CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Received Pronunciation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c3b97ed-9a36-43cc-b99d-70149fabbf7e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Received_Pronunciation","wgTitle":"Received Pronunciation","wgCurRevisionId":1259873688,"wgRevisionId":1259873688,"wgArticleId":26247,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from June 2019","Use dmy dates from December 2017","Pages with plain IPA", "Articles containing French-language text","Articles with hAudio microformats","CS1 maint: location","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","English language in England","Standard English","Standard languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Received_Pronunciation","wgRelevantArticleId":26247,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7985","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Received Pronunciation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Received_Pronunciation rootpage-Received_Pronunciation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Received+Pronunciation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Received+Pronunciation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Received+Pronunciation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Received+Pronunciation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Alternative names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sub-varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_and_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_and_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prevalence and perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_and_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dictionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Language teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Long"_and_"short"_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Long"_and_"short"_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 "Long" and "short" vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Long"_and_"short"_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs_and_triphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs_and_triphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Diphthongs and triphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs_and_triphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BATH_vowel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BATH_vowel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 BATH vowel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BATH_vowel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 French words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Alternative notation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Historical variation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical variation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vowels and diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word-specific_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word-specific_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Word-specific changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word-specific_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_varieties_of_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_varieties_of_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparison with other varieties of English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_varieties_of_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_specimen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_specimen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Spoken specimen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_specimen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable speakers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Received Pronunciation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="النطق البريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النطق البريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saozneg_skoueriek" title="Saozneg skoueriek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saozneg skoueriek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciaci%C3%B3_rebuda" title="Pronunciació rebuda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pronunciació rebuda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="انگلیسی فصیح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی فصیح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C" title="용인 발음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용인 발음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_angol_kiejt%C3%A9s" title="Brit angol kiejtés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit angol kiejtés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Стандарден британски изговор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стандарден британски изговор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E8%AA%8D%E7%99%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="容認発音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="容認発音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="ការទទួលសូរស័ព្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការទទួលសូរស័ព្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Британское нормативное произношение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британское нормативное произношение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Received Pronunciation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_%C4%B0ngilizcesi" title="BBC İngilizcesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="BBC İngilizcesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англійська літературна вимова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англійська літературна вимова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%AE%A4%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3" title="公认发音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公认发音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Received_Pronunciation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Received_Pronunciation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Received_Pronunciation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&oldid=1259873688" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Received_Pronunciation&id=1259873688&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReceived_Pronunciation">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReceived_Pronunciation">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Received_Pronunciation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Received_Pronunciation" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7985" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard accent for British English</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Queen's English" redirects here. For the LGBT dictionary, see <a href="/wiki/The_Queens%27_English" title="The Queens' English">The Queens' English</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> Received Pronunciation (RP) is the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> one, carrying the highest <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">social prestige</a>, since as late as the very early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xix,_paragraph_2.1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Language scholars have long disagreed on topics such as: the exact definition of RP, how geographically neutral it is, how many speakers there are, the nature and classification of its sub-varieties, how appropriate a choice it is as a standard, how the accent has changed over time, and even its name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201474–81-3">[3]</a> The study of RP is concerned only with matters of pronunciation, while other features of <a href="/wiki/Standard_British_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard British English">Standard British English</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">style</a>, are not considered. The accent has changed, or its traditional users have changed their accents, to such a degree over the last century that many of its early 20th-century traditions of transcription and analysis have become outdated or are no longer considered <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">evidence-based</a> by <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Still, these traditions continue to be commonly taught and used, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">language education</a>, and the use of RP as a convenient umbrella term remains popular. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The tradition of Received Pronunciation is usually credited to the British phonetician <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a>. In the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (1917), he named the accent "<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">Public School</a> Pronunciation"; for the second edition in 1926 he wrote: "In what follows I call it Received Pronunciation, for want of a better term."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1926ix-5">[5]</a> However, the term had been used much earlier by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stephen_Du_Ponceau" title="Peter Stephen Du Ponceau">P. S. Du Ponceau</a> in 1818<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPonceau1818259-6">[6]</a> and the Oxford English Dictionary cites quotations back to about 1710.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A similar term, received standard, was coined by <a href="/wiki/H._C._Wyld" class="mw-redirect" title="H. C. Wyld">Henry C. K. Wyld</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyld192723-8">[8]</a> The early phonetician <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a> used both terms interchangeably, but with a much broader definition than Jones's, saying, "There is no such thing as a uniform educated pron. of English, and rp. and rs. is a variable quantity differing from individual to individual, although all its varieties are 'received', understood and mainly unnoticed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis18693-9">[9]</a> Although a form of <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> had been established in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> by the end of the 15th century, it did not begin to resemble RP until the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal200354–5-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2005243–4-11">[11]</a> RP has most in common with the dialects of what has been termed the South East Midlands, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden Triangle</a> of universities, namely London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the public schools that fed them, such as <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-12">[12]</a> In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> selected RP as its broadcasting standard, citing its being widely understood globally as a reason.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-12">[12]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a> (1965), "the correct term is 'the Received Pronunciation'. The word 'received' conveys its original meaning of 'accepted' or 'approved', as in '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/received#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:received">received</a> wisdom'."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative names">edit</a>]</div> Some linguists have used the term "RP" while expressing reservations about its suitability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden200877–80-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200013–6-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982117-16">[16]</a> The Cambridge-published English Pronouncing Dictionary (aimed at those learning English as a foreign language) uses the phrase "<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Pronunciation", on the basis that the name "Received Pronunciation" is "archaic" and that <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> presenters no longer suggest high social class and privilege to their listeners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011vi-17">[17]</a> Other writers have also used the name "BBC Pronunciation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2004-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1999-19">[19]</a> The term 'The Queen's English' has also been used by some writers.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-12">[12]</a> The phonetician <a href="/wiki/Jack_Windsor_Lewis" title="Jack Windsor Lewis">Jack Windsor Lewis</a> frequently criticised the name "Received Pronunciation" in his blog: he has called it "invidious",<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> a "ridiculously archaic, parochial and question-begging term"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and noted that American scholars find the term "quite curious".<a href="#cite_note-jwl-22">[22]</a> He used the term "General British" (to parallel "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>") in his 1970s publication of A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of American and British English<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and in subsequent publications.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The name "General British" is adopted in the latest revision of Gimson's Pronunciation of English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201480–2-25">[25]</a> Beverley Collins and Inger Mees use the term "Non-Regional Pronunciation" for what is often otherwise called RP, and reserve the term "Received Pronunciation" for the "upper-class speech of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees20033–4-26">[26]</a> Received Pronunciation has sometimes been called "Oxford English", as it used to be the accent of most members of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-12">[12]</a> The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association uses the name "Standard Southern British". Page 4 reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Standard Southern British (where 'Standard' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of 'correctness') is the modern equivalent of what has been called 'Received Pronunciation' ('RP'). It is an accent of the south east of England which operates as a prestige norm there and (to varying degrees) in other parts of the British Isles and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association19994-27">[27]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-varieties">Sub-varieties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sub-varieties">edit</a>]</div> Faced with the difficulty of defining a single standard of RP, some researchers have tried to distinguish between sub-varieties: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGimson1980">Gimson (1980)</a> proposed Conservative, General, and Advanced; "Conservative RP" referred to a traditional accent associated with older speakers with certain social backgrounds; General RP was considered neutral regarding age, occupation or lifestyle of the speaker; and Advanced RP referred to speech of a younger generation of speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2007323-28">[28]</a> Later editions (e.g., Gimson 2008) use the terms General, Refined and Regional RP. In the latest revision of Gimson's book, the terms preferred are General British (GB), Conspicuous GB and Regional GB.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201480–2-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a> refers to "mainstream RP" and "<a href="/wiki/U_and_non-U_English" title="U and non-U English">U-RP</a>"; he suggests that Gimson's categories of Conservative and Advanced RP referred to the U-RP of the old and young respectively. However, Wells stated, "It is difficult to separate stereotype from reality" with U-RP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982-29">[29]</a> Writing on his blog in February 2013, Wells wrote, "If only a very small percentage of English people speak RP, as Trudgill et al. claim, then the percentage speaking U-RP is vanishingly small" and "If I were redoing it today, I think I'd drop all mention of 'U-RP'".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Upton</a> distinguishes between RP (which he equates with Wells's "mainstream RP"), Traditional RP (after Ramsaran 1990), and an even older version which he identifies with Cruttenden's "Refined RP".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>An article on the website of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> refers to Conservative, Mainstream and Contemporary RP.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_and_perceptions">Prevalence and perceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevalence and perceptions">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, Received Pronunciation has been associated with high social class. It was the "everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk [had] been educated at the great public boarding-schools"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1917viii-33">[33]</a> and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin before attending the school. An 1891 teacher's handbook stated, "It is the business of educated people to speak so that no-one may be able to tell in what county their childhood was passed".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Nevertheless, in the 19th century some British prime ministers, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, still spoke with some regional features.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Opinions differ over the proportion of Britons who speak RP. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill</a> estimated 3% in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-trudgillestimate-36">[36]</a> but that rough estimate has been questioned by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Windsor_Lewis" title="Jack Windsor Lewis">J. Windsor Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Upton notes higher estimates of 5% (Romaine, 2000) and 10% (Wells, 1982) but refers to these as "guesstimates" not based on robust research.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The claim that RP is non-regional is disputed, since it is most commonly found in London and the southeast of England. It is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a> as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the South of England",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv-39">[39]</a> and alternative names such as "Standard Southern British" have been used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999-40">[40]</a> Despite RP's historic high social prestige in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1981337-41">[41]</a> being seen as the accent of those with power, money, and influence, it may be perceived negatively by some as being associated with undeserved, or accidental, privilege<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243-43">[43]</a> and as a symbol of the southeast's political power in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243-43">[43]</a> Based on a 1997 survey, Jane Stuart-Smith wrote, "RP has little status in Glasgow, and is regarded with hostility in some quarters".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A 2007 survey found that residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland tend to dislike RP.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It is shunned by some with left-wing political views, who may be proud of having accents more typical of the working classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200249-46">[46]</a> Since the Second World War, and increasingly since the 1960s, a wider acceptance of regional English varieties has taken hold in education and public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishman1977319-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201478-48">[48]</a> Nonetheless, surveys from 1969 to 2022 consistently show that RP is perceived as the most prestigious accent of English in the United Kingdom. In 2022, 25% of British adults reported being mocked for their regional accent at work, and 46% in social situations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> In the early days of British broadcasting speakers of English origin almost universally used RP. The first director-general of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">Lord Reith</a>, encouraged the use of a 'BBC accent' because it was a "style or quality of English which would not be laughed at in any part of the country". He distinguished the BBC accent from the 'Oxford accent', to which he was "vehemently opposed".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1926 the BBC established an Advisory Committee on Spoken English with distinguished experts, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a>, to advise on the correct pronunciation and other aspects of broadcast language. The Committee proved unsuccessful and was dissolved after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While the BBC did advise its speakers on pronunciation, there was never a formalised official BBC pronunciation standard.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A notable departure from the use of RP came with the Yorkshire-born newsreader <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Pickles" title="Wilfred Pickles">Wilfred Pickles</a> during the Second World War; his accent allowing listeners to more clearly distinguish BBC broadcasts from German propaganda, though Pickles had modified his accent to be closer to RP.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Since the Second World War RP has played a much smaller role in broadcast speech. RP remains the accent most often heard in the speech of announcers and newsreaders on BBC Radio 3 and Radio 4, and in some TV channels, but non-RP accents are now more widely encountered.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dictionaries">edit</a>]</div> Most English dictionaries published in Britain (including the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>) now give phonetically transcribed RP pronunciations for all words. Pronunciation dictionaries represent a special class of dictionary giving a wide range of possible pronunciations: British pronunciation dictionaries are all based on RP, though not necessarily using that name. Daniel Jones transcribed RP pronunciations of words and names in the <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">English Pronouncing Dictionary</a>. Cambridge University Press continues to publish this title, as of 1997 edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Peter Roach</a>. Two other pronunciation dictionaries are in common use: the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-55">[55]</a> compiled by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> (using the name "Received Pronunciation"), and <a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Clive Upton</a>'s Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001-56">[56]</a> (now republished as The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_teaching">Language teaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language teaching">edit</a>]</div> Pronunciation forms an essential component of language learning and teaching; a model accent is necessary for learners to aim at, and to act as a basis for description in textbooks and classroom materials. RP has been the traditional choice for teachers and learners of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> However, the choice of pronunciation model is difficult, and the adoption of RP is in many ways problematic.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014325–52-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–1-61">[61]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">r</a> </td> <td width="20" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Nasals and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a> (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /l/) may be <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unstressed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstressed syllable">unstressed syllables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">[62]</a> The consonant /r/ in RP is generally a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">[62]</a> which would normally be expressed with the sign [ɹ] in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, but the sign /r/ is nonetheless traditionally used for RP in most of the literature on the topic. <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless plosive">Voiceless plosives</a> (/p/, /t/, /k/, /tʃ/) are <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> at the beginning of a syllable, unless a completely unstressed vowel follows. (For example, the /p/ is aspirated in "impasse", with primary stress on "-passe", but not "compass", where "-pass" has no stress.) Aspiration does not occur when /s/ precedes in the same syllable, as in "spot" or "stop". When a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> /l/, /r/, /w/, or /j/ follows, this aspiration is indicated by partial <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoicing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240-63">[63]</a> /r/ is a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">fricative</a> when devoiced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">[62]</a> Syllable final /p/, /t/, /tʃ/, and /k/ may be either preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glottalization#Glottal_reinforcement" title="Glottalization">glottal reinforcement</a>) or, in the case of /t/, fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic nasal">syllabic nasal</a> (bitten [ˈbɪʔn̩]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson1970-64">[64]</a> The glottal stop may be realised as <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>; thus, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt [əˈtʰemʔt] could be [əˈtʰemm̰t].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">[62]</a> As in other varieties of English, voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /dʒ/) are partly or even fully devoiced at utterance boundaries or adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonants">voiceless consonants</a>. The voicing distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds is reinforced by a number of other differences, with the result that the two of consonants can clearly be distinguished even in the presence of devoicing of voiced sounds: <ul><li>Aspiration of voiceless consonants syllable-initially</li> <li>Glottal reinforcement of /p, t, k, tʃ/ syllable-finally</li> <li>Shortening of vowels before voiceless consonants</li></ul> As a result, some authors prefer to use the terms <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> in place of voiceless and voiced. However, the latter are traditional and in more frequent usage. The voiced dental fricative (/ð/) is more often a weak <a href="/wiki/Dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental plosive">dental plosive</a>; the sequence /nð/ is often realised as [n̪n̪] (a long <a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal">dental nasal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge2009148–9-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockey200343–4-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2009112-68">[68]</a> /l/ has <a href="/wiki/Velarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarisation">velarised</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> ([ɫ]) in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">syllable rhyme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalleMohanan198565-69">[69]</a> /h/ becomes voiced ([ɦ]) between <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> sounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1967201-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008204-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/220px-RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/330px-RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg/440px-RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of a fairly conservative variety of RP. From <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004</a>, p. 242)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg/220px-Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg/330px-Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg/440px-Modern_General_British_monophthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of a modern variety of RP. Adapted from <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg/220px-Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg/330px-Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg/440px-Ranges_of_RP_and_GA_English_weak_vowels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Ranges of the weak vowels in RP and GA. From <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008</a>, p. XXV)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg/220px-RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg/330px-RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg/440px-RP_English_allophones_on_a_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Allophones of some RP monophthongs, from <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003</a>:92, 95, 101). The red ones occur before dark /l/,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and the blue one occurs before velars.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> ("Short") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>unrounded </th> <th>rounded </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɒ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">æ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples of <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short vowels</a>: /ɪ/ in kit, mirror and rabbit, /ʊ/ in foot and cook, /e/ in dress and merry, /ʌ/ in strut and curry, /æ/ in trap and marry, /ɒ/ in lot and orange, /ə/ in ago and sofa. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> ("Long") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/En-uk-e.ogg\/En-uk-e.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-uk-e.ogg/En-uk-e.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-e.ogg" title="File:En-uk-e.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">uː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/En-uk-awe.ogg\/En-uk-awe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-awe.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-uk-awe.ogg/En-uk-awe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-awe.ogg" title="File:En-uk-awe.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/19\/En-uk-air.ogg\/En-uk-air.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-air.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/En-uk-air.ogg/En-uk-air.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-air.ogg" title="File:En-uk-air.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜː</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8d\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-er.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-er.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-er.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-er.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-er.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-er.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-er.wav">ⓘ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/En-uk-r.ogg\/En-uk-r.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-r.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-uk-r.ogg/En-uk-r.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-r.ogg" title="File:En-uk-r.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples of <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a>: /iː/ in fleece, /uː/ in goose, /ɛː/ in bear, /ɜː/ in nurse and furry, /ɔː/ in north, force and thought, /ɑː/ in father and start. The long mid front vowel /ɛː/ is elsewhere transcribed with the traditional symbols ⟨ɛə, eə⟩. The predominant realisation in contemporary RP is <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014118-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Long"_and_"short"_vowels">"Long" and "short" vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Long" and "short" vowels">edit</a>]</div> Many conventional descriptions of the RP vowel system group the non-diphthongal vowels into the categories "long" and "short". This should not be taken to mean that RP has minimal pairs in which the only difference is vowel length. "Long" and "short" are convenient cover terms for a number of phonetic features. The long-short pairings shown above include also differences in vowel quality. The vowels called "long" <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high vowels</a> in RP /iː/ and /uː/ are slightly <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongized</a>, and are often narrowly transcribed in phonetic literature as diphthongs [ɪi] and [ʊu].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach200924-75">[75]</a> Vowels may be phonologically long or short (i.e. belong to the long or the short group of vowel phonemes) but their length is influenced by their context: in particular, they are shortened if a voiceless (<a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">fortis</a>) consonant follows in the syllable, so that, for example, the vowel in 'bat' [bæʔt] is shorter than the vowel in 'bad' [bæd]. The process is known as <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(phonetics)" title="Clipping (phonetics)">pre-fortis clipping</a>. Thus phonologically short vowels in one context can be phonetically longer than phonologically long vowels in another context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">[62]</a> For example, the vowel called "long" /iː/ in 'reach' /riːtʃ/ (which ends with a voiceless consonant) may be shorter than the vowel called "short" /ɪ/ in the word 'ridge' /rɪdʒ/ (which ends with a voiced consonant). Wiik,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiik1965-76">[76]</a> cited in (<a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden 2014</a>), published durations of English vowels with a mean value of 172 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> for short vowels before voiced consonants but a mean value of 165 ms for long vowels preceding voiceless consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014101-77">[77]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Natural_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural speech">natural speech</a>, the plosives /t/ and /d/ often have no audible release utterance-finally, and voiced consonants are partly or completely devoiced (as in [b̥æd̥]); thus the perceptual distinction between pairs of words such as 'bad' and 'bat', or 'seed' and 'seat' rests mostly on vowel length (though the presence or absence of glottal reinforcement provides an additional cue).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014-78">[78]</a> Unstressed vowels are both shorter and more centralised than stressed ones. In unstressed syllables occurring before vowels and in final position, contrasts between long and short high vowels are neutralised and short [i] and [u] occur (e.g. happy [ˈhæpi], throughout [θɹuˈaʊʔt]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241,_243-79">[79]</a> The neutralisation is common throughout many English dialects, though the phonetic realisation of e.g. [i] rather than [ɪ] (a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Happy-tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy-tensing">happy-tensing</a>) is not as universal. According to <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Jane Setter</a>, the typical pronunciation of the short [u] is a weakly rounded <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a> [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ̜</a>].<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs_and_triphthongs">Diphthongs and triphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diphthongs and triphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/220px-RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/330px-RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg/440px-RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Diphthongs of RP. From <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004</a>, p. 242)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Closing </th></tr> <tr> <td>/eɪ/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/En-uk-a.ogg\/En-uk-a.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-uk-a.ogg/En-uk-a.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-a.ogg" title="File:En-uk-a.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>/beɪ/</td> <td>bay </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aɪ/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/En-uk-I.ogg\/En-uk-I.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-I.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/En-uk-I.ogg/En-uk-I.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-I.ogg" title="File:En-uk-I.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>/baɪ/</td> <td>buy </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔɪ/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/En-uk-oi.ogg\/En-uk-oi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-oi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/En-uk-oi.ogg/En-uk-oi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-oi.ogg" title="File:En-uk-oi.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>/bɔɪ/</td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <td>/əʊ/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b1\/En-uk-oh.ogg\/En-uk-oh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-oh.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-uk-oh.ogg/En-uk-oh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-oh.ogg" title="File:En-uk-oh.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>/bəʊ/</td> <td>beau </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aʊ/</td> <td>/baʊ/</td> <td>bough </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Centring </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɪə/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/95\/En-uk-ear.ogg\/En-uk-ear.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-ear.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/En-uk-ear.ogg/En-uk-ear.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-ear.ogg" title="File:En-uk-ear.ogg">ⓘ</a></td> <td>/bɪə/</td> <td>beer </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʊə/</td> <td>/bʊə/</td> <td>boor </td></tr></tbody></table> The centring diphthongs are gradually being eliminated in RP. The vowel /ɔə/ (as in door, boar) had largely merged with /ɔː/ by the Second World War, and the vowel /ʊə/ (as in poor, tour) has more recently merged with /ɔː/ as well among most speakers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999200-81">[81]</a> although the sound /ʊə/ is still found in conservative speakers, and in less common words such as boor. See <a href="/wiki/Cure%E2%80%93force_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure–force merger"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000071-QINU`"'</style>CURE–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FORCE merger</a>. More recently /ɛə/ has become a pure long vowel /ɛː/, as explained above. /ɪə/ is increasingly pronounced as a monophthong [ɪː], although without merging with any existing vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014154-82">[82]</a> The diphthong /əʊ/ is pronounced by some RP speakers in a noticeably different way when it occurs before /l/, if that consonant is <a href="/wiki/Syllable_final" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable final">syllable-final</a> and not followed by a vowel (the context in which /l/ is pronounced as a "dark l"). The realization of /əʊ/ in this case begins with a more back, rounded and sometimes more open vowel quality; it may be transcribed as [ɔʊ] or [ɒʊ]. It is likely that the backness of the diphthong onset is the result of <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a> variation caused by the raising of the back of the tongue for the /l/. If the speaker has "l-vocalization" the /l/ is realized as a back rounded vowel, which again is likely to cause backing and rounding in a preceding vowel as <a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">coarticulation</a> effects. This phenomenon has been discussed in several blogs by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the recording included in this article the phrase "fold his cloak" contains examples of the /əʊ/ diphthong in the two different contexts. The onset of the pre-/l/ diphthong in "fold" is slightly more back and rounded than that in "cloak". RP also possesses the <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthongs</a> /aɪə/ as in tire, /aʊə/ as in tower, /əʊə/ as in lower, /eɪə/ as in layer and /ɔɪə/ as in loyal. There are different possible realisations of these items: in slow, careful speech they may be pronounced as two syllables with three distinct vowel qualities in succession, or as a monosyllabic triphthong. In more casual speech the middle vowel may be considerably reduced, by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Smoothing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothing (phonetics)">smoothing</a>, and in an extreme form of this process the triphthong may even be reduced to a single long vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach200918–9-86">[86]</a> In such a case the difference between /aʊə/, /aɪə/, and /ɑː/ in tower, tire, and tar may be <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">neutralised</a> with all three units realised as [ɑː] or [äː]. This type of smoothing is known as the <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Tower–tire,_tower–tar_and_tire–tar_mergers" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">tower–tire, tower–tar and tire–tar mergers</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthongs</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson1970-64">[64]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>As two syllables </th> <th>Triphthong </th> <th>Loss of mid-element </th> <th>Further simplified as </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>[aɪ.ə] </td> <td>[aɪə] </td> <td>[aːə] </td> <td>[aː] </td> <td>tire </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɑʊ.ə] </td> <td>[ɑʊə] </td> <td>[ɑːə] </td> <td>[ɑː] </td> <td>tower </td></tr> <tr> <td>[əʊ.ə] </td> <td>[əʊə] </td> <td>[əːə] </td> <td>[ɜː] </td> <td>lower </td></tr> <tr> <td>[eɪ.ə] </td> <td>[eɪə] </td> <td>[ɛːə] </td> <td>[ɛː] </td> <td>layer </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɔɪ.ə] </td> <td>[ɔɪə] </td> <td>[ɔːə] </td> <td>[ɔː] </td> <td>loyal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BATH_vowel">BATH vowel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: BATH vowel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">Trap–bath split</a></div> There are differing opinions as to whether /æ/ in the BATH <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical set</a> can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted as RP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982203ff-87">[87]</a> The English Pronouncing Dictionary does not admit /æ/ in BATH words and the <a href="/wiki/Longman_Pronunciation_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman Pronunciation Dictionary">Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</a> lists them with a § marker of non-RP status.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> John Wells wrote in a blog entry on 16 March 2012 that when growing up in the north of England he used /ɑː/ in "bath" and "glass", and considers this the only acceptable phoneme in RP.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Others have argued that /æ/ is too categorical in the north of England to be excluded. Clive Upton believes that /æ/ in these words must be considered within RP and has called the opposing view "south-centric".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton2004222–3-90">[90]</a> Upton's Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English gives both variants for BATH words. A. F. Gupta's survey of mostly middle-class students found that /æ/ was used by almost everyone who was from clearly north of the <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> for BATH words. She wrote, "There is no justification for the claims by Wells and Mugglestone that this is a sociolinguistic variable in the north, though it is a sociolinguistic variable on the areas on the border [the isogloss between north and south]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200525-91">[91]</a> In a study of speech in West Yorkshire, <a href="/wiki/KM_Petyt" class="mw-redirect" title="KM Petyt">K. M. Petyt</a> wrote that "the amount of /ɑː/ usage is too low to correlate meaningfully with the usual factors", having found only two speakers (both having attended boarding schools in the south) who consistently used /ɑː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985166–7-92">[92]</a> Jack Windsor Lewis has noted that the Oxford Dictionary's position has changed several times on whether to include short /æ/ within its prescribed pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names uses only /ɑː/, but its author, Graham Pointon, has stated on his blog that he finds both variants to be acceptable in place names.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Some research has concluded that many people in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North of England</a> have a dislike of the /ɑː/ vowel in BATH words. A. F. Gupta wrote, "Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to /ɡrɑːs/, describing it as 'comical', 'snobbish', 'pompous' or even 'for morons'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200525-91">[91]</a> On the subject, K. M. Petyt wrote that several respondents "positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it was incorrect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985286-95">[95]</a> Mark Newbrook has assigned this phenomenon the name "conscious rejection", and has cited the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BATH vowel as "the main instance of conscious rejection of RP" in his research in West <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewbrook1999101-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_words">French words</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French words">edit</a>]</div> John Wells has argued that, as educated British speakers often attempt to pronounce French names in a French way, there is a case for including /ɒ̃/ (as in bon), and /æ̃/ and /ɜ̃ː/ (as in vingt-et-un), as marginal members of the RP vowel system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxix-97">[97]</a> He also argues against including other French vowels on the grounds that not many British speakers succeed in distinguishing the vowels in bon and banc, or in rue and roue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxix-97">[97]</a> However, the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary draws a distinction between /ɒ̃/ (there rendered as /ɔ̃ː/) and the unrounded /ɑ̃ː/ of banc for a total of four nasal vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2011-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_notation">Alternative notation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternative notation">edit</a>]</div> Not all reference sources use the same system of transcription. <a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Clive Upton</a> devised a modified system for the <a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a> (1993), changing five symbols from the traditional Gimson system, and this is now used in many other <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> dictionaries; the differences are shown in the table below. <table cellspacing="5" style="margin-left:1.5em;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Upton's reform </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left; width:33%;">Example word </th> <th style="text-align:left; width:33%;">Traditional symbol </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Upton's reform symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td>dress</td> <td>/e/</td> <td>/ɛ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>trap</td> <td>/æ/</td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>nurse</td> <td>/ɜː/</td> <td>/əː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>square</td> <td>/eə/</td> <td>/ɛː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>price</td> <td>/aɪ/</td> <td>/ʌɪ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Linguist <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Geoff Lindsey</a> has argued that the system of transcription for RP has become outdated and has proposed a new system (which he calls Standard Southern British English, or SSB) as a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Lindsey's system is as follows—differences between it and standard transcription are depicted with the usual transcription in brackets. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Lindsey's monophthongs and diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Short </th> <th>Long (triggering r-liaison) </th> <th>+j diphthong </th> <th>+w diphthong </th></tr> <tr> <td>/a/ (æ) </td> <td>/ɑː/ </td> <td>/ɑj/ (aɪ) </td> <td>/aw/ (aʊ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/ (e) </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>/ɛj/ (eɪ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɪ/ </td> <td>/ɪː/ (ɪə) </td> <td>/ɪj/ (iː) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/ (ɒ) </td> <td>/oː/ (ɔː) </td> <td>/oj/ (ɔɪ) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɵ/ (ʊ) </td> <td>/ɵː/ (ʊə) </td> <td> </td> <td>/ʉw/ (uː) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>/əː/ (ɜː) </td> <td> </td> <td>/əw/ (əʊ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʌ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_variation">Historical variation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical variation">edit</a>]</div> Like all accents, RP has changed with time. For example, sound recordings and films from the first half of the 20th century demonstrate that it was usual for speakers of RP to pronounce the /æ/ sound, as in land, with a vowel close to [ɛ], so that land would sound similar to a present-day pronunciation of lend. RP is sometimes known as the Queen's English, but recordings show that even <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> shifted her pronunciation over the course of her reign, ceasing to use an [ɛ]-like vowel in words like land.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The change in RP may be observed in the home of "BBC English". The BBC accent of the 1950s is distinctly different from today's: a news report from the 1950s is recognisable as such, and a mock-1950s BBC voice is used for comic effect in programmes wishing to satirise 1950s social attitudes such as the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Enfield" title="Harry Enfield">Harry Enfield Show</a> and its "Mr. Cholmondley-Warner" sketches.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019-103">[103]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RP_vowel_movement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RP_vowel_movement.png/350px-RP_vowel_movement.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RP_vowel_movement.png/525px-RP_vowel_movement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RP_vowel_movement.png/700px-RP_vowel_movement.png 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formant</a> values of /iː æ ɑː ɔː ʊ uː/ for older (black) and younger (light blue) RP speakers. From <a href="#CITEREFde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan2007">de Jong et al. (2007</a>, p. 1814)</figcaption></figure> A few illustrative examples of changes in RP during the 20th century and early 21st are given below. A more comprehensive list (using the name "General British" in place of "RP") is given in Gimson's Pronunciation of English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201483–5-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vowels and diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Words such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CLOTH, gone, off, often, cross were pronounced with /ɔː/ instead of /ɒ/, so that often and orphan were <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Lot%E2%80%93cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot–cloth split">lot–cloth split</a>). The Queen continued to use the older pronunciations,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> but it is now rare to hear this on the BBC.</li> <li>There used to be a <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">distinction between horse and hoarse</a> with an extra diphthong /ɔə/ appearing in words like hoarse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FORCE, and pour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19055-106">[106]</a> The symbols used by Wright are slightly different: the sound in fall, law, saw is transcribed as /oː/ and that in more, soar, etc. as /oə/. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a> gives an account of the /ɔə/ diphthong, but notes "many speakers of Received English (sic), myself among them, do not use the diphthong at all, but replace it always by /ɔː/".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1967115,_para_458-107">[107]</a></li> <li>The vowel in words such as tour, moor, sure used to be /ʊə/, but this has merged with /ɔː/ for many contemporary speakers. The effect of these two mergers (horse-hoarse and moor-more) is to bring about a number of three-way mergers of items which were hitherto distinct, such as poor, paw and pore (/pʊə/, /pɔː/, /pɔə/) all becoming /pɔː/.</li> <li>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">DRESS vowel and the starting point of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FACE diphthong has become lowered from mid [e̞] to open-mid [ɛ].<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Before the Second World War, the vowel of cup was a back vowel close to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal vowel">cardinal</a> [ʌ]. It then shifted forward to [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>], but [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] is increasingly used in modern RP to avoid the clash with the lowered variety of /æ/ in the [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] region (the <a href="/wiki/Trap-strut_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap-strut merger">trap-strut merger</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999135,_186-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014122-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsey201922-111">[111]</a></li> <li>There has been a change in the pronunciation of the unstressed final vowel of happy as a result of a process known as <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels#Happy-tensing" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">happY-tensing</a>: an older pronunciation of happy would have had the vowel /ɪ/ whereas a more modern pronunciation has a vowel nearer to /iː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill199962-112">[112]</a> In pronunciation handbooks and dictionaries it is now common to use the symbol /i/ to cover both possibilities.</li> <li>In a number of words where contemporary RP has an unstressed syllable with schwa /ə/, older pronunciations had /ɪ/, for instance, the final vowel in the following: kindness, doubtless, witness, witless, toilet, fortunate.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019-103">[103]</a></li> <li>The /ɛː/ phoneme (as in fair, care, there) was realized as a centring diphthong [ɛə] in the past, whereas many present-day speakers of RP pronounce it as a long monophthong [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019-103">[103]</a></li> <li>A change in the symbolisation of the GOAT diphthong reflects a change in the pronunciation of the starting point: older accounts of this diphthong describe it as starting with [ö̞], moving towards [u].<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This was often symbolized as /ou/ or /oʊ/. In modern RP the starting point is unrounded and central, and is symbolized /əʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The vowels in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LOT and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE, traditionally transcribed as /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, have shifted upwards, and are now close to [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>], respectively, in quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikström201345-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004242-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014126,_133-118">[118]</a></li> <li>The vowels in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">FOOT and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">GOOSE, traditionally transcribed as /ʊ/ and /uː/, have undergone fronting and reduction in the amount of lip-rounding<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013207-119">[119]</a> (phonetically, these can be transcribed [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">ʊ̜̈</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ̜ː</a>], respectively).</li> <li>As noted above, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">TRAP vowel /æ/ has become more open, near to cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan20071814–5-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2011-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells-114">[114]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Keyword </th> <th>Older RP </th> <th>Traditional RP </th> <th>Modern RP </th></tr> <tr> <th>commA </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">ə </td></tr> <tr> <th>lettER </th></tr> <tr> <th>TRAP </th> <td colspan="2">æ </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th>BATH </th> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3">ɑ̟ː </td></tr> <tr> <th>PALM </th></tr> <tr> <th>START </th></tr> <tr> <th>LOT </th> <td colspan="2">ɒ </td> <td rowspan="2">ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>CLOTH </th> <td rowspan="3">ɔː </td> <td rowspan="4">o̞ː </td></tr> <tr> <th>THOUGHT </th> <td rowspan="3">o̞ː </td></tr> <tr> <th>NORTH </th></tr> <tr> <th>FORCE </th> <td>(ɔə~)ɔː </td></tr> <tr> <th>STRUT </th> <td>ʌ̈ </td> <td>ɐ </td> <td>ɐ~ʌ̈~ɑ̈ </td></tr> <tr> <th>FOOT </th> <td colspan="2">ʊ </td> <td>ɵ </td></tr> <tr> <th>GOOSE </th> <td>uː </td> <td>ʊu̟ </td> <td>ʊ̈ʉ~ɪ̈ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>CURE </th> <td colspan="2">ʊə </td> <td>o̞ː </td></tr> <tr> <th>DRESS </th> <td colspan="2">e̞ </td> <td>ɛ </td></tr> <tr> <th>KIT </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ɪ </td> <td>ɪ̞ </td></tr> <tr> <th>happY </th> <td rowspan="2">ɪi </td></tr> <tr> <th>FLEECE </th> <td>iː </td> <td>ɪi </td></tr> <tr> <th>NEAR </th> <td colspan="2">ɪə </td> <td>ɪə~ɪː </td></tr> <tr> <th>NURSE </th> <td colspan="3">əː~ɜː </td></tr> <tr> <th>FACE </th> <td colspan="2">e̞ɪ </td> <td>ɛɪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>SQUARE </th> <td colspan="2">ɛə </td> <td>ɛə~ɛː </td></tr> <tr> <th>GOAT </th> <td>ö̞ʊ </td> <td>əʊ </td> <td>əʉ </td></tr> <tr> <th>PRICE </th> <td>aɪ </td> <td>äɪ </td> <td>ɑ̟ɪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>MOUTH </th> <td>äʊ </td> <td>ɑ̟ʊ </td> <td>aʊ </td></tr> <tr> <th>CHOICE </th> <td>ɔɪ </td> <td colspan="2">ɔ̝ɪ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>For speakers of Received Pronunciation in the late 19th century, it was common for the consonant combination ⟨wh⟩ (as in which, whistle, whether) to be realised as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labio-velar fricative">voiceless labio-velar fricative</a> /ʍ/ (also transcribed /hw/), as can still be heard in the 21st century in the speech of many speakers in Ireland, Scotland and parts of the US. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the /ʍ/ phoneme has ceased to be a feature of RP, except in an exaggeratedly precise style of speaking (<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9#Wine–whine_merger" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">the wine-whine merger</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982228–9-121">[121]</a></li> <li>There has been considerable growth in <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalization</a> in RP, most commonly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Glottalization#Glottal_reinforcement" title="Glottalization">glottal reinforcement</a>. This has been noted by writers on RP since quite early in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Ward notes pronunciations such as [njuːʔtrəl] for neutral and [reʔkləs] for reckless. Glottalization of /tʃ/ is widespread in present-day RP when at the end of a stressed syllable, as in butcher [bʊʔtʃə].<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>The realization of /r/ as a <a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">tap or flap</a> [ɾ] has largely disappeared from RP, though it can be heard in films and broadcasts from the first half of the 20th century. The word very was frequently pronounced [veɾɪ]. The same sound, however, is sometimes pronounced as an allophone of /t/ when it occurs intervocalically after a stressed syllable – the <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">"flapped /t/"</a> that is familiar in American English. Phonetically, this sounds more like /d/, and this pronunciation is sometimes known as /t/-voicing.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word-specific_changes">Word-specific changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Word-specific changes">edit</a>]</div> A number of cases can be identified where changes in the pronunciation of individual words, or small groups of words, have taken place. <ul><li>The word Mass (referring to the religious ritual) was often pronounced /mɑːs/ in older versions of RP, but the word is now almost always /mæs/.</li> <li>The indefinite article an was traditionally used before a sounded /h/ if immediately followed by an unstressed vowel, as in 'an hyaena.'<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This is now uncommon, especially in speech, and may be confined only to some of the more frequently used words, such as 'horrific' and 'historical.'<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-simpson-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_varieties_of_English">Comparison with other varieties of English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparison with other varieties of English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Like most other varieties of English outside Northern England, RP has undergone the <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">foot–strut split</a>: pairs like put/putt are pronounced differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982196_ff-129">[129]</a></li> <li>RP is a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic accent</a>, so /r/ does not occur unless followed immediately by a vowel. Pairs such as father/farther, caught/court and formally/formerly are homophones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198276-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Unlike a number of North American accents of English, RP has not undergone the <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger">Mary–marry–merry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror–nearer merger">nearer–mirror</a>, or <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_r#Hurry–furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language vowel changes before historic r">hurry–furry</a> mergers: all these words are distinct from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982245-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Unlike many North American accents, RP has not undergone the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger">father–bother</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught mergers</a>.</li> <li>RP does not have <a href="/wiki/English_consonant-cluster_reductions#Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="English consonant-cluster reductions">yod-dropping</a> after /n/, /t/, /d/, /z/ and /θ/, but most speakers of RP have yod-dropping after /s/ and /l/. Hence, for example, new, tune, dune, resume and enthusiasm are pronounced /njuː/, /tjuːn/, /djuːn/, /rɪˈzjuːm/ and /ɪnˈθjuːziæzm/ rather than /nuː/, /tuːn/, /duːn/, /rɪˈzuːm/ and /ɪnˈθuːziæzm/. This contrasts with many <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midland</a> varieties of <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a> and with many forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, including <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>. In words such as pursuit and allure, both pronunciations (with and without /j/) are heard in RP. There are, however, several words where a yod has been lost with the passage of time: for example, the word suit originally had a yod in RP but this is now extremely rare.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">flapped</a> variant of /t/ and /d/ (as in much of the West Country, Ulster, most North American varieties including General American, Australian English, and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Coloured">Cape Coloured</a> dialect of South Africa) is not used very often.</li> <li>RP has undergone the <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> (so the sequence /hw/ is not present except among those who have acquired this distinction as the result of speech training).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982228_ff-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art" title="Royal Academy of Dramatic Art">Royal Academy of Dramatic Art</a>, based in London, still teaches these two sounds for international breadth as distinct phonemes. They are also distinct from one another in most of Scotland and Ireland, in the northeast of England, and in the southeastern United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982228_ff-132">[132]</a></li> <li>Unlike some other varieties of <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a>, there is no <a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">h-dropping</a> in words like head or horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982253_ff-133">[133]</a> In hurried phrases such as "as hard as he could" h-dropping commonly applies to the word he.</li> <li>Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Hemisphere English">Southern Hemisphere English</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a> accents, RP has not undergone the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a>, meaning that pairs such as Lenin/Lennon are distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982167_ff-134">[134]</a></li> <li>In traditional RP [ɾ] is an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /r/ (it is used intervocalically after a stressed syllable, after /θ, ð/ and sometimes even after /b, ɡ/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise1957242-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008221-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoken_specimen">Spoken specimen</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spoken specimen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Recording_of_speaker_of_British_English_(Received_Pronunciation).ogg" title="File:Recording of speaker of British English (Received Pronunciation).ogg">Specimen of Received Pronunciation</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Recording_of_speaker_of_British_English_(Received_Pronunciation).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Recording_of_speaker_of_British_English_%28Received_Pronunciation%29.ogg/Recording_of_speaker_of_British_English_%28Received_Pronunciation%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Recording_of_speaker_of_British_English_%28Received_Pronunciation%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARecording_of_speaker_of_British_English_%28Received_Pronunciation%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARecording_of_speaker_of_British_English_%28Received_Pronunciation%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The audio recording on which the transcriptions are based</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a> regularly publishes "Illustrations of the IPA" which present an outline of the phonetics of a particular language or accent. It is usual to base the description on a recording of the traditional story of <a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">the North Wind and the Sun</a>. There is an IPA illustration of British English (Received Pronunciation). The female speaker is described as having been born in 1953 and educated at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. To accompany the recording there are three transcriptions: orthographic, phonemic and allophonic. <blockquote> Phonemic ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈwɪnd ən ðə ˈsʌn wə dɪˈspjuːtɪŋ ˈwɪtʃ wəz ðə ˈstrɒŋɡə, wen ə ˈtrævl̩ə ˌkeɪm əˌlɒŋ ˈræpt ɪn ə ˈwɔːm ˈkləʊk. ðeɪ əˈɡriːd ðət ðə ˈwʌn hu ˈfɜːst səkˈsiːdɪd ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈtrævlə ˌteɪk hɪz ˈkləʊk ɒf ʃʊd bi kənˌsɪdəd ˈstrɒŋɡə ðən ði ˈʌðə. ˈðen ðə ˌnɔːθ wɪnd ˈbluː əz ˈhɑːd əz i ˈkʊd, bət ðə ˈmɔː hi ˈbluː ðə ˌmɔː ˈkləʊsli dɪd ðə ˈtrævlə ˈfəʊld hɪz ˌkləʊk əˈraʊnd hɪm, ænd ət ˈlɑːst ðə ˈnɔːθ wɪnd ˌɡeɪv ˈʌp ði əˈtempt. ˈðen ðə ˈsʌn ˌʃɒn aʊt ˈwɔːmli, ænd əˈmiːdiətli ðə ˈtrævlə ˈtʊk ɒf ɪz ˈkləʊk. n̩ ˌsəʊ ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈwɪn wəz əˈblaɪdʒd tʊ kənˈfes ðət ðə ˈsʌn wəz ðə ˈstrɒŋɡr̩ əv ðə ˈtuː. Allophonic ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈw̥ɪnd ən̪n̪ə ˈsʌn wə dɪˈspj̊u̟ːtɪŋ ˈwɪʔtʃ wəz ðə ˈstɹ̥ɒŋɡə, wen ə ˈtɹ̥ævl̩ə ˌkʰeɪm əˌlɒŋ ˈɹæptʰ ɪn ə ˈwɔːm ˈkl̥əʊkˣ. ðeɪ əˈɡɹ̥iːd̥ ð̥əʔ ðə ˈwʌn ɦu ˈfɜːs səkˈsiːdɪd ɪmˈmeɪxɪŋ ðə ˈtɹ̥ævlə ˌtʰeɪk̟x̟ɪs ˈkl̥əʊk ɒf ʃʊbbi kʰənˌsɪdəd̥ ˈstɹɒŋɡə ð̥ən̪n̪i ˈʌðə. ˈðen̪n̪ə ˌnɔːθ w̥ɪnd ˈbluː əz̥ ˈhɑːd̥ əs i ˈkʊd, bət̬ ð̥ə ˈmɔː hi ˈblu̟ː ðə ˌmɔ ˈkl̥əʊsl̥i d̥ɨd ð̥ə ˈtɹ̥æv̥lə ˈfəʊld̥ hɪz̥ ˌkl̥əʊkʰ əˈɹaʊnd hɪm, ænd ət ˈl̥ɑːst ð̥ə ˈnɔːθ w̥ɪnd ˌɡ̊eɪv̥ ˈʌp ði̥ əˈtʰemʔt. ˈðen̪n̪ə ˈsʌn ˌʃɒn aʊt ˈwɔːmli, ænd əˈmiːdiətl̥i ð̥ə ˈtɹ̥ævlə ˈtʰʊk ɒf ɪz̥ ˈkl̥əʊkˣ. n̩ ˌsəʊ ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈw̥ɪn wəz̥ əˈblaɪdʒ̊ tʰɵ kʰənˈfes ð̥əʔ ð̥ə ˈsʌn wəz̥z̥ə ˈstɹ̥ɒŋɡɹ̩ əv̥ ð̥ə ˈtʰu̟ː. Orthographic The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him, and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004-138">[138]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_speakers">Notable speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable speakers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac/Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac/Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Sir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASir_David_Attenborough_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_29_Jan_2012_b01b8yy0.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>David Attenborough's voice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac/Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac/Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gyles_Brandreth_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_14_January_2011_b00x8f2l.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Gyles Brandreth's voice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Stephen_Fry_voice.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Stephen_Fry_voice.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Stephen_Fry_voice.flac/Stephen_Fry_voice.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Stephen_Fry_voice.flac/Stephen_Fry_voice.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Stephen_Fry_voice.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStephen_Fry_voice.flac&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStephen_Fry_voice.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStephen_Fry_voice.flac&lang=mt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mt" label="Malti ‪(mt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AStephen_Fry_voice.flac&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>Stephen Fry's voice</figcaption></figure> The following people have been described as RP speakers: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">British Royal Family</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells_2011-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>, broadcaster and naturalist<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyles_Brandreth" title="Gyles Brandreth">Gyles Brandreth</a>, broadcaster, writer and former politician<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, former Prime Minister of the UK (2010–2016)<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire" title="Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire">Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire</a>, aristocrat and writer<a href="#cite_note-woods-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-lawson-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Everett" title="Rupert Everett">Rupert Everett</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-Wells_2008blog-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Antonia_Fraser" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Antonia Fraser">Lady Antonia Fraser</a>, author and historian<a href="#cite_note-woods-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>, actor and writer<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, late author and journalist<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, former Prime Minister of the UK (2019–2022)<a href="#cite_note-Wells_2008blog-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby" title="Vanessa Kirby">Vanessa Kirby</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-lawson-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, former Prime Minister of the UK (2016–2019)<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carey_Mulligan" title="Carey Mulligan">Carey Mulligan</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-lawson-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman" title="Jeremy Paxman">Jeremy Paxman</a>, broadcaster and TV presenter<a href="#cite_note-woods-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a>, former leader of the House of Commons (2019–2022)<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Sewell" title="Brian Sewell">Brian Sewell</a>, art critic<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stourton_(journalist)" title="Edward Stourton (journalist)">Edward Stourton</a>, broadcaster and journalist<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, former Prime Minister of the UK (1979–1990)<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (2013–present)<a href="#cite_note-Wells_2011-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, former Archbishop of Canterbury (2002–2012)<a href="#cite_note-Wells_2011-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accents_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accents (psychology)">Accents (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_spelling_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="English language spelling reform">English language spelling reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">Prestige (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_and_non-U_English" title="U and non-U English">U and non-U English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xix,_paragraph_2.1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008xix,_paragraph_2.1_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>, p. xix, paragraph 2.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2022/nov/03/bias-against-working-class-and-regional-accents-has-not-gone-away-report-finds">"Bias against working-class and regional accents has not gone away, report finds"</a>. The Guardian. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bias+against+working-class+and+regional+accents+has+not+gone+away%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finequality%2F2022%2Fnov%2F03%2Fbias-against-working-class-and-regional-accents-has-not-gone-away-report-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201474–81-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201474–81_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 74–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindseyWells2019" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Geoff; Wells, John C. (2019). English after RP: standard British pronunciation today. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04356-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04356-8"><bdi>978-3-030-04356-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+after+RP%3A+standard+British+pronunciation+today&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04356-8&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Wells%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1926ix-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1926ix_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1926">Jones (1926)</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPonceau1818259-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPonceau1818259_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuPonceau1818">DuPonceau (1818)</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/272029">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary (subscription required). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28subscription+required%29&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F272029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyld192723-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyld192723_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyld1927">Wyld (1927)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis18693-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis18693_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis1869">Ellis (1869)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal200354–5-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal200354–5_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrystal2003">Crystal (2003)</a>, pp. 54–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2005243–4-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2005243–4_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrystal2005">Crystal (2005)</a>, pp. 243–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jonnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829130006/https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/received-pronunciation">"Received Pronunciation"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/received-pronunciation">the original</a> on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Received+Pronunciation&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fbritish-accents-and-dialects%2Farticles%2Freceived-pronunciation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322064450/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/received-pronunciation/">"Regional Voices – Received Pronunciation"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/received-pronunciation/">the original</a> on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Voices+%E2%80%93+Received+Pronunciation&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Fsounds%2Ffind-out-more%2Freceived-pronunciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden200877–80-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden200877–80_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2008">Cruttenden (2008)</a>, pp. 77–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200013–6-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200013–6_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2000">Jenkins (2000)</a>, pp. 13–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982117-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982117_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011vi-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011vi_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones (2011)</a>, p. vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2004-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2004_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2004">Ladefoged (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1999-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill1999_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudgill1999">Trudgill (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/reviewepd.html">"Review of the Daniel Jones English Pronouncing Dictionary 15th edition 1997"</a>. Yek.me.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yek.me.uk&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+Daniel+Jones+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary+15th+edition+1997&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Freviewepd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/reviewlpd.html">"Ovvissly not one of us – Review of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary"</a>. Yek.me.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yek.me.uk&rft.atitle=Ovvissly+not+one+of+us+%E2%80%93+Review+of+the+Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Freviewlpd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jwl-22"><a href="#cite_ref-jwl_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis1972" class="citation web cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis (19 February 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/brndaccents.html">"British non-dialectal accents"</a>. Yek.me.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yek.me.uk&rft.atitle=British+non-dialectal+accents&rft.date=1972-02-19&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Fbrndaccents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindsor_Lewis1972" class="citation book cs1">Windsor Lewis, Jack (1972). A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American English. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-431123-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-431123-6"><bdi>0-19-431123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Pronouncing+Dictionary+of+British+and+American+English&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-19-431123-6&rft.aulast=Windsor+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/cpdrevieweltj.html">"Review of CPD in ELTJ"</a>. Yek.me.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yek.me.uk&rft.atitle=Review+of+CPD+in+ELTJ&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Fcpdrevieweltj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201480–2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201480–2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201480–2_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 80–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees20033–4-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees20033–4_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association19994-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association19994_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association (1999)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2007323-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2007323_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2007">Schmitt (2007)</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/exotic-spices.html">exotic spices</a>, John Wells's phonetic blog, 28 February 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbooks.com/Handbook-of-Varieties-of-English-Phonology-Morphology-Syntax/9783110175325/Bernd-Kortmann.php?CSID=AU3SS3ZKD3DATAOMCOKTADSAB&dHTxt=978-3110175325&TYP=SBJ&CSID=AU3SSSCJWAKTCKUDKDQMQKS2B&PART=PRINT&TXT=">Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology; Morphology, Syntax</a>. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 217–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110175325" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110175325"><bdi>978-3110175325</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English%3A+Phonology%3B+Morphology%2C+Syntax&rft.pages=217-230&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3110175325&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbooks.com%2FHandbook-of-Varieties-of-English-Phonology-Morphology-Syntax%2F9783110175325%2FBernd-Kortmann.php%3FCSID%3DAU3SS3ZKD3DATAOMCOKTADSAB%26dHTxt%3D978-3110175325%26TYP%3DSBJ%26CSID%3DAU3SSSCJWAKTCKUDKDQMQKS2B%26PART%3DPRINT%26TXT%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Library" class="citation web cs1">British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410230006/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/">"Sounds Familiar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation">the original</a> on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sounds+Familiar&rft.au=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Fsounds%2Fcase-studies%2Freceived-pronunciation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1917viii-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1917viii_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1917">Jones (1917)</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrell1891" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, A. (1891). Recitation: a Handbook for Teachers in Public Elementary School. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recitation%3A+a+Handbook+for+Teachers+in+Public+Elementary+School&rft.place=London&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Gladstone's speech was the subject of a book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5uvJAAACAAJ&dq">The Best English. A claim for the superiority of Received Standard English</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], together with notes on Mr. Gladstone's pronunciation, H.C. Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>, Oxford, 1934. </li> <li id="cite_note-trudgillestimate-36"><a href="#cite_ref-trudgillestimate_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2000" class="citation web cs1">Trudgill, Peter (8 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/trudgill.htm">"Sociolinguistics of Modern RP"</a>. University College London. Retrieved 3 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics+of+Modern+RP&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2000-12-08&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Festuary%2Ftrudgill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindsor_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Windsor Lewis, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/archive45.html#blog443">"A Notorious Estimate"</a>. JWL's Blogs. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JWL%27s+Blogs&rft.atitle=A+Notorious+Estimate&rft.aulast=Windsor+Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Farchive45.html%23blog443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton2019" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Clive (21 January 2019). "Chapter 14: British English". In Reed, Marnie; Levis, John (eds.). The Handbook of English Pronunciation. John Wiley & Son. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119055266" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119055266"><bdi>978-1119055266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+British+English&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+English+Pronunciation&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Son&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.isbn=978-1119055266&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearsall1999">Pearsall (1999)</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1999_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1981337-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1981337_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHudson1981">Hudson (1981)</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2007" class="citation web cs1">Crystal, David (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml">"Language and Time"</a>. BBC voices. BBC. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+voices&rft.atitle=Language+and+Time&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fyourvoice%2Ffeature2_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200243_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcArthur2002">McArthur (2002)</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart-Smith1999" class="citation book cs1">Stuart-Smith, Jane (1999). "Glasgow: accent and voice quality". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.). Urban Voices. Arnold. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340706082" title="Special:BookSources/0340706082"><bdi>0340706082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glasgow%3A+accent+and+voice+quality&rft.btitle=Urban+Voices&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0340706082&rft.aulast=Stuart-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/scottish-and-irish-accents-top-list-of-favourites-448630.html">"Scottish and Irish accents top list of favourites"</a>. The Independent. 13 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Scottish+and+Irish+accents+top+list+of+favourites&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fscottish-and-irish-accents-top-list-of-favourites-448630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200249-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcArthur200249_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcArthur2002">McArthur (2002)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishman1977319-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishman1977319_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFishman1977">Fishman (1977)</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201478-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201478_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwBQLoa3E_Y">1967: John REITH explains the "BBC ACCENT" | Lord Reith Looks Back | BBC Archive</a>, 28 September 2022, retrieved 7 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1967%3A+John+REITH+explains+the+%22BBC+ACCENT%22+%7C+Lord+Reith+Looks+Back+%7C+BBC+Archive&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQwBQLoa3E_Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwyter2016" class="citation web cs1">Schwyter, Jürg R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736738.001.0001/acprof-9780198736738">"Schwyter, J.R. 'Dictating to the Mob: The History of the BBC Advisory Committee on Spoken English', 2016, Oxford University Press"</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198736738.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736738.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873673-8"><bdi>978-0-19-873673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schwyter%2C+J.R.+%27Dictating+to+the+Mob%3A+The+History+of+the+BBC+Advisory+Committee+on+Spoken+English%27%2C+2016%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198736738.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873673-8&rft.aulast=Schwyter&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrg+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198736738.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198736738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sangster, Catherine, 'The BBC, its Pronunciation Unit and 'BBC English' in Roach, P., Setter, J. and Esling, J. (eds) Daniel Jones' English Pronouncing Dictionary, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, pp. xxviii-xxix </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Discussed in <a href="#CITEREFMugglestone2003">Mugglestone (2003</a>, pp. 277–8), but even then Pickles modified his speech towards RP when reading the news. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Zoe Thornton, The Pickles Experiment – a Yorkshire man reading the news, Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2012, pp. 4–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoachSetterEsling2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (2011). Daniel Jones' English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge. p. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Jones%27+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Setter%2C+Jane&rft.au=Esling%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001">Upton, Kretzschmar & Konopka (2001)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonKretzschmar2017" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138125667" title="Special:BookSources/9781138125667"><bdi>9781138125667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Pronunciation+for+Current+English&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781138125667&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/">"Case Studies – Received Pronunciation"</a>. British Library. 13 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/">the original</a> on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. <q>As well as being a living accent, RP is also a theoretical linguistic concept. It is the accent on which phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries are based, and it is widely used (in competition with General American) for teaching English as a foreign language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+%E2%80%93+Received+Pronunciation&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Fsounds%2Fcase-studies%2Freceived-pronunciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Adam (1991). Pronunciation Models. Singapore University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-157-4" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-157-4"><bdi>9971-69-157-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronunciation+Models&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9971-69-157-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014325–52-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014325–52_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 325–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–1-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240–1_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, pp. 240–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241_62-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004240-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004240_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimson1970-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimson1970_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimson1970_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimson1970">Gimson (1970)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahlke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stahlke, Herbert F. W. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.2003.12068832">"Fortis and lenis obstruents in English"</a>. WORD. 54 (2): 191–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.2003.12068832">10.1080/00437956.2003.12068832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141381109">141381109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=Fortis+and+lenis+obstruents+in+English&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-216&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.2003.12068832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141381109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stahlke&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.2003.12068832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge2009148–9-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge2009148–9_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodge2009">Lodge (2009)</a>, pp. 148–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShockey200343–4-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShockey200343–4_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShockey2003">Shockey (2003)</a>, pp. 43–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2009112-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2009112_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2009">Roach (2009)</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalleMohanan198565-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalleMohanan198565_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalleMohanan1985">Halle & Mohanan (1985)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1967201-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1967201_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1967">Jones (1967)</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008204-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008204_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2008">Cruttenden (2008)</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003</a>:95, 101) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003</a>:92) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014118-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014118_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach200924-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach200924_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2009">Roach (2009)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiik1965-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiik1965_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiik1965">Wiik (1965)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014101-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014101_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004241,_243-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004241,_243_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, pp. 241, 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aworldofenglishes.blogspot.com/2013/06/is-real.html">"A World of Englishes: Is /ə/ "real"?"</a>. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Englishes%3A+Is+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2F%C9%99%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E+%22real%22%3F&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faworldofenglishes.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fis-real.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999200-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999200_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocaJohnson1999">Roca & Johnson (1999)</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014154-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014154_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0607.htm">"Blog July 2006"</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+July+2006&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fblog0607.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetic-blog.blogspot.fr/2009_10_01_archive.html">"Blog July 2009"</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+July+2009&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonetic-blog.blogspot.fr%2F2009_10_01_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetic-blog.blogspot.fr/2009_11_01_archive.html">"Blog Nov 2009"</a>. Retrieved 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+Nov+2009&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonetic-blog.blogspot.fr%2F2009_11_01_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach200918–9-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach200918–9_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2009">Roach (2009)</a>, pp. 18–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982203ff-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982203ff_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 203ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis1990" class="citation news cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/lpdeltj.html">"Review of Longman Pronunciation Dictionary"</a>. The Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Flpdeltj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2012" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/english-places.html">"English places"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=English+places&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk%2F2012%2F03%2Fenglish-places.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton2004222–3-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpton2004222–3_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpton2004">Upton (2004)</a>, pp. 222–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200525-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200525_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200525_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta2005">Gupta (2005)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985166–7-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985166–7_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetyt1985">Petyt (1985)</a>, pp. 166–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Point 18 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Jack Windsor Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/centnthpn.html">"The General Central Northern Non-Dialectal Pronunciation of England"</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+General+Central+Northern+Non-Dialectal+Pronunciation+of+England&rft.au=Jack+Windsor+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yek.me.uk%2Fcentnthpn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPointon2010" class="citation web cs1">Pointon, Graham (20 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguism.co.uk/language/olivia-oleary">"Olivia O'Leary"</a>. Linguism: Language in a word.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguism%3A+Language+in+a+word&rft.atitle=Olivia+O%27Leary&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.aulast=Pointon&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguism.co.uk%2Flanguage%2Folivia-oleary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985286-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetyt1985286_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetyt1985">Petyt (1985)</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewbrook1999101-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewbrook1999101_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewbrook1999">Newbrook (1999)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxix-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxix_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxix_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>, p. xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2011-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2011_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2011_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2011">Roach (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (8 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/?p=1795">"The British English vowel system"</a>. speech talk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speech+talk&rft.atitle=The+British+English+vowel+system&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D1795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2012" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/lindsey-system.html">"the Lindsey system"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=the+Lindsey+system&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk%2F2012%2F03%2Flindsey-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanguage_Log2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Language_Log" title="Language Log">Language Log</a> (5 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003859.html">"Happy-tensing and coal in sex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy-tensing+and+coal+in+sex&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.au=Language+Log&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F003859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnfield2007" class="citation web cs1">Enfield, Harry (30 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/gou1cspUfdY">"Mr Cholmondley-Warner on Life in 1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gou1cspUfdY">the original</a> on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Mr+Cholmondley-Warner+on+Life+in+1990&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Enfield&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgou1cspUfdY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jonnie_2019_103-2">c</a> Robinson, Jonnie (24 April 2019). "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Retrieved 16 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden201483–5-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden201483–5_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 83–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HnePKE9AAE&t=280s">The Queen's speech to President Sarkozy</a>, "often" pronounced at 4:40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19055-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19055_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1905">Wright (1905)</a>, p. 5, §12 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1967115,_para_458-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1967115,_para_458_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1967">Jones (1967)</a>, p. 115, para 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (3 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/funny-old-vowels/">"Funny old vowels"</a>. Retrieved 2 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funny+old+vowels&rft.date=2012-06-03&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Ffunny-old-vowels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999135,_186-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999135,_186_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocaJohnson1999">Roca & Johnson (1999)</a>, pp. 135, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014122-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014122_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsey201922-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsey201922_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindsey2019">Lindsey (2019)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill199962-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill199962_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudgill1999">Trudgill (1999)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1957" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (1957). An outline of English phonetics (9th ed.). Heffer. p. 101, para 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521210980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521210980"><bdi>978-0521210980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+outline+of+English+phonetics&rft.pages=101%2C+para+394&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Heffer&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0521210980&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1994" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (27 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm">"Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?"</a>. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whatever+happened+to+Received+Pronunciation%3F&rft.date=1994-01-27&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Frphappened.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWikström201345-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWikström201345_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikström2013">Wikström (2013)</a>, p. 45. "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6." </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (15 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/morgen-a-suitable-case-for-treatment/">"Morgen – a suitable case for treatment"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morgen+%E2%80%93+a+suitable+case+for+treatment&rft.date=2012-07-15&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Fmorgen-a-suitable-case-for-treatment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004242-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004242_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014126,_133-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2014126,_133_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014)</a>, pp. 126, 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013207-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013207_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2013">Collins & Mees (2013)</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan20071814–5-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan20071814–5_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan2007">de Jong et al. (2007)</a>, pp. 1814–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982228–9-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982228–9_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 228–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1939" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Ida (1939). The Phonetics of English (3rd ed.). pp. 135–6, para 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English&rft.pages=135-6%2C+para+250&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Ida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2019" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). Practical English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9"><bdi>978-1-138-59150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+English+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-59150-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2019" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). Practical English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9"><bdi>978-1-138-59150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+English+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-59150-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1824" class="citation book cs1">Walker, John (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OsIAAAAQAAJ&q=%22An+must+be+used+before+all+words+beginning%22">A critical pronouncing dictionary</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+pronouncing+dictionary&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OsIAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522An%2Bmust%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bbefore%2Ball%2Bwords%2Bbeginning%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"an". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-10105-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-10105-5"><bdi>0-550-10105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=an&rft.btitle=The+Chambers+Dictionary&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-550-10105-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-simpson-127"><a href="#cite_ref-simpson_127-0">^</a> Simpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Second ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth2017" class="citation web cs1">Wordsworth, Dot (8 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/an-historic">"An historic"</a>. The Spectator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217145646/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/an-historic">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=An+historic&rft.date=2017-04-08&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=Dot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fan-historic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982196_ff-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982196_ff_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 196 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198276-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198276_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982245-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982245_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982228_ff-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982228_ff_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982228_ff_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 228 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982253_ff-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982253_ff_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 253 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982167_ff-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982167_ff_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 167 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise1957242-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise1957242_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWise1957">Wise (1957)</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008221-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruttenden2008221_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2008">Cruttenden (2008)</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2019" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). Practical English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-59150-9"><bdi>978-1-138-59150-9</bdi></a>. <q>A tap was also to be heard intervocalically ... from old-fashioned traditional RP speakers ... It was used for /r/ after a stressed vowel, e.g. carry, very, Paris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+English+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-59150-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2004-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2004_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2004">Roach (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells_2011-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_2011_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_2011_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_2011_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2011" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/05/evidence-of-vows.html">"the evidence of the vows"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=the+evidence+of+the+vows&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fevidence-of-vows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2007" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (11 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0707a.htm">"Any young U-RP speakers?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Any+young+U-RP+speakers%3F&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fblog0707a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2010" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/11/david-attenborough.html">"David Attenborough"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=David+Attenborough&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fdavid-attenborough.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Juhyung (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10371/176946">"Vowel changes in the speech of Sir David Attenborough"</a>. SNU Working Papers in English Language and Linguistics. 18. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10371%2F176946">10371/176946</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SNU+Working+Papers+in+English+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Vowel+changes+in+the+speech+of+Sir+David+Attenborough&rft.volume=18&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10371%2F176946&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Juhyung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10371%2F176946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trufluency.com/7-best-english-podcasts-free-and-paid/">"7 Best English Podcasts (Free and Paid)"</a>. TruFluency. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2023. <q>Gyles Brandreth and Susie Dent are the hosts of Something Rhymes with Purple, ... the speech of the hosts tends to show features of the Received Pronunciation (RP) English accent, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TruFluency&rft.atitle=7+Best+English+Podcasts+%28Free+and+Paid%29&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrufluency.com%2F7-best-english-podcasts-free-and-paid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandreth2018" class="citation web cs1">Brandreth, Gyles (23 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gylesbrandreth.net/blog/2018/12/23/am-i-posh-is-david-dimbleby-are-you">"Am I posh? Is David Dimbleby? Are you?"</a>. GYLES BRANDRETH. Retrieved 3 July 2023. <q>... I have a 'posh' accent. In fact, I sound much less fruity and plummy than I used to do. (So does The Queen, incidentally.) I sound very like my father, and English middle class professional people of his generation (he was born in 1910) sounded like he sounded and I sound now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GYLES+BRANDRETH&rft.atitle=Am+I+posh%3F+Is+David+Dimbleby%3F+Are+you%3F&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=Brandreth&rft.aufirst=Gyles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gylesbrandreth.net%2Fblog%2F2018%2F12%2F23%2Fam-i-posh-is-david-dimbleby-are-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2010" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (8 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/04/ee-yet-again.html">"EE, yet again"</a>. John Wells's phonetic blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog&rft.atitle=EE%2C+yet+again&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fee-yet-again.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-woods-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woods_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-woods_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-woods_146-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2011" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Vicki (5 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8684273/When-I-didnt-know-owt-about-posh-speak.html">"When I didn't know owt about posh speak"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8684273/When-I-didnt-know-owt-about-posh-speak.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=When+I+didn%27t+know+owt+about+posh+speak&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F8684273%2FWhen-I-didnt-know-owt-about-posh-speak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawson-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawson_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawson_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawson_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2013" class="citation web cs1">Lawson, Lindsey (14 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevoicecafe.net/the-voice-cafe-blog/the-accent-with-few-native-speakers-in-Britain-RP">"A popular British accent with very few native speakers"</a>. The Voice Cafe. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Voice+Cafe&rft.atitle=A+popular+British+accent+with+very+few+native+speakers&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevoicecafe.net%2Fthe-voice-cafe-blog%2Fthe-accent-with-few-native-speakers-in-Britain-RP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells_2008blog-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_2008blog_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_2008blog_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008a" class="citation web cs1">Wells, John (12 June 2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0806a.htm">"RP back in fashion?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RP+back+in+fashion%3F&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Fwells%2Fblog0806a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf">http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraleighlittletheatre.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FLion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2019/07/06/in-british-politics-posh-pronunciation-reigns">"In British politics, posh pronunciation reigns"</a>. The Economist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=In+British+politics%2C+posh+pronunciation+reigns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2019%2F07%2F06%2Fin-british-politics-posh-pronunciation-reigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevoicecafe.net/the-voice-cafe-blog/the-accent-with-few-native-speakers-in-Britain-RP">"RP: A popular British accent with very few native speakers"</a>. 13 October 2014. <q>Examples of speakers of the more "conservative" type of RP are Stephen Fry and Dame Judi Dench.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RP%3A+A+popular+British+accent+with+very+few+native+speakers&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevoicecafe.net%2Fthe-voice-cafe-blog%2Fthe-accent-with-few-native-speakers-in-Britain-RP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/accents_comments.shtml">https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/accents_comments.shtml</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fyourvoice%2Faccents_comments.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/parsons_ma.pdf">https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/parsons_ma.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Festuary%2Fparsons_ma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialectblog.com/british-accents/">"British Accents"</a>. dialectblog.com. 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dialectblog.com&rft.atitle=British+Accents&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialectblog.com%2Fbritish-accents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadlen2015" class="citation news cs1">Stadlen, Matthew (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11731188/joanna-lumley-acting-interview-drama.html">"Joanna Lumley: I'm not posh - and I eat like a horse"</a>. Daily Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11731188/joanna-lumley-acting-interview-drama.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Joanna+Lumley%3A+I%27m+not+posh+-+and+I+eat+like+a+horse&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Stadlen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcelebritynews%2F11731188%2Fjoanna-lumley-acting-interview-drama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2017-18/17-18_1-9/pdf/teacher-notes.pdf">https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2017-18/17-18_1-9/pdf/teacher-notes.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresource.download.wjec.co.uk%2Fvtc%2F2017-18%2F17-18_1-9%2Fpdf%2Fteacher-notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevonSharmaWattCardoso2021" class="citation journal cs1">Levon, Erez; Sharma, Devyani; Watt, Dominic J. L.; Cardoso, Amanda; Ye, Yang (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00754242211046316">"Accent Bias and Perceptions of Professional Competence in England"</a>. Journal of English Linguistics. 49 (4): 355–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00754242211046316">10.1177/00754242211046316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Accent+Bias+and+Perceptions+of+Professional+Competence+in+England&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=355-388&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00754242211046316&rft.aulast=Levon&rft.aufirst=Erez&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Devyani&rft.au=Watt%2C+Dominic+J.+L.&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Ye%2C+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00754242211046316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Klaus J. Kohler (2017) "Communicative Functions and Linguistic Forms in Speech Interaction", published by CUP (page 268) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40554137">"Labour MP Angela Rayner : 'I'm proud of my accent'"</a>. BBC News. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2021. <q>Tory MP Jacob Rees-Mogg struggled with his "posh RP [received pronunciation] accent" when he was trying to get elected in Fife.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Labour+MP+Angela+Rayner+%3A+%27I%27m+proud+of+my+accent%27&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-40554137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/accent2.shtml">"Voices - Your Voice"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Voices+-+Your+Voice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fyourvoice%2Faccent2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205075947/https://i-m-magazine.com/brian-sewell/">"Brian Sewell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i-m-magazine.com/brian-sewell/">the original</a> on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brian+Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fi-m-magazine.com%2Fbrian-sewell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2014" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Glenda (4 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/bbc/11140150/A-posh-RP-voice-can-break-down-barriers.html">"A 'posh' RP voice can break down barriers"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/bbc/11140150/A-posh-RP-voice-can-break-down-barriers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+%27posh%27+RP+voice+can+break+down+barriers&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2Fbbc%2F11140150%2FA-posh-RP-voice-can-break-down-barriers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-22183566/why-people-change-the-way-they-speak">"Has Beckham started talking posh?"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Has+Beckham+started+talking+posh%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fuk-22183566%2Fwhy-people-change-the-way-they-speak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf">http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraleighlittletheatre.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FLion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2019/07/06/in-british-politics-posh-pronunciation-reigns">"In British politics, posh pronunciation reigns"</a>. The Economist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=In+British+politics%2C+posh+pronunciation+reigns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2019%2F07%2F06%2Fin-british-politics-posh-pronunciation-reigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolanNolan2011" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Dave; Nolan, David (24 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSGtDwAAQBAJ&dq=emma+watson+received+pronunciation&pg=PT34">Emma Watson: The Biography</a>. Kings Road Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84358-871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84358-871-9"><bdi>978-1-84358-871-9</bdi></a>. <q>Emma speaks her lines with crystal-clear received pronunciation...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emma+Watson%3A+The+Biography&rft.pub=Kings+Road+Publishing&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84358-871-9&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Nolan%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSGtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Demma%2Bwatson%2Breceived%2Bpronunciation%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation cs2">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004103406" title="Special:BookSources/9004103406"><bdi>9004103406</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English+and+Dutch&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004103406&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2013" class="citation cs2">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2013) [First published 2003], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faVJTQIw9eQC">Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students</a> (3rd ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-50650-2"><bdi>978-0-415-50650-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Phonetics+and+Phonology%3A+A+Resource+Book+for+Students&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-50650-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaVJTQIw9eQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2008" class="citation cs2">Cruttenden, Alan (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340958773" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340958773"><bdi>978-0340958773</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0340958773&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2014" class="citation cs2">Cruttenden, Alan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ">Gimson's Pronunciation of English</a> (8th ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444183092" title="Special:BookSources/9781444183092"><bdi>9781444183092</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimson%27s+Pronunciation+of+English&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781444183092&rft.aulast=Cruttenden&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2nMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53033-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53033-4"><bdi>0-521-53033-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-53033-4&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2005" class="citation cs2">Crystal, David (2005), The Stories of English, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+English&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuPonceau1818" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_DuPonceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter DuPonceau">DuPonceau, Peter S.</a> (1818), "English phonology; or, An essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of the English language.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 1, pp. 259–264</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+phonology%3B+or%2C+An+essay+towards+an+analysis+and+description+of+the+component+sounds+of+the+English+language.&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=259-264&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=DuPonceau&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1869" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Ellis, Alexander J.</a> (1869), On early English pronunciation, New York, (1968): Greenwood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+early+English+pronunciation&rft.place=New+York%2C+%281968%29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmes2005" class="citation cs2">Elmes, Simon (2005), Talking for Britain: A journey through the voices of our nation, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051562-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051562-3"><bdi>0-14-051562-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+for+Britain%3A+A+journey+through+the+voices+of+our+nation&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-051562-3&rft.aulast=Elmes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman1977" class="citation cs2">Fishman, Joshua (1977), ""Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context", The Modern Language Journal, 61 (7): 315–325, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F324550">10.2307/324550</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/324550">324550</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Standard%22+versus+%22Dialect%22+in+Bilingual+Education%3A+An+Old+Problem+in+a+New+Context&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=315-325&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F324550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F324550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Gimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred C. Gimson">Gimson, Alfred C.</a> (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+pronunciation+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson1980" class="citation cs2">Gimson, Alfred C. (1980), Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pronunciation+of+English&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2005" class="citation cs2">Gupta, Anthea Fraser (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1810/1/guptaaf2.pdf">"Baths and becks"</a> (PDF), English Today, 21 (1): 21–27, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266078405001069">10.1017/S0266078405001069</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-0784">0266-0784</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54620954">54620954</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Today&rft.atitle=Baths+and+becks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54620954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0266-0784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266078405001069&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Anthea+Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F1810%2F1%2Fguptaaf2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalleMohanan1985" class="citation cs2">Halle, Morris; Mohanan, K. P. (1985), "Segmental Phonology of Modern English", Linguistic Inquiry, 16 (1), The MIT Press: 57–116, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178420">4178420</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Segmental+Phonology+of+Modern+English&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-116&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178420%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Mohanan%2C+K.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1981" class="citation cs2">Hudson, Richard (1981), "Some Issues on Which Linguists Can Agree", Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 333–343, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700007052">10.1017/S0022226700007052</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144125788">144125788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Some+Issues+on+Which+Linguists+Can+Agree&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-343&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700007052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144125788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999" class="citation cs2">International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521637510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521637510"><bdi>978-0521637510</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521637510&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2000" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, Jennifer (2000), The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+English+as+an+International+Language&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1917" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (1917), English Pronouncing Dictionary (1st ed.), London: Dent</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1926" class="citation cs2">Jones, Daniel (1926), English Pronouncing Dictionary (2nd ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1967" class="citation cs2">Jones, Daniel (1967), An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.), Heffer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+English+Phonetics&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Heffer&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs2">Jones, Daniel (2011), Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan2007" class="citation cs2">de Jong, Gea; McDougall, Kirsty; Hudson, Toby; Nolan, Francis (2007), "The speaker discriminating power of sounds undergoing historical change: A formant-based study", the Proceedings of ICPhS Saarbrücken, pp. 1813–1816</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+speaker+discriminating+power+of+sounds+undergoing+historical+change%3A+A+formant-based+study&rft.btitle=the+Proceedings+of+ICPhS+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pages=1813-1816&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Gea&rft.au=McDougall%2C+Kirsty&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Toby&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2004" class="citation cs2">Ladefoged, Peter (2004), Vowels and Consonants, Thomson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.pub=Thomson&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Lindsey, Geoff</a> (2019), English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04356-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04356-8"><bdi>978-3-030-04356-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+After+RP%3A+Standard+British+Pronunciation+Today&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04356-8&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge2009" class="citation cs2">Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+Phonetics&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur2002" class="citation cs2">McArthur, Tom (2002), The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+World+English&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDavid1965" class="citation cs2">McDavid, Raven I. (1965), "American Social Dialects", College English, 26 (4): 254–260, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F373636">10.2307/373636</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/373636">373636</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=American+Social+Dialects&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=254-260&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F373636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F373636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDavid&rft.aufirst=Raven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMugglestone2003" class="citation cs2">Mugglestone, Lynda (2003), 'Talking Proper': The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Talking+Proper%27%3A+The+Rise+of+Accent+as+Social+Symbol&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mugglestone&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbrook1999" class="citation cs2">Newbrook, Mark (1999), "West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage", in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerald J. (eds.), Urban Voices, pp. 90–106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Wirral%3A+norms%2C+self-reports+and+usage&rft.btitle=Urban+Voices&rft.pages=90-106&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Newbrook&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation cs2">Pearce, Michael (2007), The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+English+Language+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall1999" class="citation cs2">Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1999), The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (10th ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=10th&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetyt1985" class="citation cs2">Petyt, K. M. (1985), Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect+and+Accent+in+Industrial+West+Yorkshire&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Petyt&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsaran1990" class="citation cs2">Ramsaran, Susan (1990), "RP: fact and fiction", Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A commemorative volume in honour of A. C. Gimson, Routledge, pp. 178–190</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RP%3A+fact+and+fiction&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Pronunciation+of+English%3A+A+commemorative+volume+in+honour+of+A.+C.+Gimson&rft.pages=178-190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Ramsaran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2004" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf">"British English: Received Pronunciation"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768">10.1017/S0025100304001768</a> (inactive 25 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144338519">144338519</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=British+English%3A+Received+Pronunciation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-245&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144338519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FD4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590%2FS0025100304001768a.pdf%2Fbritish_english_received_pronunciation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2009" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2009), English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40718-2"><bdi>978-0-521-40718-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40718-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521152532" title="Special:BookSources/9780521152532"><bdi>9780521152532</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521152532&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocaJohnson1999" class="citation cs2">Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Phonology&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.aufirst=Iggy&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Wyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogaliński2011" class="citation cs2">Rogaliński, Paweł (2011), British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English, Łódź, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-272-3282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-272-3282-3"><bdi>978-83-272-3282-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Accents%3A+Cockney%2C+RP%2C+Estuary+English&rft.place=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-272-3282-3&rft.aulast=Rogali%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2007" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100307003131">10.1017/S0025100307003131</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143444452">143444452</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+case+for+the+epsilon+symbol+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%C9%9B%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+with+plain+IPA%29+in+RP+DRESS&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-328&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100307003131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143444452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockey2003" class="citation cs2">Shockey, Linda (2003), Sound Patterns of Spoken English, Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Patterns+of+Spoken+English&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Shockey&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (1999), The Dialects of England, Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+England&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton2004" class="citation cs2">Upton, Clive (2004), "Received Pronunciation", A Handbook of Varieties of English, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 217–230</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Received+Pronunciation&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English&rft.pages=217-230&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001" class="citation cs2">Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001), Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Pronunciation+for+Current+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Konopka%2C+Rafal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1970), "Local accents in England and Wales", Journal of Linguistics, 6 (2): 231–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700002632">10.1017/S0022226700002632</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143523909">143523909</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Local+accents+in+England+and+Wales&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-252&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700002632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143523909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29719-2"><bdi>0-521-29719-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English+I%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-29719-2&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiik1965" class="citation cs2">Wiik, K. (1965), Finnish and English Vowels, B, vol. 94, Annales Universitatis Turkensis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+and+English+Vowels&rft.series=B&rft.pub=Annales+Universitatis+Turkensis&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Wiik&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikström2013" class="citation cs2">Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 37–47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000345">10.1017/S0025100312000345</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146863401">146863401</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=An+acoustic+study+of+the+RP+English+LOT+and+THOUGHT+vowels&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-47&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146863401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wikstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1957" class="citation cs2">Wise, Claude Merton (1957), Introduction to phonetics, Englewood Cliffs</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+phonetics&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Claude+Merton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1905" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Wright, Joseph</a> (1905), English Dialect Grammar</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Dialect+Grammar&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyld1927" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/H._C._Wyld" class="mw-redirect" title="H. C. Wyld">Wyld, Henry C. K.</a> (1927), A short history of English (3rd ed.), London: Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Wyld&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceived+Pronunciation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/posh.shtml">BBC page on Upper RP as spoken by the English upper-classes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/">Sounds Familiar?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/">Archived</a> 22 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Listen to examples of received pronunciation on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/Eng/Direct/Englishes/SglLgRPStandard.htm">'Hover & Hear' R.P.</a>, and compare it with other accents from the UK and around the World.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm">Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?</a> – An article by the phonetician <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">J. C. Wells</a> about received pronunciation</li></ul> Sources of regular comment on RP <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/">John Wells's phonetic blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/Blog.html">Jack Windsor Lewis's PhonetiBlog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguism.co.uk/">Linguism – Language in a word, blog by Graham Pointon of the BBC Pronunciation Unit</a></li></ul> Audio files <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/blagdon-hall/">Blagdon Hall, Northumberland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718223041/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/blagdon-hall/">Archived</a> 18 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/burnham-thorpe/">Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519031013/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/burnham-thorpe/">Archived</a> 19 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/harrow-school/">Harrow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706175144/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/harrow-school/">Archived</a> 6 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/hexam/">Hexham, Northumberland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716064806/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/hexam/">Archived</a> 16 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/london/">London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720082157/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/london/">Archived</a> 20 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/newport/">Newport, Pembrokeshire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722142155/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/newport/">Archived</a> 22 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/teddington/">Teddington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712184043/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/received-pronunciation/teddington/">Archived</a> 12 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&oldid=1259873688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&oldid=1259873688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_language_in_England" title="Category:English language in England">English language in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_English" title="Category:Standard English">Standard English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_languages" title="Category:Standard languages">Standard languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2024">Articles with dead external links from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2019" title="Category:Use British English from June 2019">Use British English from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2017">Use dmy dates from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 15:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Received_Pronunciation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-nl9nx","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.022","walltime":"2.235","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16460,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":436277,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11064,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":453483,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1901.698 1 -total"," 26.71% 507.872 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.62% 297.117 91 Template:Sfnp"," 14.10% 268.089 46 Template:Cite_web"," 12.76% 242.751 250 Template:IPA"," 12.39% 235.688 52 Template:Citation"," 5.72% 108.834 10 Template:Navbox"," 5.67% 107.909 7 Template:Lang"," 5.02% 95.512 17 Template:Cite_book"," 4.73% 89.862 1 Template:English_dialects_by_continent"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.271","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17506037,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBrandreth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Library\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrell1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsMees2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsMees2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsMees2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruttenden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruttenden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuPonceau1818\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnfield2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimson1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalleMohanan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Windsor_Lewis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadefoged2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanguage_Log2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevonSharmaWattCardoso2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindseyWells2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcArthur2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDavid1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugglestone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewbrook1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolanNolan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsall1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetyt1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPointon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsaran1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoachSetterEsling2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocaJohnson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogaliński2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwyter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShockey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadlen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahlke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart-Smith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUptonKretzschmar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUptonKretzschmarKonopka2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWells1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWells2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWiik1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikström2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindsor_Lewis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindsor_Lewis1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyld1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_JongMcDougallHudsonNolan2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 5,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcol\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 8,\n [\"IPA\"] = 248,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 37,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Language phonologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc2\"] = 12,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 91,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","23.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","11.7"],["?","100","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.7"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","5.0"],["type","60","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.3"],["(for generator)","40","3.3"],["[others]","240","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-c95zl","timestamp":"20241128015602","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Received Pronunciation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Received_Pronunciation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7985","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7985","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-15T15:53:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T15:12:57Z","headline":"standard accent for British English"}</script> </body> </html>