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</ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Jali</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Джалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Džálí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džálí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali_(Architektur)" title="Jali (Architektur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jali (Architektur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaali" title="Jaali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jaali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalio" title="Jalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="شباک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شباک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali" title="Jali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali" title="Jali – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Jali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali_(decorazione)" title="Jali (decorazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jali (decorazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali_(architectuur)" title="Jali (architectuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jali (architectuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="ជាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali" title="Jali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEali" title="Džali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B5" title="จาฬี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จาฬี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Джалі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джалі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian architectural element. For West African jali poets, see <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Griot</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar,_Taranga,_Gujarat,_11th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg/220px-Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg/330px-Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg/440px-Shri_Ajitnath_Bhagwan_Shwetamber_Jain_Derasar%2C_Taranga%2C_Gujarat%2C_11th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><i>Jali</i> at <a href="/wiki/Taranga_Jain_temple" title="Taranga Jain temple">Ajitnath Jain Temple</a>, 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_Century_External_Jali.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/17th_Century_External_Jali.png/220px-17th_Century_External_Jali.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="528" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/17th_Century_External_Jali.png/330px-17th_Century_External_Jali.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/17th_Century_External_Jali.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>A <i>jali</i> is typically open, but this example of a 17th-century <i>jali</i> from the last Mughal period was owned by a wealthy merchant and probably placed with the external portal. Basically, the impression is friendly and inviting as the inside of the palace, but secure to outside world. The <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">iris</a> pattern at the top is a departure from the earlier geometry and indicates a Persian influence.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg/220px-Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg/330px-Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg/440px-Jhali_of_Hawa_Mahal_Jaipur_details.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption><i>Jali</i> panels in <a href="/wiki/Rajput_architecture" title="Rajput architecture">Rajput style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawa_Mahal" title="Hawa Mahal">Hawa Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar_tomb_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akbar_tomb_2.jpg/250px-Akbar_tomb_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akbar_tomb_2.jpg/330px-Akbar_tomb_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akbar_tomb_2.jpg/500px-Akbar_tomb_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2973" data-file-height="4079" /></a><figcaption><i>Jali</i> screens in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">tomb of Akbar the Great</a> near <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>jali</b></i> or <i><b>jaali</b></i> (<i>jālī</i>, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or <a href="/wiki/Latticework" title="Latticework">latticed</a> <a href="/wiki/Window_screen" title="Window screen">screen</a>, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> or natural patterns. This form of architectural decoration is common in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a> and more generally in <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">mashrabiya</a></i> in Islamic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Yatin Pandya, the <i>jali</i> allows light and air in while minimizing the sun and the rain, as well as providing cooling through <a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">passive ventilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandya_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandya_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holes are nearly the same width or smaller than the thickness of the stone, thus providing structural strength. It has been observed that humid areas like <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> have larger holes with overall lower opacity than compared with the dry climate regions of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandya_2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandya_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jali_sandstone_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jali_sandstone_detail.png/250px-Jali_sandstone_detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jali_sandstone_detail.png/330px-Jali_sandstone_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jali_sandstone_detail.png/500px-Jali_sandstone_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption><i>Jalis</i> were architectural elements and designed to interlock with repeated patterns. This detail shows the relative thickness and sandstone carving (late 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> origin).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the widespread use of glass in the late 19th century, and compactness of the residential areas in modern India, <i>jalis</i> became less frequent for privacy and security matters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, it has gained popularity again as a <a href="/wiki/Low-energy_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-energy building">low-energy building</a> solution for the environmental footprint of energy use by buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuaries</a> in India, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, were often dimly lit and confined, resembling natural <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>. Worshippers gathered in front of the sanctuaries' doorways for prayers and offerings. To control the harsh daylight entering the <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, screens known as <i>jalis</i> were used to filter and soften the light, encouraging devotion and directing attention to the sacred images. The tradition of using jalis persisted in later <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a>, including Hindu and Jain temples. Over time, the designs of <i>jalis</i> evolved, incorporating geometric and naturalistic patterns. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, the use of <i>jalis</i> expanded and became a prominent feature in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and tombs, following the same symbolic importance of light in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The adoption of <i>jalis</i> in Islamic buildings shows a fusion of architectural styles and motifs from Hindu, Jain, and Islamic traditions, largely influenced by the guilds of masons working for patrons across different cultural backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early <i>jali</i> work with multiple geometric shapes was built by carving into stone, in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a> (first appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a> of 1305 at Delhi besides the <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub Minar</a>); later on, the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> used very finely carved plant-based designs (as at the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>). They also often added <a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a> inlay to the surrounds using marble and <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious">semi-precious</a> stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thapar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thapar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a> near the Urwahi gate, there is a 17-line inscription dated Samvat 1553 mentioning names of some craftsmen and their creations. One of them is Khedu, who was an expert in <i>Gwaliyai jhilmili</i> (<i>jali</i> screens crafted in the Gwalior style).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mughal period tomb of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ghaus">Muhammad Ghaus</a>, built in 1565 AD at Gwalior, is remarkable for its stone <i>jalis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Gwalior's 19th-century houses used stone <i>jalis</i>. <i>Jalis</i> are used extensively in Gwalior's <a href="/wiki/Usha_Kiran_Palace" title="Usha Kiran Palace">Usha Kiran Palace</a> Hotel, formerly Scindia's guest house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum_collections">Museum collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Museum collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the <i>jalis</i> are in major museums in the U.S. and Europe. These include the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_at_Alai_Darwaza,_Qutb_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Window at Alai Darwaza, Qutb complex"><img alt="Window at Alai Darwaza, Qutb complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/225px-Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/337px-Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/450px-Window_at_Alai_Darwaza%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Window at Alai Darwaza, Qutb complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali in Sidi Saiyyed mosque in Ahmedabad, exhibiting the traditional Indian tree of life motif"><img alt="Jali in Sidi Saiyyed mosque in Ahmedabad, exhibiting the traditional Indian tree of life motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg/500px-Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg/960px-Sidi_Saiyyad_Ni_Jaali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jali</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Saiyyed_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Saiyyed mosque">Sidi Saiyyed mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, exhibiting the traditional Indian tree of life motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali at Tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri, showing Islamic geometric patterns developed in Western Asia"><img alt="Jali at Tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri, showing Islamic geometric patterns developed in Western Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/317px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/476px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/634px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jali</i> at <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, showing Islamic geometric patterns developed in Western Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Inside_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Details of marble jali screens around royal cenotaphs, Taj Mahal"><img alt="Details of marble jali screens around royal cenotaphs, Taj Mahal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Taj_Inside_1.jpg/500px-Taj_Inside_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Taj_Inside_1.jpg/617px-Taj_Inside_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Taj_Inside_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Details of marble <i>jali</i> screens around royal <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-_net.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali at Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, with typical Indian motifs"><img alt="Jali at Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, with typical Indian motifs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-_net.jpg/500px-Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-_net.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-_net.jpg/960px-Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-_net.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jali</i> at <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, with typical Indian motifs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali at Champaner, utilizing traditional Indian geometric patterns and Islamic geometry"><img alt="Jali at Champaner, utilizing traditional Indian geometric patterns and Islamic geometry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg/225px-Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg/337px-Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg/450px-Doors_Champaner-Pavagadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jali</i> at <a href="/wiki/Champaner-Pavagadh_Archaeological_Park" title="Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park">Champaner</a>, utilizing traditional Indian geometric patterns and Islamic geometry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jalis in Mohammad Gaus Tomb in Gwalior"><img alt="Jalis in Mohammad Gaus Tomb in Gwalior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg/800px-Mohammad_Gaus_Tomb_Gwalior_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jalis</i> in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghawth" title="Muhammad Ghawth">Mohammad Gaus Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_306--Winter_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century house in Gwalior, using stone jalis"><img alt="19th-century house in Gwalior, using stone jalis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/P_306--Winter_India.jpg/395px-P_306--Winter_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/P_306--Winter_India.jpg/593px-P_306--Winter_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/P_306--Winter_India.jpg/790px-P_306--Winter_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century house in Gwalior, using stone <i>jalis</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork">Openwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELerner1984156–157_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLerner1984">Lerner 1984</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAzmi2022" class="citation news cs1">Azmi, Feza Tabassum (20 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con">"How India's lattice buildings cool without air con"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=How+India%27s+lattice+buildings+cool+without+air+con&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.aulast=Azmi&rft.aufirst=Feza+Tabassum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandya_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandya_2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandya_2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandya2011" class="citation web cs1">Pandya, Yatin (16 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-yatin-pandya-on-jaali-as-a-traditional-element-1599623">"Yatin Pandya on 'jaali' as a traditional element"</a>. <i>DNA India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Yatin+Pandya+on+%27jaali%27+as+a+traditional+element&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft.aulast=Pandya&rft.aufirst=Yatin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fanalysis%2Fcolumn-yatin-pandya-on-jaali-as-a-traditional-element-1599623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatyaprakash_Varanashi2011" class="citation web cs1">Satyaprakash Varanashi (30 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/the-multifunctional-jaali/article1138372.ece">"The multi-functional jaali"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+multi-functional+jaali&rft.date=2011-01-30&rft.au=Satyaprakash+Varanashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-propertyplus%2Fthe-multifunctional-jaali%2Farticle1138372.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806054715/https://issuu.com/mapin/docs/jali">"Jali by Mapin Publishing - Issuu"</a>. <i>issuu.com</i>. 2 November 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/mapin/docs/jali">the original</a> on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=issuu.com&rft.atitle=Jali+by+Mapin+Publishing+-+Issuu&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fmapin%2Fdocs%2Fjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQSjNUkVFg8"><i>Jali: Lattice of Divine Light, with Navina Najat Haidar</i></a>, 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jali%3A+Lattice+of+Divine+Light%2C+with+Navina+Najat+Haidar&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrQSjNUkVFg8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thapar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thapar_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar,_Bindia2004" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Bindia (2004). <i>Introduction to Indian architecture</i>. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462906420" title="Special:BookSources/9781462906420"><bdi>9781462906420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indian+architecture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781462906420&rft.au=Thapar%2C+Bindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hariharnivas Dvidedi, Gwalior ke Tomar, 1976, p. 378-380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakovickyMakovicky2017" class="citation journal cs1">Makovicky, Emil; Makovicky, Nicolette M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00004-016-0316-6">"Nonperiodic Octagonal Patterns from a Jali Screen in the Mausoleum of Muhammad Ghaus in Gwalior and Their Periodic Relatives"</a>. <i>Nexus Network Journal</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-016-0316-6">10.1007/s00004-016-0316-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nexus+Network+Journal&rft.atitle=Nonperiodic+Octagonal+Patterns+from+a+Jali+Screen+in+the+Mausoleum+of+Muhammad+Ghaus+in+Gwalior+and+Their+Periodic+Relatives&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00004-016-0316-6&rft.aulast=Makovicky&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Makovicky%2C+Nicolette+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00004-016-0316-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/52272397/">JALI PANEL (INDIA), LATE 19TH CENTURY</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453241">Pierced Window Screen (Jali) early 17th century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O430678/one-of-twenty-nine-drawings-drawing-unknown/">Drawing ca.1882 (made)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLerner1984" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Martin (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/105457">"<i>JALI</i> SCREEN"</a>. <i>The Flame and the Lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian Art from the Kronos</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-401-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-401-8"><bdi>0-87099-401-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10799173">10799173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=JALI+SCREEN&rft.btitle=The+Flame+and+the+Lotus%3A+Indian+and+Southeast+Asian+Art+from+the+Kronos&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10799173&rft.isbn=0-87099-401-8&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F105457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jali" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jali">Jali</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041222145653/http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0400">"ArchNet Dictionary of Islamic Architecture: Jali"</a>. <i>archnet.org</i>. 4 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0400">the original</a> on 22 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archnet.org&rft.atitle=ArchNet+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture%3A+Jali&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Fentry.tcl%3Fentry_id%3DDIA0400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art#Architecture_and_urbanism" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_lodge" title="Sufi lodge">Sufi lodge</a> (khanqah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/20px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods and regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_art" title="Abbasid art">Abbasid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template talk:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_and_art295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_figure" title="String figure">String figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th<br />Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li><i>Canon</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li><i>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li><i>Regole generali d'architettura</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li><i>Nature's Harmonic Unity</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li><i>Ad Quadratum</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li><i>The Greek Vase</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li><i>Aesthetic Measure</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li><i>The 'Life' of a Carpet</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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<div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history 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id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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