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We also revisit some related theoretical investigations on randomness" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ens.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABlMont%C3%A9vil" /> <meta name="description" content="In this text, we informally expose the mathematical analysis in [BL09] of Gould’s ideas on the increase of “complexity” along biological evolution as a result of random paths. We also revisit some related theoretical investigations on randomness" /> <title>(PDF) Randomness increases biological organization: a mathematical understanding of Gould's critique of evolutionary progress 1 | Maël Montévil - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/70740104/Randomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732419707000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732419707000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In this text, we informally expose the mathematical analysis in [BL09] of Gould’s ideas on the increase of “complexity” along biological evolution as a result of random paths. We also revisit some related theoretical investigations on randomness (contingency) and symmetry breakings in biology, following [LM12]. Gould made several fundamental observations on how phenotypic complexity increases on average, in a random evolution, without a bias towards an increase. Technically, we understand complexity as anti-entropy, a proper biological observable. Its increase, by symmetry changes, involves a strong form of randomness. In more usual biological terms, an increase of complexity involves new elements of biological organization and the latter are “contingent” because they are not determined by the current state of the life dynamics. 1 Randomness and Complexification in Evolution. Available energy consumption and transformation, thus entropy production, are the unavoidable physical proce...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Maël Montévil"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-02-06","dateModified":"2022-02-07","datePublished":"2012-01-01","headline":"Randomness increases biological organization: a mathematical understanding of Gould's critique of evolutionary progress 1","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Biology"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/70740104/Randomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ens"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F70740104%2FRandomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F70740104%2FRandomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":80362306,"identifier":"Attachment_80362306","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":70740104,"created_at":"2022-02-06T12:19:38.878-08:00","from_world_paper_id":194901368,"updated_at":"2023-06-21T00:44:23.251-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"In this text, we informally expose the mathematical analysis in [BL09] of Gould’s ideas on the increase of “complexity” along biological evolution as a result of random paths. We also revisit some related theoretical investigations on randomness (contingency) and symmetry breakings in biology, following [LM12]. Gould made several fundamental observations on how phenotypic complexity increases on average, in a random evolution, without a bias towards an increase. Technically, we understand complexity as anti-entropy, a proper biological observable. Its increase, by symmetry changes, involves a strong form of randomness. In more usual biological terms, an increase of complexity involves new elements of biological organization and the latter are “contingent” because they are not determined by the current state of the life dynamics. 1 Randomness and Complexification in Evolution. Available energy consumption and transformation, thus entropy production, are the unavoidable physical proce...","publication_date":"2012,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Randomness increases biological organization: a mathematical understanding of Gould's critique of evolutionary progress 1","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [28744524]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":80362306,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Randomness increases biological organization: a mathematical understanding of Gould's critique of evolutionary progress 1”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80362306/mini_magick20220206-31082-1gi6pfm.png?1644179119" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Randomness increases biological organization: a mathematical understanding of Gould's critique of evolutionary progress 1</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28744524" href="https://ens.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABlMont%C3%A9vil"><img alt="Profile image of Maël Montévil" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/28744524/11941342/13306232/s65_ma_l.mont_vil.jpg" />Maël Montévil</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In this text, we informally expose the mathematical analysis in [BL09] of Gould’s ideas on the increase of “complexity” along biological evolution as a result of random paths. We also revisit some related theoretical investigations on randomness (contingency) and symmetry breakings in biology, following [LM12]. Gould made several fundamental observations on how phenotypic complexity increases on average, in a random evolution, without a bias towards an increase. Technically, we understand complexity as anti-entropy, a proper biological observable. Its increase, by symmetry changes, involves a strong form of randomness. In more usual biological terms, an increase of complexity involves new elements of biological organization and the latter are “contingent” because they are not determined by the current state of the life dynamics. 1 Randomness and Complexification in Evolution. Available energy consumption and transformation, thus entropy production, are the unavoidable physical proce...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":80362306,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/70740104/Randomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":80362306,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/70740104/Randomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="80362306" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/70740104/Randomness_increases_biological_organization_a_mathematical_understanding_of_Goulds_critique_of_evolutionary_progress_1" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="11720591" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11720591/Randomness_increases_order_in_biological_evolution">Randomness increases order in biological evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28744524" href="https://ens.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABlMont%C3%A9vil">Maël Montévil</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2771586" href="https://ens.academia.edu/GiuseppeLongo">Giuseppe Longo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Computation, Physics and Beyond, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this text, we revisit part of the analysis of anti-entropy in Bailly and Longo (2009) and develop further theoretical reflections. In particular, we analyze how randomness, an essential component of biological variability, is associated to the growth of biological organization, both in ontogenesis and in evolution. This approach, in particular, focuses on the role of global entropy production and pro- vides a tool for a mathematical understanding of some fundamental observations by Gould on the increasing phenotypic complexity along evolution. Lastly, we an- alyze the situation in terms of theoretical symmetries, in order to further specify the biological meaning of anti-entropy as well as its strong link with randomness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Randomness increases order in biological evolution","attachmentId":43955384,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11720591/Randomness_increases_order_in_biological_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11720591/Randomness_increases_order_in_biological_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23451664" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23451664/The_Unconventionality_of_Nature_Biology_from_Noise_to_Functional_Randomness">The Unconventionality of Nature: Biology, from Noise to Functional Randomness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2771586" href="https://ens.academia.edu/GiuseppeLongo">Giuseppe Longo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In biology, phenotypes' variability stems from stochastic gene expression as well as from intrinsic and extrinsic fluctuations that are largely based on the contingency of evolutionary and developmental paths and on ecosystemic changes. Both forms of randomness constructively contribute to biological robustness, as resilience, far away from conventional computable dynamics, where elaboration and transmission of information are robust when they resist to noise. We first survey how fluctuations may be inserted in biochemical equations as probabilistic terms, in conjunction to diffusion or path in-tegrals, and treated by statistical approaches to physics. Further work allows to better grasp the role of biological " resonance " (interactions between different levels of organization) and plasticity, in a highly unconventional frame that seems more suitable for biological processes. In contrast to physical conservation properties, thus symmetries, symmetry breaking is particularly relevant in biology; it provides another key component of biological historicity and of randomness as a source of diversity and, thus, of onto-phylogenetic stability and organization as these are also based on variation and adaptativity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Unconventionality of Nature: Biology, from Noise to Functional Randomness","attachmentId":43892148,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23451664/The_Unconventionality_of_Nature_Biology_from_Noise_to_Functional_Randomness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23451664/The_Unconventionality_of_Nature_Biology_from_Noise_to_Functional_Randomness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="117354444" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117354444/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy_in_Biological_Complexity">The Thermodynamic Considerations of Evolution; the Role of Entropy in Biological Complexity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16258287" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EDeli">Eva Deli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Thermodynamic Considerations of Evolution; the Role of Entropy in Biological Complexity","attachmentId":113232578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117354444/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy_in_Biological_Complexity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117354444/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy_in_Biological_Complexity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="30866955" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution">Against Chance, Contingency, and Randomness in Biological Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2929503" href="https://eastern.academia.edu/TyroneMyers">Tyrone A Myers</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Against Chance, Contingency, and Randomness in Biological Evolution","attachmentId":51292367,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11926208" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11926208/Statistical_and_Philosophical_Notions_of_Randomness_in_Creation_Biology">Statistical and Philosophical Notions of Randomness in Creation Biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="402979" href="https://blythinstitute.academia.edu/JonathanBartlett">Jonathan Bartlett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mutations that occur in the absence of selection have often been cited as evidence that mutations are philosophically random - that is, that they do not follow a predetermined pattern but occur haphazardly. Mutation in absence of selection, however, may be a part of an adaptation process, specifically engineered for maintaining variability in organisms as a hedge against future environmental changes. A statistically random distribution of a constrained set of semi-specific (i.e. nonphilosophically random) mutations in populations would enable them to preserve a fairly constant percentage of mutants, which would foster survival in adverse conditions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical and Philosophical Notions of Randomness in Creation Biology","attachmentId":37291955,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11926208/Statistical_and_Philosophical_Notions_of_Randomness_in_Creation_Biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11926208/Statistical_and_Philosophical_Notions_of_Randomness_in_Creation_Biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="556675" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/556675/Entropy_in_evolution">Entropy in evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19147" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/JohnCollier">John Collier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology and Philosophy, 1986</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Daniel R. Brooks and E. O. Wiley have proposed a theory of evolution in which fitness is merely a rate determining factor. Evolution is driven by nonequilibrium processes which increase the entropy and information content of species together. Evolution can occur without environmental selection, since increased complexity and organization result from the likely "capture" at the species level of random variations produced at the chemical level. Speciation can occur as the result of variation within the species which decreases the probability of sharing genetic information. Critics of the Brooks-Wiley theory argue that they have abused terminology from information theory and thermodynamics. In this paper I review the essentials of the theory, and give an account of hierarchical physical information systems within which the theory can be interpreted. I then show how the major conceptual objections can be answered.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Entropy in evolution","attachmentId":3465017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/556675/Entropy_in_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/556675/Entropy_in_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="37319936" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37319936/Natural_Selection_and_Complexity">Natural Selection and Complexity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11929836" href="https://uned.academia.edu/GiorgioAiroldi">Giorgio Airoldi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The alleged Darwinian fundamental tenet that Natural Selection explains the complexity of life is controversial. While adaptationist narratives aims at formalizing it based on the hypothesis that phenotypic traits result from fitness optimization , mechanisms alternative to Natural Selection have been proposed to explain the tendency of organisms towards increasing complex designs. The thesis of this paper is that, in order to clarify to which extent Natural Selection or other forces are the relevant explicans, it is necessary to recognize that there is a wide range of radically different evolutionary facts, to which no univocal definition of complexity increase is applicable. To classify them, we introduce a bi-dimensional space by adding robustness to fitness as the second dimension to measure design and design changes. In this space, it is possible to distinguish the impact of selective and non-selective mechanisms behind each class of evolutionary fact, and the correspondent different classes of complexity increase.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Natural Selection and Complexity","attachmentId":57276875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37319936/Natural_Selection_and_Complexity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37319936/Natural_Selection_and_Complexity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="23422869" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23422869/Biological_Organization_and_Anti_Entropy">Biological Organization and Anti-Entropy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2771586" href="https://ens.academia.edu/GiuseppeLongo">Giuseppe Longo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biological Systems, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological Organization and Anti-Entropy","attachmentId":43865286,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23422869/Biological_Organization_and_Anti_Entropy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23422869/Biological_Organization_and_Anti_Entropy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="87549491" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87549491/Does_maximal_entropy_production_play_a_role_in_the_evolution_of_biological_complexity_A_biological_point_of_view">Does maximal entropy production play a role in the evolution of biological complexity? A biological point of view</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="116074172" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricaBelgio">Erica Belgio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Does maximal entropy production play a role in the evolution of biological complexity? A biological point of view","attachmentId":91727047,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87549491/Does_maximal_entropy_production_play_a_role_in_the_evolution_of_biological_complexity_A_biological_point_of_view","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87549491/Does_maximal_entropy_production_play_a_role_in_the_evolution_of_biological_complexity_A_biological_point_of_view"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="108137406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108137406/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Biological_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy">The Thermodynamic Considerations of Biological Evolution; the Role of Entropy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16258287" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EDeli">Eva Deli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although Darwin&#39;s theory of biological evolution is the cornerstone of modern biology, it lacks proper physical foundations. We consider ecosystems as closed systems that only exchange energy and information, not matter with the outside. Moreover, predictable and periodic fluctuations in entropy, genetic diversity, population number, and resource availability form a cyclic process that can be analyzed via thermodynamic principles. The sun&#39;s energy input drives a reversed Carnot cycle in four phases. The first phase is low entropy, a fast-changing environment spurring genotype-phenotype plasticity. In phase 2, the growing population increases entropy, forming nutrient cycles via symbiotic, parasitic, and predator-prey relationships. In phase 3, competitive and chaotic interactions spread genetic innovations in the overpopulated, stressed ecosystem. Finally, in phase 4, extinction purges the non-evolvable genomes, but the surviving species carry the cycle&#39;s genetic innovat...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Thermodynamic Considerations of Biological Evolution; the Role of Entropy","attachmentId":106601173,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108137406/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Biological_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108137406/The_Thermodynamic_Considerations_of_Biological_Evolution_the_Role_of_Entropy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80362306,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80362306,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_80362306" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69744411/How_does_complexity_arise_in_evolution_Natures_recipe_for_mastering_scarcity_abundance_and_unpredictability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="63564771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63564771/1_4_27_06_Diversity_and_complexity_the_zero_force_expectation_for_evolution">1 4 / 27 / 06 Diversity and complexity : the zero-force expectation for evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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Brandon</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"1 4 / 27 / 06 Diversity and complexity : the zero-force expectation for evolution","attachmentId":75952544,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63564771/1_4_27_06_Diversity_and_complexity_the_zero_force_expectation_for_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63564771/1_4_27_06_Diversity_and_complexity_the_zero_force_expectation_for_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="1203664" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203664/Abel_D_L_2009_The_capabilities_of_chaos_and_complexity_Int_J_Mol_Sci_10_Special_Issue_on_Life_Origin_247_291">Abel, D.L., 2009, The capabilities of chaos and complexity, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10, (Special Issue on Life Origin) 247-291 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abel, D.L., 2009, The capabilities of chaos and complexity, Int. J. Mol. 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