CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alexander Kerensky - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3f3c381c-57cf-4f48-a273-989e11943e14","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alexander_Kerensky","wgTitle":"Alexander Kerensky","wgCurRevisionId":1262792520,"wgRevisionId":1262792520,"wgArticleId":2543,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Russian-language text","Pages with Russian IPA","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","EngvarB from March 2015","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Articles needing additional references from August 2023", "All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","1881 births","1970 deaths","People from Ulyanovsk","People from Simbirsky Uyezd","Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians","Trudoviks","Heads of government of the Russian Provisional Government","Justice ministers of Russia","Ministers of defence of Russia","Democratic socialists","Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire","Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples","Russian Constituent Assembly members","Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army","Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution","20th-century presidents of Russia","Russian anti-communists","Russian democracy activists","Russian nationalists", "Russian people of World War I","Russian social democrats","Leaders ousted by a coup","White Russian emigrants to France","White Russian emigrants to Australia","White Russian emigrants to the United States","Stanford University faculty","Hoover Institution people","Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery","Lawyers from the Russian Empire","World War I political leaders"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alexander_Kerensky","wgRelevantArticleId":2543,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist": true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q48211","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1593"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1062"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="850"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alexander Kerensky - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alexander_Kerensky rootpage-Alexander_Kerensky skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+Kerensky" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+Kerensky" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+Kerensky" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+Kerensky" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rasputin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rasputin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rasputin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rasputin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Provisional_Government_of_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Provisional_Government_of_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Russian Provisional Government of 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Provisional_Government_of_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_Revolution_of_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_Revolution_of_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October Revolution of 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_Revolution_of_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Kerensky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kerenski" title="Aleksander Kerenski – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksander Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ألكسندر كيرينسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر كيرينسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_K%C3%A9renski" title="Aleksandr Kérenski – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aleksandr Kérenski" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="الکساندر فیودورویچ کرنسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر فیودورویچ کرنسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Керенский Александр Фёдорович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Керенский Александр Фёдорович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандр Фёдаравіч Керанскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Фёдаравіч Керанскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандар Керанскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Керанскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александър Керенски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Керенски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Керенский – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Александр Керенский" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_K%C3%A9renski" title="Aleksandr Kérenski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Kérenski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Fjodorovi%C4%8D_Kerenskij" title="Alexandr Fjodorovič Kerenskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Fjodorovič Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Kerenskij – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fjodorowitsch_Kerenski" title="Alexander Fjodorowitsch Kerenski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Fjodorowitsch Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Αλεξάντρ Κέρενσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντρ Κέρενσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_K%C3%A9renski" title="Aleksandr Kérenski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Kérenski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Kerenskij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="الکساندر فیودورویچ کرنسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر فیودورویچ کرنسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Kerenski" title="Alexandre Kerenski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskii" title="Aleksandr Kerenskii – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskii" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%BC%80%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="알렉산드르 케렌스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 케렌스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ալեքսանդր Կերենսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Կերենսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Kerenski" title="Aleksandar Kerenski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Fyodorovich_Kerenski" title="Alexandr Fyodorovich Kerenski – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandr Fyodorovich Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerensk%C3%ADj" title="Aleksandr Kerenskíj – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskíj" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_F%C3%ABdorovi%C4%8D_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Fëdorovič Kerenskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Fëdorovič Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="אלכסנדר קרנסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר קרנסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე კერენსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე კერენსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Фёдорович Керенский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Фёдорович Керенский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Керенский Александр Фёдорович – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Керенский Александр Фёдорович" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerenskij" title="Alexander Kerenskij – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Kerenskis" title="Aleksandrs Kerenskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Kerenskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Kerenskis" title="Aleksandras Kerenskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Kerenskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekszandr_Fjodorovics_Kerenszkij" title="Alekszandr Fjodorovics Kerenszkij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alekszandr Fjodorovics Kerenszkij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александар Керенски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Керенски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ കെറൻസ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ കെറൻസ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="الكسندر كيرينسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر كيرينسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Керенский – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Керенский" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अलेक्सान्दार केरेन्स्की – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलेक्सान्दार केरेन्स्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="アレクサンドル・ケレンスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・ケレンスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Kerenskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Kerenskij – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskiy" title="Aleksandr Kerenskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BA_%E1%9E%83%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8" title="អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ ឃេរិនស្គី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ ឃេរិនស្គី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kiere%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Kiereński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander Kiereński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Керенский, Александр Фёдорович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керенский, Александр Фёдорович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Kerensky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Fiodorovi%C4%8D_Kerenskij" title="Alexandr Fiodorovič Kerenskij – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Fiodorovič Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fjodorovi%C4%8D_Kerenski" title="Aleksander Fjodorovič Kerenski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander Fjodorovič Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александар Керенски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Керенски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Kerenski" title="Aleksandar Kerenski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenskij" title="Aleksandr Kerenskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் கெரென்சுகி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாண்டர் கெரென்சுகி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Керенский – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр Керенский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="อะเลคซันดร์ เคเรนสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะเลคซันดร์ เคเรนสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerenski" title="Aleksandr Kerenski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Kerenski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Керенський Олександр Федорович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Керенський Олександр Федорович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Fyodorovich_Kerenskii" title="Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_K%C3%A9renski" title="Aleksandr Kérenski – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aleksandr Kérenski" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·费奥多罗维奇·克伦斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·费奥多罗维奇·克伦斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="奇倫斯基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇倫斯基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·克伦斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·克伦斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48211#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alexander_Kerensky" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alexander_Kerensky" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alexander_Kerensky" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&oldid=1262792520" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alexander_Kerensky&id=1262792520&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_Kerensky"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_Kerensky"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alexander_Kerensky&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48211" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian politician (1881–1970)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Fyodorovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Kerensky</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexander Kerensky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Александр Керенский</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg/220px-Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg/330px-Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg/440px-Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kerensky in 1917</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia#Provisional_Government/Russian_Republic" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 July 1917 – 7 November 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government#Initial_composition" title="Russian Provisional Government">Minister of War and Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 May 1917 – 14 September 1917<br /><small>[5 May – 1 September 1917 Old Style]</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia#Provisional_Government/Russian_Republic" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Minister-Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> <br /> <i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government#Initial_composition" title="Russian Provisional Government">Minister of Justice</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 March 1917 – 1 May 1917<br /><small>[3 March – 18 April 1917 Old Style]</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia#Provisional_Government/Russian_Republic" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Minister-Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Georgy Lvov</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pavel Pereverzev</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Vice-Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matvey_Skobelev" title="Matvey Skobelev">Matvey Skobelev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-05-04</span>)</span>4 May 1881<br /><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Simbirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simbirsk_Governorate" title="Simbirsk Governorate">Simbirsk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1970<span style="display:none">(1970-06-11)</span> (aged 89)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Socialist-Revolutionary Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kerensky" title="Oleg Kerensky">Oleg</a></li><li>Gleb</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerensky_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Kerensky's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kerensky_autograph.svg/128px-Kerensky_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kerensky_autograph.svg/192px-Kerensky_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kerensky_autograph.svg/256px-Kerensky_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 April] 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> for three months from late July to early November 1917 (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">N.S.</a>). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, he joined the newly formed provisional government, first as <a href="/wiki/Justice_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice ministry">Minister of Justice</a>, then as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War">Minister of War</a>, and after July as the government's <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia#Russian_Provisional_Republic" title="List of heads of government of Russia">second</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Minister-Chairman</a>. He was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Trudoviks" title="Trudoviks">Trudovik</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>. Kerensky was also a vice-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, a position that held a sizable amount of power. Kerensky became the prime minister of the Provisional Government, and his tenure was consumed with <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Despite mass opposition to the war, Kerensky chose to continue <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Russia's participation</a>. His government cracked down on anti-war sentiment and dissent in 1917, which made his administration even more unpopular. </p><p>Kerensky remained in power until the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. This revolution saw the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> create a government led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, to replace Kerensky's government. Kerensky fled Russia and lived the remainder of his life in exile. He divided his time between Paris and New York City. Kerensky worked for the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, California. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Special:EditPage/Alexander Kerensky">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22">"Alexander Kerensky"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alexander+Kerensky%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_activism">Early life and activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Kerensky was born in Simbirsk (now <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> river on 4 May 1881 and was the eldest son in the family.<sup id="cite_ref-wwi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, was a teacher<sup id="cite_ref-wwi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and director of the local <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> and was later promoted to be an inspector of public schools. His paternal grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich served as a priest in the village of Kerenka in the Gorodishchensky district of the <a href="/wiki/Penza_Governorate" title="Penza Governorate">Penza Governorate</a> from 1830. The surname Kerensky comes from the name of this village.<sup id="cite_ref-eternal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eternal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maternal grandfather was head of the Topographical Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_district_(Russian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military district (Russian Empire)">Military District</a>. His mother, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna (née Adler),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the granddaughter of a former <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a> who had managed to purchase his freedom before <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">serfdom was abolished in 1861</a>. He subsequently embarked upon a mercantile career, in which he prospered. This allowed him to move his business to Moscow, where he continued his success and became a wealthy Moscow merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-eternal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eternal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Kerensky and Ulyanov families were friends; Kerensky's father was the teacher of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)</a> and had even secured him acceptance into the University of Kazan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, when Kerensky was eight, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, where his father had been appointed the main inspector of public schools (superintendent). Kerensky graduated with honours in 1899. The same year he entered <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg University">St. Petersburg University</a>, where he studied history and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. The next year he switched to law. He earned his law degree in 1904 and married Olga Lvovna Baranovskaya, the daughter of a Russian general, the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerensky joined the <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">Narodnik</a> movement and worked as a legal counsel to victims of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a>. At the end of 1904, he was jailed on suspicion of belonging to a militant group. Afterwards, he gained a reputation for his work as a defence lawyer in a number of political trials of revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, Kerensky became widely known when he visited the goldfields at the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena River</a> and published material about the <a href="/wiki/Lena_massacre" title="Lena massacre">Lena massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Kerensky was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Duma" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Duma">Fourth Duma</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Trudoviks" title="Trudoviks">Trudoviks</a>, a socialist, non-Marxist <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour party</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Theodorovich_Aladin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexis Theodorovich Aladin">Alexis Aladin</a> that was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Socialist-Revolutionary Party</a>, and joined a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> society uniting the anti-monarchy forces that strived for democratic renewal of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Socialist Revolutionary Party bought Kerensky a house, as he otherwise would not be eligible for election to the Duma, according to the Russian property-laws. </p><p>During the 4th Session of the Fourth Duma in spring 1915, Kerensky appealed to <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Mikhail Rodzianko</a> with a request from the Council of elders to inform the tsar that to succeed in the war he must: </p> <ol><li>change his domestic policy,</li> <li>proclaim a General Amnesty for political prisoners,</li> <li>restore the Constitution of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finland</a>,</li> <li>declare autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>,</li> <li>provide national minorities autonomy in the field of culture,</li> <li>abolish restrictions against Jews,</li> <li>end religious intolerance,</li> <li>stop the harassment of legal trade union organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, he became a significant member of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Bloc_(Russia)" title="Progressive Bloc (Russia)">Progressive Bloc</a>, which included several socialist parties, <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, and Liberals – but not <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a brilliant orator and skilled parliamentary leader of the socialist opposition to the government of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>. </p><p>Kerensky was an active member of the irregular <a href="/wiki/Freemasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonic">Freemasonic</a> lodge, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Russia%27s_Peoples" title="Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples">Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mason_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mason-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which derived from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of France">Grand Orient of France</a>. Kerensky was Secretary-General of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples and stood down following his ascent to the government in July 1917. He was succeeded by a Menshevik, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Halpern" title="Alexander Halpern">Alexander Halpern</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rasputin">Rasputin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rasputin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to bitter resentments held against the imperial favourite <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a> in the midst of Russia's failing effort in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Kerensky, at the opening of the Duma on 2 November 1916, called the imperial ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards", and alleged that they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka Rasputin!"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Nicholas Mikhailovich</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Alekseyev" title="Mikhail Alekseyev">Mikhail Alekseyev</a> attempted to persuade the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> to send away the Empress <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a>, Rasputin's steadfast patron, either to the <a href="/wiki/Livadia_Palace" title="Livadia Palace">Livadia Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Mikhail Rodzianko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Yusupova" title="Zinaida Yusupova">Zinaida Yusupova</a> (the mother of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Yusupov" title="Felix Yusupov">Felix Yusupov</a>), Alexandra's sister <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)">Elisabeth</a>, Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Melita_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Victoria</a> and the empress's mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Maria Feodorovna</a> also tried to influence and pressure the imperial couple<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to remove Rasputin from his position of influence within the imperial household, but without success.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kerensky, Rasputin had terrorised the empress by threatening to return to his native village.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the nobility murdered Rasputin in December 1916, and he was buried near the imperial residence in <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, Kerensky ordered soldiers to re-bury the corpse at an unmarked spot in the countryside. However, the truck broke down or was forced to stop because of the snow on Lesnoe Road outside of St. Petersburg. It is likely the corpse was incinerated (between 3 and 7 in the morning) in the <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldrons</a> of the nearby boiler shop<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Polytechnical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University">Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University</a>, including the coffin, without leaving a single trace.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Provisional_Government_of_1917">Russian Provisional Government of 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian Provisional Government of 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg/220px-Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg/330px-Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg/440px-Kerensky_war_minister.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Kerensky as Minister of War (sitting second from the right)</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> broke out in 1917, Kerensky – together with <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> – was one of its most prominent leaders. As one of the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a>'s most well-known speakers against the monarchy and as a lawyer and defender of many revolutionaries, Kerensky became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a> and was elected vice-chairman of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>. These two bodies, the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet, or – rather – their respective executive committees, soon became each other's antagonists on most matters except regarding the end of the tsar's autocracy. </p><p>The Petrograd Soviet grew to include 3000 to 4000 members, and their meetings could drown in a blur of everlasting orations. At the meeting of 12 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 February] 1917 to 13 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 February] 1917 the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet, or <a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Ispolkom</a>, formed a self-appointed committee, with (eventually) three members from each of the parties represented in the Soviet. Kerensky became one of the members representing the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> (the SRs).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 March] 1917, without any consultation with the government, the Ispolkom of the Soviet issued the infamous <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet_Order_No._1" title="Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1">Order No. 1</a>, intended only for the 160,000-strong Petrograd garrison, but soon interpreted as applicable to all soldiers at the front. The order stipulated that all military units should form committees like the Petrograd Soviet. This led to confusion and "stripping of officers' authority"; further, "Order No. 3" stipulated that the military was subordinate to Ispolkom in the political hierarchy. The ideas came from a group of socialists and aimed to limit the officers' power to military affairs. The socialist intellectuals believed the officers to be the most likely counterrevolutionary elements. Kerensky's role in these orders is unclear, but he participated in the decisions. But just as before the revolution he had defended many who disliked the tsar, he now saved the lives of many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (March 2019)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> of the tsar's civil servants about to be lynched by mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes,_p._110_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes,_p._110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolchak-Kerensky-may1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kolchak-Kerensky-may1917.jpg/220px-Kolchak-Kerensky-may1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Kolchak-Kerensky-may1917.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>Kerensky sitting next to later Supreme Leader, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Additionally, the Duma formed an executive committee which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. As there was little trust between Ispolkom and this government (and as he was about to accept the office of Attorney General in the Provisional Government), Kerensky gave a most passionate speech, not just to the Ispolkom, but to the entire Petrograd Soviet. He then swore, as minister, never to violate democratic values, and ended his speech with the words "I cannot live without the people. In the moment you begin to doubt me, then kill me."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The huge majority (workers and soldiers) gave him great applause, and Kerensky now became the first and <i>the only one</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who participated in both the Provisional Government and the Ispolkom. As a link between Ispolkom and the Provisional Government, Kerensky stood to benefit from this position.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes,_p._110_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes,_p._110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first government crisis over <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a>'s secret note re-committing Russia to its original war-aims on 2–4 May, Kerensky became the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War">Minister of War</a> and the dominant figure in the newly formed socialist-liberal coalition government. On 10 May (<a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>), Kerensky started for the front and visited one division after another, urging the men to do their duty. His speeches were impressive and convincing for the moment, but had little lasting effect.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> pressure to continue the war, he launched what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerensky Offensive">Kerensky Offensive</a> against the Austro-Hungarian/German South Army on 1 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 June] 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first successful, the offensive soon met strong resistance and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> riposted with a strong counter-attack. The Russian army retreated and suffered heavy losses, and it became clear from many incidents of desertion, sabotage, and mutiny that the army was no longer willing to attack. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png/220px-K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png/330px-K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png/440px-K%C3%A9resnkiEnUnDiscursoALosSoldadosDelFrenteMayo1917.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Kerensky in May 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The military heavily criticised Kerensky for his liberal policies, which included stripping officers of their mandates and handing over control to revolutionary-inclined "soldier committees" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">солдатские комитеты</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">soldatskie komitety</i></span>) instead; abolition of the death penalty; and allowing revolutionary agitators to be present at the front. Many officers scornfully referred to commander-in-chief Kerensky as the "persuader-in-chief". </p><p>On 2 July 1917 the Provisional Government's first coalition collapsed over the question of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>'s autonomy. Following the <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> unrest in Petrograd (3–7 July [16–20 July, N.S.] 1917) and the official suppression of the Bolsheviks, Kerensky succeeded Prince <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> as Russia's prime minister on 21 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 July] 1917. Following the <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornilov Affair">Kornilov Affair</a>, an attempted military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> at the end of August, and the resignation of the other ministers, he appointed himself Supreme <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>, as well. </p><p>On 15 September Kerensky proclaimed Russia a republic, which was contrary to the non-socialists' understanding that the Provisional Government should hold power only until a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> should meet to decide Russia's form of government, but which was in line with the long-proclaimed aim of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formed a five-member Directory, which consisted of himself, Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a>, Minister of War General <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Verkhovsky" title="Aleksandr Verkhovsky">Aleksandr Verkhovsky</a>, Minister of the Navy Admiral <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Verderevsky" title="Dmitry Verderevsky">Dmitry Verderevsky</a> and Minister of Posts and Telegraphs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Nikitin_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksei Nikitin (politician) (page does not exist)">Aleksei Nikitin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Никитин, Алексей Максимович">ru</a>]</span>. He retained his post in the final coalition government in October 1917 until the Bolsheviks overthrew it on 7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 October] 1917. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerensky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kerensky.jpg/170px-Kerensky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kerensky.jpg/255px-Kerensky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kerensky.jpg/340px-Kerensky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3092" /></a><figcaption>Kerensky in office</figcaption></figure> <p>Kerensky faced a major challenge: three years of participation in World War had exhausted Russia, while the provisional government offered little motivation for a victory outside of continuing Russia's obligations towards its allies. Russia's continued involvement in the war was not popular among the lower and middle classes, and especially not popular among the soldiers. They had all believed that Russia would stop fighting when the Provisional Government took power,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and subsequently felt deceived. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> party were promising "peace, land, and bread" under a communist system. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian army</a>, war-weary, ill-equipped, dispirited and ill-disciplined, was disintegrating, with soldiers deserting in large numbers. By autumn 1917, an estimated two million men had unofficially left the army. </p><p>Kerensky and other political leaders continued Russia's involvement in World War I, thinking that a glorious victory was the only way forward,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fearing that the economy, already under huge stress from the war effort, might become increasingly unstable if vital supplies from <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> ceased flowing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dilemma of whether to withdraw was a great one, and Kerensky's inconsistent and impractical policies further destabilised the army and the country at large. </p><p>Furthermore, Kerensky adopted a policy that isolated the right-wing conservatives, both democratic and monarchist-oriented. His philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take over the military arm or "voyenka" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Военка</span>) of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His arrest of <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a> and other officers left him without strong allies against the Bolsheviks, who ended up being Kerensky's strongest and most determined adversaries, as opposed to the right wing, which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Kerensky_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alexandre_Kerensky_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1921</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_Revolution_of_1917">October Revolution of 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October Revolution of 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornilov Affair">Kornilov Affair</a>, Kerensky had distributed arms to the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> workers, and by November most of these armed workers had gone over to the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6–7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25–26 October] 1917, the Bolsheviks launched the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">second Russian revolution</a> of the year. Kerensky's government in Petrograd had almost no support in the city. Only one small force, a subdivision of the 2nd company of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Battalion#1st_Petrograd_Women's_Battalion" title="Women's Battalion">First Petrograd Women's Battalion</a>, also known as The Women's Death Battalion, was willing to fight for the government against the Bolsheviks, but this force was overwhelmed by the numerically superior pro-Bolshevik forces, defeated, and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-gwar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks overthrew the government rapidly by seizing governmental buildings and the Winter Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerensky escaped the Bolsheviks and fled to <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, where he rallied some loyal troops for an <a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">attempt to re-take the city</a>. His troops managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> but were beaten the next day at <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo</a>. Kerensky narrowly escaped, and he spent the next few weeks in hiding before fleeing the country, eventually arriving in France. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, he supported neither side, as he opposed both the Bolshevik regime and the <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg/200px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg/300px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg/400px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_hec_24462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="3567" /></a><figcaption>Kerensky at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Press Club (USA)">National Press Club</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Kerensky was married to Olga Lvovna Baranovskaya and they had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kerensky" title="Oleg Kerensky">Oleg</a> (1905–1984) and Gleb (1907–1990), who both went on to become engineers. Kerensky's grandson (also named Oleg), according to <a href="/wiki/IMDb.com" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb.com">the Internet Movie Database</a>, played his grandfather's role in the 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Reds_(film)" title="Reds (film)">Reds</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kerensky and Olga were divorced in 1939 soon after he settled in Paris, and, in 1939, while visiting the United States he met and secretly married <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Ellen_Tritton" title="Lydia Ellen Tritton">Lydia Ellen "Nell" Tritton</a> (1899–1946), the Australian former journalist who had become his press secretary and translator.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage took place in <a href="/wiki/Martins_Creek,_Pennsylvania" title="Martins Creek, Pennsylvania">Martins Creek, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Germany invaded France in 1940</a>, they emigrated to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Axis invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941, Kerensky offered his support to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his wife Nell became terminally ill in 1945, Kerensky travelled with her to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia, and lived there with her family. She suffered a stroke in February 1946, and he remained there until her death on 10 April 1946. Kerensky then returned to the United States, where he spent the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerensky eventually settled in New York City, living on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> on <a href="/wiki/91st_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="91st Street (Manhattan)">91st Street</a> near <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but spent much of his time at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in California, where he both used and contributed to the Institution's huge archive on <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a>, and where he taught graduate courses. He wrote and broadcast extensively on Russian politics and history. His last public lecture was delivered at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two white marble gravestones surmounted by Orthodox crosses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/220px-Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/330px-Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/440px-Alexander_Kerensky_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption>The graves of Alexander Kerensky (left), and of his first wife, Olga, and his son Gleb and Gleb's wife, Mary, at <a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a>, London, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Kerensky died of <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerotic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteriosclerotic heart disease">arteriosclerotic heart disease</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Morningside" title="Mount Sinai Morningside">St. Luke's Hospital</a> in New York City on 11 June 1970, after being initially admitted for injuries sustained from a fall.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 89, he was one of the last surviving major participants in the turbulent events of 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">local Russian Orthodox Churches</a> in New York City refused to grant Kerensky burial rites because of his association with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, and because they saw him as largely responsible for the Bolsheviks' seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> also refused burial rites. Kerensky's body was flown to London, where he was buried at the non-denominational <a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preludetobolshev008537mbp"><i>The Prelude to Bolshevism</i></a> (1919). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8383-1422-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8383-1422-8">0-8383-1422-8</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180014"><i>The Catastrophe</i></a> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/crucifixionoflib00kere" class="extiw" title="iarchive:crucifixionoflib00kere">The Crucifixion of Liberty</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/kerenskymemoirsr1966kere" class="extiw" title="iarchive:kerenskymemoirsr1966kere">Russia and History's Turning Point</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Memoirs</i> (1966)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papers of the Kerensky family are held at the Cadbury Research Library, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jailbirds_of_Kerensky" title="Jailbirds of Kerensky">Jailbirds of Kerensky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolai <a href="/wiki/Dobrovolsky" title="Dobrovolsky">Dobrovolsky</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Justice_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Justice of Imperial Russia">Minister of Justice</a> of the Russian Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KERR</span>-ən-skee, kə-<span style="font-size:90%">REN</span>-skee</i></a>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Александр Фёдорович Керенский</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪkˈsandr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʲerʲɪnskʲɪj]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">original spelling</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Александръ Ѳедоровичь Керенскій</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esenin-lit.ru/esenin/bio/svanidze-istoricheskie-hroniki/1917-aleksandr-kerenskij.htm"><i>Сванидзе М. С.: Исторические хроники с Николаем Сванидзе. 1917 год. Александр Керенский</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%9C.+%D0%A1.%3A+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5.+1917+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesenin-lit.ru%2Fesenin%2Fbio%2Fsvanidze-istoricheskie-hroniki%2F1917-aleksandr-kerenskij.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Kerensky">"Aleksandr Kerensky | Facts & Biography | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleksandr+Kerensky+%26%23124%3B+Facts+%26+Biography+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAleksandr-Kerensky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwi_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwi_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/kerenski.htm">"Alexander Kerenski"</a>. First World War<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Kerenski&rft.pub=First+World+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Fkerenski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eternal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eternal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eternal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725092037/http://eternaltown.com.ua/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8/2920/">"Александр Федорович Керенский"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eternaltown.com.ua/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8/2920/">the original</a> on 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feternaltown.com.ua%2F%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%2F2920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Magill2014" class="citation book cs1">N. Magill, Frank (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3sBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1944"><i>The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1941. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74060-5"><bdi>978-1-317-74060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+20th+Century+Go-N%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=1941&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-74060-5&rft.aulast=N.+Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3sBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=31562&search=%EA%E5%F0%E5%ED%F1%EA%E8%E9">Encyclopedia of Cyril and Method</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sebestyen" title="Victor Sebestyen">Sebestyen, Victor</a> (9 October 2018). <i>LENIN The Man, The Dictator, The Master of Terror</i>. Vintage. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97430-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97430-8"><bdi>978-1-101-97430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LENIN+The+Man%2C+The+Dictator%2C+The+Master+of+Terror&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.isbn=978-1-101-97430-8&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janfeb/features/kerensky.html">A Doomed Democracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025735/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janfeb/features/kerensky.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bernard Butcher, Stanford Magazine, January/February 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political Figures of Russia, 1917, Biographical Dictionary, Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1993, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State by Michael Melancon <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYJfA3mx2kC&pg=PA112">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlin,_Virgil_D.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Medlin, Virgil D. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051142/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v51/p127_130.pdf">"Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science</i>. <b>51</b>: 128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v51/p127_130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Oklahoma+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Alexander+Fedorovich+Kerensky&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=128&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Medlin%2C+Virgil+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Foas%2Foas_pdf%2Fv51%2Fp127_130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omolenko.com/en/rasputin/tatyana-mironova-belied-life-belied-death.htm">"Grigori Rasputin: Belied Life – Belied Death"</a>. <i>www.omolenko.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omolenko.com&rft.atitle=Grigori+Rasputin%3A+Belied+Life+%E2%80%93+Belied+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omolenko.com%2Fen%2Frasputin%2Ftatyana-mironova-belied-life-belied-death.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240607051645/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/Governments-Parliaments_and_Parties_(Russian_Empire)">"Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire) By Fedor Aleksandrovich Gaida"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/Governments-Parliaments_and_Parties_(Russian_Empire)">the original</a> on 7 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governments%2C+Parliaments+and+Parties+%28Russian+Empire%29+By+Fedor+Aleksandrovich+Gaida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2FGovernments-Parliaments_and_Parties_%28Russian_Empire%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenot" class="citation web cs1">Fontenot, Michael James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4014&context=gradschool_disstheses">"Alexander F. Kerensky; The Political Career of a Russian Nationalist"</a>. <i>Louisiana State University</i>. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+State+University&rft.atitle=Alexander+F.+Kerensky%3B+The+Political+Career+of+a+Russian+Nationalist&rft.pages=34&rft.aulast=Fontenot&rft.aufirst=Michael+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4014%26context%3Dgradschool_disstheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofthetwentiethcentury.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/135-Stupidity-or-Treason.pdf">Transcript</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TV-documentary "Russian Revolution seen from Russia" aired at Danish <a href="/wiki/DR_K" title="DR K">DR K</a> 11.June.2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mason-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mason_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/russia/russian_masons.html">"Noteworthy members of the Grand Orient of France in Russia and the Supreme Council of the Grand Orient of Russia's People"</a>. <i>Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</i>. 15 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.atitle=Noteworthy+members+of+the+Grand+Orient+of+France+in+Russia+and+the+Supreme+Council+of+the+Grand+Orient+of+Russia%27s+People&rft.date=2017-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Ftexts%2Frussia%2Frussian_masons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Russian Provisional Government, 1917</i>: Documents, Volume 1, p. 16 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzWsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Kerensky (1965) <i>Russia and History's turning point</i>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderpalace.org/realtsaritsa/1chap5.html">"Alexandra Feodorovna and Romanov Russia, The Real Tsaritsa witten by Lili Dehn – Part One – Old Russia – Chapter V"</a>. <i>www.alexanderpalace.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alexanderpalace.org&rft.atitle=Alexandra+Feodorovna+and+Romanov+Russia%2C+The+Real+Tsaritsa+witten+by+Lili+Dehn+%E2%80%93+Part+One+%E2%80%93+Old+Russia+%E2%80%93+Chapter+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderpalace.org%2Frealtsaritsa%2F1chap5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Russian Provisional Government, 1917</i>: Documents, Volume 1, p. 18 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzWsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Kerensky (1965) <i>Russia and History's turning point</i>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804023731?lc=en">Rasputin G. E. (1869–1916)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304165732/http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804023731?lc=en">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A.G. Kalmykov in the Saint Petersburg encyclopaedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nelipa">Nelipa</a>, pp. 454–455, 457–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moe">Moe</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929160133/http://nlr.ru/petersburg/spbpcards/photos/lo000000328_1_m.jpg">"The boiler-building – Images of St Petersburg – National Library of Russia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlr.ru/petersburg/spbpcards/photos/lo000000328_1_m.jpg">the original</a> on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+boiler-building+%E2%80%93+Images+of+St+Petersburg+%E2%80%93+National+Library+of+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlr.ru%2Fpetersburg%2Fspbpcards%2Fphotos%2Flo000000328_1_m.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes (1995). "The Russian Revolution", pp. 104–06 <i>Swedish</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-27-09935-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-27-09935-0">91-27-09935-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes,_p._110-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes,_p._110_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes,_p._110_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoscher2009" class="citation book cs1">Loscher, John D. (2009). <i>The Bolsheviks Volume II: How the Soviets Seize Power, Volume 2</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449023317" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449023317"><bdi>978-1449023317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+Volume+II%3A+How+the+Soviets+Seize+Power%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1449023317&rft.aulast=Loscher&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/alexander-kerensky-russia-bolshevik-revolution-interview-1917-centenary-a8036256.html">"What was Russia's last leader before the Bolshevik revolution like?"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 6 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112225750/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/alexander-kerensky-russia-bolshevik-revolution-interview-1917-centenary-a8036256.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+was+Russia%27s+last+leader+before+the+Bolshevik+revolution+like%3F&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flong_reads%2Falexander-kerensky-russia-bolshevik-revolution-interview-1917-centenary-a8036256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1970" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (12 June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/12/archives/alexander-kerensky-dies-here-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html">"Alexander Kerensky Dies Here at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kerensky+Dies+Here+at+89&rft.date=1970-06-12&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F06%2F12%2Farchives%2Falexander-kerensky-dies-here-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228151902/https://www.bl.uk/people/alexander-kerensky">"Alexander Kerensky"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/alexander-kerensky">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kerensky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fpeople%2Falexander-kerensky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2016" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Alan (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027004107/https://www.socialist.net/the-russian-revolution-the-meaning-of-october-2.htm">"The Russian Revolution: the meaning of October"</a>. <i>Socialist Appeal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialist.net/the-russian-revolution-the-meaning-of-october-2.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Appeal&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+the+meaning+of+October&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialist.net%2Fthe-russian-revolution-the-meaning-of-october-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8087173473" title="Special:BookSources/978-8087173473">978-8087173473</a>, pp. 36–39, 41–42, 111–12, 124–25, 128, 129, 132, 140–48, 184–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Party manifesto listed in McCauley, M <i>Octobrists to Bolsheviks: Imperial Russia 1905–1917</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43tcqt/revision/7">"Failure of Provisional Government under Kerensky - February Revolution - Causes, events and effects - National 5 History Revision"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Failure+of+Provisional+Government+under+Kerensky+-+February+Revolution+-+Causes%2C+events+and+effects+-+National+5+History+Revision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz43tcqt%2Frevision%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1977" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Raymond (1977). <i>The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism 1914–1917</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 126–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03385-0"><bdi>978-1-349-03385-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Moderates+and+the+Crisis+of+Tsarism+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=126-27&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-349-03385-0&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure_and_Mensing2012" class="citation book cs1">Faure and Mensing, Gunter and Teresa (2012). <i>The Estonians; The long road to independence</i>. Lulu. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1105530036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1105530036"><bdi>978-1105530036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Estonians%3B+The+long+road+to+independence&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1105530036&rft.aulast=Faure+and+Mensing&rft.aufirst=Gunter+and+Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwar-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gwar_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russiasgreatwar.org/media/military/women_soldiers.shtml">"Women Soldiers in Russia's Great War"</a>. Great War<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Soldiers+in+Russia%27s+Great+War&rft.pub=Great+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussiasgreatwar.org%2Fmedia%2Fmilitary%2Fwomen_soldiers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The History Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained</i>. DK. 2016. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465445100" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465445100"><bdi>978-1465445100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Book%3A+Big+Ideas+Simply+Explained&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1465445100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228151902/https://www.bl.uk/people/alexander-kerensky">"Alexander Kerensky"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/alexander-kerensky">the original</a> on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kerensky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fpeople%2Falexander-kerensky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-22/nell-tritton-alexander-kerensky-saved-from-stalin-hitler-history/12472416">The extraordinary life of Nell Tritton, an Australian heiress who saved her husband from assassins</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Night_Live" title="Late Night Live">Late Night Live</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowells2023" class="citation web cs1">Howells, Mary (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/austerity-prosperity-trittons-1940s">"From Austerity to Prosperity: Trittons in the 1940s"</a>. <i>State Library Of Queensland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Library+Of+Queensland&rft.atitle=From+Austerity+to+Prosperity%3A+Trittons+in+the+1940s.&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.aulast=Howells&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slq.qld.gov.au%2Fblog%2Fausterity-prosperity-trittons-1940s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064239/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tritton-lydia-ellen-nell-11879"><i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tritton-lydia-ellen-nell-11879">the original</a> on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span> – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Ftritton-lydia-ellen-nell-11879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA76">Soviet's Chances</a>. By Alexander Kerensky. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>, 14 July 1941, pp. 76–78, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojic2003" class="citation web cs1">Bojic, Dusan (22 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731094019/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2003/hc40.htm">"Lateline – The Half-Hearted Revolutionary In Paradise"</a>. <i>Australian Broadcasting Corp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2003/hc40.htm">the original</a> on 31 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corp&rft.atitle=Lateline+%E2%80%93+The+Half-Hearted+Revolutionary+In+Paradise&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft.aulast=Bojic&rft.aufirst=Dusan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flateline%2Fcontent%2F2003%2Fhc40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1970" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (12 June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/12/archives/alexander-kerensky-dies-here-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html">"Alexander Kerensky Dies Here at 89"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204150951/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/12/archives/alexander-kerensky-dies-here-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html?mcubz=3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kerensky+Dies+Here+at+89&rft.date=1970-06-12&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F06%2F12%2Farchives%2Falexander-kerensky-dies-here-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/8205">"Alexander Kerensky"</a>. <i>CACHE Digital Archive</i>. Kalamazoo College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195551/https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/8205">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CACHE+Digital+Archive&rft.atitle=Alexander+Kerensky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcache.kzoo.edu%2Fhandle%2F10920%2F8205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2017" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242"><i>The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1917–21</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472819864" title="Special:BookSources/9781472819864"><bdi>9781472819864</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splintered+Empires%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1917%E2%80%9321&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781472819864&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFgyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/18/archives/kerensky-is-buried-at-rites-in-london.html">"Kerensky Is Buried at Rites in London"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 18 June 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kerensky+Is+Buried+at+Rites+in+London&rft.date=1970-06-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F06%2F18%2Farchives%2Fkerensky-is-buried-at-rites-in-london.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS126">"UoB Calmview5: Search results"</a>. <i>calmview.bham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UoB+Calmview5%3A+Search+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXMS126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1987" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Richard (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderkerensk00abra_0"><i>Kerensky: First Love of the Revolution</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-06108-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-06108-0"><bdi>0-231-06108-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerensky%3A+First+Love+of+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-231-06108-0&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderkerensk00abra_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipatova2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lipatova, Nadezhda V. (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09668136.2012.759715">"On the Verge of the Collapse of Empire: Images of Alexander Kerensky and Mikhail Gorbachev"</a>. <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 264–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2012.759715">10.1080/09668136.2012.759715</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143666270">143666270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+Verge+of+the+Collapse+of+Empire%3A+Images+of+Alexander+Kerensky+and+Mikhail+Gorbachev&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-289&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143666270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2012.759715&rft.aulast=Lipatova&rft.aufirst=Nadezhda+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2012.759715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/427/article/816611">"Post-Soviet Russian Historians and the Russian Provisional Government of 1917"</a>. <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 315–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.93.2.0315">10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.93.2.0315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2222-4327">2222-4327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Post-Soviet+Russian+Historians+and+the+Russian+Provisional+Government+of+1917&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-337&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fslaveasteurorev2.93.2.0315&rft.issn=2222-4327&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F427%2Farticle%2F816611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thatcher, Ian D. (2 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546545.2014.902839">"Memoirs of the Russian provisional government 1917"</a>. <i>Revolutionary Russia</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546545.2014.902839">10.1080/09546545.2014.902839</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6545">0954-6545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144023566">144023566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Russia&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+the+Russian+provisional+government+1917&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144023566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-6545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2014.902839&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2014.902839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2020" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Peter Alexander (19 August 2020). <i>The Quest for Freedom: A life of Alexander Kerensky the Russian Unicorn</i>. BookBaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1098319687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1098319687"><bdi>978-1098319687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Freedom%3A+A+life+of+Alexander+Kerensky+the+Russian+Unicorn&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.isbn=978-1098319687&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=4204">"Aleksandr Kerenskij"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biografiskt_lexikon_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Biografiskt lexikon för Finland">Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</a></i> (in Swedish). Helsingfors: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4931-1416928957537">NBN:fi:sls-4931-1416928957537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Kerenskij&rft.btitle=Biografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblf.fi%2Fartikel.php%3Fid%3D4204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kerensky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Kerensky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kerensky%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kerensky%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kerensky%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kerensky%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1970%22%20AND%20Kerensky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alexander Kerensky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kerensky/">Alexander Kerensky Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025735/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janfeb/features/kerensky.html">An account of Kerensky at Stanford in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0449292/">Alexander Kerensky</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009425">Newspaper clippings about Alexander Kerensky</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government</a> </b><br />21 July 1917 – 8 November 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars</a>)</span></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a><br /><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a>)</span></small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Heads of government of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Acting chairmen shown in <i>italics</i>. Questionable heads of government are written in <span style="font-size:85%;">small type</span>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov"><span style="font-size:85%;">Vorontsov</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vyazmitinov" title="Sergey Vyazmitinov"><span style="font-size:85%;">Vyazmitinov</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Saltykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Saltykov">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vasilyevich_Lopukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin">Lopukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novosiltsev" title="Nikolay Novosiltsev">Novosiltsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chernyshyov" title="Alexander Chernyshyov">Chernyshyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov" title="Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov">Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bludov" title="Dmitry Bludov">Bludov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gagarin" title="Pavel Gagarin">Gagarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Reutern" title="Michael von Reutern">von Reutern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Bunge">Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Witte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Witte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Kokovtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trepov" title="Alexander Trepov">Trepov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golitsyn" title="Nikolai Golitsyn">Golitsyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Lvov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of People's Commissars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Syrtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Syrtsov (politician)">Syrtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Sulimov" title="Daniil Sulimov">Sulimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vakhrushev" title="Vasily Vakhrushev">Vakhrushev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Khokhlov" title="Ivan Khokhlov">Khokhlov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pamfilov" title="Konstantin Pamfilov">Pamfilov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Council of Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodionov" title="Mikhail Rodionov">Rodionov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chernousov" title="Boris Chernousov">Chernousov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yasnov" title="Mikhail Yasnov">Yasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Lobov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Gaidar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kiriyenko" title="Sergey Kiriyenko">Kiriyenko</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Stepashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov" title="Mikhail Kasyanov">Kasyanov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Khristenko" title="Viktor Khristenko">Khristenko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Fradkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mishustin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Belousov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Government_Cabinets" title="Template:Russian Government Cabinets">Russian Government Cabinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union">Premiers of the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_Justice_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Justice_ministers_of_Russia" title="Template:Justice ministers of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Justice_ministers_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Justice ministers of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Justice_ministers_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Justice ministers of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_Justice_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Justice_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Justice of Russia">Ministers of Justice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Derzhavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriil Derzhavin">Gavriil Derzhavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lopukhin" title="Pyotr Lopukhin">Pyotr Lopukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dmitriev" title="Ivan Dmitriev">Ivan Dmitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Troshchinsky" title="Dmitry Troshchinsky">Dmitry Troshchinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky">Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Dolgorukov" title="Alexey Dolgorukov">Alexey Dolgorukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Dashkov" title="Dmitry Dashkov">Dmitry Dashkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bludov" title="Dmitry Bludov">Dmitry Bludov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nikitich_Panin" title="Viktor Nikitich Panin">Viktor Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Zamyatnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Zamyatnin (page does not exist)">Dmitry Zamyatnin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Nikolaevich_Urusov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Nikolaevich Urusov (page does not exist)">Sergey Urusov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_von_der_Pahlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin von der Pahlen (page does not exist)">Konstantin von der Pahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Nabokov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Nabokov (page does not exist)">Dmitry Nabokov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Manasein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Manasein (page does not exist)">Nikolay Manasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Muraviev" title="Nikolay Muraviev">Nikolay Muraviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Manukhin" title="Sergey Manukhin">Sergey Manukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Akimov" title="Mikhail Akimov">Mikhail Akimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shcheglovitov" title="Ivan Shcheglovitov">Ivan Shcheglovitov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Khvostov" title="Aleksandr Khvostov">Aleksandr Khvostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Makarov" title="Alexander Alexandrovich Makarov">Alexander Makarov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Dobrovolsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Dobrovolsky (page does not exist)">Nikolay Dobrovolsky</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png/100px-Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png/150px-Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png/200px-Emblem_of_Ministry_of_Justice.png 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="3122" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Pereverzev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Pereverzev (page does not exist)">Pavel Pereverzev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Yefremov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Yefremov (politician) (page does not exist)">Ivan Yefremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zarudny" title="Alexander Zarudny">Alexander Zarudny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Demyanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Demyanov (page does not exist)">Alexander Demyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Malyantovich" title="Pavel Malyantovich">Pavel Malyantovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Oppokov" title="Georgy Oppokov">Georgy Oppokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka" title="Pēteris Stučka">Pēteris Stučka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Steinberg" title="Isaac Steinberg">Isaac Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka" title="Pēteris Stučka">Pēteris Stučka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kursky" title="Dmitry Kursky">Dmitry Kursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Janson" title="Nikolai Janson">Nikolai Janson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Bulat_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Bulat (politician) (page does not exist)">Ivan Bulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Dmitriyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Dmitriyev (page does not exist)">Yakov Dmitriyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Gorshenin" title="Konstantin Gorshenin">Konstantin Gorshenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Basavin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Basavin (page does not exist)">Ivan Basavin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Belayev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fyodor Belayev (page does not exist)">Fyodor Belayev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Rubichev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Rubichev (page does not exist)">Anatoly Rubichev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Boldyrev_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Boldyrev (politician) (page does not exist)">Vladimir Boldyrev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Kruglov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Kruglov (politician) (page does not exist)">Alexey Kruglov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Blinov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Blinov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Blinov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Sukharev_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Sukharev (politician) (page does not exist)">Alexander Sukharev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Abolentsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Abolentsev (page does not exist)">Vladimir Abolentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Fyodorov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Fyodorov (politician)">Nikolay Fyodorov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Fyodorov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Fyodorov (politician)">Nikolay Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Kalmykov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Kalmykov (page does not exist)">Yury Kalmykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Kovalyov" title="Valentin Kovalyov">Valentin Kovalyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Krasheninnikov" title="Pavel Krasheninnikov">Pavel Krasheninnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Chaika" title="Yury Chaika">Yury Chaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ustinov" title="Vladimir Ustinov">Vladimir Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Konovalov_(politician,_born_1968)" title="Aleksandr Konovalov (politician, born 1968)">Alexander Konovalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chuychenko" title="Konstantin Chuychenko">Konstantin Chuychenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48211#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110639631">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56694714">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/102968/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMrmppdxy6rhqJkwrpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118721909">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82160860">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12399777h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12399777h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445517">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kerenskij, Aleksandr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV020335">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35950217">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020805196&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1330455">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070609683">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90777661">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000118347&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=108772">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxz6w24mz5tpf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671709505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/335205">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263727305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01675363?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alexandre Kérenski"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6b5b30d8-3ca0-4047-86ae-b1516d0cdc6a">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1159442">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118721909.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118721909">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033096635">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570007">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64b306b">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&oldid=1262792520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&oldid=1262792520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_births" title="Category:1881 births">1881 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_deaths" title="Category:1970 deaths">1970 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ulyanovsk" title="Category:People from Ulyanovsk">People from Ulyanovsk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Simbirsky_Uyezd" title="Category:People from Simbirsky Uyezd">People from Simbirsky Uyezd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_Revolutionary_Party_politicians" title="Category:Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians">Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trudoviks" title="Category:Trudoviks">Trudoviks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_of_the_Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Category:Heads of government of the Russian Provisional Government">Heads of government of the Russian Provisional Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justice_ministers_of_Russia" title="Category:Justice ministers of Russia">Justice ministers of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_defence_of_Russia" title="Category:Ministers of defence of Russia">Ministers of defence of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_socialists" title="Category:Democratic socialists">Democratic socialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_4th_State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire">Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Grand_Orient_of_Russia%27s_Peoples" title="Category:Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples">Members of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_Constituent_Assembly_members" title="Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members">Russian Constituent Assembly members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commanders-in-chief_of_the_Russian_Army" title="Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army">Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionaries_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Category:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution">Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_Russia" title="Category:20th-century presidents of Russia">20th-century presidents of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_anti-communists" title="Category:Russian anti-communists">Russian anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_democracy_activists" title="Category:Russian democracy activists">Russian democracy activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_nationalists" title="Category:Russian nationalists">Russian nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_people_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Russian people of World War I">Russian people of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_social_democrats" title="Category:Russian social democrats">Russian social democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_ousted_by_a_coup" title="Category:Leaders ousted by a coup">Leaders ousted by a coup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:White_Russian_emigrants_to_France" title="Category:White Russian emigrants to France">White Russian emigrants to France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:White_Russian_emigrants_to_Australia" title="Category:White Russian emigrants to Australia">White Russian emigrants to Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:White_Russian_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:White Russian emigrants to the United States">White Russian emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stanford_University_faculty" title="Category:Stanford University faculty">Stanford University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hoover_Institution_people" title="Category:Hoover Institution people">Hoover Institution people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery">Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Lawyers from the Russian Empire">Lawyers from the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_political_leaders" title="Category:World War I political leaders">World War I political leaders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017">Articles with dead external links from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_March_2015" title="Category:EngvarB from March 2015">EngvarB from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2023">Articles needing additional references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2024, at 04:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kerensky&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-nfdjf","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.170","walltime":"1.465","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14922,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":208423,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20200,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":194581,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1273.674 1 -total"," 26.17% 333.267 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 18.56% 236.437 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.57% 160.048 2 Template:Efn"," 8.27% 105.357 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.95% 101.240 12 Template:Cite_book"," 7.73% 98.457 3 Template:Langx"," 5.60% 71.370 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 5.18% 66.040 16 Template:Cite_web"," 4.56% 58.039 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.697","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":31441762,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-7d596b5cf-djl77","timestamp":"20241218030925","ttl":1198246,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Kerensky","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q48211","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q48211","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-29T20:53:55Z","dateModified":"2024-12-13T04:37:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg","headline":"Russian politician (1881\u20131970)"}</script> </body> </html>