190"><img alt="The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_1190.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914"><img alt="The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png/250px-Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png/375px-Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png/500px-Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_in_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2027" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (light green) within <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> <hr /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Hungary" title="List of historical capitals of Hungary">Historical capitals</a>:</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a> (1000–1256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Temesvár</a> (1315–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> (1323–1408)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> (1256–1315; 1408–85; 1490–1541; 1783–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Bécs</a> (1485–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Pozsony</a> (1536–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> (1848-1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (1873–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a> (temporary: 1849; 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> (place of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Diet">diets</a>, royal seat, crowning and burial site from 1000 to 1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> (ceremonial/liturgical/administrative until 1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (1784–90; 1849–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> (1836–49; 1867–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (1871–1918, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">Fiume</a>)</li></ul> </div> <hr /><b>Other spoken languages:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Romani language">Carpathian Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-religion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudal_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal monarchy">Feudal monarchy</a> (1000–1301)<br /><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (1301–1868)<br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> (1848–1918; 1920–46)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Hungary">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1000–38 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1916–18 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles IV of Hungary">Charles IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–44 (<a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palatines_of_Hungary" title="List of palatines of Hungary">Palatine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1009–38 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Aba" title="Samuel Aba">Samuel Aba</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1847–48 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Stephen,_Palatine_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary">Stephen Francis Victor</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Hungary">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–46 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Zoltán Tildy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet</a> (from the 1290s)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">House of Magnates</a><br />(1867–1918; 1926–45)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Hungary">House of Representatives</a><br />(1867–1918; 1927–45)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 1222</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Battle of Mohi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1241</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman occupation</a></span><br />of <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1541</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1699</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">1867 Compromise</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1200<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">282,870 km<sup>2</sup> (109,220 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1910<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">282,870 km<sup>2</sup> (109,220 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1930<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">93,073 km<sup>2</sup> (35,936 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1941<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">172,149 km<sup>2</sup> (66,467 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1200<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1790<sup id="cite_ref-carth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,264,533</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1930<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,688,319</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,669,100</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Florentinus</a></i></span> (1325–1553)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">Thaler</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">Florin</a> (1754–1867)</li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">Forint</a></i></span> (1867–92)</li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian crown">Korona</a></i></span> (1892–1918)</li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_korona" title="Hungarian korona">Korona</a></i></span> (1919–26)</li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91" title="Hungarian pengő">Pengő</a></i></span> (1927–46)</li> <li><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ad%C3%B3peng%C5%91" title="Hungarian adópengő">Adópengő</a></i></span> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_Hungary_%28ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungary</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungary (First)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%3B_1992%E2%80%932006%29_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Hungary (Second)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%3B_1-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Hungary</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">coronation</a> of the first king <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a> around the year 1000;<sup id="cite_ref-Kristó_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristó-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his family (the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European power.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristó_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristó-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>, and the semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristó_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristó-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> held the Hungarian throne after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Regency</a>" of 1920–46, ending under the <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II#Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" title="Hungary in World War II">Soviet occupation</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristó_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristó-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom of Hungary was a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state from its inception<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> and it covered what is today <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>), the territory of <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_(region)" title="Međimurje (region)">Međimurje</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) and a few villages which are now part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. From 1102 it also included the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(1102%E2%80%931526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>, being in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with it, united under the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>. </p><p>According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, however in the mid-19th century out of a population of 14 million less than 6 million were Hungarian due to the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. More than nine-tenths of the population of modern Hungary is ethnically Hungarian and speaks <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> as their mother tongue. </p><p>Today, the feast day of the first king <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> (20 August) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">national holiday</a> in Hungary, commemorating the foundation of the state (Foundation Day).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Hungary" title="Name of Hungary">Name of Hungary</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> forms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Hungariae</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ungarie</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum</i></span> meaning kingdom); <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Regnum_Marianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnum Marianum">Regnum Marianum</a></i></span> (Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>); or simply <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hungaria</i></span>, were the names used in official documents in Latin from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Ungarn</i></span> was used officially from 1784 to 1790<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again between 1849 and the 1860s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> name (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyar Királyság</i></span>) was used in the 1840s, and then again from the 1860s to 1946. The unofficial Hungarian name of the kingdom was <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyarország</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fényes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fényes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is still the colloquial, and also the official name of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names in the other native languages of the kingdom were: <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Królestwo Węgier</i>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Regatul Ungariei</i>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <i lang="sr">Kraljevina Ugarska</i>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Kraljevina Ugarska</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Kraljevina Ogrska</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Uhorské kráľovstvo</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (for the city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a>), <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regno d'Ungheria</i></span>. </p><p>In Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), the unofficial name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a></i></span> was sometimes used to denote the regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Officially, the term <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> was included for the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, although this term was also in use prior to that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_cities">Capital cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capital cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Hungary" title="List of historical capitals of Hungary">List of historical capitals of Hungary</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Time period </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a></td> <td>1000–1543 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a></td> <td>1000–1256 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a></td> <td>1256–1315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temesvár (now <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>)</td> <td>1315–1323 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a></td> <td>1323–1408 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buda</td> <td>1408–1485 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (Bécs)</td> <td>1485–1490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buda</td> <td>1490–1536 (1541) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lippa (now <a href="/wiki/Lipova,_Arad" title="Lipova, Arad">Lipova</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td> <td>1541–1542 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gyulafehérvár (now <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>) – Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</td> <td>1542–1570 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pressburg (Pozsony, now <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>)</td> <td>1536–1848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buda</td> <td>1848–1849 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a></td> <td>1849 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buda</td> <td>1849–1873 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></td> <td>1873–1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Debrecen</td> <td>1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></td> <td>1944–1946 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></div> <p>The Hungarians, led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, settled the Carpathian Basin in 895 and established the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> (896–1000).<sup id="cite_ref-Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarians led several successful <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">incursions</a> to Western Europe, until they were stopped by <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages<span class="anchor" id="The_Medieval_Kingdom_(1000–1526)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Kingdom of Hungary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22">"Kingdom of Hungary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kingdom+of+Hungary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/220px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/330px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/440px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I (son of principal Géza. Originally called Vajk until baptized) at <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a> on Christmas Day 1000. The first kings of the kingdom were from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>. He fought against <a href="/wiki/Kopp%C3%A1ny" title="Koppány">Koppány</a> and in 998, with <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> help, defeated him near <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a>. The Catholic Church received powerful support from Stephen I, who with Christian Hungarians and German knights wanted a Christian kingdom established in Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> was <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in 1083 and an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> saint in 2000. Around the 11th century, the Kingdom of Hungary became a <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in the Hungarian Kingdom was a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, a period of revolts and conflict for supremacy ensued between the royalty and the nobles. In 1051 armies of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> tried to conquer Hungary, but they were defeated at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9rtes_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Vértes Mountain">Vértes Mountain</a>. The armies of the Holy Roman Empire continued to suffer defeats; the second greatest battle was at the town now called <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, in 1052. Before 1052 Peter Orseolo, a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, was overthrown by king <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Aba_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Aba of Hungary">Samuel Aba of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown,_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg/220px-Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg/330px-Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg/440px-Crown%2C_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> along with other <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This period of revolts ended during the reign of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungary" title="Béla I of Hungary">Béla I</a>. Hungarian chroniclers praised <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungary" title="Béla I of Hungary">Béla I</a> for introducing new currency, such as the silver denarius, and for his benevolence to the former followers of his nephew, Solomon. The second greatest Hungarian king, also from the Árpád dynasty, was <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I of Hungary</a>, who stabilized and strengthened the kingdom. He was also canonized as a saint. Under his rule Hungarians successfully fought against the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and acquired parts of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)">Croatia</a> in 1091. Due to a dynastic crisis in Croatia, with the help of the local nobility who supported his claim, he managed to swiftly seize power in northern parts of the Croatian kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>), as he was a claimant to the throne due to the fact that his sister was married to the late Croatian king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia">Zvonimir</a> who died without an heir. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/220px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/330px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg/440px-Europe_mediterranean_1190_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Hungary (including <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a>) in 1190, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla III">Béla III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until the reign of his successor <a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloman of Hungary">Coloman</a>. With the coronation of King Coloman as "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Croatia_and_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Croatia and Dalmatia">King of Croatia and Dalmatia</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Biograd_na_moru" class="mw-redirect" title="Biograd na moru">Biograd</a> in 1102, the two kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary were united under one crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the precise terms of this relationship became a matter of dispute in the 19th century, it is believed that Coloman created a <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">kind of personal union between the two kingdoms</a>. The nature of the relationship varied through time, Croatia retained a large degree of internal autonomy overall, while the real power rested in the hands of the local nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Croatian and Hungarian historiographies mostly view the relations between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(1102%E2%80%931526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)">Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)</a> and Kingdom of Hungary from 1102 as a form of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, i.e. that they were connected by a common king.<sup id="cite_ref-Mezey_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mezey-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, one of the greatest Hungarian jurists and statesmen of the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Werb%C5%91czy" title="István Werbőczy">István Werbőczy</a> in his work <i>Tripartitum</i> treats Croatia as a kingdom separate to Hungary. </p><p>Especially <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> travelers from this time praised the richness country, the dense pastures, the nicely cultivated lands, the plentiful animals in waters and forests. They said that the wheat is cheap, the markets are populous, the cities flourish and the folk are wealthy. Although it is hardly credible that they refer to all layers of society, the documents were inspired by the reality.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1222 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Bull">Golden Bull</a> which laid down the principles of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mongol_invasion">Mongol invasion</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mongol invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg/260px-IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg/390px-IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg/520px-IV_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_%C3%A9s_Rudolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><i>The Meeting of Ladislaus IV and Rudolf I</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld" title="Battle on the Marchfeld">Battle on the Marchfeld</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_Than" title="Mór Than">Mór Than</a> (1873)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1241, Hungary was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and while the first minor battles with Subutai's vanguard probes ended in seeming Hungarian victories, the Mongols finally destroyed the combined Hungarian and Cuman armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muhi">Battle of Muhi</a>. In 1242, after the end of the Mongol invasion, numerous fortresses to defend against future invasion were erected by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>. In gratitude, the Hungarians acclaimed him as the "Second Founder of the Homeland", and the Hungarian Kingdom again became a considerable force in Europe. In 1260 <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla IV">Béla IV</a> lost the War of Babenberg Succession, his army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kressenbrunn" title="Battle of Kressenbrunn">Battle of Kressenbrunn</a> by the united Bohemian forces. However, in 1278, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a> and Austrian troops fully destroyed the Bohemian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld" title="Battle on the Marchfeld">Battle on the Marchfeld</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_13th_cent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/220px-Hungary_13th_cent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/330px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/440px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption>Local autonomies (including <a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Cumania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a> in Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser Saxons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Szepes_County" title="Szepes County">Szepes County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> in Transylvania - represented by the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_University" title="Transylvanian Saxon University">Transylvanian Saxon University</a>) in the late <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)</a></div> <p>The Árpád dynasty died out in 1301 with the death of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III</a>. Subsequently, Hungary was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> until the end of the 14th century, and then by several non-dynastic rulers – notably <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> – until the early 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Anjou_Age">The Anjou Age</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Anjou Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg/220px-Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg/330px-Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg/440px-Chronicon_Pictum_I_Karoly_Robert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png/220px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png/330px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png/440px-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g_a_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorban.png 2x" data-file-width="4736" data-file-height="3526" /></a><figcaption>The administrative divisions of medieval Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>When Andrew III's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a>, was assassinated in 1290, another nobleman was set up as titular King of Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel of Anjou</a>. Charles Martel was the son of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples">Mary of Hungary</a>, the sister of Ladislaus IV. However, Andrew III took the crown for himself and ruled without inconvenience after Charles Martel's death in 1295. Upon Andrew's death in 1301, the country was divided between <a href="/wiki/Oligarch_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)">powerful lords</a> hostile to each other. A coalition of some of these oligarchs first crowned <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a>, who quickly fled from the anarchy, then <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto III, Duke of Bavaria">Otto III</a>, who was forced to leave by the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1n" title="Kán">Kán family</a>. Charles, remaining as the only candidate, was finally crowned King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a> in 1310. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rozgony" title="Battle of Rozgony">His famous battle at Rozgony</a>, described as "most cruel battle since the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a>" by the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a></i>, ended <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary#Wars_between_1301_and_1526" title="List of wars involving Hungary">his war of reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He implemented considerable economic reforms and defeated the remaining nobility who were in opposition to royal rule, led by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1t%C3%A9_Cs%C3%A1k_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Máté Csák III">Máté Csák III</a>. The kingdom of Hungary reached an age of prosperity and stability under Charles I. The gold mines of the Kingdom were extensively worked and soon Hungary reached a prominent standing in European gold production. The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">forint</a> was introduced as a currency, replacing the <i>denars</i>, and soon after Charles's reforms were implemented, the economy of the Kingdom started to prosper again, having fallen into a parlous state following the Mongol invasion. </p><p>Charles exalted the cult to Saint Ladislaus I, using him as a symbol of bravery, justice and purity. He also venerated his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Toulouse" title="Louis of Toulouse">Saint Louis of Toulouse</a>. On the other hand, he gave importance to the cults of the princesses <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Hungary">Saint Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Margaret of Hungary">Saint Margaret</a>, which added relevance to the lineage inheritance through the feminine branches.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles restored the royal power which had fallen into feudal lords' hands, and then made the lords swear loyalty to him. For this, he founded in 1326 the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)">Order of Saint George</a>, which was the first secular <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> in the world, and included the most important noblemen of the Kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_I_(Heroes_Square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg/220px-Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg/330px-Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg/440px-Louis_I_%28Heroes_Square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> on <a href="/wiki/H%C5%91s%C3%B6k_tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hősök tere">Heroes Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles married four times. His fourth wife was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Poland,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary">Elizabeth</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław I the Elbow-high">Władysław I of Poland</a>. When Charles died in 1342, his eldest son by Elizabeth succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I</a>. In the first years of his reign, Louis was advised closely by his mother, making her one of the most influential personalities in the Kingdom. </p><p>Charles had arranged the marriage of his second son, <a href="/wiki/Andrew,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Andrew, Duke of Calabria">Andrew</a>, with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna</a>, the granddaughter of King <a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert of Naples</a>, in 1332. Robert died in 1343, bequeathing his kingdom to Joanna but excluding the claim of Andrew. In 1345, a group of noble Neapolitan conspirators murdered Andrew at <a href="/wiki/Aversa" title="Aversa">Aversa</a>. Almost immediately, Louis <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_campaigns_of_Louis_the_Great" title="Neapolitan campaigns of Louis the Great">declared war on Naples</a>, conducting a first campaign in 1347–1348 and a second in 1350. He eventually signed peace with Joanna in 1352. Louis also waged wars against the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, restoring the Hungarian monarchs' authority over territories along the frontiers which had been lost during the previous decades. </p><p>In 1370 Louis's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III of Poland</a>, died without male issue. Louis succeeded him, thus establishing the first <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland" title="Union of Hungary and Poland">union of Hungary and Poland</a>. This lasted until 1382 when Louis himself died without male issue; his two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Mary, Queen of Hungary">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a>, then ascended the thrones of Hungary and Poland respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Age_of_Sigismund">The Age of Sigismund</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Age of Sigismund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello_024b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/170px-Pisanello_024b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/255px-Pisanello_024b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pisanello_024b.jpg/340px-Pisanello_024b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Hungary">Sigismund of Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> always kept good and close relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV of Luxembourg</a> and finally proclaimed Charles's son <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> to succeed him as King of Hungary. Sigismund became a renowned king who created many improvements in the Hungarian law system and who rebuilt the palaces of Buda and Visegrád. He brought materials from Austria and Bohemia and ordered the creation of the most luxurious building in all of central Europe. In his laws can be seen the traces of the early <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. He worked hard to keep the nobility under his control. A great part of his reign was dedicated to the fight with the Ottoman Empire, which started to extend its frontiers and influence to Europe. In 1396 was fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a> against the Ottomans, which resulted in a defeat for the Hungarian-French forces led by Sigismund and <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Artois,_Count_of_Eu" title="Philip of Artois, Count of Eu">Philip of Artois, Count of Eu</a>. However, Sigismund continued to successfully contain the Ottoman forces outside of the Kingdom for the rest of his life. </p><p>Losing popularity among the Hungarian nobility, Sigismund soon became victim of an attempt against his rule, and <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus of Anjou-Durazzo</a> (the son of the murdered King of Naples Charles II of Hungary) was called in and crowned. Since the ceremony was not performed with the Hungarian Holy Crown, and in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a>, it was considered illegitimate. Ladislaus stayed only few days in Hungarian territory and soon left it, no longer an inconvenience for Sigismund. In 1408 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a>, which included most of the relevant monarchs and noblemen of that region of Europe at that time. This was just a first step for what was coming. In 1410 he was elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, making him the supreme monarch over the German territories. He had to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> movement, a religious reformist group that was born in Bohemia, and he presided at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>, where the theologist founder <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, was judged. In 1419 Sigismund inherited the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Bohemia">Crown of Bohemia</a> after the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus,_King_of_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslaus, King of the Romans">Wenceslaus of Luxembourg</a>, obtaining the formal control of three medieval states, but he struggled for control of Bohemia until the peace agreement with the Hussites and his coronation in 1436. In 1433 was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope and ruled until his death in 1437, leaving as his only heir his daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg" title="Elizabeth of Luxembourg">Elizabeth of Luxembourg</a> and her husband. The marriage of Elizabeth was arranged with the Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_King_of_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert II, King of the Romans">Albert V of Austria</a>, who was later crowned as King Albert of Hungary in 1437. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hunyadi_family">Hunyadi family<span class="anchor" id="The_Hunyadi_family"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hunyadi family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus,_King_of_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait, Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Hunyadi, relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance portrait of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, (marble relief by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Dalmata" title="Giovanni Dalmata">Giovanni Dalmata</a> (attributed to), <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_da_Maiano" title="Benedetto da Maiano">Benedetto da Maiano</a> (previous attribution) 1476)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png/170px-Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png/255px-Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png/340px-Map_of_Hungary_in_1490.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Western conquests of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hungarian kingdom's golden age was during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> (1458–1490), the son of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>. His nickname was "Matthias the Just". He further improved the Hungarian economy and practised astute diplomacy in place of military action whenever possible. Matthias did undertake campaigning when necessary. From 1485 until his death, he occupied Vienna, aiming to limit the influence and meddling of the Holy Roman Empire in Hungary's affairs. </p><p>At the time of the initial Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians successfully resisted conquest. John Hunyadi was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a>, in which the Hungarians tried to expel the Turks from the Balkans. Initially, they were successful, but later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a>, the Ottomans won a decisive if <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Wladyslaw III</a> was decapitated during this battle. </p><p>In 1456, John Hunyadi delivered a crushing defeat of the Ottomans at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)#Noon_Bell" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Noon Bell</a> commemorates the fallen Christian warriors. In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">Black Army of Hungary</a> was a modern mercenary army, with the <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a> the most skilled troops of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cavalry" title="Hungarian cavalry">Hungarian cavalry</a>. In 1479, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kinizsi" title="Pál Kinizsi">Pál Kinizsi</a>, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a>. The army of Hungary destroyed its enemies almost every time when Matthias was king.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Matthias died without legitimate heir, and was thus succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon</a> (1490–1516), the son of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV of Poland</a>. In turn, Vladislaus was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> (1516–26). </p><p>In 1526, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> annihilated the Hungarian army. In trying to escape, Louis II drowned in the Csele Creek. The leader of the Hungarian army, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Tomori" title="Pál Tomori">Pál Tomori</a>, also died in the battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history<span class="anchor" id="Kingdom_of_Hungary_between_1526_and_1867"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_divided_kingdom">The divided kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The divided kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian Wars">Ottoman–Hungarian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</a></div> <p>Due to a serious defeat by the Ottomans (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>) the central authority collapsed. The majority of Hungary's ruling elite elected <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a> (10 November 1526). A small minority of aristocrats sided with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who was Archduke of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and was related to Louis by marriage. Due to previous agreements that the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg dynasty">Habsburgs</a> would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, Ferdinand was elected king by a rump <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">diet</a> in December 1526. </p><p>Although the borders shifted frequently during this period, the three parts can be identified, more or less, as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a>, which consisted of northern and western territories where Ferdinand I was recognized as king of Hungary. This part is viewed as defining the continuity of the Kingdom of Hungary. The territory along with Ottoman Hungary suffered greatly from the nearly constant wars taking place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Alf%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Alföld">Great Alföld</a> (i.e. most of present-day Hungary, including south-eastern Transdanubia and the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>), partly without north-eastern present-day Hungary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Szapolyai" class="mw-redirect" title="Szapolyai">Szapolyai</a>. This territory, often under Ottoman influence, was different from Transylvania proper and included various other territories sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a>. Later the entity was called <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg/350px-Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg/525px-Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg/700px-Reprise_ch%C3%A2teau_Buda_1686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda_(1686)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buda (1686)">Battle of Buda (1686)</a>: Hungarians and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League (1684)</a> reconquering Buda</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 February 1528, King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Hungary">John I of Hungary</a> received the support of the Ottoman Sultan. A three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved to assert his rule over as much of the Hungarian kingdom as he could. By 1529 the kingdom had been split into two parts: Habsburg Hungary and the "eastern-Kingdom of Hungary". At this time there were no Ottomans on Hungarian territories, except Srem's important castles. In 1532, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Jurišić">Nikola Jurišić</a> defended <a href="/wiki/K%C5%91szeg" title="Kőszeg">Kőszeg</a> and stopped a powerful Ottoman army. By 1541, the fall of <a href="/wiki/Buda_Castle" title="Buda Castle">Buda</a> marked a further division of Hungary into three areas. The country remained divided until the end of the 17th century. </p><p>In 1547, the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Truce of Adrianople</a> was signed between <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. Through this treaty, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and agreed to pay to the Ottomans a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold florins for their Habsburg possessions in northern and western Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandler_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandler-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 May 1566, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a> led an Ottoman invasion of Habsburg-controlled Hungary, the Ottoman forces of which was one of the most sizable armies he had led in his rule of 46 years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reaching Belgrade and met with <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John II Sigismund Zápolya</a> on 27 June, Suleiman I learned that a Croatian-Hungarian nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_IV_Zrinski" title="Nikola IV Zrinski">Nikola IV Zrinski</a>, Ban of Croatia, accomplished an attack on an Ottoman military camp at Siklós.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman I held off his attack of Eger for the time being, and began to set off towards Nikola IV Zrinski's fortress at <a href="/wiki/Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Szigetvár">Szigetvár</a>. From 2 August to 7 September, the Ottoman forces had laid siege to the fortress with a force, at the least, of 150,000 against Zrinski's 2,300 defenders. While the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">siege</a> turned into a victory for the Ottomans, it came at the cost of: 25,000 Ottoman soldiers and Suleiman I, who before the final battle of Szigetvár, due to natural causes of old age and illness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following centuries there were numerous attempts to push back the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War</a> or Thirteen Years' War (29 July 1593 – 1604/11 November 1606) led by a coalition of Christian forces. In 1644 the Winter Campaign by <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Zr%C3%ADnyi" title="Miklós Zrínyi">Miklós Zrínyi</a> burnt the crucial Suleiman Bridge of <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, interrupting a Turkish supply line in Hungary. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)</a>, Austrians and Hungarians defeated the Turkish army. </p><p>After the Ottoman siege of Vienna failed in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the Turks. By the end of the 17th century, they managed to invade the remainder of the historical Kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania. For a while in 1686, the capital Buda was again free from the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of other Europeans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Kuruc_age">The Kuruc age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Kuruc age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt,_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg/220px-Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg/330px-Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg/440px-Georg_Philipp_Rugendas_Anfall_is_gewagt%2C_die_M%C3%B6chten_mit_angreiffen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5124" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Kuruc-Labanc, <a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">kuruc</a> preparing to attack traveling coach and riders, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1705</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Counties of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom of Hungary</a> around 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarians_in_Hungary_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/220px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/330px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/440px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (1890)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/220px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/330px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/440px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4962" data-file-height="3509" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian Trianon delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9900; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99CC33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#336633; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFB6C1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3366CC; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gray; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: black solid 2px;background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/220px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/330px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/440px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 2x" data-file-width="6208" data-file-height="4104" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic and political situation in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the 1910 census</figcaption></figure> <p>Rákóczi's War for Independence (1703–1711) was the first significant freedom fight in Hungary against absolutist Habsburg rule. It was fought by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives who wanted to put an end to the inequality of power relations, led by Francis II Rákóczi (II. Rákóczi Ferenc in Hungarian). Its main aims were to protect the rights of the different social orders, and to ensure the economic and social development of the country. Due to the adverse balance of forces, the political situation in Europe and internal conflicts the freedom fight was eventually suppressed, but it succeeded in keeping Hungary from becoming an integral part of the Habsburg Empire, and its constitution was kept, even though it was only a formality. </p><p>After the departure of the Ottomans, the Habsburgs dominated the Hungarian Kingdom. The Hungarians' renewed desire for freedom led to Rákóczi's War for Independence. The most important reasons of the war were the new and higher taxes and a renewed Protestant movement. Rákóczi was a Hungarian nobleman, son of the legendary heroine <i><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Zrinska" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelena Zrinska">Ilona Zrínyi</a></i>. He spent a part of his youth in Austrian captivity. The <i>Kurucs</i> were troops of Rákóczi. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">Kuruc</a> army attained several important victories due to their superior light cavalry. Their weapons were mostly pistols, light sabre and <i><a href="/wiki/Fokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokos">fokos</a></i>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Botty%C3%A1n" title="János Bottyán">János Bottyán</a> decisively defeated the Austrian army. The Hungarian colonel <a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Balogh" title="Ádám Balogh">Ádám Balogh</a> nearly captured <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a>, the King of Hungary and Archduke of Austria. </p><p>In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trencs%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Trencsén">Battle of Trencsén</a>, and this diminished the further effectiveness of the Kuruc army. While the Hungarians were exhausted by the fights, the Austrians defeated the French army in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. They could send more troops to Hungary against the rebels. Transylvania became part of Hungary again starting at the end of the 17th century, and was led by governors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)</a></div><p>In 1711, Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> became the next ruler of Hungary. Throughout the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own diet (parliament) and constitution, but the members of the Governor's Council (<i>Helytartótanács</i>, the office of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)">palatine</a>) were appointed by the Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Chamber (page does not exist)">Hungarian Chamber</a>, was directly subordinated to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_Chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court Chamber (page does not exist)">Court Chamber</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p><p>The Hungarian language reform started under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>. The reform age of Hungary was started by <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a> a Hungarian noble, who built one of the greatest bridges of Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge" title="Széchenyi Chain Bridge">Széchenyi Chain Bridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> remained Latin until 1836, when Hungarian was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1844 and 1849, and from 1867 onward, Hungarian became the exclusively used official language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hungarian Revolution of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></div> <p>The European revolutions of 1848 swept into Hungary, as well. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to redress the long suppressed desire for political change, namely independence. The Hungarian National Guard was created by young Hungarian patriots in 1848. In literature, this was best expressed by the greatest poet of the revolution, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi" title="Sándor Petőfi">Sándor Petőfi</a>. </p><p>As war broke out with Austria, Hungarian military successes, which included the campaigns of the Hungarian general, <a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgey" class="mw-redirect" title="Artúr Görgey">Artúr Görgey</a>, forced the Austrians on the defensive. One of the most famous battles of the revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1kozd" title="Battle of Pákozd">Battle of Pákozd</a>, was fought on 29 September 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the troops of the Croatian Ban <a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a>. Fearing defeat, the Austrians pleaded for Russian help. The combined forces of the two empires quelled the revolution. The desired political changes of 1848 were again suppressed until the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>. </p><p><b>Population 1910 (Kingdom of Hungary without <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a>)</b><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ddffdd;"><b>Ethnicity</b> </td> <th style="background:#ddffdd;"><b>Number</b> </th> <th style="background:#ddffdd;">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hungarian </td> <td align="center">9 944 627 </td> <td align="center">54.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romanian </td> <td align="center">2 948 186 </td> <td align="center">16.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovak </td> <td align="center">1 946 357 </td> <td align="center">10.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>German </td> <td align="center">1 903 357 </td> <td align="center">10.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruthenian </td> <td align="center">464 270 </td> <td align="center">2.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbian </td> <td align="center">461 516 </td> <td align="center">2.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatian </td> <td align="center">194 808 </td> <td align="center">1.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="center">401 412 </td> <td align="center">2.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>All </td> <td align="center">18 264 533 </td> <td align="center">100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Population 1910 (<a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>)</b><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Land </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Ruthenian</a> </th> <th colspan="1">Other </th> <th colspan="1">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> Right Bank </td> <td>72% (2,221,295) </td> <td>0% (833) </td> <td>18% (555,694) </td> <td>0.6% (17,188) </td> <td>5.5% (168,436) </td> <td>0.5% (15,170) </td> <td>0% (232) </td> <td>3.4% (105,556) </td> <td>14.8% (3,084,404) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danube Left Bank </td> <td>32.7% (711,654) </td> <td>0% (704) </td> <td>6.6% (144,395) </td> <td>58.8% (1,279,574) </td> <td>0.1% (2,294) </td> <td>0% (200) </td> <td>0% (393) </td> <td>1.7% (36,710) </td> <td>10.4% (2,175,924) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danube-Tisza </td> <td>81.2% (3,061,066) </td> <td>0.1% (4,813) </td> <td>9.5% (357,822) </td> <td>2.1% (79,354) </td> <td>0.1% (4,866) </td> <td>4.1% (154,298) </td> <td>0.3% (11,121) </td> <td>4.1% (96,318) </td> <td>18% (3,769,658) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> Right Bank </td> <td>53.5% (945,990) </td> <td>0.1% (1,910) </td> <td>5.6% (98,564) </td> <td>25% (441,776) </td> <td>0% (486) </td> <td>0% (247) </td> <td>14.3% (253,062) </td> <td>1.6% (27,646) </td> <td>8.5% (1,769,681) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tisza Left Bank </td> <td>61.8% (1,603,924) </td> <td>24% (621,918) </td> <td>3.2% (83,229) </td> <td>3.1% (81,154) </td> <td>0% (327) </td> <td>0% (321) </td> <td>7.5% (194,504) </td> <td>0.3% (8,547) </td> <td>12.4% (2,594,924) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tisza-<a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">Maros</a> </td> <td>22.2% (474,988) </td> <td>39.5% (845,850) </td> <td>19.9% (427,253) </td> <td>2.1% (44,715) </td> <td>0.2% (4,950) </td> <td>13.6% (290,434) </td> <td>0.1% (3,188) </td> <td>2.4% (50,391) </td> <td>10.3% (2,141,769) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> </td> <td>34.3% (918,217) </td> <td>55% (1,472,021) </td> <td>8.7% (234,085) </td> <td>0.1% (2,404) </td> <td>0% (523) </td> <td>0% (421) </td> <td>0.1% (1,759) </td> <td>1.8% (48,937) </td> <td>12.8% (2,678,367) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> </td> <td>13% (6,493) </td> <td>0.3% (137) </td> <td>4.6% (2,315) </td> <td>0.4% (192) </td> <td>26% (12,926) </td> <td>0.9% (425) </td> <td>0% (11) </td> <td>54.8 (27,307, mostly <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) </td> <td>0.2% (49,806) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia-Slavonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a> </td> <td>4% (105,948) </td> <td>0% (846) </td> <td>5.1% (134,078) </td> <td>0.8% (21,613) </td> <td>62.5% (1,638,354) </td> <td>24.6% (644,955) </td> <td>0.3% (8,317) </td> <td>2.6% (67,843) </td> <td>12.6% (2,621,954) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>48.1% (10,050,575) </td> <td>14.1% (2,949,032) </td> <td>9.8% (2,037,435) </td> <td>9.4% (1,967,970) </td> <td>8.8% (1,833,162) </td> <td>5.3% (1,106,471) </td> <td>2.3% (472,587) </td> <td>2.2% (469,255) </td> <td>100% (20,886,487) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria-Hungary_(1867–1918)"><span id="Austria-Hungary_.281867.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1867%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)">Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg/440px-Ferenc_J%C3%B3zsef_koron%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa_Bud%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">Coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria" title="Empress Elisabeth of Austria">Elisabeth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Church" title="Matthias Church">Matthias Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, 8 June 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, the Habsburg Monarchy became the "dual monarchy" of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence and obsolete medieval institutions continued to disappear. By the early 20th century, most of the Empire began to experience rapid economic growth. The <a href="/wiki/GNP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP per capita">GNP per capita</a> grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). </p><p>The lands of the Hungarian Crown (comprising the Kingdom of Hungary proper, into which Transylvania was fully incorporated, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a>, which maintained a distinct identity and internal autonomy) were granted equal status with the Austrian Empire. Each of the two states comprising Austria-Hungary exercised considerable independence, with certain institutions, notably the reigning house, defence, foreign affairs, and finances for common expenditures, remaining under joint management. This arrangement lasted until 1918, when the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> went down in defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitions_(1918_to_1920)"><span id="Transitions_.281918_to_1920.29"></span>Transitions (1918 to 1920)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transitions (1918 to 1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_short-lived_republics">Two short-lived republics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Two short-lived republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">Hungarian Democratic Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></div> <p>The <b>Hungarian Soviet Republic</b> or <b>Hungarian Republic of Councils</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a short-lived independent <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. </p><p>It lasted only from 21 March until 1 August 1919. The state was led by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> and was not recognized by France, the UK or the US.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the second socialist state in the world to be formed after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> to power. The Hungarian Republic of Councils had <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">military conflicts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> and the evolving <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. It collapsed on 1 August 1919 when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919">Romanian</a> forces and Béla Kun, together with other high-ranking Communists, fled to Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1919 attempt to form a federation with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> also failed, when the Romanian King ultimately refused to accept the Hungarian Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_restoration_of_the_Kingdom">The restoration of the Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The restoration of the Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the pullout of occupation forces of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> in 1920 the country went into civil conflict, with Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">anti-communists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchists">monarchists</a> purging the nation of communists and others by whom they felt threatened. On 29 February 1920, after the pullout of the last of the Romanian occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and reinstated Hungary's status as a constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was delayed due to civil infighting, and a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> was appointed to represent the monarchy, former Austro-Hungarian navy admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Trianon_(1920)"><span id="Treaty_of_Trianon_.281920.29"></span>Treaty of Trianon (1920)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treaty of Trianon (1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorszag_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/260px-Magyarorszag_1920.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/390px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/520px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>: Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The new borders set in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> ceded 72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary to the neighbouring states. The main beneficiaries were <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, the newly formed states of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, but <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> also gained smaller territories. The areas that were allocated to neighbouring countries in total (and each of them separately) possessed a majority of non-Hungarian population, but more than 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new borders of Hungary. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2013)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> view this as contrary to the terms laid out by US President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which were intended to honour the ethnic makeup of the territories. As President Wilson left the conference to emphasize his disagreement, and because the US Congress did not ratify the treaty, the United States of America and the Kingdom of Hungary signed a separate peace treaty on 29 August 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_1920_and_1946">Between 1920 and 1946<span class="anchor" id="Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920–46)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Between 1920 and 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period<span class="anchor" id="The_interwar_period"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Hungary between the World Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_interwar_economy" title="Hungarian interwar economy">Hungarian interwar economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg/220px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg/330px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg/440px-Horthy_Mikl%C3%B3s_korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> was regent of Hungary from 1920 to 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The new international borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials and its former markets for agricultural and industrial products. Hungary lost 84% of its timber resources, 43% of its arable land, and 83% of its iron ore. Furthermore, post-Trianon Hungary possessed 90% of the engineering and printing industry of the Kingdom, while only 11% of <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> and 16% <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> was retained. In addition, 61% of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, 74% of public road, 65% of canals, 62% of <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a>, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> output, 55% of industrial plants, 100% of gold, silver, copper, mercury and salt mines, and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the prewar Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated near Budapest, Hungary retained about 51% of its industrial population and 56% of its industry. Horthy appointed Count <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a> as Prime Minister in July 1920. His government issued a <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">numerus clausus</a> law, limiting admission of "political insecure elements" (these were often Jews) to universities and, in order to quiet rural discontent, took initial steps towards fulfilling a promise of major land reform by dividing about 3,850 km<sup>2</sup> from the largest estates into smallholdings. Teleki's government resigned, however, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921. The return of King Charles produced split parties between conservatives who favored a Habsburg restoration and nationalist right-wing radicals who supported election of a Hungarian king. Count <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">István Bethlen</a>, a non-affiliated right-wing member of the parliament, took advantage of this rift forming a new Party of Unity under his leadership. Horthy then appointed Bethlen prime minister. Charles IV died soon after he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921. (For more detail on Charles's attempts to retake the throne, see <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary%27s_conflict_with_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy">Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy</a></i>.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg/170px-RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg/255px-RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg/340px-RetratoIstvanBethlen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bethlen" title="István Bethlen">István Bethlen</a>, the Prime Minister of Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921 and 1931. He fashioned a political machine by amending the electoral law, providing jobs in the expanding bureaucracy to his supporters, and manipulating elections in rural areas. Bethlen restored order to the country by giving the radical counterrevolutionaries payoffs and government jobs in exchange for ceasing their campaign of terror against Jews and leftists. In 1921, he made a deal with the Social Democrats and trade unions (called Bethlen-Peyer Pact), agreeing, among other things, to legalize their activities and free political prisoners in return for their pledge to refrain from spreading <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">anti-Hungarian</a> propaganda, calling political strikes, and organizing the peasantry. Bethlen brought Hungary into the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1922 and out of international isolation by signing a treaty of friendship with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1927. The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda and the strategy employed by Bethlen consisted by strengthening the economy and building relations with stronger nations. Revision of the treaty had such a broad backing in Hungary that Bethlen used it, at least in part, to deflect criticism of his economic, social, and political policies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> induced a drop in the standard of living and the political mood of the country shifted further toward the right. In 1932 Horthy appointed a new prime-minister, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a>, who changed the course of Hungarian policy towards closer cooperation with Germany. Gömbös signed a trade agreement with Germany that drew Hungary's economy out of depression but made Hungary dependent on the German economy for both raw materials and markets. On 2 November 1938, as the result of the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> parts of Czechoslovakia – <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Southern Slovakia</a> and a part of Carpathian Ruthenia – were returned to Hungary, an area amounting to 11,927 km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 869,299 (86.5% of which were Hungarians according to the 1941 census). Between 5 November and 10 November, Hungarian armed forces peacefully occupied the newly transferred territories.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler later promised to transfer all of Slovakia to Hungary in exchange for a military alliance, but his offer was rejected. Instead, Horthy chose to pursue a territorial revision to be decided along ethnic lines. In March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Germany invaded it</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> was established. On 14 March, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a> declared itself to be an independent state. </p><p>On 15 March, <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14 March and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of <a href="/wiki/Avgustyn_Voloshyn" title="Avgustyn Voloshyn">Avgustyn Voloshyn</a>. By contrast, Hungary recognized the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of Slovakia led by the <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical Fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1940, with troops massing on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border, war was averted by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>. This award transferred the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> to Hungary, with a total area of 43,492 km<sup>2</sup> and a total population of 2,578,100 with a 53.5% Hungarian majority according to the 1941 census. By dividing Transylvania between Romania and Hungary, Hitler was able to ease tensions in Hungary. In October 1940, the Germans initiated a reciprocity policy between Romania and Hungary which was continued until the end of World War II. The region of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Sub-Carpathia</a> was given special autonomous status with the intention that (eventually) it would be self-governed by the Ruthenian minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_World_War_II_1941–1945"><span id="During_World_War_II_1941.E2.80.931945"></span>During World War II 1941–1945<span class="anchor" id="During_World_War_II_1941–1945"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: During World War II 1941–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary during World War II">Hungary during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1942).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281942%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Hungary in 1942, during World War II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg/220px-Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg/330px-Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg/440px-Territorial_gains_of_Hungary_1938-41_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Territorial changes</figcaption></figure> <p>After being granted part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia by the Germans and Italians in the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a> of 1940, Hungary participated in their first military maneuvers on the side of the Axis powers in 1941. Thus, the Hungarian army was part of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, gaining some more territory and joining the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers</a> in the process. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June, and entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on the side of the Axis. In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Battle of Uman</a>. By 1943, after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a> suffered extremely heavy losses at the river Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a surrender with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in what was known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">Operation Margarethe</a>. By then it was clear that Hungarian politics would be suppressed according to Hitler's intention to hold the country in the war on the side of the Nazi Third Reich because of its strategic location. On 15 October 1944, Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war. The Germans launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a> and Horthy's regime was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">fascist puppet government</a> under the pro-German <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, thus effectively ending the possibility for independent actions in the war. However, the form of government was only changed to a republic two years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transitioning_into_a_republic">Transitioning into a republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transitioning into a republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following its <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">occupation of Hungary in 1944</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> imposed harsh conditions allowing the Soviets to seize important material assets and control internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig51_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig51-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> set up police organs to persecute "class enemies", the Soviets assumed that the impoverished Hungarian populace would support the Communists in the coming elections.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig85_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig85-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communists fared poorly, receiving only 17% of the vote, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">coalition government</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Zoltán Tildy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet intervention, however, resulted in a government that disregarded Tildy, placed communists in important ministries, and imposed restrictive and repressive measures, including banning the victorious <a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig85_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig85-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Soviet <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> forced the freely elected Hungarian government to yield the Interior Ministry to a nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a>. Communist Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a> established the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">ÁVH secret police</a>, which suppressed political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946 the form of government was changed to a republic. Soon after the monarchy was abolished, the Soviet Union pressed Hungarian leader <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle."<sup id="cite_ref-wettig110_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig110-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What emerged was a communist state lasting until 23 October 1956 when the Soviet occupation was swept away by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian uprising</a>, victorious until 10 November 1956. The Soviet occupation was then restored, lasting until 1989 when the Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/1990_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Hungarian parliamentary election">free elections in March 1990</a>. In today's republic, the Kingdom is regarded as one long stage in the development of the state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">coat of arms of Hungary</a>, which are the same as when the monarchy was still in place. Several holidays, the official language (Hungarian), and the capital city <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> have also been retained. The official <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> name of the country is <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyarország</i></span> (simply Hungary) since 2012;<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was also the common name of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fényes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fényes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The millennium of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-millenniumact_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millenniumact-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary">Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitatus_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)">Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary">Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hungarian rulers">List of Hungarian rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary">Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the death of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian king</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526, Hungarian noble groups elected two kings dividing Hungary in two: Royal Hungary and Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. During the Ottoman occupation between 1541 and 1699, the Kingdom of Hungary was divided into three separate parts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary 1526–1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1570</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary 1541–1699</a></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_divided_kingdom">(see below...)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). <i>World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions</i>. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86516-422-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86516-422-3">0-86516-422-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. Hungary's first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Saint Stephen I</a>, took up <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. Hungary remained solely Catholic until the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> took place during the 16th century and, as a result, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and then, soon afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> started to spread.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. Russell, "Population in Europe 500–1500," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London: Collins/Fontana Books, 1972), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carth_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>.</i> Carthographia, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-352-002-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-352-002-9">963-352-002-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emil Valkovics:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAjsAAAAMAAJ">Demography of contemporary Hungarian society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083057/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAjsAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 1 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1996, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollega_Tarsoly,_István1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kollega Tarsoly, István, ed. (1996). "Magyarország". <i>Révai nagy lexikona</i> (in Hungarian). Vol. 21. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9015-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-9015-02-4"><bdi>963-9015-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9vai+nagy+lexikona&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Hasonm%C3%A1s+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=963-9015-02-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉlesztős_László2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Élesztős László; et al., eds. (2004). "Magyarország". <i>Révai új lexikona</i> (in Hungarian). Vol. 13. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. pp. 882, 895. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9556-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-9556-13-0"><bdi>963-9556-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9vai+%C3%BAj+lexikona&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=882%2C+895&rft.pub=Hasonm%C3%A1s+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9556-13-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristó-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9252-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/963-9252-56-5">963-9252-56-5</a>, pp. 37, 113, 678 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European factor, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország.../Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStickel2010" class="citation book cs1">Stickel, Gerhard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA63"><i>National, regional and minority languages in Europe: contributions to the annual conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631603659" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631603659"><bdi>978-3631603659</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323173440/https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National%2C+regional+and+minority+languages+in+Europe%3A+contributions+to+the+annual+conference+2009+of+EFNIL+in+Dublin&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3631603659&rft.aulast=Stickel&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFYa2ooeVXgC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary">"Hungary | Culture, History, & People"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215102212/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary/214181/History">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Hungary+%26%23124%3B+Culture%2C+History%2C+%26+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [[iarchive:hungariansinunit00konn|]] <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.hu/books?ei=flgWTb7eI8yChQeli6W3Dg&ct=result&id=40RCAAAAIAAJ&dq=population+1490+Magyars+80%25&q=+80+stock&redir_esc=y#search_anchor">https://books.google.hu/books?ei=flgWTb7eI8yChQeli6W3Dg&ct=result&id=40RCAAAAIAAJ&dq=population+1490+Magyars+80%25&q=+80+stock&redir_esc=y#search_anchor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhnAAAAMAAJ&q=+Hungarians++about+eighty+percent+">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716093638/https://books.google.com/books?ei=2JYbTaH6AtOxhQeimaC3Dg&ct=result&id=0rhnAAAAMAAJ&dq=A+companion+to+Hungarian+studies&q=+Hungarians++about+eighty+percent+">Archived</a> 16 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/hungary/saint-stephens-day">"Saint Stephen's Day in Hungary in 2020"</a>. <i>Office Holidays</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330221337/https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/hungary/st_stephensday.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+Holidays&rft.atitle=Saint+Stephen%27s+Day+in+Hungary+in+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officeholidays.com%2Fholidays%2Fhungary%2Fsaint-stephens-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintersteiner2017" class="citation book cs1">Hintersteiner, Norbert (9 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Cqv3YDE5uoC&pg=PA174"><i>Naming and Thinking God in Europe Today: Theology in Global Dialogue</i></a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042022058" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042022058"><bdi>978-9042022058</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323151301/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Cqv3YDE5uoC&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2014</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+and+Thinking+God+in+Europe+Today%3A+Theology+in+Global+Dialogue&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.isbn=978-9042022058&rft.aulast=Hintersteiner&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Cqv3YDE5uoC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fényes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fényes_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fényes_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fszek.hu/digitdoc/fenyes/">"Magyarország geográfiai szótára"</a>. <i>www.fszek.hu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319122412/http://www.fszek.hu/digitdoc/fenyes/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fszek.hu&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+geogr%C3%A1fiai+sz%C3%B3t%C3%A1ra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fszek.hu%2Fdigitdoc%2Ffenyes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:Fundamental Law of Hungary">Fundamental Law of Hungary (2012), Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ&q=%22age+of+principality%22+Arpad">Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Volume 36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329043435/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ&q=%22age+of+principality%22+Arpad&dq=%22age+of+principality%22+Arpad&hl=en&ei=69eOTrrGB4qb0QWhh8EU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), 1982, p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Kish2011" class="citation book cs1">Alex Kish, George (2011). <i>The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians: A History of the Baptists in the Kingdom of Hungary From 1846 to 1893</i>. BRILL. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004211360" title="Special:BookSources/9789004211360"><bdi>9789004211360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Baptist+Movement+Among+the+Hungarians%3A+A+History+of+the+Baptists+in+the+Kingdom+of+Hungary+From+1846+to+1893&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004211360&rft.aulast=Alex+Kish&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Ciolan1993" class="citation book cs1">N. Ciolan, Ioan (1993). <i>Transylvania: Romanian History and Perpetuation</i>. Military Publishing House. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789733203162" title="Special:BookSources/9789733203162"><bdi>9789733203162</bdi></a>. <q>Catholicism in the Hungarian Kingdom was a state religion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transylvania%3A+Romanian+History+and+Perpetuation&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Military+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789733203162&rft.aulast=N.+Ciolan&rft.aufirst=Ioan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHóman1983" class="citation book cs1">Hóman, Bálint (1983). <i>King Stephen the Saint</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789733203162" title="Special:BookSources/9789733203162"><bdi>9789733203162</bdi></a>. <q>The Roman Catholic Church was placed under State protection, while the Catholic religion became the state religion of the Hungarian Kingdom</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Stephen+the+Saint&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9789733203162&rft.aulast=H%C3%B3man&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A1lint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csongrad-megye.hu/turizmus/szoborpark/03.htm">"Aba Sámuel"</a>. <i>www.csongrad-megye.hu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153325/http://www.csongrad-megye.hu/turizmus/szoborpark/03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csongrad-megye.hu&rft.atitle=Aba+S%C3%A1muel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csongrad-megye.hu%2Fturizmus%2Fszoborpark%2F03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/100_falu/Feldebro/pages/003_aba.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206061247/http://www.sulinet.hu/oroksegtar/data/100_falu/Feldebro/pages/003_aba.htm">Archived</a> 6 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larousse-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larousse_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Larousse_encyclop%C3%A9dique" title="Grand Larousse encyclopédique">Larousse online encyclopedia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/pays/Croatie/115207#395864"><i>Histoire de la Croatie</i>:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102048/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/pays/Croatie/115207#395864">Archived</a> 27 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia/223953/History">"Croatia (History)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303164923/https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Croatia+%28History%29&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F143561%2FCroatia%2F223953%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mezey-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mezey_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barna Mezey: Magyar alkotmánytörténet, Budapest, 1995, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Engel, Pál (1990). "Magyarország a 12. században" [Hungary in the 12th century]. In Glatz, Ferenc; Burucs, Kornélia (eds.). <i>Beilleszkedés Európába a kezdetektől 1440-ig</i> [<i>Integration into Europe from the start until 1440</i>]. Vol. Magyarok Európában I. Háttér Lap- és Könyvkiadó. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7403-892" title="Special:BookSources/963-7403-892"><bdi>963-7403-892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+a+12.+sz%C3%A1zadban&rft.btitle=Beilleszked%C3%A9s+Eur%C3%B3p%C3%A1ba+a+kezdetekt%C5%91l+1440-ig&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=H%C3%A1tt%C3%A9r+Lap-+%C3%A9s+K%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=963-7403-892&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarHanák1990" class="citation book cs1">Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC"><i>A History of Hungary</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20867-5"><bdi>978-0-253-20867-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20867-5&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft.au=Han%C3%A1k%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKwmGQCT0MAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeréb1993" class="citation book cs1">Geréb, László (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/"><i>Képes krónika</i></a>. Magyar Hírlap and Maecenas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-8164-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-8164-07-7"><bdi>963-8164-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%A9pes+kr%C3%B3nika&rft.pub=Magyar+H%C3%ADrlap+and+Maecenas&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=963-8164-07-7&rft.aulast=Ger%C3%A9b&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F10600%2F10642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A szentek élete I. (szerk. Dr. Diós István), Szent István Társulat, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies</i> by John Brian Harley p.245 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocoV2iI4vcoC&pg=RA2-PA245">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandler-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia</i> by Stanley Sandler p.387 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA328"><i>The Cambridge history of Islam</i> by Peter Malcolm Holt p.328</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen R (2003). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699</i>. New York (USA): Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96913-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96913-1"><bdi>0-415-96913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1326%E2%80%931699.&rft.place=New+York+%28USA%29&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-96913-1&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton1867" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Edward (1867). <i>The book of battles: or, Daring deeds by land and sea</i>. 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Országos Széchenyi Könyvtár – Hungarian Electronic Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505192223/http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/pallas/html/048/pc004822.html#5">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mek.iif.hu&rft.atitle=A+Pallas+nagy+lexikona+%22Hivatalos+nyelv%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mek.iif.hu%2Fporta%2Fszint%2Fegyeb%2Flexikon%2Fpallas%2Fhtml%2F048%2Fpc004822.html%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajthDr_GyulayDr_KlingerDr_Harcsa1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antikvarium.hu/konyv/torteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680"><i>Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom</i></a> (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789637070433" title="Special:BookSources/9789637070433"><bdi>9789637070433</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602225155/https://www.antikvarium.hu/konyv/torteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+statisztikai+id%C5%91sorok+1867%E2%80%931992+I.%3A+N%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g-n%C3%A9pmozgalom&rft.pub=Hungarian+Central+Statistical+Office&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789637070433&rft.aulast=Fajth&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r&rft.au=Dr+Gyulay%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Dr+Klinger%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Dr+Harcsa%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kamar%C3%A1s%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Dr+Csah%C3%B3k%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Dr+Ehrlich%2C+%C3%89va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antikvarium.hu%2Fkonyv%2Ftorteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajthDr_GyulayDr_KlingerDr_Harcsa1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antikvarium.hu/konyv/torteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680"><i>Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom</i></a> (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789637070433" title="Special:BookSources/9789637070433"><bdi>9789637070433</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602225155/https://www.antikvarium.hu/konyv/torteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+statisztikai+id%C5%91sorok+1867%E2%80%931992+I.%3A+N%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g-n%C3%A9pmozgalom&rft.pub=Hungarian+Central+Statistical+Office&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789637070433&rft.aulast=Fajth&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r&rft.au=Dr+Gyulay%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Dr+Klinger%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Dr+Harcsa%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kamar%C3%A1s%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Dr+Csah%C3%B3k%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Dr+Ehrlich%2C+%C3%89va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antikvarium.hu%2Fkonyv%2Ftorteneti-statisztikai-idosorok-1867-1992-i-567680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Forradalmi_Korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3tan%C3%A1cs_XXVI._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_rendelete">"A Forradalmi Kormányzótanács XXVI. számú rendelete – Wikiforrás"</a>. <i>hu.wikisource.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707124557/https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Forradalmi_Korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3tan%C3%A1cs_XXVI._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_rendelete">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hu.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=A+Forradalmi+Korm%C3%A1nyz%C3%B3tan%C3%A1cs+XXVI.+sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA+rendelete+%E2%80%93+Wikiforr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhu.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FA_Forradalmi_Korm%25C3%25A1nyz%25C3%25B3tan%25C3%25A1cs_XXVI._sz%25C3%25A1m%25C3%25BA_rendelete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official name of the state between 23 June and 1 August according to the constitution, see: <a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Magyarországi_Szocialista_Szövetséges_Tanácsköztársaság_alkotmánya">A Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság alkotmánya (in Hungarian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430024151/https://hu.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_Szocialista_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9ges_Tan%C3%A1csk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_alkotm%C3%A1nya">Archived</a> 30 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecherWilkenfeld1997" class="citation book cs1">Brecher, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkenfeld" title="Jonathan Wilkenfeld">Wilkenfeld, Jonathan</a> (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&pg=PA574"><i>A Study of Crisis</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472108069" title="Special:BookSources/0472108069"><bdi>0472108069</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144704/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&pg=PA574">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Crisis&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=0472108069&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wilkenfeld%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjY7aV_6FPwC%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">"Hungary Hungarian Soviet Republic – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"</a>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426200635/http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/hungary/hungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary+Hungarian+Soviet+Republic+%E2%80%93+Flags%2C+Maps%2C+Economy%2C+Geography%2C+Climate%2C+Natural+Resources%2C+Current+Issues%2C+International+Agreements%2C+Population%2C+Social+Statistics%2C+Political+System&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workmall.com%2Fwfb2001%2Fhungary%2Fhungary_history_hungarian_soviet_republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, <i>War and Society in East Central Europe: Trianon and East Central Europe antecedents and repercussions</i>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Tapon: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&q=%22half+of+its+10+biggest+cities%22&pg=PA221">The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723032048/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&pg=PA221&dq=Hungary+biggest+cities+treaty+of+trianon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uZ-GT-OfN42ciQfU3tCyBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22half%20of%20its%2010%20biggest%20cities%22&f=false">Archived</a> 23 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Thomson Press India, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=PA262"><i>A Concise History of Hungary</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326232604/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&pg=PA262&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&ei=UI13Sa3bEouYMsCR-L4E">Archived</a> 26 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard C. Frucht, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=RA1-PA360"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232209/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=RA1-PA360&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&ei=UI13Sa3bEouYMsCR-L4E#PRA1-PA359">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 359–360M1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1921. évi XLVIII. törvénycikk az Amerikai Egyesült-Államokkal 1921. évi augusztus hó 29. napján Budapesten kötött békeszerződés becikkelyezéséről – XLVIII. Act of 1921 about the enactment the peace treaty signed in Budapest on 29. August 1921 with the United States of America – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504">http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921040629/https://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504">Archived</a> 21 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Flood-light on Europe: a guide to the next war</i> by Felix Wittmer, published by C. Scribner's sons, 1937, Item notes: pt. 443, Original from Indiana University, Digitized 13 November 2008 p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Hungarian Nation</i> by Domokos G. Kosáry, Steven Béla Várdy, Danubian Research Center, Published by Danubian Press, 1969, Original from the University of California, Digitized 19 June 2008 p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia</i> by Spencer Tucker, Laura Matysek Wood, Justin D. Murphy, Edition: illustrated, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0399-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0399-8">0-8153-0399-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2">978-0-8153-0399-2</a>, p.697 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UPySOvxjJQcC&dq=treaty+of+trianon+air+force+heavy+military&pg=RA1-PA698">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511041604/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPySOvxjJQcC&pg=RA1-PA698&lpg=RA1-PA698&dq=treaty+of+trianon+air+force+heavy+military&source=bl&ots=t0dnrsRUmA&sig=NDHEy6mXTJuULTrJnwpmhECnR5Y&hl=en&ei=ci29SeCBKpDDjAeS-bCMCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PRA1-PA697,M1">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II</i>, pg. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3430.htm">"Slovakia"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602164206/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3430.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Slovakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3430.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig51-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig51_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig85-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wettig85_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettig85_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Donald H. (2002). <i>Essentials of European History: 1935 to the Present</i>, p. 47. REA: Piscataway, New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87891-711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87891-711-X">0-87891-711-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN General Assembly <i>Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</i> (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.N, para 89(xi) (p. 31)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.N%2C+para+89%28xi%29+%28p.+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span> (1.47 MB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig110-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig110_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millenniumact-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millenniumact_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212202555/http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=9797">"Text of the Millennium Act"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=9797">the original</a> on 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Millennium+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000ev.hu%2Findex.php%3Fa%3D3%26param%3D9797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation cs2">Wettig, Gerhard (2008), <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Engel, Pál. <i>The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>. (2001).</li> <li>Frucht, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106917725"><i>Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318003453/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106917725">Archived</a> 18 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2000).</li> <li>Hoensch, Jörg K., and Kim Traynor. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27024260A">History of Modern Hungary</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, 1867–1994</i> (1996)</li> <li>Hanak, Peter et al. <i>A History of Hungary</i> (1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hungary"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hungary">"Hungary" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 894–931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=894-931&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf"><i>Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6"><bdi>978-615-6117-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Saints+%E2%80%93+The+Age+of+the+%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r&rft.pub=Institute+of+Hungarian+Research&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-615-6117-65-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmki.gov.hu%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FMKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kontler, Laszlo. <i>A History of Hungary</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403903174">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar. <i>A Concise History of Hungary</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521667364">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Palffy, Geza. <i>The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century</i> (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="Hajdú County">Hajdú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1romsz%C3%A9k_County" title="Háromszék County">Háromszék</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heves_County_(former)" title="Heves County (former)">Heves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hont_County" title="Hont County">Hont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunyad_County" title="Hunyad County">Hunyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_County_(former)" title="Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County (former)">Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kis-K%C3%BCk%C3%BCll%C5%91_County" title="Kis-Küküllő County">Kis-Küküllő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolozs_County" title="Kolozs County">Kolozs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom_County" title="Komárom County">Komárom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krass%C3%B3-Sz%C3%B6r%C3%A9ny_County" title="Krassó-Szörény County">Krassó-Szörény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipt%C3%B3_County" title="Liptó County">Liptó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maros-Torda_County" title="Maros-Torda County">Maros-Torda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moson_County" title="Moson County">Moson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagy-K%C3%BCk%C3%BCll%C5%91_County" title="Nagy-Küküllő County">Nagy-Küküllő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_County_(former)" title="Nógrád County (former)">Nógrád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyitra_County" title="Nyitra County">Nyitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun_County" title="Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County">Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozsony_County" title="Pozsony County">Pozsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ros_County" title="Sáros County">Sáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somogy_County_(former)" title="Somogy County (former)">Somogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopron_County" title="Sopron County">Sopron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szabolcs_County" title="Szabolcs County">Szabolcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szatm%C3%A1r_County" title="Szatmár County">Szatmár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeben_County" title="Szeben County">Szeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szepes_County" title="Szepes County">Szepes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szil%C3%A1gy_County" title="Szilágy County">Szilágy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szolnok-Doboka_County" title="Szolnok-Doboka County">Szolnok-Doboka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temes_County" title="Temes County">Temes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolna_County_(former)" title="Tolna County (former)">Tolna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torda-Aranyos_County" title="Torda-Aranyos County">Torda-Aranyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toront%C3%A1l_County" title="Torontál County">Torontál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trencs%C3%A9n_County" title="Trencsén County">Trencsén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%C3%B3c_County" title="Turóc County">Turóc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udvarhely_County" title="Udvarhely County">Udvarhely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugocsa_County" title="Ugocsa County">Ugocsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ung_County" title="Ung County">Ung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vas_County_(former)" title="Vas County (former)">Vas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m_County_(former)" title="Veszprém County (former)">Veszprém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zala_County_(former)" title="Zala County (former)">Zala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zempl%C3%A9n_County" title="Zemplén County">Zemplén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3lyom_County" title="Zólyom County">Zólyom</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, 1886-1918"><img alt="Map of the counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, 1886-1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg/150px-A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg/225px-A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg/300px-A_Magyar_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_v%C3%A1rmegy%C3%A9i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Corpus separatum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjelovar-Kri%C5%BEevci_County" title="Bjelovar-Križevci County">Bjelovar-Križevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika-Krbava_County" title="Lika-Krbava County">Lika-Krbava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modru%C5%A1-Rijeka_County" title="Modruš-Rijeka County">Modruš-Rijeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEega_County" title="Požega County">Požega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmia_County" title="Syrmia County">Srijem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin_County_(former)" title="Varaždin County (former)">Varaždin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virovitica_County" title="Virovitica County">Virovitica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_County_(former)" title="Zagreb County (former)">Zagreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian 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href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> 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[\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Early Medieval Balkans\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-vr5p4","timestamp":"20241125143334","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Hungary","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q171150","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q171150","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-05T16:15:59Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T18:00:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg","headline":"Central European monarchy (1000\u20131946)"}</script> </body> </html>