CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>General American English - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bb834efe-33ea-4b09-856e-d15b2d7079a4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"General_American_English","wgTitle":"General American English","wgCurRevisionId":1257751104,"wgRevisionId":1257751104,"wgArticleId":103973,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages with plain IPA","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use mdy dates from December 2023","Use American English from January 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with hAudio microformats","Pages including recorded pronunciations", "All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from September 2023","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link from Wikidata","American English","Standard languages","Standard English"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"General_American_English","wgRelevantArticleId":103973,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"General_American","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1257751104,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/General_American_English","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3308526","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="General American English - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-General_American_English rootpage-General_American_English skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=General+American+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=General+American+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=General+American+English" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=General+American+English" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_modern_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_modern_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 History and modern definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_modern_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Disputed usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Regional origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_about_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_about_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Theories about prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_about_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Pure vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R-colored_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R-colored_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 R-colored vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R-colored_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">General American English</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" > 9 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardamerikanisch" title="Standardamerikanisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standardamerikanisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی عمومی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی عمومی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Amerika_Umum" title="Bahasa Amerika Umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Amerika Umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americano_generale" title="Americano generale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Americano generale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%B1%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="一般米語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一般米語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American" title="General American – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="General American" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="General American English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_M%E1%BB%B9_th%C3%B4ng_d%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Tiếng Anh Mỹ thông dụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh Mỹ thông dụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%BE%8E%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="通用美式英語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通用美式英語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3308526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:General_American_English" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/General_American_English">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/General_American_English">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/General_American_English" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/General_American_English" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&oldid=1257751104" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=General_American_English&id=1257751104&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeneral_American_English">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeneral_American_English">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=General_American_English&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_American_English" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3308526" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>) <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 16 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Accents typical of English in the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General American" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_American_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General American (disambiguation)">General American (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac" title="File:Bradley Cooper - The Film Programme - 5 Nov 2007 - b06mtqsr.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac/Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac/Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Bradley_Cooper_-_The_Film_Programme_-_5_Nov_2007_-_b06mtqsr.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of a White man from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac" title="File:Alice walker bbc radio4 desert island discs 19 05 2013.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac/Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac/Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Alice_walker_bbc_radio4_desert_island_discs_19_05_2013.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of a Black woman from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S.)">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac" title="File:Michelle Wu at Supportive Housing Grant Announcement.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac/Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac/Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Michelle_Wu_at_Supportive_Housing_Grant_Announcement.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of an Asian woman from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michelle_Wu" title="Michelle Wu">Michelle Wu</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> General American English, known in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> simply as General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm), is the umbrella <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spoken by a majority of Americans, encompassing a continuum rather than a single unified accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKövecses200081–82-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198234,_470-3">[3]</a> It is often perceived by Americans themselves as lacking any distinctly regional, ethnic, or socioeconomic characteristics, though Americans with high education,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257-4">[4]</a> or from the <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">(North) Midland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western</a> regions of the country are the most likely to be perceived as using General American speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The precise definition and usefulness of the term continue to be debated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124,_126-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004262-10">[10]</a> and the scholars who use it today admittedly do so as a convenient basis for comparison rather than for exactness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006263-11">[11]</a> Some scholars prefer other names, such as Standard American English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198234-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian English</a> accents may be considered to fall under General American,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004a159-13">[13]</a> especially in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>. Noted phonetician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a>, for instance, claimed in 1982 that typical Canadian English accents align with General American in nearly every situation where <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_General_American_and_Received_Pronunciation" title="Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation">British and American accents differ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982491-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_modern_definition">History and modern definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and modern definition">edit</a>]</div> The term "General American" was first disseminated by American English scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Philip_Krapp" title="George Philip Krapp">George Philip Krapp</a>, who in 1925 described it as an American type of speech that was "<a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">Western</a>" but "not local in character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124-15">[15]</a> In 1930, American linguist <a href="/wiki/John_Samuel_Kenyon" title="John Samuel Kenyon">John Samuel Kenyon</a>, who largely popularized the term, considered it equivalent to the speech of "the North" or "Northern American",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124-15">[15]</a> but, in 1934, "Western and Midwestern".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014125-16">[16]</a> Now typically regarded as falling under the General American umbrella are the regional accents of the <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006146-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014130-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128,_130-19">[19]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">North Midland</a> (a band spanning central Ohio, central Indiana, central Illinois, northern Missouri, southern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129–130-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006268-21">[21]</a> plus the accents of highly educated Americans nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257-4">[4]</a> Arguably, all <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> accents west of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> are also General American,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004a159-13">[13]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian vowel raising</a> and certain other features may serve to distinguish such accents from U.S. ones.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al.'s 2006 <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_North_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas of North American English">Atlas of North American English</a> put together a <a href="/wiki/Scattergram" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattergram">scattergram</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a> of vowel sounds, finding the Midland U.S., Western Pennsylvania, Western U.S., and Canada to be closest to the center of the scattergram, and concluding that they had fewer <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a> dialectical features than other regional accents of North American English, such as New York City or the Southern U.S. Regarded as having General American accents in the earlier 20th century, but not by the middle of the 20th century, are the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic United States">Mid-Atlantic United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9-5">[5]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982470-23">[23]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9-5">[5]</a> However, many younger speakers within the Inland North seem to be moving back away from the Northern Cities Shift of front lax vowels that were rising.<a href="#cite_note-syracuse-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-lansing-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Accents that have never been labeled "General American", even since the term's popularization in the 1930s, are the regional accents (especially the <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">r-dropping</a> ones) of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">American South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_129-28">[28]</a> In 1982, British phonetician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> wrote that two-thirds of the American population spoke with a General American accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198234-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_usage">Disputed usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputed usage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English-language scholar</a> William A. Kretzschmar Jr. explains in a 2004 article that the term "General American" came to refer to "a presumed most common or 'default' form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South" and referring especially to speech associated with the vaguely-defined "<a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>", despite any historical or present evidence supporting this notion. Kretzschmar argues that a General American accent is simply the result of American speakers suppressing regional and social features that have become widely noticed and stigmatized.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Since calling one variety of American speech the "general" variety can imply <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">privileging and prejudice</a>, Kretzchmar instead promotes the term Standard American English, which he defines as a level of American English pronunciation "employed by educated speakers in formal settings", while still being variable within the U.S. from place to place, and even from speaker to speaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257-4">[4]</a> However, the term "standard" may also be interpreted as problematically implying a superior or "best" form of speech.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The terms Standard North American English and General North American English, in an effort to incorporate Canadian speakers under the accent continuum, have also been suggested by sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boberg" title="Charles Boberg">Charles Boberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Since the 2000s, Mainstream American English has also been occasionally used, particularly in scholarly articles that contrast it with <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Modern language scholars discredit the original notion of General American as a single unified accent, or a <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">standardized form of English</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006263-11">[11]</a>—except perhaps as used by <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982470-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Today, the term is understood to refer to a continuum of American speech, with some slight internal variation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">[8]</a> but otherwise characterized by the absence of "<a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a>" pronunciation features: those perceived by Americans as strongly indicative of a fellow American speaker's regional origin, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Despite confusion arising from the evolving definition and vagueness of the term "General American" and its consequent rejection by some linguists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129-36">[36]</a> the term persists mainly as a reference point to compare a baseline "typical" American English accent with other <a href="/wiki/World_Englishes" title="World Englishes">Englishes around the world</a> (for instance, see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_General_American_and_Received_Pronunciation" title="Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation">Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_origins">Regional origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional origins">edit</a>]</div> Though General American accents are not commonly perceived as associated with any region, their <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">sound system</a> does have traceable regional origins: specifically, the English of the non-coastal <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> in the very early 20th century, which was relatively stable since that region's original settlement by English speakers in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190-37">[37]</a> This includes western <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and the area to its immediate west, settled by members of the same dialect community:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200243-38">[38]</a> interior <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, and the adjacent "<a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>. However, since the early to mid-20th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982470-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> deviance away from General American sounds started occurring, and may be ongoing, in the eastern Great Lakes region due to its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cities Vowel Shift">Northern Cities Vowel Shift</a> (NCVS) towards a unique <a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern accent</a> (often now associated with the region's urban centers, like Chicago and Detroit) and in the western Great Lakes region towards a unique <a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">North Central accent</a> (often associated with <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_about_prevalence">Theories about prevalence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories about prevalence">edit</a>]</div> Linguists have proposed multiple factors contributing to the popularity of a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a> "General American" class of accents throughout the United States. Most factors focus on the first half of the twentieth century, though a basic General American pronunciation system may have existed even before the twentieth century, since most American English dialects have diverged very little from each other anyway, when compared to dialects of single languages in other countries where there has been more time for <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English dialects of England</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects of Germany</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> One factor fueling General American's popularity was the major demographic change of twentieth-century American society: increased <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a>, leading to less mingling of different social classes and less density and diversity of linguistic interactions. As a result, wealthier and higher-educated Americans' communications became more restricted to their own demographic. This, alongside their new marketplace that transcended regional boundaries (arising from the century's faster transportation methods), reinforced a widespread belief that highly educated Americans should not possess a regional accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004260–2-41">[41]</a> A General American sound, then, originated from both suburbanization and suppression of regional accent by highly educated Americans in formal settings. A second factor was a rise in immigration to the Great Lakes area (one native region of supposed "General American" speech) following the region's rapid industrialization period after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when this region's speakers went on to form a successful and highly mobile business elite, who traveled around the country in the mid-twentieth century, spreading the high status of their accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200269–70-42">[42]</a> A third factor is that various sociological (often race- and class-based) forces repelled socially-conscious Americans away from accents negatively associated with certain minority groups, such as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and poor white communities in the South and with Southern and Eastern European immigrant groups (for example, Jewish communities) in the coastal Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio20024,_97–98-43">[43]</a> Instead, socially-conscious Americans settled upon accents more prestigiously associated with <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> communities in the remainder of the country: namely, the West, the Midwest, and the non-coastal Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_128–130-44">[44]</a> Kenyon, author of American Pronunciation (1924) and pronunciation editor for the second edition of <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's New International Dictionary</a> (1934), was influential in codifying General American pronunciation standards in writing. He used as a basis his native Midwestern (specifically, northern Ohio) pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeabrook2005-45">[45]</a> Kenyon's home state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, however, far from being an area of "non-regional" accents, has emerged now as a crossroads for at least four distinct regional accents, according to late twentieth-century research.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Furthermore, Kenyon himself was vocally opposed to the notion of any superior variety of American speech.<a href="#cite_note-Hampton-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the media">edit</a>]</div> General American, like the British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) and <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige accents</a> of many other societies, has never been the accent of the entire nation, and, unlike RP, does not constitute a homogeneous national standard. Starting in the 1930s, nationwide radio networks adopted non-coastal <a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern U.S.</a> rhotic pronunciations for their "General American" standard.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The entertainment industry similarly shifted from a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> standard to a rhotic one in the late 1940s, after the triumph of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, with the patriotic incentive for a more wide-ranging and unpretentious "heartland variety" in television and radio.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> General American is thus sometimes associated with the speech of North American radio and television announcers, promoted as prestigious in their industry,<a href="#cite_note-freshair1-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-60minutes-51">[51]</a> where it is sometimes called "Broadcast English"<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> "Network English",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982470-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruttenden-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melchers_&_Shaw-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> or "Network Standard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKövecses200081–82-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melchers_&_Shaw-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Instructional classes in the United States that promise "<a href="/wiki/Accent_reduction" title="Accent reduction">accent reduction</a>", "accent modification", or "accent neutralization" usually attempt to teach General American patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021334-57">[57]</a> Television journalist <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ellerbee" title="Linda Ellerbee">Linda Ellerbee</a> states that "in television you are not supposed to sound like you're from anywhere",<a href="#cite_note-Burner-58">[58]</a> and political comedian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> says he consciously avoided developing a <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern American accent">Southern American accent</a> in response to media portrayals of Southerners as stupid and uneducated.<a href="#cite_note-freshair1-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-60minutes-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> Typical General American accent features (for example, in contrast to British English) include features that concern consonants, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a> (full pronunciation of all /r/ sounds), pre-nasal <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a> (with satin pronounced [ˈsæʔn̩], not [ˈsætn̩]), <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">T- and D-flapping</a> (with metal and medal pronounced the same, as [ˈmɛɾɫ̩]), <a href="/wiki/Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark L">velarization of L</a> in all contexts (with filling pronounced [ˈfɪɫɪŋ], not [ˈfɪlɪŋ]), <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonants</a> (with new pronounced /nu/, not /nju/), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before /r/ (so that Mary, marry, and merry are all commonly <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger">pronounced the same</a>), raising of pre-voiceless /aɪ/ (with price and bright using a higher and shorter vowel sound than prize and bride), raising and gliding of pre-nasal /æ/ (with man having a higher and tenser vowel sound than map), the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> (with affecting and effecting often pronounced the same), and at least one of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>LOT vowel mergers (the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PALM merger</a> is complete among most Americans and the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT merger</a> among at least half). All of these phenomena are explained in further detail under <a href="/wiki/American_English#Phonology" title="American English">American English's phonology section</a>. The following provides all the General American consonant and vowel sounds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> A table containing the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> is given below: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in General American </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar approximant">r</a> </td> <td style="width: 20px; border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="width: 20px; border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The phoneme /r/ is articulated variously as a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> [ɻ], a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a> [ɹ̠], and a <a href="/wiki/Velar_bunched_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar bunched approximant">velar bunched approximant</a> [ɹ̈], with various degrees of <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008-59">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_American_monophthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_American_monophthong_chart.svg/200px-General_American_monophthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_American_monophthong_chart.svg/300px-General_American_monophthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/General_American_monophthong_chart.svg/400px-General_American_monophthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of General American without the cot–caught merger, from <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982</a>, p. 486). [e] and [o] are monophthongal allophones of /eɪ/ and /oʊ/.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_American_diphthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/General_American_diphthong_chart.svg/200px-General_American_diphthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/General_American_diphthong_chart.svg/300px-General_American_diphthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/General_American_diphthong_chart.svg/400px-General_American_diphthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Diphthongs of General American, from <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982</a>, p. 486)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes in General American </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>lax </th> <th>tense </th> <th>lax </th> <th>tense </th> <th>lax </th> <th>tense </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oʊ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th> <td colspan="6">aɪ   ɔɪ   aʊ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Vowel length is not <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> in General American, and therefore vowels such as /i/ are customarily transcribed without the length mark.<a href="#cite_note-60">[a]</a> Phonetically, the vowels of GA are short [ɪ, i, ʊ, u, eɪ, oʊ, ɛ, ʌ, ɔ, æ, ɑ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ] when they precede the <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> consonants /p, t, k, tʃ, f, θ, s, ʃ/ within the same syllable and long [ɪː, iː, ʊː, uː, eːɪ, oːʊ, ɛː, ʌː, ɔː, æː, ɑː, aːɪ, ɔːɪ, aːʊ] elsewhere. (Listen to the minimal pair of <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/General_American_kit_kid_minimal_pair.ogg\/General_American_kit_kid_minimal_pair.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"kit<\/i> and kid<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"General American kit kid minimal pair.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/General_American_kit_kid_minimal_pair.ogg/General_American_kit_kid_minimal_pair.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">kit and kid</a><a href="/wiki/File:General_American_kit_kid_minimal_pair.ogg" title="File:General American kit kid minimal pair.ogg">ⓘ</a> [ˈkʰɪt, ˈkʰɪːd].) All unstressed vowels are also shorter than the stressed ones, and the more unstressed syllables follow a stressed one, the shorter it is, so that /i/ in lead is noticeably longer than in leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982120,_480–481-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-62">[61]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English" title="Stress and vowel reduction in English">Stress and vowel reduction in English</a>.)</li> <li>/i, u, eɪ, oʊ, ɑ, ɔ/ are considered to compose a <a href="/wiki/Natural_class" title="Natural class">natural class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tense</a> monophthongs in General American, especially for speakers with the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>. The class manifests in how GA speakers treat <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, as in the majority of cases stressed syllables of foreign words are assigned one of these six vowels, regardless of whether the original pronunciation has a tense or a lax vowel. An example of that is the common German name <a href="/wiki/Hans_(name)" title="Hans (name)">Hans</a>, which is pronounced in GA with the tense /ɑ/ rather than lax /æ/ (as in Britain's <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>, which mirrors the German pronunciation with /a/: also has a lax vowel).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsey1990-63">[62]</a> All of the tense vowels except /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ can have either monophthongal or diphthongal pronunciations (i.e. [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ö̞</a>] vs [i̞i, u̞u, eɪ, ö̞ʊ]). The diphthongs are the most usual realizations of /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ (as in stay <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/En-us-stay.ogg\/En-us-stay.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[ste\u026a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-stay.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/En-us-stay.ogg/En-us-stay.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[steɪ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-stay.ogg" title="File:En-us-stay.ogg">ⓘ</a> and row <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/En-us-row.ogg\/En-us-row.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0279\u00f6\u031e\u028a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-row.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-row.ogg/En-us-row.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɹö̞ʊ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-row.ogg" title="File:En-us-row.ogg">ⓘ</a>, hereafter transcribed without the diacritics), which is reflected in the way they are transcribed. Monophthongal realizations are also possible, most commonly in unstressed syllables; here are audio examples for potato <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/En-us-potato.ogg\/En-us-potato.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u02b0\u0259\u02c8t\u02b0e\u026a\u027e\u00f6\u031e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-potato.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/En-us-potato.ogg/En-us-potato.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pʰəˈtʰeɪɾö̞]</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-potato.ogg" title="File:En-us-potato.ogg">ⓘ</a> and window <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/En-us-window.ogg\/En-us-window.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8w\u026and\u00f6\u031e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-window.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/En-us-window.ogg/En-us-window.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈwɪndö̞]</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-window.ogg" title="File:En-us-window.ogg">ⓘ</a>. In the case of /i/ and /u/, the monophthongal pronunciations are in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with diphthongs. Even the diphthongal pronunciations themselves vary between the very narrow (i.e. [i̞i, u̞u ~ ʉ̞ʉ]) and somewhat wider (i.e. [ɪi ~ ɪ̈i, ʊu ~ ʊ̈ʉ]), with the former being more common. /ɑ/ varies between back [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] and central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ̈</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487-64">[63]</a> As indicated in above phonetic transcriptions, /u/ is subject to the same variation (also when monophthongal: [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487-64">[63]</a> but its mean phonetic value is usually somewhat less central than in modern Received Pronunciation (RP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011IX-65">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Æ tensing">Raising of short a before nasals</a>: For most speakers, the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_English_short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional English short vowel">short a</a> sound, /æ/ as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">TRAP or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BATH, is pronounced with the <a href="/wiki/Raising_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising (phonetics)">tongue raised</a>, followed by a centering <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">glide</a>, whenever occurring before a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a> (that is, before /m/, /n/ and, for some speakers, /ŋ/).<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> This sound may be narrowly transcribed as [ɛə] (as in <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/En-us-Anne2.ogg\/En-us-Anne2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Anne<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Anne2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/En-us-Anne2.ogg/En-us-Anne2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Anne</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Anne2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Anne2.ogg">ⓘ</a> and <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/En-us-am.ogg\/En-us-am.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"am<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-am.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/En-us-am.ogg/En-us-am.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">am</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-am.ogg" title="File:En-us-am.ogg">ⓘ</a>), or, based on a specific dialect, variously as [eə] or [ɪə]. See the chart for comparison to other dialects.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Template:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Template talk:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising">/æ/ raising</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182-67">[66]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Following consonant </th> <th>Example words<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174-68">[67]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261-69">[68]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239-70">[69]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland US</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western US</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern US</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a>, Northern Mountain US </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">Minnesota, Wisconsin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Great Lakes US</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic /m, n/ </td> <td>fan, lamb, stand </td> <td colspan="2">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-split-a-73">[A]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[B]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-71">[70]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[ɛə~ɛjə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-76">[73]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-77">[74]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177-78">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prevocalic /m, n/ </td> <td>animal, planet, Spanish </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ŋ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183-79">[76]</a> </td> <td>frank, language </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>~eɪ~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008-80">[77]</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~æɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-76">[73]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>~ɛj]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-77">[74]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>~ej]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182-81">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic /ɡ/ </td> <td>bag, drag </td> <td>[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-split-a-73">[A]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-82">[C]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbms-83">[D]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prevocalic /ɡ/ </td> <td>dragon, magazine </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic /b, d, ʃ/ </td> <td>grab, flash, sad </td> <td>[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-split-a-73">[A]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-lbms-83">[D]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-85">[80]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-85">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic /f, θ, s/ </td> <td>ask, bath, half, glass </td> <td colspan="2">[ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-split-a-73">[A]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otherwise </td> <td>as, back, happy, locality </td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-88">[E]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" class="wrap" style="width: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-split-a-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_73-3">d</a> In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (alas, carafe, lad, etc.) have [æ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-72">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, and swam have [æ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238-74">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this context have [ɛə].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-72">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lbms-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lbms_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbms_83-1">b</a> The untensed /æ/ may be lowered and retracted as much as [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] in varieties affected by the <a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a>, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137-84">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like avenue being tense) and variability is common before /dʒ/ and /z/ as in imagine, magic, and jazz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007359-86">[81]</a> In New Orleans, [ɛə] additionally occurs before /v/ and /z/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007373-87">[82]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Before dark l in a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a>, /i, u/ and sometimes also /eɪ, oʊ/ are realized as centering diphthongs [iə, uə, eə, oə]. Therefore, words such as peel /pil/ and fool /ful/ are often pronounced [pʰiəɫ] and [fuəɫ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982487-89">[83]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical sets</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE and lett<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">ER are merged as /ər/, articulated as the <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored schwa</a> [<a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a>] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/En-us-er.ogg\/En-us-er.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-er.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/En-us-er.ogg/En-us-er.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-er.ogg" title="File:En-us-er.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Therefore, further, pronounced /ˈfɜːðə/ in RP, is /ˈfərðər/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/En-us-further.ogg\/En-us-further.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8f\u025a\u00f0\u025a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-further.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/En-us-further.ogg/En-us-further.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈfɚðɚ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-further.ogg" title="File:En-us-further.ogg">ⓘ</a> in GA. Similarly, the words forward and foreword, which are phonetically distinguished in RP as /ˈfɔːwəd/ and /ˈfɔːwɜːd/, are <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonous</a> in GA: /ˈfɔrwərd/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982121-90">[84]</a> Moreover, what is historically /ʌr/, as in hurry, merges to /ər/ in GA as well, so the historical phonemes /ʌ/, /ɜ/, and /ə/ are all <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic merger">neutralized</a> before /r/. Thus, unlike in most English dialects of England, /ɜ/ is not a true phoneme in General American but merely a different notation of /ə/ for when this phoneme precedes /r/ and is stressed—a convention preserved in many sources to facilitate comparisons with other accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982480–1-91">[85]</a></li> <li>The phonetic quality of /ʌ/ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">STRUT) is an <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced" title="Relative articulation">advanced</a> open-mid back unrounded vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ̟</a>]: (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/83\/En-us-uh.ogg\/En-us-uh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-uh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/En-us-uh.ogg/En-us-uh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-uh.ogg" title="File:En-us-uh.ogg">ⓘ</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982485-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999190-93">[87]</a> <ul><li>Some scholars analyze [ʌ] to be an allophone of /ə/ that surfaces when stressed, so /ʌ/ and /ə/ may be considered to be in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>, comprising only one phoneme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982132-94">[88]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_-or-_table" title="Template talk:English -or- table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> and prevocalic <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> by dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 12em;"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">Metropolitan New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern US</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">New England</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Only borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːr/</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːr/</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge, etc. </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story, etc. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_North_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas of North American English">Atlas of North American English</a> surmises that "if one were to recognize a type of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a> to be called 'General American'" according to data measurements of vowel pronunciations, "it would be the configuration formed by these three" dialect regions: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English#Standard" title="Canadian English">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">American West</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">American Midland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> The following charts present the vowels that converge across these three dialect regions to form an <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> or generic American English sound system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pure_vowels">Pure vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pure vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Pure vowels (<a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Wikipedia's IPA diaphoneme</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells's</a> GenAm phoneme </th> <th>GenAm realization </th> <th>Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">/æ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-open front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-open front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>bath, trap, yak </td></tr> <tr> <td>[eə~ɛə]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006180-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2004315-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004340-99">[93]</a> </td> <td>ban, tram, sand (pre-nasal <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">/æ/ tensing</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɑ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ̈</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/En-us-ah.ogg\/En-us-ah.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ah.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-ah.ogg/En-us-ah.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ah.ogg" title="File:En-us-ah.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476-100">[94]</a> </td> <td>ah, father, spa </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɒ/ </td> <td>bother, lot, wasp (<a href="/wiki/Father_bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father bother merger">father–bother merger</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɔ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ̞</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/En-us-awe.ogg\/En-us-awe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-awe.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/En-us-awe.ogg/En-us-awe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-awe.ogg" title="File:En-us-awe.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982145-101">[95]</a> </td> <td>boss, cloth, dog, off (<a href="/wiki/Lot-cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot-cloth split">lot–cloth split</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td>all, bought, flaunt (<a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot–caught variability</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/oʊ/ </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>[oʊ~ɔʊ~ʌʊ~<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/En-us-o.ogg\/En-us-o.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-o.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/En-us-o.ogg/En-us-o.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-o.ogg" title="File:En-us-o.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Heggarty-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004343-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006104-104">[98]</a> </td> <td>goat, home, toe </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ɛ/ </td> <td>[ɛ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/En-us-Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.oga\/En-us-Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Open-mid front unrounded vowel.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.oga/En-us-Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.oga" title="File:En-us-Open-mid front unrounded vowel.oga">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>dress, met, bread </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/eɪ/ </td> <td>[e̞ɪ~eɪ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/En-us-a.ogg\/En-us-a.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/En-us-a.ogg/En-us-a.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-a.ogg" title="File:En-us-a.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>lake, paid, feint </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">/ə/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-62">[61]</a> (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/En-us-uh2.ogg\/En-us-uh2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-uh2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/En-us-uh2.ogg/En-us-uh2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-uh2.ogg" title="File:En-us-uh2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>about, oblige, arena </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close-mid central unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close-mid central unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>ballad, focus, harmony (<a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ɪ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ̞</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-106">[100]</a> (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/En-us-Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg\/En-us-Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Near-close near-front unrounded vowel2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg/En-us-Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Near-close near-front unrounded vowel2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>kit, pink, tip </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/iː/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>~ɪ̝i] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/En-us-Close_front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg\/En-us-Close_front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Close front unrounded vowel2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/En-us-Close_front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg/En-us-Close_front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Close_front_unrounded_vowel2.ogg" title="File:En-us-Close front unrounded vowel2.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="These particular pages make no claim of a diphthongal realization. They simply list phonemic symbols, i.e. the simplest symbols possible, with much less phonetic precision than claimed here. (September 2023)">failed verification</a>] </td> <td>beam, chic, fleece </td></tr> <tr> <td>happy, money, parties (<a href="/wiki/Happy_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy tensing">happ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Y tensing</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ʌ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ̟</a>~ʌ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/En-us-uh2.ogg\/En-us-uh2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-uh2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/En-us-uh2.ogg/En-us-uh2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-uh2.ogg" title="File:En-us-uh2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>bus, flood, what </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ʊ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ̞</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-106">[100]</a> </td> <td>book, put, should </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uː/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u̟</a>~ʊu~ʉu~ɵu] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6b\/En-us-ooh.ogg\/En-us-ooh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ooh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/En-us-ooh.ogg/En-us-ooh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ooh.ogg" title="File:En-us-ooh.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006154-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004343-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004b361-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heggarty-102">[96]</a> </td> <td>goose, new, true </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Wikipedia's IPA diaphoneme</a> </th> <th>GenAm realization </th> <th>Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/aɪ/ </td> <td>[äːɪ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6f\/En-us-eye.ogg\/En-us-eye.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-eye.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/En-us-eye.ogg/En-us-eye.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-eye.ogg" title="File:En-us-eye.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Heggarty-102">[96]</a> </td> <td>bride, prize, tie </td></tr> <tr> <td>[äɪ~ɐɪ~ʌ̈ɪ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/Nl-ai.ogg\/Nl-ai.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-ai.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Nl-ai.ogg/Nl-ai.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-ai.ogg" title="File:Nl-ai.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> </td> <td>bright, price, tyke (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">price raising</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aʊ/ </td> <td>[aʊ~æʊ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/En-us-ow.ogg\/En-us-ow.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ow.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/En-us-ow.ogg/En-us-ow.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ow.ogg" title="File:En-us-ow.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>now, ouch, scout </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔɪ/ </td> <td>[ɔɪ~oɪ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c2\/En-us-oi2.ogg\/En-us-oi2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-oi2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/En-us-oi2.ogg/En-us-oi2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-oi2.ogg" title="File:En-us-oi2.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">[90]</a> </td> <td>boy, choice, moist </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="R-colored_vowels">R-colored vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: R-colored vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowels</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4,_266-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982121,_481-111">[105]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Wikipedia's IPA diaphoneme</a> </th> <th>GenAm realization </th> <th>Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɑːr/ </td> <td>[ɑɹ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/En-us-r2.ogg\/En-us-r2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-r2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-us-r2.ogg/En-us-r2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-r2.ogg" title="File:En-us-r2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>barn, car, park </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɛər/ </td> <td>[ɛəɹ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/En-us-air2.ogg\/En-us-air2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-air2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/En-us-air2.ogg/En-us-air2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-air2.ogg" title="File:En-us-air2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>bare, bear, there </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɛ(ə)ɹ] </td> <td>bearing </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɜːr/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɚ</a>] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/En-us-er2.ogg\/En-us-er2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-er2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/En-us-er2.ogg/En-us-er2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-er2.ogg" title="File:En-us-er2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>burn, first, murder </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ər/ </td> <td>murder </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɪər/ </td> <td>[iəɹ~ɪəɹ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/En-us-ear2.ogg\/En-us-ear2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-ear2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/En-us-ear2.ogg/En-us-ear2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ear2.ogg" title="File:En-us-ear2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>fear, peer, tier </td></tr> <tr> <td>[i(ə)ɹ~ɪ(ə)ɹ] </td> <td>fearing, peering </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɔːr/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[ɔəɹ~oəɹ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/21\/En-us-or.ogg\/En-us-or.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-or.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/En-us-or.ogg/En-us-or.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-or.ogg" title="File:En-us-or.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982483-112">[106]</a> </td> <td>horse, storm, war </td></tr> <tr> <td>hoarse, store, wore </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ʊər/ </td> <td>[ʊəɹ~oəɹ~ɔəɹ] (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/En-us-oar2.ogg\/En-us-oar2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-oar2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/En-us-oar2.ogg/En-us-oar2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-oar2.ogg" title="File:En-us-oar2.ogg">ⓘ</a>) </td> <td>moor, poor, tour </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ʊ(ə)ɹ~o(ə)ɹ~ɔ(ə)ɹ] </td> <td>poorer </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">List of dialects of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas">List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accent_reduction" title="Accent reduction">Accent reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_spelling_reform" title="English-language spelling reform">English-language spelling reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cities Vowel Shift">Northern Cities Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_vocabularies_of_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional vocabularies of American English">Regional vocabularies of American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Written English">Standard Written English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic accent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Some British sources, such as the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, use a unified symbol set with the length mark, ː, for both British and American English. Others, such as The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, do not use the length mark for American English only. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKövecses200081–82-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKövecses200081–82_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKövecses200081–82_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKövecses2000">Kövecses (2000)</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198234,_470-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198234,_470_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 34, 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004257_4-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128–9_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 128–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html#Heading11">A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English</a>" and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NatMap1.html">Map 1</a>". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. "The North Midland: Approximates the initial position|Absence of any marked features"; "On Map 1, there is no single defining feature of the North Midland given. In fact, the most characteristic sign of North Midland membership on this map is the small black dot that indicates a speaker with none of the defining features given"; "Map 1 shows Western New England as a residual area, surrounded by the marked patterns of Eastern New England, New York City, and the Inland North. [...] No clear pattern of sound change emerges from western New England in the Kurath and McDavid materials or in our present limited data." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClopperLeviPisoni2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clopper, Cynthia G.; Levi, Susannah V.; Pisoni, David B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319012">"Perceptual similarity of regional dialects of American English"</a>. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 119 (1): 566–574. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ASAJ..119..566C">2006ASAJ..119..566C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.2141171">10.1121/1.2141171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319012">3319012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16454310">16454310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Perceptual+similarity+of+regional+dialects+of+American+English&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=566-574&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319012%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16454310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.2141171&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ASAJ..119..566C&rft.aulast=Clopper&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+G.&rft.au=Levi%2C+Susannah+V.&rft.au=Pisoni%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319012/figure/F1/">map</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982118-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982118_8-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124,_126-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124,_126_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 124, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004262-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004262_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006263-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006263_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006263_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198234-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198234_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198234_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004a159-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004a159_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004a159_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoberg2004a">Boberg (2004a)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982491-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982491_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014124_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014125-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014125_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006146-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006146_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014130-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014130_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128,_130-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014128,_130_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 128, 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129–130-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129–130_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006268-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006268_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Harbeck, James (2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150820-why-is-canadian-english-unique">Why is Canadian English unique?</a>" BBC. BBC. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982470-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982470_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982470_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982470_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982470_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-syracuse-24"><a href="#cite_ref-syracuse_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscollLape2015" class="citation journal cs1">Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol21/iss2/6/">"Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 21 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Reversal+of+the+Northern+Cities+Shift+in+Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lape%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fpwpl%2Fvol21%2Fiss2%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Dinkin, Aaron (2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~dinkin/NWAV46handout.pdf">Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time (with Anja Thiel)</a>". Talk presented at NWAV 46, Madison, Wisc., November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-lansing-26"><a href="#cite_ref-lansing_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerMasonNesbittPevan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623223821/http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf">"Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 23, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics+22.2%3A+Selected+Papers+from+NWAV+44&rft.atitle=Reversal+and+re-organization+of+the+Northern+Cities+Shift+in+Michigan&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Mason%2C+A.&rft.au=Nesbitt%2C+M.&rft.au=Pevan%2C+E.&rft.au=Savage%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsusociolinguistics.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F9%2F3%2F1%2F9%2F9319621%2Freversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Fruehwald, Josef (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2020&context=edissertations">The Phonological Influence on Phonetic Change</a>". Publicly Accessible University of Pennsylvania Dissertations. p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_129-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_129_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 123, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, p. 262: 'The term "General American" arose as a name for a presumed most common or "default" form of American English, especially to be distinguished from marked regional speech of New England or the South. "General American" has often been considered to be the relatively unmarked speech of "the Midwest", a vague designation for anywhere in the vast midsection of the country from Ohio west to Nebraska, and from the Canadian border as far south as Missouri or Kansas. No historical justification for this term exists, and neither do present circumstances support its use... [I]t implies that there is some exemplary state of American English from which other varieties deviate. On the contrary, [it] can best be characterized as what is left over after speakers suppress the regional and social features that have risen to salience and become noticeable.' </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar 2004</a>, p. 257: "Standard English may be taken to reflect conformance to a set of rules, but its meaning commonly gets bound up with social ideas about how one's character and education are displayed in one's speech". </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoberg2004a">Boberg (2004a)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Boberg, Charles (2021). Accent in North American film and television. Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Pearson, B. Z., Velleman, S. L., Bryant, T. J., & Charko, T. (2009). Phonological milestones for African American English-speaking children learning mainstream American English as a second dialect. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Blodgett, S. L., Wei, J., & O'Connor, B. (2018, July). Twitter universal dependency parsing for African-American and mainstream American English. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp. 1415–1425). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Labov, William (2012). Dialect diversity in America: The politics of language change. University of Virginia Press. pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014129_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200243-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200243_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonfiglio2002">Bonfiglio (2002)</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/14/051114ta_talk_seabrook">"Talking the Tawk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Condé Nast. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Talking+the+Tawk&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F11%2F14%2F051114ta_talk_seabrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John H.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfcovMPyLjEC&q=%22american+english+dialect+that+diverges%22">Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3147-3"><bdi>978-0-7867-3147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+on+the+Street%3A+Debunking+the+Myth+of+a+%22Pure%22+Standard+English&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3147-3&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfcovMPyLjEC%26q%3D%2522american%2Benglish%2Bdialect%2Bthat%2Bdiverges%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004260–2-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004260–2_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, pp. 260–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200269–70-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio200269–70_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonfiglio2002">Bonfiglio (2002)</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio20024,_97–98-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfiglio20024,_97–98_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonfiglio2002">Bonfiglio (2002)</a>, pp. 4, 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_128–130-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Riper2014123,_128–130_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2014">Van Riper (2014)</a>, pp. 123, 128–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeabrook2005-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeabrook2005_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeabrook2005">Seabrook (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Hunt, Spencer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928135157/https://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/science/2012/11/18/dissecting-ohios-dialects.html">"Dissecting Ohio's Dialects"</a>. The Columbus Dispatch. GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/science/2012/11/18/dissecting-ohios-dialects.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hampton-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Hampton_47-0">^</a> Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997). The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Leonard Corporation">Hal Leonard Corporation</a>. p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFought2005" class="citation web cs1">Fought, John G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/southern/">"Do You Speak American? | Sea to Shining Sea | American Varieties | Rful Southern"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208194238/http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/southern/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+You+Speak+American%3F+%7C+Sea+to+Shining+Sea+%7C+American+Varieties+%7C+Rful+Southern&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fought&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fspeak%2Fseatosea%2Famericanvarieties%2Fsouthern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John H.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Edt7yUD6PkMC&q=%22this%20accent%20passed%20out%20of%20fashion%22">Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English</a>. Basic Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-73-820446-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-73-820446-3"><bdi>0-73-820446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+on+the+Street%3A+Debunking+the+Myth+of+a+%22Pure%22+Standard+English&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-73-820446-3&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdt7yUD6PkMC%26q%3D%2522this%2520accent%2520passed%2520out%2520of%2520fashion%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freshair1-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freshair1_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-freshair1_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gross" title="Terry Gross">Gross, Terry</a> (January 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4464017">"A Fake Newsman's Fake Newsman: Stephen Colbert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. Retrieved July 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fresh+Air&rft.atitle=A+Fake+Newsman%27s+Fake+Newsman%3A+Stephen+Colbert&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4464017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60minutes-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-60minutes_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60minutes_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafer2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morley_Safer" title="Morley Safer">Safer, Morley</a> (August 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820141728/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/27/60minutes/main1553506.shtml">"The Colbert Report: Morley Safer Profiles Comedy Central's 'Fake' Newsman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/27/60minutes/main1553506.shtml">the original</a> on August 20, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Colbert+Report%3A+Morley+Safer+Profiles+Comedy+Central%27s+%27Fake%27+Newsman&rft.pub=60+Minutes&rft.date=2006-08-13&rft.aulast=Safer&rft.aufirst=Morley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2006%2F04%2F27%2F60minutes%2Fmain1553506.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosowitz2016" class="citation web cs1">Nosowitz, Dan (August 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/is-there-a-place-in-america-where-people-speak-without-accents">"Is There a Place in America Where People Speak Without Accents?"</a>. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved October 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Place+in+America+Where+People+Speak+Without+Accents%3F&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.aulast=Nosowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fis-there-a-place-in-america-where-people-speak-without-accents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruttenden-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Cruttenden_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2014" class="citation book cs1">Cruttenden, Alan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ&q=%22general+american%22+%22network+english%22">Gimson's Pronunciation of English</a>. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-572174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-572174-5"><bdi>978-0-41-572174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-41-572174-5&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2nMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522general%2Bamerican%2522%2B%2522network%2Benglish%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melchers_&_Shaw-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melchers_&_Shaw_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melchers_&_Shaw_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchersShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Melchers, Gunnel; Shaw, Philip (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AsVAgAAQBAJ&q=%22general+american%22+%22network+english%22">World Englishes</a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-413537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-413537-4"><bdi>978-1-44-413537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Englishes&rft.pages=85-86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-44-413537-4&rft.aulast=Melchers&rft.aufirst=Gunnel&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AsVAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522general%2Bamerican%2522%2B%2522network%2Benglish%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lorenz, Frank (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nY0Thjq2-J8C&q=%22general+american%22+%22network+english%22">Basics of Phonetics and English Phonology</a>. Logos Verlag Berlin. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-83-253109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-83-253109-6"><bdi>978-3-83-253109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basics+of+Phonetics+and+English+Phonology&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag+Berlin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-83-253109-6&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnY0Thjq2-J8C%26q%3D%2522general%2Bamerican%2522%2B%2522network%2Benglish%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonBensonIlson1986" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Morton; Benson, Evelyn; Ilson, Robert F. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_T5CAAAAQBAJ&q=%22sometimes+called+the+network+standard%22">Lexicographic Description of English</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-02-723014-5" title="Special:BookSources/9-02-723014-5"><bdi>9-02-723014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicographic+Description+of+English&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9-02-723014-5&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft.au=Benson%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Ilson%2C+Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_T5CAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522sometimes%2Bcalled%2Bthe%2Bnetwork%2Bstandard%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021334-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021334_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021">Ennser-Kananen, Halonen & Saarinen (2021)</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burner-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Burner_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsentserensky2011" class="citation web cs1">Tsentserensky, Steve (October 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205803/http://www.thenewsburner.com/2011/10/20/you-know-what-the-midwest-is/">"You Know What The Midwest Is?"</a>. The News Burner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewsburner.com/2011/10/20/you-know-what-the-midwest-is">the original</a> on November 18, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Burner&rft.atitle=You+Know+What+The+Midwest+Is%3F&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Tsentserensky&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsburner.com%2F2011%2F10%2F20%2Fyou-know-what-the-midwest-is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008">Zhou et al. (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982120,_480–481-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982120,_480–481_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 120, 480–481. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsey1990-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsey1990_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindsey1990">Lindsey (1990)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476,_487_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 476, 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011IX-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011IX_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones (2011)</a>, p. IX. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Boberg, Charles (Spring 2001). "Phonological Status of Western New England". American Speech, Volume 76, Number 1. pp. 3–29 (Article). Duke University Press. p. 11: "The vowel /æ/ is generally tensed and raised [...] only before nasals, a raising environment for most speakers of North American English". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174, 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174, 238–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuncan2016">Duncan (2016)</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 178, 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoberg2008">Boberg (2008)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuncan2016">Duncan (2016)</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 175–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakerMielkeArchangeli2008">Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoberg2008">Boberg (2008)</a>, pp. 130, 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007359-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007359_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabov2007">Labov (2007)</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007373-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007373_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabov2007">Labov (2007)</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982487-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982487_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982121-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982121_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982480–1-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982480–1_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 480–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982485-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982485_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999190-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999190_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocaJohnson1999">Roca & Johnson (1999)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982132-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982132_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4_96-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, pp. 263–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006180-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006180_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2004315-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2004315_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2004">Thomas (2004)</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004340-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004340_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2004">Gordon (2004)</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982145-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982145_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heggarty-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heggarty_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heggarty_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heggarty_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty,_Paul2015" class="citation web cs1">Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/">"Accents of English from Around the World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundcomparisons.com/">the original</a> on April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English+from+Around+the+World&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundcomparisons.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> See under "Std US + 'up-speak'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004343-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004343_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004343_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2004">Gordon (2004)</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006104-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006104_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie. (2007). "Rosa's roses: Reduced vowels in American English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37(1), 83–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982486-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982486_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006154-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006154_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004b361-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2004b361_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoberg2004b">Boberg (2004b)</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boberg" title="Charles Boberg">Boberg, Charles</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW2rM_6I3gMC&q=does%20occur%20in%20eastern%20New%20England">The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49144-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49144-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language+in+Canada%3A+Status%2C+History+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49144-0&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW2rM_6I3gMC%26q%3Ddoes%2520occur%2520in%2520eastern%2520New%2520England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4,_266-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzschmar2004263–4,_266_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKretzschmar2004">Kretzschmar (2004)</a>, pp. 263–4, 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982121,_481-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982121,_481_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 121, 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982483-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982483_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 483. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerMielkeArchangeli2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/26/paper1656.pdf">"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"</a> (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57473-423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57473-423-2"><bdi>978-1-57473-423-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624101808/http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/26/paper1656.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=More+velar+than+%2Fg%2F%3A+Consonant+Coarticulation+as+a+Cause+of+Diphthongization&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+26th+West+Coast+Conference+on+Formal+Linguistics&rft.place=Somerville%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=60-68&rft.pub=Cascadilla+Proceedings+Project&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57473-423-2&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Mielke%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Archangeli%2C+Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingref.com%2Fcpp%2Fwccfl%2F26%2Fpaper1656.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2004a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boberg" title="Charles Boberg">Boberg, Charles</a> (2004a). "Standard Canadian English". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZV7AAAAQBAJ">Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76389-9"><bdi>978-0-521-76389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+Canadian+English&rft.btitle=Standards+of+English%3A+Codified+Varieties+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76389-9&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZV7AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2004b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boberg, Charles (2004b). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+in+Canada%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=351-365&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boberg, Charles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7683591">"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English"</a>. Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424208316648">10.1177/0075424208316648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146478485">146478485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Regional+phonetic+differentiation+in+Standard+Canadian+English&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-154&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0075424208316648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146478485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7683591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceEspy-Wilson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol3/216/a216.pdf">"Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 101 (6): 3741–3753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ASAJ..101.3741B">1997ASAJ..101.3741B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.16.4174">10.1.1.16.4174</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.418333">10.1121/1.418333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9193061">9193061</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970722193042/http://www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol3/216/a216.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 22, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Coarticulatory+stability+in+American+English+%2Fr%2F&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3741-3753&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.16.4174%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9193061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.418333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ASAJ..101.3741B&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Espy-Wilson%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asel.udel.edu%2Ficslp%2Fcdrom%2Fvol3%2F216%2Fa216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfiglio2002" class="citation book cs1">Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdVfXCSHzXwC">Race and the Rise of Standard American</a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017189-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+the+Rise+of+Standard+American&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017189-1&rft.aulast=Bonfiglio&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdVfXCSHzXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelattreFreeman1968" class="citation journal cs1">Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968). "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture". Linguistics. 44: 29–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+dialect+study+of+American+R%27s+by+x-ray+motion+picture&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=29-68&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Delattre&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+D.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ennser-Kananen, Johanna; Halonen, Mia; Saarinen, Taina (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32674%2Fjis.v11i2.1640">""Come join us and lose your accent!" Accent modification courses as hierarchization of international students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Students" title="Journal of International Students">Journal of International Students</a>. 11 (2): 322–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32674%2Fjis.v11i2.1640">10.32674/jis.v11i2.1640</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-3750">2166-3750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2162-3104">2162-3104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Students&rft.atitle=%22Come+join+us+and+lose+your+accent%21%22+Accent+modification+courses+as+hierarchization+of+international+students&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=322-340&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2162-3104&rft.eissn=2166-3750&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32674%2Fjis.v11i2.1640&rft.aulast=Ennser-Kananen&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Halonen%2C+Mia&rft.au=Saarinen%2C+Taina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32674%252Fjis.v11i2.1640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2016" class="citation conference cs1">Duncan, Daniel (February 10, 2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study". In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/issue/view/151">Annual Meetings on Phonology</a>. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America (published June 21, 2016). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Famp.v3i0.3653">10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=%27Tense%27+%2F%C3%A6%2F+is+still+lax%3A+A+phonotactics+study&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2015+Annual+Meeting+on+Phonology&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Famp.v3i0.3653&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "The West and Midwest: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 338–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+West+and+Midwest%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=338-350&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalléBestLevitt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999). "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants". Journal of Phonetics. 27 (3): 281–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjpho.1999.0097">10.1006/jpho.1999.0097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Phonetic+vs.+phonological+influences+on+French+listeners%27+perception+of+American+English+approximants&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-306&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjpho.1999.0097&rft.aulast=Hall%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rft.au=Best%2C+Catherine+T.&rft.au=Levitt%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKövecses2000" class="citation book cs1">Kövecses, Zoltan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfQAAgAAQBAJ&q=%22general+american%22+%22network+standard%22">American English: An Introduction</a>. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55-111229-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55-111229-9"><bdi>1-55-111229-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+English%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55-111229-9&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6vecses&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfQAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522general%2Bamerican%2522%2B%2522network%2Bstandard%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretzschmar2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2004). "Standard American English pronunciation". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 257–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+American+English+pronunciation&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=257-269&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Kretzschmar&rft.aufirst=William+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Labov, William (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/TD.pdf">"Transmission and Diffusion"</a> (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2007.0082">10.1353/lan.2007.0082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40070845">40070845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6255506">6255506</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108150644/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/TD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Transmission+and+Diffusion&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=344-387&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6255506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40070845%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2007.0082&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.upenn.edu%2F~wlabov%2FPapers%2FTD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">Labov, William</a>; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qa4-dFqi6iMC&q=%22general+american%22">The Atlas of North American English</a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 187–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7"><bdi>978-3-11-016746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=187-208&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016746-7&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqa4-dFqi6iMC%26q%3D%2522general%2Bamerican%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Lindsey, Geoff</a> (1990). "Quantity and quality in British and American vowel systems". In Ramsaran, Susan (ed.). Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson. Routledge. pp. 106–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41507180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41507180-2"><bdi>978-0-41507180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantity+and+quality+in+British+and+American+vowel+systems&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Pronunciation+of+English%3A+A+Commemorative+Volume+in+Honour+of+A.C.+Gimson&rft.pages=106-118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-41507180-2&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocaJohnson1999" class="citation book cs1">Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999). A Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Phonology&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.aufirst=Iggy&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Wyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Henry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsoflanguage00roge">The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics</a>. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38182-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38182-7"><bdi>978-0-582-38182-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+Language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Phonetics&rft.place=Essex&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-38182-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoundsoflanguage00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Seabrook, John (May 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/14/051114ta_talk_seabrook">"The Academy: Talking the Tawk"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Academy%3A+Talking+the+Tawk&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2005%2F11%2F14%2F051114ta_talk_seabrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShitara1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences". Speech Hearing and Language. 7: 201–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Hearing+and+Language&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+American+pronunciation+preferences&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=201-232&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shitara&rft.aufirst=Yuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Bernard (1994). NTC's Dictionary of American English Pronunciation. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-0726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-0726-1"><bdi>978-0-8442-0726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NTC%27s+Dictionary+of+American+English+Pronunciation&rft.place=Lincolnwood%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=NTC+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8442-0726-1&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Erik R. (2001). An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Vol. 85. Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8207">0002-8207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+acoustic+analysis+of+vowel+variation+in+New+World+English&rft.series=Publication+of+the+American+Dialect+Society&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+for+the+American+Dialect+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0002-8207&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Erik+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thomas, Erik R. (2004). "Rural Southern white accents". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 300–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rural+Southern+white+accents&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=300-324&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Erik+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Riper2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Riper, William R. (2014) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYKLBQAAQBAJ&q=%22various+labels+have+been+applied%22">"General American: An Ambiguity"</a>. In Allen, Harold B.; Linn, Michael D. (eds.). Dialect and Language Variation. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9476-6"><bdi>978-1-4832-9476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+American%3A+An+Ambiguity&rft.btitle=Dialect+and+Language+Variation&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-9476-6&rft.aulast=Van+Riper&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYKLBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522various%2Blabels%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bapplied%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2">0-52129719-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.isbn=0-52129719-2"> , <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> .</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawadzkiKuehn1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980). "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/". Phonetica. 37 (4): 253–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259995">10.1159/000259995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443796">7443796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46760239">46760239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=A+cineradiographic+study+of+static+and+dynamic+aspects+of+American+English+%2Fr%2F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-266&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46760239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7443796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259995&rft.aulast=Zawadzki&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft.au=Kuehn%2C+D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Xinhui; Espy-Wilson, Carol Y.; Boyce, Suzanne; Tiede, Mark; Holland, Christy; Choe, Ann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680662">"A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of "retroflex" and "bunched" American English /r/"</a>. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 123 (6): 4466–4481. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ASAJ..123.4466Z">2008ASAJ..123.4466Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.2902168">10.1121/1.2902168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680662">2680662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18537397">18537397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=A+magnetic+resonance+imaging-based+articulatory+and+acoustic+study+of+%22retroflex%22+and+%22bunched%22+American+English+%2Fr%2F&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=4466-4481&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18537397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.2902168&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ASAJ..123.4466Z&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Xinhui&rft.au=Espy-Wilson%2C+Carol+Y.&rft.au=Boyce%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Tiede%2C+Mark&rft.au=Holland%2C+Christy&rft.au=Choe%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJilka" class="citation web cs1">Jilka, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051053/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d10_GAGC.pdf">"North American English: General Accents"</a> (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d10_GAGC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+English%3A+General+Accents&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Linguistik%2FAnglistik%2C+University+of+Stuttgart&rft.aulast=Jilka&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifla.uni-stuttgart.de%2Finstitut%2Fmitarbeiter%2Fjilka%2Fteaching%2Fdialectology%2Fd10_GAGC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral+American+English" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_American_English" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General American English">General American English</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/Eng/Database/Phonetics/Englishes/Home/HomeMainFrameHolder.htm">Comparison with other English accents around the world</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&oldid=1257751104">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&oldid=1257751104</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_English" title="Category:American English">American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_languages" title="Category:Standard languages">Standard languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_English" title="Category:Standard English">Standard English</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from December 2023">Use mdy dates from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from September 2023">Articles with failed verification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 13:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_American_English&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vh5cv","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.111","walltime":"2.661","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17392,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":358742,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25362,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":273101,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2303.548 1 -total"," 15.51% 357.333 105 Template:Sfnp"," 12.20% 281.099 3 Template:Reflist"," 11.47% 264.107 32 Template:Audio"," 10.96% 252.488 24 Template:Pronunciation"," 10.29% 236.954 171 Template:IPA"," 9.62% 221.497 30 Template:Small"," 9.03% 207.962 1 Template:/æ/_raising_in_North_American_English"," 7.64% 176.047 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.38% 169.913 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.148","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9969007,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBakerMielkeArchangeli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBensonBensonIlson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoberg2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoberg2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfiglio2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyceEspy-Wilson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClopperLeviPisoni2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruttenden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelattreFreeman1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriscollLape2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnnser-KananenHalonenSaarinen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFought2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalléBestLevitt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggarty,_Paul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJilka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretzschmar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKövecses2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchersShaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNosowitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocaJohnson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShitara1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsentserensky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Riper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerMasonNesbittPevan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZawadzkiKuehn1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhouEspy-WilsonBoyceTiede2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"/æ/ raising in North American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Accents of English\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio-IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite EPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"English -or- table\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Fv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 133,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 12,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 7,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 25,\n [\"IPAplink\"] = 23,\n [\"Inline audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Language phonologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"Pronunciation\"] = 24,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc2\"] = 11,\n [\"Serif\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 83,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 6,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","20.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","16.9"],["?","220","16.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","12.3"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.6"],["(for generator)","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.1"],["type","40","3.1"],["extract_names \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1605\u003E","20","1.5"],["[others]","180","13.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mf4ts","timestamp":"20241124053613","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"General American English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_American_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3308526","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3308526","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-14T12:55:27Z","headline":"aggregation of accents typical of English in the United States and largely Canada"}</script> </body> </html>