CINXE.COM
Plants Browse - Page 9 | Britannica
<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="topicbrowse-desktop ui-ie7 ui-ie"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js" /> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.png" /> <meta name="description" content="Life on Earth owes much to plants. The vast majority of plants carry out photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy, which is the way that virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes..." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Plants" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants/9" /> <title>Plants Browse - Page 9 | Britannica</title> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel"> window.$UI = {}; window.Constants = {"LICENSE_URL": "/bps/license","DEFAULT_TEST_VERSION": "A","DEFAULT_STATE": "XX","QUIZ_URL": "/quiz","SPOTLIGHT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/spotlight","CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT": "text/plain;charset=UTF-8","TOPIC_FACTS_DATA_URL": "/facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_IMAGE_QUIZZES": "images","TOPIC_MEDIA_PATH": "/images-videos","USER_PROFILE_URL": "/user","DEBUG_URL": "/debug","ONE_GOOD_FACT_URL": "/one-good-fact","ERROR_404_URL": "/error404","PROCON_CITED_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/ProCon-in-the-News","PROCON_URL": "/procon","TOPIC_PAGE_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/page","INFINITE_SCROLL_PREFIX_URL": "/scroll","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_BROWSE_URL": "/questions","CC_USD": "USD","domain": "britannica.com","SURVEY_URL": "/survey","CATEGORY_BROWSE_URL": "/browse","STORY_BROWSE_URL": "/stories","COUNTRY_US": "US","OPEN_MEDIA_OVERLAY_PARAMETER": "/media","NEWSLETTER_SUBSCRIPTION_URL": "/newsletter-subscription","MAINTENANCE_ERROR_URL": "https://maintenance.eb.com","IMARS_EDITOR_ID": "12365882","PROFILE_EB_EDITOR_URL": "/editor","WEB_INF_RESOURCES_PATH": "WEB-INF/resources","AI_ABOUT_PAGE_URL": "/about-britannica-ai","TOPIC_ADDITIONAL_INFO_PATH": "/additional-info","SUDOKU_GAME_URL": "/games/sudoku","CC_INR": "INR","ARTICLE_PRINT_URL": "/print/article","FIRST_EDITION_URL": "/subscriber/firstedition","WW1_PORTAL_URL": "/discover/World-War-I","MENDEL_COOKIE": "__mendel","DEMYSTIFIED_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/demystified","LIST_BROWSE_URL": "/list/browse","PROFILE_EXPERT_URL": "/contributor","ASSEMBLY_IMAGE_URL": "/image/assembly","DAY_IN_HISTORY_URL": "/on-this-day","DEFAULT_CURRENCY": "USD","CONTENT_TYPE_XML": "text/xml;charset=UTF-8","PORTAL_FINANCE_BROWSE_URL_PREFIX": "/money/browse","MONEY_IMARS_CATEGORY": "13000","AJAX_PREFIX_URL": "/ajax","TOPIC_BROWSE_URL": "/topic-browse","MARKETING_CONTENT": "/marketing-content","ENV_RUNTIME": "runtime","GALLERY_URL": "/gallery","topicUrlClassesList": "topic|animal|art|biography|event|place|plant|science|sports|technology|procon","CONTENT_TYPE_HTML": "text/html;charset=UTF-8","ENV_LOCAL": "override","MEDIA_OVERLAY_URL": "/media-overlay","CHATBOT_PAGE_URL": "/chatbot","NEWSLETTER_PAGE_URL": "/newsletters","ENV_DEV": "development","MEDIA_URL": "/media","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_URL": "/question","PORTAL_FINANCE_URL_PREFIX": "/money","PODCASTS_URL": "/podcasts","STAND_ALONE_VIDEO_URL": "/video","MORE_ON_THIS_DAY_URL": "/more-on-this-day","TOPIC_QUOTES_URL": "/quotes","SEARCH_PAGE_URL": "/search","PROCON_CLASS": "PROCON","KUSTOM_MENDEL_APPLICATION_ID": "1","TOPIC_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/topic","ENV_BRANCH": "branch","ERROR_URL": "/error","MAIN_VERSION": "mainVersion","DEFAULT_S3_REGION": "US_EAST_1","TOPIC_COLLECTION_URL": "/summary","LOGINBOX_URL": "/auth/loginbox","ONE_GOOD_FACT_BROWSE_URL": "/one-good-fact/all-good-facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_URL": "/quiz/browse","BIO_BROWSE_URL": "/browse/biographies","LIST_URL": "/list","TIGHTROPE_QUIZ_URL": "/quiz/tightrope","ALPHA_BROWSE_URL": "/sitemap","CONTENT_TYPE_JSON": "application/json","DICTIONARY_URL": "/dictionary","COBRAND_IMAGE_URL": "/image/cobrand","PROCON_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/pro-and-con-issues-in-the-news","PROCON_BROWSE_URL": "/procon","QUIZ_BROWSE_VOCAB_QUIZZES": "vocabulary-quizzes","SUBMISSION_URL": "/submission","EB_LOG_OUT": "/auth2/logout","ENV_PRODUCTION": "production","EXPLORE_PORTAL_URL": "/explore","TOPIC_AJAX_URL": "/ajax/topic","TOPIC_SUMMARY_BROWSE_URL": "/summaries","WTFACT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/wtfact","VIDEO_CHANNEL_URL": "/videos","GALLERY_BROWSE_URL": "/gallery/browse","CACHE_URL": "/cache","PROCON_ABOUT_URL": "/procon/About-ProCon","COMPANION_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/companion","MEDIA_FOLDER": "/eb-media","SHOW_ALL_CONTRIBUTORS": "/additional-info#contributors","BRITANNICA_EDITORS_ID": "4419","ENV_CACHE_DISABLED": "mendelCache","CALCULATORS_BROWSE_URL": "/calculators","STORY_URL": "/story","DEFAULT_COUNTRY": "US","NAVBAR_URL": "/ajax/navbar","EB_LOGIN_URL": "/auth/eb-login","NEW_ARTICLES_URL": "/new-articles",}; window.CDN = "https://cdn.britannica.com"; window.CAM_LOGIN_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com"; window.CAM_SIGN_UP_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com/registration" window.Mendel = { "config" : { "domain": "britannica.com", "page": "TopicBrowse", "videoPlayerId": "UyMCoK2v", "sharedUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants/9", "amuselabsUrl": "https://cdn3.amuselabs.com", "resourcesPrefixUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/[url]?v=3.130.14", "date": 20241123, "userInfo": { "type": "ANONYMOUS" ,"currency": "AUUS" ,"country": "SG" ,"state": "XX" ,"timezone": "Asia/Singapore" ,"bcomId": "-9049360668059790440" ,"hasAds": true ,"testVersion": "B" ,"adsTestVersion": "B" ,"consumerId": "" ,"instId": "" ,"consumerUserName": "" ,"instUserName": "" ,"cognito": null }, "tvs":{ "r":[25,25,25,25], "a": [25,25,25,25]}, "isLoggedInAsUser": false, "isPhone": false, "isDesktop": true, "logoutUrl": "/auth2/logout", "selfServiceUrl": "https://myaccount.britannica.com", "cdnUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com", "chatbotApi": "https://www.britannica.com/chat-api", "fetchOffset": 800, "mendelCookieName": "__mendel", "mendelCookie": {"surveyShown":false,"visitedTopicId":0,"currentDate":20241123}, "autocompleteToSearchPage": false }, "GA": {"leg":"B","adLeg":"B","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"TopicBrowse","gisted":false,"pageNumber":9,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} }; </script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1887621861548296"/ <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Life on Earth owes much to plants. The vast majority of plants carry out photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy, which is the way that virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes..."/> <meta property="og:type" content="WEBSITE"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Plants Browse - Page 9 | Britannica"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Life on Earth owes much to plants. The vast majority of plants carry out photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy, which is the way that virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes..."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = {"type":"WEBSITE","title":"Plants Browse - Page 9","description":"Life on Earth owes much to plants. The vast majority of plants carry out photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy, which is the way that virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes...","imageUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14","pageUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants"}</script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/" > <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/vendor-bundle.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-browse-page.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="text/javascript"> if (self !== top) { top.location = self.location; } // if ('scrollRestoration' in history) { history.scrollRestoration = 'manual'; } </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/at.js?v=3.130.14" async ></script> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5W6NC8'); </script> </head> <body data-leg="B" class="a-z-topics-browse user-ANONYMOUS user-ads md-desktop leg-bb-ie"> <!--- assertive yield ---> <script>Mendel.config.adProvider='ay';</script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/15510053/CMP_1x1', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1709766812090-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script async defer src="https://launchpad-wrapper.privacymanager.io/0ccc6fe8-1870-4ad8-b47b-6d029ac116fc/launchpad-liveramp.js"></script> <script async src="https://JRyhoywLYXNLYMAhs.ay.delivery/manager/JRyhoywLYXNLYMAhs" type="text/javascript" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" ></script><div class="ie-warning d-flex align-items-center align-self-center justify-content-center site-alert bg-orange"> <div> You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a class="text-white text-underscore" href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security. </div> </div> <script id="json-navbar-info" type="application/json"> {"topSectionLinks":[{"title":"Ask the Chatbot","url":"/chatbot","navbarId":"CHATBOT"},{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse","navbarId":"QUIZZES"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon","navbarId":"PROCON"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society","navbarId":"HISTORY"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech","navbarId":"SCIENCE"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies","navbarId":"BIOS"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature","selected":true,"navbarId":"ANIMALS"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel","navbarId":"GEOGRAPHY"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture","navbarId":"ART"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money","navbarId":"MONEY"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos","navbarId":"VIDEOS"}],"selectedSuperCategory":{"id":1,"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"Animals-Nature","description":"Explore animals and nature; animal facts and stats, mammals, marsupials, birds, insects, reptiles, dinosaurs, megafauna, fossils, environment, plants, trees, bacteria, fungi","keywords":"animal facts and stats, mammals, marsupials, birds, insects, reptiles, dinosaurs, megafauna, fossils, environment, plants, trees, bacteria, fungi","classId":"ANIMALS","sortOrder":4},"selectedNavbarLink":{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature","selected":true,"navbarId":"ANIMALS"}} </script> <script id="json-hamburger-menu" type="application/json"> {"britannicaMenu1":[{"title":"Home","url":"/"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money"}],"britannicaMenu2":[{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos"},{"title":"On This Day","url":"/on-this-day"},{"title":"One Good Fact","url":"/one-good-fact"},{"title":"Dictionary","url":"/dictionary"},{"title":"New Articles","url":"/new-articles"}],"browseByCategory":[{"title":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},"links":[{"title":"Lifestyles & Social Issues","url":"/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues"},{"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"/browse/Philosophy-Religion"},{"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"/browse/Politics-Law-Government"},{"title":"World History","url":"/browse/World-History"}]},{"title":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},"links":[{"title":"Health & Medicine","url":"/browse/Health-Medicine"},{"title":"Science","url":"/browse/Science"},{"title":"Technology","url":"/browse/Technology"}]},{"title":{"id":3,"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},"links":[{"title":"Browse Biographies","url":"/browse/biographies"}]},{"title":{"id":1,"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},"links":[{"title":"Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates","url":"/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates"},{"title":"Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates","url":"/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates"},{"title":"Environment","url":"/browse/Environment"},{"title":"Fossils & Geologic Time","url":"/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time"},{"title":"Mammals","url":"/browse/Mammals"},{"title":"Plants","url":"/browse/Plants"}]},{"title":{"id":4,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},"links":[{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/browse/Geography-Travel"}]},{"title":{"id":2,"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},"links":[{"title":"Entertainment & Pop Culture","url":"/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture"},{"title":"Literature","url":"/browse/Literature"},{"title":"Sports & Recreation","url":"/browse/Sports-Recreation"},{"title":"Visual Arts","url":"/browse/Visual-Arts"}]}],"browseByFeature":[{"title":"Companions","url":"/stories/companion"},{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Image Galleries","url":"/gallery/browse"},{"title":"Lists","url":"/list/browse"},{"title":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts"},{"title":"Spotlight","url":"/stories/spotlight"},{"title":"Summaries","url":"/summary"},{"title":"The Forum","url":"/stories/the-forum"},{"title":"Top Questions","url":"/question"},{"title":"#WTFact","url":"/stories/wtfact"}],"moreFromBritannica":[{"title":"Britannica Kids","url":"https://kids.britannica.com/","newTab":true}],"menuType":"DEFAULT"} </script> <header id="header" class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="global-nav-top-bar"> <div class="grid gx-0 h-100 justify-content-between align-items-center container-lg mx-auto p-0 position-relative"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="d-flex align-items-center justify-self-start js-toggle js-toggle-hamburger btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0 p-10"> <div class="hamburger-tooltip"> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24" id="nav-toggle" data-icon="menu"></em> </div> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24 global-nav-search-icon" id="nav-search-icon" data-icon="search" ></em> </button> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center ml-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-logo global-nav-logo-left" /> </a> <div class="global-nav-top-search-bar global-nav-top-search-container global-nav-search-container" id="global-nav-top-search-bar"> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-center global-nav-logo non-homepage-logo" /> </a> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small global-nav-center search global-nav-center-search-container"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> <div class="col-35 col-sm-auto text-right order-3 mr-lg-15 align-items-center d-flex justify-content-end"> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2 marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2"><a href="https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-outline-white-orange py-5 mr-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Subscribe </a></SPAN></div> <div class="d-inline-block d-md-none mr-5 mr-sm-10"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE"><a href="https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS" class="subscribe-link btn btn-xs btn-orange-dark p-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Subscribe </a></SPAN></div> <button class="js-toggle-user-dropdown js-toggle btn btn-sm btn-link link-white rounded-0 px-md-15 pl-5 pr-5"> <span class="d-none d-md-inline-block mr-5">Login</span> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block d-md-none font-16 font-sm-20" data-icon="account_circle"></em> <div class="d-none dropdown-menu-subscription-link">https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS</div> <em class="material-icons inactive-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_down"></em> <em class="material-icons active-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_up"></em> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none hamburger-menu-subscription-link"><DIV class="marketing-HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=hamburger-menu&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-orange py-5" target="_blank"> Subscribe <span class="d-none d-md-inline"> Now</span> </a></DIV></div> <div id="global-nav-react"> <div class="d-none"> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/procon">ProCon</a></li> <li><a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/money">Money</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/one-good-fact">One Good Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/new-articles">New Articles</a></li> </ul> <a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues">Lifestyles & Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Philosophy-Religion">Philosophy & Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Politics-Law-Government">Politics, Law & Government</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/World-History">World History</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Health-Medicine">Health & Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Technology">Technology</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/biographies">Browse Biographies</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates">Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates">Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Fossils & Geologic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Mammals">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Plants">Plants</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture">Entertainment & Pop Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Sports-Recreation">Sports & Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Visual-Arts">Visual Arts</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/stories/companion">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/gallery/browse">Image Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/spotlight">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/summary">Summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/the-forum">The Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/question">Top Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/wtfact">#WTFact</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://kids.britannica.com/">Britannica Kids</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="container-lg p-0 d-flex justify-content-center global-nav-categories-bar overflow-hidden"> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 global-nav-slider category-snap-slider"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex font-14 overflow-hidden text-nowrap mx-5"> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-CHATBOT " href="/chatbot">Ask the Chatbot</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-QUIZZES " href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-PROCON " href="/procon">ProCon</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-HISTORY " href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-SCIENCE " href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-BIOS " href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ANIMALS selected selected" href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-GEOGRAPHY " href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ART " href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-MONEY " href="/money">Money</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-VIDEOS " href="/videos">Videos</a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="bg-navy-dark text-white text-center pt-30 pb-20"> <div class="container"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement" : [ { "@type" : "ListItem", "position" : 1, "item" : { "@id" : "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Science", "name": "Science" } } , { "@type" : "ListItem", "position" : 2, "item" : { "@id" : "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants", "name": "Plants" } } ] } </script> <nav class="breadcrumb justify-content-center"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="link-white">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Science">Science</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Plants">Plants</a> </span> </nav> <h1 class="font-serif mt-30 mb-20">Plants, JUS-LUM</h1> <div class="font-serif grid"> <div class="col-sm-70 col-sm-offset-15"> Life on Earth owes much to plants. The vast majority of plants carry out photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy, which is the way that virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes available to living things (including us humans). Plants occupy the base of Earth's food webs and are consumed directly or indirectly by all higher life-forms, thereby functioning as the major source of food for humans and other animals. Plants' photosynthetic activity also produces the air that we breathe: almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. Still not convinced about the merits of plants? Consider the fact that many plants not only serve up crucial nutrients and breathable air but also look good doing it. Many plants are admired for their striking aesthetic qualities, and flowers such as tulips, lilies, sunflowers, and daisies beautify fields, gardens, windowsills, and bouquets the world over. Plants are also a primary source of consumer goods, such as building materials, textile fibers, and pharmaceuticals.</div> </div> <a class="link-white font-weight-bold d-inline-block mt-30" href="/browse/Plants">Back To Plants Page</a> </div> </div> <div class="container mt-30"> <h2 class="label my-30">Plants Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid top g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/1">-AVI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/2">AVO-BOT</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/3">BOT-CAP</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/4">CAP-COL</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/5">COL-DID</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/6">DIL-FIR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/7">FIR-HAR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/8">HAR-JUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Plants/9">JUS-LUM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/10">LUP-MUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/11">MUT-PER</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/12">PET-RAM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/13">RAM-SES</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/14">SHA-SUI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/15">SUM-URN</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/16">URT-ZYG</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid g-20"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Antoine-Laurent-de-Jussieu" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist who developed the principles that served as the foundation of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Bernard-de-Jussieu" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Jussieu, Bernard de</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Bernard de Jussieu was a French botanist who founded a method of plant classification based on the anatomical characters...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/jute-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>jute</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> jute, either of two species of Corchorus plants—C. capsularis, or white jute, and C. olitorius, including both...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/jicama" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>jícama</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> jícama, (Pachyrhizus erosus), leguminous vine of the pea family (Fabaceae), grown for its edible tubers. Jícama...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Kaibara-Ekken" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kaibara Ekken</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kaibara Ekken was a neo-Confucian philosopher, travel writer, and pioneer botanist of the early Tokugawa period...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kale" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kale</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kale, (Brassica oleracea, variety acephala), loose-leafed edible plant derived from the cabbage of the mustard...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kalmia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kalmia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kalmia, any of about seven species of evergreen shrubs constituting a genus (Kalmia) in the heath family (Ericaceae)....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/katsura-tree" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>katsura tree</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> katsura tree, (species Cercidiphyllum japonicum), upright, gracefully branching tree native to China and Japan,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kauri-pine" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kauri pine</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kauri pine, (Agathis australis), a resinous timber conifer of the family Araucariaceae, native to the North Island...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kenaf" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kenaf</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kenaf, (species Hibiscus cannabinus), fast-growing plant of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae) and its...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Kentucky-coffee-tree" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kentucky coffeetree</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kentucky coffeetree, (Gymnocladus dioicus), deciduous tree of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to North America...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Kerguelen-cabbage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kerguelen cabbage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kerguelen cabbage, (Pringlea antiscorbutica), plant resembling the common cabbage and belonging to the same family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Keteleeria" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Keteleeria</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Keteleeria, genus in the family Pinaceae, containing three to seven species of coniferous evergreen trees, native...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/khat-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>khat</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> khat, (Catha edulis), slender evergreen tree or shrub, the leaves and young buds of which are chewed for a euphoric...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kidney-vetch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kidney vetch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kidney vetch, (Anthyllis vulneraria), perennial herb of the pea family (Fabaceae), found in meadows, alpine pastures,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Robert-Kidston" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kidston, Robert</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Robert Kidston was an English paleobotanist, noted for his discoveries and descriptions of plant fossils from the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kiwi-fruit" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kiwi</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kiwi, (Actinidia deliciosa), woody vine and edible fruit of the family Actinidiaceae. The plant is native to mainland...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Frank-Hall-Knowlton" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Knowlton, Frank Hall</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Frank Hall Knowlton was a U.S. paleobotanist and pioneer in the study of prehistoric climates based on geologic...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kohlrabi" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kohlrabi</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kohlrabi, (Brassica oleracea, variety gongylodes), form of cabbage, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/science/kola-nut" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kola nut</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kola nut, caffeine-containing nut of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida, trees of the cocoa family (Sterculiaceae)...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-1"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kudzu" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kudzu</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kudzu, (Pueraria montana), twining perennial vine of the pea family (Fabaceae). Kudzu is native to China and Japan,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/kumquat" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>kumquat</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> kumquat, (genus Fortunella), genus of evergreen shrubs or trees of the family Rutaceae, grown for their tart orange...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Josef-Gottlieb-Kolreuter" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Kölreuter, Josef Gottlieb</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Josef Gottlieb Kölreuter was a German botanist who was a pioneer in the study of plant hybrids. He was the first...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Labrador-tea" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Labrador tea</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Labrador tea, common name for three species of low-growing evergreen perennial shrubs in the Rhododendron genus...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/laburnum" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>laburnum</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> laburnum, (genus Laburnum), genus of two species of poisonous trees and shrubs belonging to the subfamily Faboideae...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/ladies-tresses" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ladies’ tresses</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ladies’ tresses, (genus Spiranthes), genus of about 45 species of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae), found...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lady-fern" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lady fern</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lady fern, (Athyrium filix-femina), a large, feathery fern (family Athyriaceae) widely cultivated for ornamentation....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/ladys-mantle-plant-genus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lady’s mantle</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lady’s mantle, (genus Alchemilla), genus of some 300 species of herbaceous perennials within the rose family (Rosaceae)....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/ladys-slipper" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lady’s slipper</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lady’s slipper, (subfamily Cypripedioideae), subfamily of five genera of orchids (family Orchidaceae), in which...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Laelia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Laelia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Laelia, genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae), containing about 25 species of plants with attractively coloured...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lambkill" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lambkill</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lambkill, (species Kalmia angustifolia), an open upright woody shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). Lambkill...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lambs-ears" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lamb’s ears</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lamb’s ears, (Stachys byzantina), perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to parts of the Middle...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lambs-lettuce" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lamb’s lettuce</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lamb’s lettuce, (Valerianella locusta), weedy plant of the family Caprifoliaceae, native to southern Europe but...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lambs-quarters" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lamb’s quarters</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lamb’s quarters, (Chenopodium album), annual weedy plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), of wide distribution...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lamiaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lamiaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lamiaceae, the mint family of flowering plants, with 236 genera and more than 7,000 species, the largest family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lamiales" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lamiales</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lamiales, mint order of flowering plants, including 24 families, 1,059 genera, and about 23,755 species. The main...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/plant/Lamiales/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/plant/Lamiales/Main-families" style="text-decoration: underline">Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Verbenaceae</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/plant/Lamiales/Orobanchaceae" style="text-decoration: underline">Parasitic, Herbaceous, Orobanchaceae</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lantana-plant-genus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lantana</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lantana, genus of more than 150 shrubs native to tropical America and Africa and belonging to the verbena family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/larch" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>larch</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> larch, (genus Larix), any of about 10 to 12 species of coniferous trees constituting the genus Larix of the family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/larkspur-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>larkspur</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> larkspur, (genus Delphinium), genus of about 365 species of herbaceous plants of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lauraceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lauraceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lauraceae, the laurel family of flowering plants (order Laurales), comprising some 50 genera and more than 2,500...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-2"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Laurales" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Laurales</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Laurales, the laurel order of flowering plants, containing 7 families, 91 genera, and about 2,900 species. Members...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lavender" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lavender</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lavender, (genus Lavandula), genus of about 30 species of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to countries...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/leafy-liverwort" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>leafy liverwort</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> leafy liverwort, (order Jungermanniales), order of numerous species of liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/leatherleaf" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>leatherleaf</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> leatherleaf, (Chamaedaphne calyculata), evergreen shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). The name is also sometimes...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lebachia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lebachia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lebachia, a genus of extinct cone-bearing plants known from fossils of the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/leek" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>leek</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> leek, (Allium porrum), hardy biennial plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae), grown as a vegetable. The...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lemon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lemon</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lemon, (Citrus ×limon), small tree or spreading bush of the rue family (Rutaceae) and its edible fruit. Lemon juice...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lemon-balm" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lemon balm</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lemon balm, (Melissa officinalis), aromatic herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grown for its lemon-scented fragrant...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lemon-verbena" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lemon verbena</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lemon verbena, (Aloysia citriodora or Lippia citriodora), tropical perennial shrub belonging to the family Verbenaceae,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lemongrass" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lemongrass</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lemongrass, (Cymbopogon citratus), perennial species of oil grass in the family Poaceae, often used in cooking....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lentil-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lentil</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lentil, (Lens culinaris), small annual legume of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its edible seed. Lentils are widely...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/leopards-bane" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>leopard’s bane</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> leopard’s bane, any plant of the genus Doronicum of the family Asteraceae, consisting of about 40 species of perennial...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lepidodendron" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lepidodendron</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lepidodendron, extinct genus of tree-sized lycopsid plants that lived during the Carboniferous Period (about 359...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lepidozamia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lepidozamia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lepidozamia, genus of two species of cycads in the family Zamiaceae, endemic to the eastern coast of Australia....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Leptospermum" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leptospermum</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leptospermum, genus of about 40 species of subtropical evergreen shrubs or small trees, in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lespedeza" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lespedeza</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lespedeza, (genus Lespedeza), genus of about 40 species of plants in the pea family (Fabaceae). All lespedezas...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lettuce" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lettuce</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lettuce, (Lactuca sativa), annual leaf vegetable of the aster family (Asteraceae). Most lettuce varieties are eaten...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Leucothoe" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Leucothoë</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Leucothoë, genus of about eight species of shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae), native to North America and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/liana" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>liana</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> liana, any long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil and climbs or twines around other plants. They are...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Liatris" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Liatris</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Liatris, genus of perennial herbs of the family Asteraceae, containing approximately 40 species, native to North...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-3"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/licorice" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>licorice</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> licorice, (Glycyrrhiza glabra), perennial herb of the pea family (Fabaceae), and the flavouring, confection, and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lilac" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lilac</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lilac, (genus Syringa), genus of about 25 species of fragrant and beautiful northern spring-flowering shrubs and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Liliaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Liliaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Liliaceae, the lily family of the flowering plant order Liliales, with 16 genera and 635 species of herbs and shrubs,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Liliales" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Liliales</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Liliales, the lily order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, containing 11 families, 67 genera, and 1,558 species...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lily" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lily</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lily, (genus Lilium), genus of 80 to 100 species of herbaceous flowering plants of the family Liliaceae, native...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/African-lily" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lily of the Nile</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lily of the Nile, (Agapanthus africanus), perennial herbaceous plant of the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lily-of-the-valley" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lily of the valley</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lily of the valley, (Convallaria majalis), fragrant perennial herb and only species of the genus Convallaria in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lima-bean" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lima bean</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lima bean, (Phaseolus lunatus), any of a variety of legumes (family Fabaceae) widely cultivated for their edible...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lime" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lime</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lime, any of several species and hybrids of trees and shrubs of the genus Citrus (family Rutaceae), widely grown...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Linaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Linaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Linaceae, the flax family, comprising about 14 genera of herbaceous plants and shrubs, in the order Malpighiales,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/linden-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>linden</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> linden, (genus Tilia), genus of about 30 species of trees in the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae) native...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/John-Lindley" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lindley, John</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> John Lindley was a British botanist whose attempts to formulate a natural system of plant classification greatly...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lingonberry" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lingonberry</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lingonberry, (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), small creeping plant of the heath family (Ericaceae), related to the blueberry...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Linnaeus, Carolus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus/Classification-by-natural-characters" style="text-decoration: underline">Taxonomy, Binomial Nomenclature, Systematics</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus/Other-contributions" style="text-decoration: underline">Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Botany</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lip-fern" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lip fern</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lip fern, (genus Cheilanthes), any of about 150 species of ferns of the genus Cheilanthes (family Pteridaceae),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/liverwort" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>liverwort</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> liverwort, (division Marchantiophyta), any of more than 9,000 species of small nonvascular spore-producing plants....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lizard-orchid" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lizard orchid</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lizard orchid, (Himantoglossum hircinum), unusual-looking orchid (family Orchidaceae), occurring sporadically in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lizards-tail" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lizard’s tail</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lizard’s tail, member of the lizard’s-tail family (Saururaceae), found in marshy areas of eastern North America....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Loasaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loasaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Loasaceae, mostly tropical American plant family of 14 genera and 265 species of the dogwood order (Cornales),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lobelia" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lobelia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lobelia, (genus Lobelia), genus of more than 400 species of flowering plants in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae)...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-4"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/locoweed" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>locoweed</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> locoweed, any of several species of poisonous plants of the genera Astragalus and Oxytropis, in the pea family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/locust-tree" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>locust</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> locust, (genus Robinia), genus of about 10 species of flowering trees and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/loganberry" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>loganberry</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> loganberry, (Rubus loganobaccus), species of bramble of the rose family (Rosaceae) that originated in Santa Cruz,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Loganiaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loganiaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Loganiaceae, family of flowering plants in the order Gentianales, containing 13 genera with more than 400 species...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/logwood-tree-Haematoxylon-genus" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>logwood</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> logwood, (Haematoxylum campechianum), tree of the pea family (Fabaceae), native to Central America and the West...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Lomariopsidaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lomariopsidaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lomariopsidaceae, family of ferns (order Polypodiales), containing 4 genera and 69 species. Members of Lomariopsidaceae...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/longan" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>longan</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> longan, (Dimocarpus longan), tropical fruit tree of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to Asia and introduced...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/loofah" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>loofah</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> loofah, (genus Luffa), genus of seven species of annual climbing vines of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/loosestrife" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>loosestrife</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> loosestrife, any of the ornamental plants of the family Lythraceae, especially the genera Lythrum and Decodon,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/loquat" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>loquat</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> loquat, (Eriobotrya japonica), subtropical tree of the rose family (Rosaceae) grown for its evergreen foliage and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Loranthaceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loranthaceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Loranthaceae, one of the mistletoe families of the sandalwood order (Santalales), having approximately 77 genera...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lotus-plant-common-name" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lotus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lotus, any of several different plants. The lotus of the Greeks was the species Ziziphus lotus of the buckthorn...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/biography/John-Claudius-Loudon" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loudon, John Claudius</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> John Claudius Loudon was a Scottish landscape gardener and architect. Loudon was the most influential horticultural...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lousewort" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lousewort</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lousewort, herbaceous plant of the genus Pedicularis (family Orobanchaceae), which contains about 800 species found...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lovage" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lovage</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lovage, (Levisticum officinale), perennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe. It...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/love-grass" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>love grass</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> love grass, (genus Eragrostis), genus of about 350 species of tufted annual and perennial grasses in the family...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/love-in-a-mist" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>love-in-a-mist</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> love-in-a-mist, (Nigella damascena), an annual herbaceous plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Native...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/lower-vascular-plant" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lower vascular plant</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lower vascular plant, any of the spore-bearing vascular plants, including the ferns, club mosses, spike mosses,...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/plant/lower-vascular-plant/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/plant/lower-vascular-plant/Reproduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Reproduction, Sporophyte, Gametophyte</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/Loxomataceae" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Loxsomataceae</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Loxsomataceae, small family of primitive ferns (order Cyatheales) comprising two monotypic genera. Loxsoma cunninghamii...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/plant/luminous-moss" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>luminous moss</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> luminous moss, (Schistostega pennata; formerly S. osmundacea), light-reflecting plant of the subclass Bryidae,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-5"></span> </div> </div> <h2 class="label my-30">Plants Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid bottom g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/1">-AVI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/2">AVO-BOT</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/3">BOT-CAP</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/4">CAP-COL</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/5">COL-DID</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/6">DIL-FIR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/7">FIR-HAR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/8">HAR-JUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Plants/9">JUS-LUM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/10">LUP-MUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/11">MUT-PER</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/12">PET-RAM</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/13">RAM-SES</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/14">SHA-SUI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/15">SUM-URN</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Plants/16">URT-ZYG</a> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="breadcrumb my-30"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="" href="/browse/Science">Science</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="" href="/browse/Plants">Plants</a> </span> </nav> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <footer class="md-footer footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <DIV class="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>History at your fingertips –</strong> Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="col-sm-50 col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="enter-your-email">Enter your email</label> <input id="enter-your-email" type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="col-sm-auto col-100 mt-5 mt-sm-0"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-outline-white" style="width: 100%; height:100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="link-white text-decoration-underline" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. </div> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="Footer" /><input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Mendel" /><input type="hidden" name="medium" value="Box" /></form> <div class="md-subscribed hidden text-white"> <div class="my-10">Thank you for subscribing!</div> <div>Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div></DIV> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle d-flex justify-content-center colored" data-value="connect" > <div class="share-label text-uppercase hidden-xs">Stay Connected</div> <a class="social-icon facebook justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="social-icon x justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="x" href="https://x.com/britannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>X</span></a> <a class="social-icon youtube justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="social-icon instagram justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="social-icon pinterest justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg height="30" width="30" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="" role="img"><path d="M0 12c0 5.123 3.211 9.497 7.73 11.218-.11-.937-.227-2.482.025-3.566.217-.932 1.401-5.938 1.401-5.938s-.357-.715-.357-1.774c0-1.66.962-2.9 2.161-2.9 1.02 0 1.512.765 1.512 1.682 0 1.025-.653 2.557-.99 3.978-.281 1.189.597 2.159 1.769 2.159 2.123 0 3.756-2.239 3.756-5.471 0-2.861-2.056-4.86-4.991-4.86-3.398 0-5.393 2.549-5.393 5.184 0 1.027.395 2.127.889 2.726a.36.36 0 0 1 .083.343c-.091.378-.293 1.189-.332 1.355-.053.218-.173.265-.4.159-1.492-.694-2.424-2.875-2.424-4.627 0-3.769 2.737-7.229 7.892-7.229 4.144 0 7.365 2.953 7.365 6.899 0 4.117-2.595 7.431-6.199 7.431-1.211 0-2.348-.63-2.738-1.373 0 0-.599 2.282-.744 2.84-.282 1.084-1.064 2.456-1.549 3.235C9.584 23.815 10.77 24 12 24c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0 0 5.373 0 12"></path></svg> </a> </div> <br/> <div class="container"> <ul class="list-unstyled legal-links"> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">About Us & Legal Info</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/contact/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Diversity</a></li> </ul> <div class="mt-20">©2024 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</div> </div> </div> </footer> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script> <!-- Ortto ebmwprod capture code --> <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"TopicBrowse","templateName":null,"pageNumber":9,"pagesTotal":16,"pageId":null,"pageLength":100,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-browse-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"B","adLeg":"B","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"TopicBrowse","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":null,"gisted":false,"pageNumber":9,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>