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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvey armor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindaje_Harvey" title="Blindaje Harvey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blindaje Harvey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%B9%84_%EC%9E%A5%EA%B0%91" title="하비 장갑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하비 장갑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazzatura_Harvey" title="Corazzatura Harvey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corazzatura Harvey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal_Harveya" title="Stal Harveya – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stal Harveya" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Гарвеевская броня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарвеевская броня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Броня Гарві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Броня Гарві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of casehardened naval armor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_(1899)_(14595756027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg/220px-History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg/330px-History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg/440px-History_of_the_manufacture_of_armor_plate_for_the_United_States_navy_%281899%29_%2814595756027%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>8 inches (200 mm) Harveyized nickel-steel plate from 1894</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Harvey armor</b> was a type of steel <a href="/wiki/Naval_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval armor">naval armor</a> developed in the early 1890s in which the front surfaces of the plates were <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">case hardened</a>. The method for doing this was known as the <b>Harvey process</b>, and was invented by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayward_Augustus_Harvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayward Augustus Harvey">Hayward Augustus Harvey</a>. </p><p>This type of armor was used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> until superseded by <a href="/wiki/Krupp_armour" title="Krupp armour">Krupp armor</a> in the late 1890s. </p><p>The <b>Harvey United Steel Company</b> was a steel <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> whose chairman was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Vickers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Vickers (page does not exist)">Albert Vickers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Vickers" class="extiw" title="la:Albertus Vickers">la</a>]</span>. The year 1894 would see the ten main producers of armor plate, including <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a>, form the Harvey Syndicate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_armor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Compound_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound armor">compound armor</a> in the 1880s, armor plating was made from uniform homogeneous iron or steel plates backed by several inches of <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> to absorb the shock of projectile impact. Compound armor appeared in the mid-1880s and was made from two different types of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, a very hard but brittle high-<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> steel front plate backed by a more <a href="/wiki/Elastic_(solid_mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic (solid mechanics)">elastic</a> low-carbon <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> plate. The front plate was intended to break up an incoming shell, while the rear plate would catch any splinters and hold the armor together if the brittle front plate shattered. </p><p>Compound armor was made by pouring molten steel between a red-hot wrought iron backing plate and a hardened steel front plate to <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">weld</a> them together. This process produced a sharp transition between the properties of the two plates in a very small distance. As consequence, the two plates could separate when struck by a shell, and the rear plate was often not elastic enough to stop the splinters. With the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-steel <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> in 1889, compound armor was rendered obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_process">Production process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_armor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvey armor used a single plate of steel, but re-introduced the benefits of compound armor. The front surface was converted to high carbon steel by "cementing". In this process, the steel plate would be covered with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and heated to approximately 1200 degrees Celsius for two to three weeks. The process increased the carbon content at the face to around 1 percent; the carbon content decreasing gradually from this level with distance into the plate, reaching the original proportion (approximately 0.1–0.2 percent) at a depth of around an inch. After cementing, the plate was chilled first in an oil bath, then in a water bath, before being <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealed</a> to toughen the back of the plate. The water bath was later replaced with jets of water to prevent the formation of a layer of steam which would insulate the steel from the cooling effect of the water. The process was further improved by low temperature <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> of the plate before the final heat treatment. </p><p>While the American navy used nickel steel for Harvey armor (roughly 0.2 percent carbon, 0.6 percent <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, 3.5 percent nickel), the British used normal steels since their tests had shown that ordinary steel subjected to the Harvey process had the same resistance to penetration as nickel steel, although it was not quite as tough. </p><p>Harvey armor was taken up by all of the major navies, since 13 in (330 mm) of Harvey armor offered the same protection as 15.5 in (390 mm) of nickel-steel armor. It was in turn rendered obsolete by the development of <a href="/wiki/Krupp_armour" title="Krupp armour">Krupp armor</a> in the late 1890s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_armor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_armor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_David_K.2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David K. (2003). <i>Warrior to Dreadnought, Warship Development 1860–1905</i>. Caxton Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84067-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84067-529-2"><bdi>1-84067-529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+to+Dreadnought%2C+Warship+Development+1860%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=Caxton+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84067-529-2&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvey+armor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugeneleeslover.com/ARMOR-CHAPTER-XII-A.html">Gene Slover's US Navy Pages - Naval Ordnance and Gunnery</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey,_Thomas_William2004" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Thomas William (December 30, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37WV5lbG3QQC&pg=PA70"><i>Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey by His Sons</i></a>. Kessinger. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5156-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5156-7"><bdi>978-1-4179-5156-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+Hayward+Augustus+Harvey+by+His+Sons&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-5156-7&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Thomas+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37WV5lbG3QQC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvey+armor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Naval_armour" title="Template:Naval armour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Naval_armour" title="Template talk:Naval armour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naval_armour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Naval armour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Succession_of_naval_armour_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Succession of <a href="/wiki/Naval_armour" title="Naval armour">naval armour</a> technologies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_armour" title="Iron armour">Iron armour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_armour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steel armour (page does not exist)">Steel armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_armour" title="Compound armour">Compound armour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harvey armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupp_armour" title="Krupp armour">Krupp armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt armour">Belt armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured citadel">Armoured citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloped_armour" title="Sloped armour">Sloped armour</a></li> <li>Torpedo protection (<a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bulkhead" title="Torpedo bulkhead">Torpedo bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo bulge">Torpedo bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_belt" title="Torpedo belt">Torpedo belt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_or_nothing_(armor)" title="All or nothing (armor)">All or nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_flight_deck" title="Armoured flight deck">Armoured flight deck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_armoured_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-industrial armoured ships">Pre-industrial armoured ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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