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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Faustschlag</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Аперацыя «Фаўстшлаг» – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аперацыя «Фаўстшлаг»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Апэрацыя «Фаўстшляг» – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апэрацыя «Фаўстшляг»" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Faustschlag" title="Operace Faustschlag – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Faustschlag" title="Operación Faustschlag – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Faustschlag" title="Opération Faustschlag – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Faustschlag" title="Operasi Faustschlag – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Faustschlag" title="Operazione Faustschlag – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A3_(1918)" title="מבצע אגרוף (1918) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבצע אגרוף (1918)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%81cija_%22D%C5%ABres_sitiens%22" title="Operācija "Dūres sitiens" – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Operācija "Dūres sitiens"" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Faustschlag" title="Operatie Faustschlag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E6%97%A5%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="11日戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="11日戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Faustschlag" title="Operação Faustschlag – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Faustschlag" title="Operațiunea Faustschlag – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Операция «Фаустшлаг» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Фаустшлаг»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustschlag_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1" title="Faustschlag Harekâtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Faustschlag Harekâtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%C2%BB" title="Операція «Фаустшлаг» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Фаустшлаг»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Faustschlag" title="Chiến dịch Faustschlag – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Faustschlag" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E6%93%8A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="拳擊行動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拳擊行動" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Last action on the Eastern Front, WW1</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Faustschlag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg/300px-Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg/450px-Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg/600px-Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1671" /></a></span><br />Austro-Hungarian troops enter <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a>, Western Ukraine with the city's iconic castle in the background</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 February – 3 March 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> victory</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p>Soviet Russia exit from the war (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>) </p> <ul><li>Independence of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Constituent_Charter" title="First Constituent Charter">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland_1918_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/White_Guard_(Finland)" title="White Guard (Finland)">Finnish Whites</a><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Estonia Rebels</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet republics</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Red Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic"><img alt="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Leopold of Bavaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="10th Army (German Empire)">10th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XLI_Corps_(German_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XLI Corps (German Empire) (page does not exist)">XLI Corps</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg/23px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg/35px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg/45px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1915-1918-naval_%28non_installed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_national_military_units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian national military units (page does not exist)">Estonian national military units</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_rahvusv%C3%A4eosad" class="extiw" title="es:Eesti rahvusväeosad">es</a>]</span></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 53 divisions</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 63,000 captured<br />2,600 guns and 5,000 machine guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023540_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023540-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1914</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wierzbo%C5%82%C3%B3w_station" title="Battle of the Wierzbołów station">Wierzbołów</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">1st East Prussia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stallup%C3%B6nen" title="Battle of Stallupönen">Stallupönen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Orlau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Orlau (page does not exist)">Orlau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kaushen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kaushen (page does not exist)">Kaushen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-Bresau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gross-Bresau (page does not exist)">Gross-Bresau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen" title="Battle of Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abschwangen_massacre" title="Abschwangen massacre">Abschwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">1st Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">East Prussia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Galicia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kra%C5%9Bnik" title="Battle of Kraśnik">1st Kraśnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Komarów (1914)">Komarow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zolota_Lypa" title="Battle of the Zolota Lypa">Zolota Lypa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa" title="Battle of Gnila Lipa">Gnila Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rawa" title="Battle of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gorodek_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gorodek (1914) (page does not exist)">Gorodek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halich-Lviv_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halich-Lviv offensive (page does not exist)">Halich-Lviv offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82awice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jarosławice (page does not exist)">Jarosławice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой у Ярославиц">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Galicia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_August%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Augustów (1914)">Augustów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#First_German_Assault_(September_1914)" title="Osowiec Fortress">1st Osowiec</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">1st Vistula River</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laski_and_Anielin" title="Battle of Laski and Anielin"> Laski and Anielin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_San_river_(1914)" title="Battle of the San river (1914)">San River</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mo%C5%82otk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Mołotków">Mołotków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">2nd East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Kraków (1914)">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzywop%C5%82oty" title="Battle of Krzywopłoty">Krzywopłoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limanowa" title="Battle of Limanowa">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owcz%C3%B3wek" title="Battle of Łowczówek">Łowczówek</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Four_Rivers" title="Battle of the Four Rivers">Bzura-Rawka</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lupovsky_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (page does not exist)">Lupovsky Pass</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1915</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A2rlibaba" title="Battle of Cârlibaba">Cârlibaba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Front">Carpathians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafajlowa" title="Battle of Rafajlowa">Rafajlowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozevo_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozevo offensive (page does not exist)">Kozevo offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Битва под Козево">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Height_958" title="Battle for Height 958">Makivka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">Humin-Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">2nd Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Przasnysz" title="First Battle of Przasnysz">1st Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Łomża</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Memel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Memel (page does not exist)">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_battle_at_Kalvarija" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter battle at Kalvarija">Kalvarija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Second Battle of the Vistula River">2nd Vistula River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#Second_Battle_(February-March_1915)" title="Osowiec Fortress">2nd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalry_battle_of_Courland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavalry battle of Courland (page does not exist)">1st Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Second Battle of Bolimów">2nd Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakos%C5%82aw" title="Battle of Pakosław">Pakosław</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice_breakthrough" title="Gorlice breakthrough">Gorlice breakthrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syniava" title="Battle of Syniava">Syniava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konary" title="Battle of Konary">Konary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_Rokitna" title="Charge of Rokitna">Rokitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tar%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Tarłów">Tarłów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_the_Dead_Men" title="Attack of the Dead Men">3rd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skoropadsky%27s_attack_under_Kraupishken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken (page does not exist)">Kraupishken</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Przasnysz" title="Second battle of Przasnysz">2nd Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narew_Offensive" title="Narew Offensive">Narew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Novogeorgievsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula-Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jastk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Jastków">Jastków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Schaulen_offensive" title="Riga–Schaulen offensive">Riga-Schaulen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Riga_offensive" title="First Riga offensive">1st Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kovno" title="Siege of Kovno">Kovno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dniestr_and_Zolota_Lypa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa">Dniestr–Zolota Lypa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rasna" title="Battle of Rasna">Rasna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_on_Grubeshov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March on Grubeshov (page does not exist)">Grubeshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strypa_River" title="Battle of the Strypa River">Strypa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prut_operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prut operation (page does not exist)">Prut</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rovno_offensive" title="Rovno offensive">Rovno</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive" title="Vilno-Dvinsk offensive">Vilno</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Death_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Death Island (page does not exist)">Death Island</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/n%C4%81ves_sala" class="extiw" title="lv:nāves sala">lv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smorgon" title="Battle of Smorgon">Smorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zurvno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zurvno (page does not exist)">Zurnvo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plakanciema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plakanciema (page does not exist)">Plakanciema</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakanciema_kauja" class="extiw" title="lv:Plakanciema kauja">lv</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>1916</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kekava">1st Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_in_Stolovichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle in Stolovichy (page does not exist)">Stolovichy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutsk" title="Battle of Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamorni%C8%9Ba_border_clash" title="Mamornița border clash">Mamornița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kostiuchn%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kostiuchnówka">Kostiuchnówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kowel" title="Battle of Kowel">Kowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kekava">2nd Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brusilov_offensive" title="Second Brusilov offensive">Second Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Misa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Misa (page does not exist)">Misa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemasota_Missejoella" class="extiw" title="fi:Asemasota Missejoella">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schmarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schmarden (page does not exist)">Schmarden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmardenin_taistelu" class="extiw" title="fi:Schmardenin taistelu">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lysonia_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lysonia Hill (page does not exist)">Lysonia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за гору Лисоня">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)" title="Romanian campaign (1916)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Battles" title="Christmas Battles">Christmas Battles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zboriv_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zboriv (1917)">Zboriv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarnopol_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarnopol offensive (page does not exist)">Tarnopol offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnopol-Offensive" class="extiw" title="de:Tarnopol-Offensive">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krechowce" title="Battle of Krechowce">Krechowce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_in_Krevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation in Krevo (page does not exist)">Krevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1917)" title="Romanian campaign (1917)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1917)" title="Riga offensive (1917)">2nd Riga</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Little_Jugla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Little Jugla (page does not exist)">Jugla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_pie_Maz%C4%81s_Juglas" class="extiw" title="lv:Kauja pie Mazās Juglas">lv</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion"><i>Albion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhmerynka" title="Battle of Zhmerynka">Zhmerynka</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bobruysk_(1918)" title="Battle of Bobruysk (1918)">Bobruysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rara%C5%84cza" title="Battle of Rarańcza">Rarańcza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Faustschlag</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Keila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Keila (page does not exist)">Keila</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_lahing_(1918)" class="extiw" title="et:Keila lahing (1918)">et</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pskov_(1918)" title="Battle of Pskov (1918)">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berdychiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Berdychiv (page does not exist)">Battle of Berdychiv</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96%D0%B2_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Бердичів (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Kamianets-Podilskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi (page does not exist)">Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Кам'янець-Подільський (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Irpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle of Irpin (page does not exist)">The Battle of Irpin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Ірпінський бій (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clashes_outside_of_Narva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clashes outside of Narva (page does not exist)">Narva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach" title="Battle of Bakhmach">Bakhmach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozova_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lozova station (page does not exist)">Lozova station</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1918%E2%80%931919)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за станцію Лозова (1918–1919)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrebinkivskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrebinkivskaya (page does not exist)">Hrebinkivskaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_1918_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Гребінківській бій 1918 року">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_the_Donbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for the Donbas (page does not exist)">Donbas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Донбас (1918)">uk</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barvinkovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barvinkovo (page does not exist)">Barvinkovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Барвінкове">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Izyum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Izyum (page does not exist)">Battle for Izyum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BC_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Ізюм (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Rodakovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Rodakovo (page does not exist)">Rodakovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Бои за Родаково">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Gorlovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Gorlovka (page does not exist)">Gorlovka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой за Горловку">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_Horlivka_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for Horlivka (1918) (page does not exist)">Battles for Horlivka (1918)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Горлівку (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assault_on_Chongar_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assault on Chongar Bridge (page does not exist)">Assault on Chongar Bridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Штурм Чонгарского моста">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sivash_breakthrough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sivash breakthrough (page does not exist)">Sivash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Salt_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Salt Lake (page does not exist)">Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol_(1918)" title="Battle of Sevastopol (1918)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatar Uprising (page does not exist)">Tatar Uprising</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Повстання кримських татар (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Conquest_of_Don_Host&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Conquest of Don Host (page does not exist)">Don Host</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_landing_(operation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red landing (operation) (page does not exist)">Red landing (operation)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Красный десант (операция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Capture_of_Rostov-on-Don&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Capture of Rostov-on-Don (page does not exist)">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Ukrainian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1918 Ukrainian coup d'état">Hetman's coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kani%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kaniów">Kaniów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Romanian Campaign (1918)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Peace treaties</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany" title="Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany">Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(August_27,_1918)" title="Treaty of Berlin (August 27, 1918)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Operation Faustschlag</b> or <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unternehmen Faustschlag</i></span></b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Operation Fist Punch</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as the <b>Eleven Days' War</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> offensive in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It was the last major offensive on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Russian</a> forces were unable to put up any serious resistance due to the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. The armies of the Central Powers therefore captured huge territories in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government of Russia to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army (1917)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> (March 1917) brought down the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> was turned into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army</a>. While vowing to continue the war, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> made efforts to humanise and democratise its command structure from its notoriously corrupt Tsarist hierarchy, to one that based the authority of officers on the support of their troops, and would no longer tolerate abuses of power. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet_Order_No._1" title="Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1">Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1</a> suggested more equal treatment between soldiers and officers of all ranks, and electing representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, while still maintaining a hierarchical command structure and military disciple. Although some Tsarist officers had fled during the February Revolution, or suppressed mutinies by their subordinate soldiers, order was generally maintained. </p><p>The post-imperial Russian Army even conducted the <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerensky Offensive">Kerensky Offensive</a> in July 1917, but it resulted in a defeat. This further weakened the military and fuelled distrust in the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>-led Provisional Government, but the Bolshevik anti-Kerensky <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> protests in Petrograd as well as <a href="/wiki/Polubotkivtsi_uprising" title="Polubotkivtsi uprising">Polubotkivtsi uprising</a> in Kiev (modern <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>) were successfully repressed. Kerensky's government and the Petrograd Soviet consolidated domestic political order by proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> on 1 September 1917, thereby definitively abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, as well as foiling the <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a> was gaining influence in Ukraine, negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> for an autonomous Ukraine within Russia, demands which Kerensky's government partially but not yet fully recognised (e.g. he recognised the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a> on 13 July 1917). </p><p>On 7 November 1917, during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> took power in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>, rapidly transforming controlled areas intro the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR), and announcing that "Soviet Russia" would be withdrawing from war. In the meantime during the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a> (8–13 November 1917, starting the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a>), Central Rada and Bolshevik forces jointly expelled the Russian Provisional Government's <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Military_District" title="Kiev Military District">Kiev Military District</a>, and the Central Rada proclaimed the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (UPR) on 20 November 1917, which would have supreme authority within Ukraine until order in the Russian Republic would be restored (which would never happen). </p><p>Talks between the new Bolshevik-led Soviet Russian government and the Central Powers started in <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> on 3 December 1917, and on the 17th a ceasefire went into effect. Peace talks soon followed, starting on 22 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As negotiations began, the Central Powers presented demands for the territory that they had occupied during the 1914–1916 period, including <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. The Bolsheviks decided not to accept these terms and instead withdrew from the negotiations, eventually resulting in the breakdown of the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200731–32_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200731–32-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, head of the Soviet Russian delegation, hoped to delay talks until a revolution occurred within Germany, which would force them out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662–663_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662–663-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile on 17 December, the Kievan Bolsheviks demanded that the Central Rada of Ukraine recognise new Soviet government in Russia, but the Rada refused, and conflict erupted between them. The Bolsheviks fled from Kiev, regrouped in Kharkov (modern <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> in eastern Ukraine) and established the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a> there on 24 December 1917, subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR, better known as "Soviet Russia"). The Rada tried to retake control quickly, but had to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Kharkiv_(1917)" title="Occupation of Kharkiv (1917)">give up Kharkov</a> (19 December 1917 – 10 January 1918).<br /> In between on 25 December 1917, the Kiev-based <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (UPR) was invited to join the peace talks, and sent its representatives to Brest-Litovsk to negotiate for Ukrainian independence. On 10–12 January 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> recognised the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic. On 22 January 1918, an overwhelming majority of the Central Rada voted in favour of Ukrainian independence, which was subsequently proclaimed in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a>. </p><p>Trotsky was the leading advocate of the "neither war nor peace" policy, and on 28 January 1918 announced that Soviet Russia considered the war over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200732_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200732-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was unacceptable to the Germans, who were already transporting troops to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. While negotiations were ongoing, Soviet Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a> oversaw the demobilization and democratization of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army</a>, introducing elected commanders, ending all ranks, and sending troops home. On 29 January, Krylenko ordered demobilization of the whole army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200734_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200734-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, Bolshevik troops advancing on Kiev were defeated by the UPR in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kruty" title="Battle of Kruty">Battle of Kruty</a>, while the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_January_Uprising" title="Kiev Arsenal January Uprising">Kiev Arsenal January Uprising</a> was repressed by UPR troops on 4 February. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1918)" title="Battle of Kiev (1918)">Bolsheviks conquered Kiev on 8 February 1918</a>, forcing the Rada out of Ukraine's capital and to consider inviting the Central Powers to intervene. The German Chief of Staff, general <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a>, responded by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">peace treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> on 9 February, and announced an end to the ceasefire with Soviet Russia in two-days time on 17 February, leading to the resumption of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German and Austro-Hungarian authorities were happy to accept the invitation of the desperate Central Rada to occupy Ukraine, and secure food supplies for their armies and populations, while protecting the UPR against the advancing Bolshevik forces of Soviet Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offensive">Offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Livland2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Karte_Livland2.jpg/250px-Karte_Livland2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Karte_Livland2.jpg/375px-Karte_Livland2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Karte_Livland2.jpg/500px-Karte_Livland2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The German offensive in Livonia and Estonia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg/250px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg/375px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg/500px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption>German troops in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, March 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 February, the German and Austro-Hungarian forces started a major three-pronged offensive against the Soviets with 53 divisions. The northern force advanced from <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>, the central force pushed towards <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, and the southern force towards <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a> junction on the first day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was soon followed by the capture of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> and securing <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> on 28 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central forces of the 10th Army and XLI corps advanced towards Smolensk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 February <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> was captured together with the headquarters of the Western Army Group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern forces broke through the remains of the Russian Southwestern Army Group, capturing Zhitomir (modern <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a>) on 24 February. Kiev was secured on 2 March, one day after the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Central_Rada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Central Rada">Ukrainian Central Rada</a> troops had arrived there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Powers armies had advanced over 150 miles (240 km) within a week, facing no serious Soviet resistance. German troops were now within 100 miles (160 km) of <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, forcing the Soviets to transfer their capital to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid advance was described as a "Railway War" (<i>der Eisenbahnfeldzug</i>) with German soldiers using Russian railways to advance eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Hoffmann wrote in his diary on 22 February: </p> <blockquote><p>It is the most comical war I have ever known. We put a handful of infantrymen with machine guns and one gun onto a train and rush them off to the next station; they take it, make prisoners of the Bolsheviks, pick up few more troops, and so on. This proceeding has, at any rate, the charm of novelty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the German offensive was ongoing, Trotsky returned to Petrograd. Most of the leadership still preferred continuing the war, even though Russia was in no position to do so, due to the destruction of its army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> intervened to push the Soviet leadership into acceptance of German terms, which by now had become even harsher. He was backed by other senior communists to include <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a stormy session of Lenin's ruling council, during which the revolution's leader went so far as to threaten resignation, he obtained a 116 to 85 vote in favour of the new German terms. The vote in the Central Committee was even closer, seven in favour and six against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Trotsky switched his vote and German terms were accepted;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 3 March, the Bolsheviks signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February, one day before the arrival of German troops to <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Salvation_Committee" title="Estonian Salvation Committee">Estonian Salvation Committee</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">declared</a> the independence of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. German <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">occupation authorities</a> refused to recognize the Estonian government and Germans were installed in positions of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott2002145_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott2002145-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/290px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/435px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg/580px-Map_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Territories occupied by the Central Powers before and after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bolshevik capitulation on 3 March 1918 only ended the advance along a line from Narva to Northern Ukraine, as with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the Soviet government gave up all rights to the southwestern region of the former Russian Empire. During the next few months, the southern Central Powers forces advanced over 500 miles further, capturing the whole of Ukraine and some territory beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German operations also continued in the Caucasus and Finland, where Germany assisted the White Finnish forces in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the treaty all Russian naval bases in the Baltic except <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> were taken away, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> warships in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> were to be disarmed and detained. The Bolsheviks also agreed to the immediate return of 630,000 Austrian prisoners-of-war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008402_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008402-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Soviet Russia had given up Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine, enabling those territories to develop independently from Russian influence. Germany's intention was to turn these territories into political and territorial satellites, but this plan collapsed with Germany's own <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">defeat</a> within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200737_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200737-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the German surrender, the Soviets made <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">an attempt to regain</a> lost territories. They were successful in some areas like Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus, but were forced to recognize the independence of the Baltic States, Finland, and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffass201243_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffass201243-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a> took control of the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donets Basin</a> in April 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-e136_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> was also <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">cleared of the Bolsheviks</a> by Ukrainian troops and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 March 1918, Ukrainian troops and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> had secured Odessa.<sup id="cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 April 1918, the German army took control of <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Yekaterinoslav</a>, and 3 days later <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard11181181b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard11181181b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard11181181b_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard11181181b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Bolshevik government, Lenin consolidated his power; however, fearing the possibility of a renewed German threat along the Baltic, he moved the capital from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March. Debates became far more restrained, and he was never again so strongly challenged as he was regarding the Brest-Litovsk treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200736–37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200736–37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1918_Ukrainian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1918 Ukrainian coup d'état">1918 Ukrainian coup d'état</a> (29 April 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">German Caucasus expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023540-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2023540_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2023">Gilbert 2023</a>, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200735_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/7thcong/01.htm#fw12">"Lenin's speech at Extraordinary Seventh Congress of the RSDLP(B) 6th March 1918 about Political Report of the Central Committee"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+speech+at+Extraordinary+Seventh+Congress+of+the+RSDLP%28B%29+6th+March+1918+about+Political+Report+of+the+Central+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1918%2F7thcong%2F01.htm%23fw12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200731–32-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200731–32_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662–663-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005662–663_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, pp. 662–663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200732-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200732_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200734-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200734_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005663_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 663.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2009295_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward2009">Woodward 2009</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200733_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008399_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2008">Gilbert 2008</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott2002145-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott2002145_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrott2002">Parrott 2002</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008402-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2008402_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2008">Gilbert 2008</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200737-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200737_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffass201243-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffass201243_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaffass2012">Raffass 2012</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e136-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e136_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/">"100 років тому визволили Бахмут і решту Донбасу"</a> [100 years ago, Bakhmut and the rest of Donbas were liberated]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a></i> (in Ukrainian). 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrayinska+Pravda&rft.atitle=100+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istpravda.com.ua%2Fshort%2F2018%2F04%2F18%2F152320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIb_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynchenko2018" class="citation cs2">Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648">"The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917-18"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Week&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Navy+and+the+Crimean+Issue+in+1917-18&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Tynchenko&rft.aufirst=Yaros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrainianweek.com%2FHistory%2F105648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/1918-germany-takes-control-of-crimea/">Germany Takes Control of Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> (18 May 1918)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard11181181b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard11181181b_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard11181181b_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11181181">War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917-1919</a> by Mikhail Akulov, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, August 2013 (page 102 and 103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200736–37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMawdsley200736–37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMawdsley2007">Mawdsley 2007</a>, p. 36–37.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Faustschlag&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2008). <i>The First World War: A Complete History</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409102793" title="Special:BookSources/9781409102793"><bdi>9781409102793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781409102793&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2023). <i>The First World War: A complete History</i>. Moscow: Квадрига. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-389-08465-0"><bdi>978-5-389-08465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+A+complete+History&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-389-08465-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan"><i>The Russian Civil War</i></a></span>. Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933648156" title="Special:BookSources/9781933648156"><bdi>9781933648156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933648156&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiancivilwar00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrott2002" class="citation web cs1">Parrott, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcol.ee/files/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf">"The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Baltic Defence Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States+from+1914+to+1923%3A+The+First+World+War+and+the+Wars+of+Independence&rft.pub=Baltic+Defence+Review&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Parrott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcol.ee%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Fbdreview%2Fbdr-2002-8-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffass2012" class="citation book cs1">Raffass, Tania (2012). <i>The Soviet Union - Federation or Empire?</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136296437" title="Special:BookSources/9781136296437"><bdi>9781136296437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+-+Federation+or+Empire%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136296437&rft.aulast=Raffass&rft.aufirst=Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <i>World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098798" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098798"><bdi>9781851098798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851098798&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2009" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, David R. (2009). <i>World War I Almanac</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438118963" title="Special:BookSources/9781438118963"><bdi>9781438118963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Almanac&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438118963&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Faustschlag" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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