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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_period_(16th_to_17th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_era_of_Sinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_era_of_Sinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The era of Sinan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_era_of_Sinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Sinan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Sinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 After Sinan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Sinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulip_Period_(early_18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulip_Period_(early_18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tulip Period (early 18th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulip_Period_(early_18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_period_(18th_century_to_early_19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_period_(18th_century_to_early_19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Baroque period (18th century to early 19th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_period_(18th_century_to_early_19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_and_early_20th-century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_and_early_20th-century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 19th-century and early 20th-century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_and_early_20th-century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Domes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Decoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Decoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tile_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tile_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Tile decoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tile_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painted_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Painted decoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Stone carving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gardens </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gardens subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaces_and_leisure_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces_and_leisure_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Palaces and leisure gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces_and_leisure_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosques_and_cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques_and_cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Mosques and cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques_and_cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_in_the_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_in_the_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Architecture in the provinces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_in_the_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ottoman architecture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanische_Architektur" title="Osmanische Architektur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osmanische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة عثمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة عثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_memarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı memarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı memarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="উসমানীয় স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғосман архитектураһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман архитектураһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Османска архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Османска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_otomana" title="Arquitectura otomana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura otomana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanische_Architektur" title="Osmanische Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmanische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οθωμανική αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθωμανική αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_otomana" title="Arquitectura otomana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura otomana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomana_arkitekturo" title="Otomana arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomana arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معماری عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27architecture_ottomane" title="Histoire de l'architecture ottomane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'architecture ottomane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="오스만 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스만 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանյան ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Utsmaniyah" title="Arsitektur Utsmaniyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_ottomana" title="Architettura ottomana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura ottomana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Осман сәулет өнері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман сәулет өнері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta_osmanan" title="Arciteta osmanan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta osmanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g_%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szete" title="Törökország építészete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország építészete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Османлиска архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Османлиска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_architectuur" title="Ottomaanse architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaanse architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="オスマン建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスマン建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ӏусманийн архитектура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏусманийн архитектура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="عثمانی طرز تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عثمانی طرز تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_otomana" title="Arquitetura otomana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura otomana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_otoman%C4%83" title="Arhitectura otomană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura otomană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Османская архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_osmane" title="Arkitektura osmane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura osmane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottoman architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architecture of the Ottoman Empire</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque,_(old_name_P1020390.jpg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg/290px-Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg/435px-Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg/580px-Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque%2C_%28old_name_P1020390.jpg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Blue Mosque</a> in Istanbul, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">classical style</a> of Ottoman architecture, showing <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> influence.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture of the Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Visual arts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Performing arts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadowplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">Meddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Dance" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sports</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">Oil wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Cirit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Culture of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Culture of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> over a long period,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> undergoing some significant changes during its history.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It first emerged in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the late 13th century<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and developed from earlier <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk Turkish architecture</a>, with influences from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> architecture along with other architectural traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Ottoman_architecture" title="Early Ottoman architecture">Early Ottoman architecture</a> experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">classical Ottoman style</a> of the 16th and 17th centuries. This style was a mixture of native Turkish tradition and influences from the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, resulting in monumental mosque buildings focused around a high central <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> with a varying number of <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grove_encycl-Ottoman-7">[7]</a> The most important architect of the classical period is <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, whose major works include the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grove_encycl-Ottoman-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AgostonMasters2010-8">[8]</a> The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architectural_decoration" title="Ottoman architectural decoration">Ottoman decorative arts</a>, most notably in the use of <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200675-9">[9]</a> Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was opened to external influences, particularly <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Changes appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period_architecture" title="Tulip Period architecture">style of the Tulip Period</a>, followed by the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Baroque style">Ottoman Baroque style</a> in the 1740s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010505–509,_517–518-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜnver201918–22,_55_and_after-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a> is one of the most important examples of this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011355-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010526-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_the_19th%E2%80%9320th_centuries" title="Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries">architecture of the 19th century</a> saw more influences imported from Western Europe, brought in by architects such as those from the <a href="/wiki/Balyan_family" title="Balyan family">Balyan family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011393-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> motifs were introduced and a trend towards <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">eclecticism</a> was evident in many types of buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabaçe Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605–606-15">[15]</a> The last decades of the Ottoman Empire saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the <a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">First National Architectural Movement</a>, by architects such as <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Kemaleddin" title="Mimar Kemaleddin">Mimar Kemaleddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedat_Tek" title="Vedat Tek">Vedat Tek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BloomBloom2009-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011393-14">[14]</a> Ottoman dynastic patronage was concentrated in the historic capitals of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), as well as in several other important administrative centers such as <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>. It was in these centers that most important developments in Ottoman architecture occurred and that the most monumental Ottoman architecture can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010679-17">[17]</a> Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a>, that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, these could include a <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammam</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Imaret" title="Imaret">imaret</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">sebil</a>, a market, a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">primary school</a>, or others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a> Ottoman constructions were still abundant in Anatolia and in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>), but in the more distant Middle Eastern and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> provinces older <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architectural</a> styles continued to hold strong influence and were sometimes blended with Ottoman styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995251-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Ottoman_period_(14th_to_15th_centuries)">Early Ottoman period (14th to 15th centuries)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Ottoman period (14th to 15th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Ottoman_architecture" title="Early Ottoman architecture">Early Ottoman architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1453">Before 1453</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1453">edit</a>]</div> The first Ottomans were established in northwest Anatolia near the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Their position at this frontier encouraged influences from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> and other ancient remains, and there are examples of architectural experimentation under many local Turkish dynasties in the region during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134-21">[21]</a> One of the early Ottoman stylistic distinctions that emerged was a tradition of designing more complete façades in front of mosques, especially in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> with arches and columns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134-21">[21]</a> Another early distinction was the reliance on domes.<a href="#cite_note-:243-22">[22]</a> The first Ottoman structures were built in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a>, the earliest Ottoman capital, and in nearby <a href="/wiki/Bilecik" title="Bilecik">Bilecik</a>, but they have not survived in their original form. They include a couple of small mosques and a mausoleum built in <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul</a>'s time (late 13th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197115–16-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> was captured in 1326 by the Ottoman leader <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a>. It served as the Ottoman capital until 1402, becoming a major center of patronage and construction.<a href="#cite_note-:2422-24">[24]</a> Orhan also captured <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> in 1331, turning it into another early center of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:242-25">[25]</a> In this early period there were generally three types of mosques: the single-domed mosque, the T-plan mosque, and the multi-unit or multi-dome mosque.<a href="#cite_note-:243-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg/220px-Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg/330px-Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg/440px-Green_Mosque_Iznik_DSCF2399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_%C4%B0znik" title="Green Mosque, İznik">Green Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> (1378–1391) is an early example of the single-domed mosque type. The prayer hall is covered by a large dome (right), while its entrance is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> covered by smaller domes (left).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_%C3%96zbek_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacı Özbek Mosque">Hacı Özbek Mosque</a> (1333) in İznik is the oldest Ottoman mosque with an inscription that documents its construction<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134-21">[21]</a> and it is the oldest example of the Ottoman single-domed mosque, consisting of a square chamber covered by a dome.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Another early single-domed mosque is the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_%C4%B0znik" title="Green Mosque, İznik">Green Mosque in İznik</a> (1378–1391), which is the first Ottoman mosque for which the name of the architect (Hacı bin Musa) is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197120–21-27">[27]</a> The main dome covers a square space and the transition between the round base of the dome and the square chamber below is achieved through a series of triangular carvings known as "Turkish triangles", a type of <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentive</a> which was common in <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Anatolian Seljuk</a> and early Ottoman architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197121-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg/170px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg/255px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg/340px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_alt_kat_plan%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_Bursa" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Green Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (1412 –1424), which exemplifies the "T-plan" type, with three domed <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> branching off a central domed space, with the larger iwan aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> (top).</figcaption></figure> In 1334–1335, Orhan built a mosque in İznik that no longer stands but has been excavated by archeologists. It is significant as the earliest known example of a type of building called a zaviye (from Arabic <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiya</a>), "T-plan" mosque, or "Bursa-type" mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134–135-30">[30]</a> This type of building is characterized by a central court, typically covered by a dome, with <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> (domed or vaulted halls that are open to the courtyard) on three sides, one of which is oriented towards the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> (direction of prayer) and contains the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (wall niche symbolizing the qibla). The front façade usually incorporated a portico along its entire width. The iwans on the side and the other various rooms attached to these buildings may have served to house <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> students and traveling <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>, since the Sufi brotherhoods were one of the main supporters of the early Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995135-31">[31]</a> Variations of this floor plan were the most common type of major religious structure sponsored by the early Ottoman elites. The "Bursa-type" label comes from the fact that multiple examples of this kind were built in and around Bursa, including the <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Gazi_Mosque" title="Orhan Gazi Mosque">Orhan Gazi Mosque</a> (1339), the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendigar_Mosque" title="Hüdavendigar Mosque">Hüdavendigar (Murad I) Mosque</a> (1366–1385), the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I_Mosque" title="Bayezid I Mosque">Yildirim Bayezid I Mosque</a> (completed in 1395), and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_Bursa" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Green Mosque</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a> (1412–1424).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995142–144-33">[33]</a> The Green Mosque is notable for its extensive <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a> technique. It is the first instance of lavish <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architectural_decoration#Tile_decoration" title="Ottoman architectural decoration">tile decoration in Ottoman architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995142–144-33">[33]</a> These mosques were all part of larger religious complexes (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a>s) that included other structures offering services such as <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> (Islamic colleges), <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> (public bathhouses), and <a href="/wiki/Imaret" title="Imaret">imarets</a> (charitable kitchens).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/260px-ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/390px-ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/520px-ULU_MOSQUE_CAM%C4%B0%C4%B0_BURSA_TURKEY_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>The multi-domed interior of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bursa" title="Grand Mosque of Bursa">Grand Mosque of Bursa</a> (1396–1400)</figcaption></figure> The most unusual mosque of this period is the multi-domed <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bursa" title="Grand Mosque of Bursa">Grand Mosque of Bursa</a> or Ulu Cami. The mosque was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a> in 1396 and finished in 1399–1400. It consists of a large <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> hall divided into twenty equal <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bays</a> in a rectangular four-by-five grid, each covered by a dome supported by stone piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995139–141-34">[34]</a> After Bayezid I was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a> in 1402, the Ottoman capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. The last major multi-dome mosque built by the Ottomans (with some exceptions), is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Old Mosque, Edirne">Old Mosque</a> (Eski Cami) in Edirne, built between 1403 and 1414.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995139–141-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197155-35">[35]</a> In later periods, the multi-dome building type was adapted for use in non-religious buildings instead,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197157-36">[36]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">bedestens</a> (market halls).<a href="#cite_note-:04-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Edirne_view_of_%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a> in Edirne (1437–1447) represented a significant evolution in Ottoman mosque design, with a courtyard leading to a prayer hall centered around a large dome.</figcaption></figure> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1421–1451) marked an important architectural development in the form of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a>, built in Edirne from 1437 to 1447.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995145-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010143-41">[41]</a> It has a very different design from earlier mosques, with a nearly square floor plan divided between a rectangular courtyard and a rectangular prayer hall. The open-air courtyard has a central fountain and is surrounded by a portico of arches and domes, with a decorated central portal leading into the courtyard from the outside and another one leading from the courtyard into the prayer hall. The prayer hall is centered around a huge dome which covers most of the middle part of the hall, while the sides of the hall are covered by pairs of smaller domes. The central dome is larger than any other Ottoman dome built before this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197197-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> The mosque has a total of four <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, arranged around the four corners of the courtyard. Its southwestern minaret was the tallest Ottoman minaret built up to that time and features three balconies (from which the mosque's name derives).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197199–100-46">[45]</a> This new design was a culmination of previous architectural experimentation and foreshadowed the features of later Ottoman mosque architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995145-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1453">After 1453</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After 1453">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_18_(40094161444).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg/220px-Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg/330px-Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg/440px-Istanbul_18_%2840094161444%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Babüsselam, the gate to the Second Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. The palace was established by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> in 1459. This gate may be one of the structures still partly dating to his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010188-47">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> After he <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered Constantinople</a> (present-day Istanbul) in 1453, one of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>'s first constructions in the city was a palace, known as the <a href="/wiki/Eski_Saray" title="Eski Saray">Old Palace</a> (Eski Saray).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995213-48">[47]</a> In 1459, he began construction of a second palace known as the New Palace (Yeni Saray) and later as the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> ("Cannon-Gate Palace").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995214–215-49">[48]</a> It was mostly laid out between 1459 and 1465,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010-50">[49]</a> but it has since been repeatedly modified over subsequent centuries by different rulers and today it is an accumulation of different styles and periods. The palace consists of multiple courtyards, enclosures, and pavilions spread across a precinct delimited by an outer wall. Its seemingly irregular layout was a reflection of a clear hierarchical organization of functions and private residences, with the innermost areas reserved for the privacy of the sultan and his innermost circle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995214–215-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatihcomplex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fatihcomplex.jpg/220px-Fatihcomplex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fatihcomplex.jpg/330px-Fatihcomplex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fatihcomplex.jpg/440px-Fatihcomplex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>16th-century illustration showing the original <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> (top) in Istanbul, built from 1463 to 1470. (Most of the original building was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1766_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1766 Istanbul earthquake">1766 earthquake</a>.)</figcaption></figure> Mehmed II's largest contribution to religious architecture was the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> complex in Istanbul, built from 1463 to 1470. It was part of a very large külliye which also included a tabhane (guesthouse for travelers), an imaret, a <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">darüşşifa</a> (hospital), a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a> (hostel for traveling merchants), a <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">mektep</a> (primary school), a library, a hammam, shops, a cemetery with the founder's mausoleum, and eight madrasas along with their annexes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010177–180-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010-50">[49]</a> The buildings largely ignored any existing topography and were arranged in a strongly symmetrical layout on a vast square terrace with the monumental mosque at its center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995215-52">[51]</a> The original mosque was mostly destroyed by an <a href="/wiki/1766_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1766 Istanbul earthquake">earthquake in 1766</a>. Its design has been reconstructed by scholars using historical sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995215–216-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010178-54">[53]</a> It likely reflected the combination of the Byzantine church tradition (especially the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>) with the Ottoman tradition that had evolved since the early imperial mosques of Bursa and Edirne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995215-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010178–179-55">[54]</a> Drawing on the ideas established by the earlier Üç Şerefeli Mosque, it comprised a rectangular courtyard leading to a domed prayer hall. The latter was covered by a large central dome with a semi-dome behind it (on the qibla side), flanked by a row of three smaller domes on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995215-52">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg/260px-Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg/390px-Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg/520px-Beyaz%C4%B1tCami1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1500–1505)</figcaption></figure> After Mehmed II, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> (1481–1512) is again marked by extensive architectural patronage, of which the two most outstanding and influential examples are the <a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_Bayezid_II" title="Complex of Sultan Bayezid II">Bayezid II Complex</a> in Edirne and the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II Mosque</a> in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971144,_168-56">[55]</a> The Bayezid II Mosque in Istanbul, built between 1500 and 1505, again features a courtyard leading to a square prayer hall. However, its prayer hall makes use of two semi-domes aligned with the main central dome, while the side aisles are each covered by four smaller domes. Compared to earlier mosques, this results in a much more sophisticated "cascade of domes" effect for the building's exterior profile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995216–218-57">[56]</a> This design, with its deliberate arrangement of established Ottoman architectural elements into a strongly symmetrical plan, is another culmination of previous architectural exploration and represents the last step towards the classical Ottoman style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971168-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010201–207-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_period_(16th_to_17th_centuries)">Classical period (16th to 17th centuries)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical period (16th to 17th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">Classical Ottoman architecture</a></div> The start of the classical period is strongly associated with the works of the imperial architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stratton-61">[60]</a> During this period the bureaucracy of the Ottoman state, whose foundations were laid in Istanbul by Mehmet II, became increasingly elaborate and the profession of the architect became further institutionalized.<a href="#cite_note-Grove_encycl-Ottoman-7">[7]</a> The long reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> is also recognized as the apogee of Ottoman political and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">cultural</a> development, with extensive patronage in art and architecture by the sultan, his family, and his high-ranking officials.<a href="#cite_note-Grove_encycl-Ottoman-7">[7]</a> In this period, Ottoman architecture, especially under the work and influence of Sinan, saw a new unification and harmonization of the various architectural elements and influences that it had previously absorbed but which had not yet been fully synthesized into a collective whole.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-60">[59]</a> Ottoman architecture used a limited set of general forms – such as domes, semi-domes, and arcaded porticos – which were repeated in every structure and could be combined in a limited number of ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995213-48">[47]</a> The ingenuity of successful architects such as Sinan lay in the careful and calculated attempts to solve problems of space, proportion, and harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995213-48">[47]</a> This period is also notable for the development of <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik tile</a> decoration in Ottoman monuments, with the artistic peak of this medium beginning in the second half of the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010442-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971110-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_era_of_Sinan">The era of Sinan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The era of Sinan">edit</a>]</div> The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, served as the chief court architect (mimarbaşi) for some 50 years from 1538 until his death in 1588.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218,_227-64">[63]</a> Sinan credited himself with the design of over 300 buildings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971198-65">[64]</a> though another estimate of his works puts it at nearly 500.<a href="#cite_note-:2432-66">[65]</a> He is credited with designing buildings as far as <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995219-67">[66]</a> He was probably not present to directly supervise projects far from the capital, so in these cases his designs were most likely executed by his assistants or by local architects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995219–220-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971291-69">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg/220px-Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg/330px-Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg/440px-Sehzade_Mosque_DSCF3254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg/220px-Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg/330px-Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg/440px-Shezade_mosque_9510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a> (1545–1548) in Istanbul was <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>'s first major imperial commission.</div></div></div></div> Sinan's first major imperial commission was the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a> complex, which Suleiman dedicated to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a>, his son who died in 1543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971206-70">[69]</a> The complex was built between 1545 and 1548.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218-71">[70]</a> The mosque has a rectangular floor plan divided into two equal squares, with one square occupied by the courtyard and the other occupied by the prayer hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218-71">[70]</a> The prayer hall consists of a central dome surrounded by semi-domes on four sides, with smaller domes occupying the corners. Smaller semi-domes also fill the space between the corner domes and the main semi-domes. This design represents the culmination of the previous domed and semi-domed buildings in Ottoman architecture, bringing complete symmetry to the dome layout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010258,_271–272-72">[71]</a> Sinan's early innovations are also evident in the way he organized the structural supports of the dome. Instead of having the dome rest on thick walls all around it (as was previously common), he concentrated the load-bearing supports into a limited number of buttresses along the outer walls of the mosque and in four pillars inside the mosque itself at the corners of the dome. This allowed for the walls in between the buttresses to be thinner and able to accommodate more windows to bring in more light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218–219-73">[72]</a> Sinan also moved the outer walls inward, near the inner edge of the buttresses, so that the latter were less visible inside the mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218–219-73">[72]</a> On the outside, he added domed porticos along the lateral façades of the building which further obscured the buttresses and gave the exterior a greater sense of monumentality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218–219-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971210-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/220px-Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/330px-Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/440px-Sehzade_Mosque_Gurlitt_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Floor plan and elevation of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, showing the symmetrical layout of the central dome and four main semi-domes. This basic design was eventually repeated in many later mosques in the Ottoman Empire.</figcaption></figure> The basic design of the Şehzade Mosque, with its symmetrical dome and four semi-dome layout, proved popular with later architects and was repeated in classical Ottoman mosques after Sinan (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed I Mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="New Mosque, Istanbul">New Mosque</a> at <a href="/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Eminönü">Eminönü</a>, and the 18th-century reconstruction of the Fatih Mosque).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995228–230-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971340,_345–346,_358,_394,_408-76">[75]</a> Despite this legacy and the symmetry of its design, Sinan considered the Sehzade Mosque his "apprentice" work and was not satisfied with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995218-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971207-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010261,_272-78">[77]</a> He did not repeat its layout in any of his other works during his career. He instead experimented with other designs that seemed to aim for a completely unified interior space and for ways to emphasize the visitor's perception of the main dome upon entering a mosque. One of the results of this objective was that any space that did not belong to the central domed space was reduced to a minimum, subordinate role, if not altogether absent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010261-79">[78]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4063" data-file-height="3039" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg/220px-Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg/330px-Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg/440px-Suleymaniye_Mosque_1319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> (1550–1557) in Istanbul is one of the most important monuments of the classical Ottoman period</div></div></div></div> In 1550, Sinan began construction for the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye complex</a>, a monumental religious and charitable complex dedicated to Suleiman. Construction finished in 1557. Following the example of the earlier Fatih complex, it consists of many buildings arranged around the main mosque in the center, on a planned site occupying the summit of a hill in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995222-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010279–293-81">[80]</a> The Süleymaniye Mosque complex is one of the most important symbols of Ottoman architecture and is often considered by scholars to be the most magnificent mosque in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010199-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010277-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[83]</a> The mosque itself has a form similar to that of the earlier Bayezid II Mosque: a central dome preceded and followed by semi-domes, with smaller domes covering the sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010280–283-85">[84]</a> In particular, the building replicates the central dome layout of the Hagia Sophia and this may be interpreted as a desire by Suleiman to emulate the structure of the Hagia Sophia, demonstrating how this ancient monument continued to hold tremendous symbolic power in Ottoman culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010280–283-85">[84]</a> Nonetheless, Sinan employed innovations similar to those he used previously in the Şehzade Mosque: he concentrated the load-bearing supports into a limited number of columns and pillars, which allowed for more windows in the walls and minimized the physical separations within of the prayer hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995222–224-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010282–284-87">[86]</a> The exterior façades of the mosque are characterized by ground-level porticos, two large <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>-like walls below the dome that are pierced by an array of windows, and domes and semi-domes that progressively culminate upwards – in a roughly <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> fashion – to the large central dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995222–224-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971225-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_(14209890859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg/220px-R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg/330px-R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg/440px-R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque_MG_9845_%2814209890859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4163" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rüstem Pasha Mosque">Rüstem Pasha Mosque</a> in Istanbul (circa 1561), covered with <a href="/wiki/Iznik_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik tiles">Iznik tiles</a></figcaption></figure> After designing the Süleymaniye complex, Sinan appears to have focused on experimenting with the single-domed space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010261-79">[78]</a> In the 1550s and 1560s, he experimented with an "octagonal baldaquin" design for the main dome, in which the dome rests on an octagonal <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">drum</a> supported by a system of eight pillars or buttresses. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rüstem Pasha Mosque">Rüstem Pasha Mosque</a> (1561) in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010257–259-89">[88]</a> This mosque is also famous for its wide array of Iznik tiles covering the walls of its exterior portico and its interior, unprecedented in Ottoman architecture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995224–225-90">[89]</a> contrasting with the usually restrained decoration Sinan employed in other buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010442-62">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg/140px-Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg/210px-Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg/280px-Ist-Ath_-_99_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="5499" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg/294px-Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg/441px-Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg/588px-Selimiye_Mosque_Mosque_0170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> in Edirne (1568–1574), dominated by a single huge dome, was considered by Sinan to be his crowning masterpiece.</div></div></div></div> Sinan's crowning masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, which was begun in 1568 and completed in 1574 (or possibly 1575).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995225–227-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010295–299-92">[91]</a> Its prayer hall is notable for being completely dominated by a single massive dome, whose view is unimpeded by the structural elements seen in other large domed mosques before this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971261,_267-93">[92]</a> This design is the culmination of Sinan's spatial experiments, making use of the octagonal baldaquin as the most effective method of integrating the round dome with the rectangular hall below by minimizing the space occupied by the supporting elements of the dome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010257–258,_295,_301,_307-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971208-95">[94]</a> The dome is supported on eight massive pillars which are partly freestanding but closely integrated with the outer walls. Additional outer buttresses are concealed in the walls of the mosque, allowing the walls in between to be pierced with a large number of windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995226-96">[95]</a> Sinan's biographies praise the dome for its size and height, which is approximately the same diameter as the Hagia Sophia's main dome;<a href="#cite_note-98">[b]</a> the first time that this had been achieved in Ottoman architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995226-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Sinan">After Sinan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After Sinan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG/220px-Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG/330px-Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG/440px-Sultanahmetcamii_ilkkezbuacidan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Mosque_in_Istanbul_internal_view_3_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1609–1617)</div></div></div></div> After Sinan, the classical style became less creative and more repetitive by comparison with earlier periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995213-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Davud_Agha" title="Davud Agha">Davud Agha</a> succeeded Sinan as chief architect. Among his most notable works, all in Istanbul, are the Cerrahpaşa Mosque (1593), the Koca Sinan Pasha Complex on <a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Divanyolu</a> (1593), the <a href="/wiki/Gazanfer_A%C4%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazanfer Ağa">Gazanfer Ağa</a> Medrese complex (1596), and the Tomb of Murad III (completed in 1599).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971337–339-100">[98]</a> Some scholars argue that the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%B1%C5%9Fan%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a> (1584–1589), whose architect is unknown, should be attributed to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010381–382-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011322-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971336-103">[101]</a> Its design is considered highly accomplished and it may be one of the first Ottoman mosques to be fronted by a garden courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971336-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011322-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010-50">[49]</a> The Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, begun in 1609 and completed in 1617,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995228-104">[102]</a> was designed by Sinan's apprentice, Mehmed Agha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010107-105">[103]</a> The mosque's size, location, and decoration suggest it was intended to be a rival to the nearby Hagia Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010362–363-106">[104]</a> Its design essentially repeats that of the Şehzade Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010361–379-107">[105]</a> On the outside, Mehmed Agha opted to achieve a "softer" profile with the cascade of domes and the various curving elements, differing from the more dramatic juxtaposition of domes and vertical elements seen in earlier classical mosques by Sinan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010364-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971344-109">[107]</a> It is also the only Ottoman mosque to have as many as six minarets.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[83]</a> On the inside, the mosque's lower walls are lavishly decorated with thousands of predominantly blue Iznik tiles; along with the painted decoration on the rest of the walls, this has given the mosque its popular name, the Blue Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010365-110">[108]</a> After the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, no further great imperial mosques dedicated to a sultan were built in Istanbul until the mid-18th century. Mosques continued to be built and dedicated to other dynastic family members, but the tradition of sultans building their own monumental mosques lapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019115–116-111">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Kiosk_at_Topkapi_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Baghdad Kiosk in Topkapı Palace (1639)</figcaption></figure> Some of the best examples of early 17th-century Ottoman architecture are also to be found in Topkapı Palace, at the Revan Kiosk (1635) and Baghdad Kiosk (1639), built by <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a> to commemorate his victories against the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995229-112">[110]</a> Both are small pavilions raised on platforms overlooking the palace gardens. Both are harmoniously decorated on the inside and outside with predominantly blue and white tiles and richly-inlaid window shutters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995229-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tulip_Period_(early_18th_century)">Tulip Period (early 18th century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tulip Period (early 18th century)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period_architecture" title="Tulip Period architecture">Tulip Period architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_(ca._1718-1730)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg/220px-4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg/330px-4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg/440px-4213_Istanbul_-_Topkapi_-_Harem_-_Camera_dei_frutti_%28ca._1718-1730%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_27-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Fruit Room in the Harem of Topkapı Palace (1705)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201935-113">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> The historical period known as the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period" title="Tulip Period">Tulip Period</a> or Tulip Era is considered to have begun in 1718, during <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a>'s reign (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1703–1730), and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil" title="Patrona Halil">Patrona Halil</a> revolts of 1730, when Ahmed III was overthrown. These years of peace inaugurated a new era of growing cross-cultural exchange between the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201922–26-114">[112]</a> From the 18th century onward, European influences were thus introduced into Ottoman architecture as the Ottoman Empire itself became more open to outside influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201921-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[83]</a> The period saw significant influence from the French <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style (part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque style</a>) that emerged around this time under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010506-116">[114]</a> In addition to European influences, the decoration of the Tulip Period was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid art</a> and architecture to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010506,_509-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201929–30-118">[116]</a> Although the new architectural style that emerged at this time is generally associated with the Tulip Period, constructions from the first years of Ahmed III's reign, such as the so-called Fruit Room created in 1705 within Topkapı Palace, demonstrate that the new style was already in existence by then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201936–37-119">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_(from_Zenanname)_(cropped_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/220px-Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/330px-Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/440px-Women_in_gardens_at_Sadabad_%28from_Zenanname%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Zenanname" title="Zenanname">Zenanname</a> showing the gardens and canal of <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Pavilion" title="Sa'dabad Pavilion">Sadâbâd</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most important creations of the Tulip Period was the <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Pavilion" title="Sa'dabad Pavilion">Sadâbâd Palace</a>, a new summer palace designed and built by Damat Ibrahim Pasha in 1722–1723 for Ahmed III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010514–515-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201926-121">[119]</a> It was located at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2%C4%9F%C4%B1thane" class="mw-redirect" title="Kâğıthane">Kâğıthane</a>, a rural area on the outskirts of the city with small rivers that flow into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> inlet. The palace grounds included a long marble-lined canal, the Cedval-i Sim, around which were gardens, pavilions, and palace apartments in a landscaped setting. This overall design probably emulated French pleasure palaces as a result of the reports about Paris and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> brought back by Ottoman ambassador <a href="/wiki/Yirmisekiz_Mehmed_%C3%87elebi" title="Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi">Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971373-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010515–516-123">[121]</a> The regular inhabitants of Istanbul also used the surrounding area as a recreational ground for excursions and picnics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201926-121">[119]</a> This was a new practice in Ottoman culture that brought the public within close proximity of the ruler's abode for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201926-121">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg/220px-Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg/330px-Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg/440px-Brunnen_Ahmet_III_2013-03-18b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4935" data-file-height="3289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III" title="Fountain of Ahmed III">Ahmed III Fountain</a> near Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (1728)</figcaption></figure> The culmination of the Tulip Period style is represented by a series of monumental stand-alone fountains that were mostly built between 1728 and 1732.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971374-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010509–510-125">[123]</a> Water took on an enlarged role in architecture and the urban landscape of Istanbul during the Tulip Period. In the first half of the 18th century, Istanbul's water supply infrastructure was renovated and expanded. In 1732, an important water distribution structure, the taksim, was first built on what is now <a href="/wiki/Taksim_Square" title="Taksim Square">Taksim Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971375-126">[124]</a> The new fountains were unprecedented in Ottoman architecture. Previously, fountains and sebils only existed as minor elements of larger charitable complexes or as shadirvans inside mosque courtyards. The <a href="/wiki/Maidan" title="Maidan">maidan</a> fountain, or a stand-alone fountain at the center of a <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">city square</a>, was introduced for the first time in this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510-127">[125]</a> The first and most remarkable of these is the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III_Fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed III Fountain">Ahmed III Fountain</a> built in 1728 next to the Hagia Sophia and in front of the outer gate of Topkapı Palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971374-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510–511-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg/220px-Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg/330px-Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg/440px-Ahmed_III_Library_DSCF2700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ahmed III Library in Topkapı Palace, Istanbul (1719)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971371–373-129">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> The construction of stand-alone library structures was another new trend influenced by European ideas, as the Ottomans traditionally did not build libraries except as secondary elements attached to religious complexes. The earlier <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Library" title="Köprülü Library">Köprülü Library</a>, built in 1678 was the first of its kind, but other early examples date from the reign of Ahmed III during the Tulip Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010558–560-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg/220px-Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg/330px-Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg/440px-Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_interior_general_view_in_2015_0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque">Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1734–1735)</figcaption></figure> One of the few major religious complexes built in this period and one of the last major monuments of the Tulip Period stage in Ottoman architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque">Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque</a> complex, completed in 1734–1735 and sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha">grand vizier of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971376–377-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010524-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019104-133">[131]</a> This mosque still reflects an overall classical form but the flexible placement of the various components of the complex around a garden enclosure is more reflective of the new changes in tastes. The interior of the mosque is decorated with tiles from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Porphyrogenitus" title="Palace of the Porphyrogenitus">Tekfursaray</a> kilns, which were of lesser quality than those of the earlier Iznik period. One group of tiles is painted with an illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>, a decorative detail found in other examples from this era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971376–377-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baroque_period_(18th_century_to_early_19th_century)">Baroque period (18th century to early 19th century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baroque period (18th century to early 19th century)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman Baroque architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg/220px-Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg/330px-Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg/440px-Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3944" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1748–1755), one of the major landmarks of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman Baroque</a> period</figcaption></figure> During the 1740s a new Ottoman or Turkish "Baroque" style emerged in its full expression and rapidly replaced the style of the Tulip Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010517–518-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201921–22-135">[133]</a> This shift signaled the final end to the classical style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010517-136">[134]</a> The political and cultural conditions which led to the Ottoman Baroque trace their origins in part to the Tulip Period, when the Ottoman ruling class opened itself to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201921–22-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010507-137">[135]</a> After the Tulip Period, Ottoman architecture openly imitated European architecture, so that architectural and decorative trends in Europe were often mirrored in the Ottoman Empire at the same time or after a short delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010505-138">[136]</a> Changes were especially evident in the ornamentation and details of new buildings rather than in their overall forms, though new building types were eventually introduced from European influences as well.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[83]</a> The term "Turkish Rococo", or simply "Rococo",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010517-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971-32">[32]</a> is also used to describe the Ottoman Baroque, or parts of it, due to the similarities and influences from the French Rococo style in particular, but this terminology varies from author to author.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019260-139">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg/220px-Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg/330px-Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg/440px-Abdulhamit_I_sebil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Sebil of Abdülhamid I, Istanbul (circa 1780)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019223-140">[138]</a></figcaption></figure> The first structures to exhibit the new Baroque style are several fountains and sebils built by elite patrons in Istanbul in 1741–1742.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201964–65-141">[139]</a> The most important monument heralding the new Ottoman Baroque style is the <a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a> complex, begun by Mahmud I in October 1748 and completed by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a> (to whom it is dedicated), in December 1755.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019111-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_Kuban" title="Doğan Kuban">Doğan Kuban</a> describes it as the "most important monumental construction after the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne", marking the integration of European culture into Ottoman architecture and the rejection of the classical Ottoman style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010526-13">[13]</a> It also marked the first time since the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque (early 17th century) that an Ottoman sultan built his own imperial mosque complex in Istanbul, thus inaugurating the return of this tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019115-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ayazma_Mosque" title="Ayazma Mosque">Ayazma Mosque</a> in Üsküdar was built between 1757–58 and 1760–61.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971387-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019172-145">[143]</a> It is essentially a smaller version of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, signaling the importance of the latter as a new model to emulate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019174-146">[144]</a> Although smaller, it is relatively tall for its proportions, enhancing its sense of height. This trend towards height was pursued in later mosques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971387,_418-147">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Turistik_ge%C3%A7mi%C5%9F_ve_%C4%B1hti%C5%9Fam_by_ismail_soytekino%C4%9Flu_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Baroque decoration on the exterior of the Imperial Council (Divan) Hall in Topkapı Palace</figcaption></figure> In Topkapı Palace, the Ottoman sultans and their family continued to build new rooms or remodel old ones throughout the 18th century, introducing Baroque and Rococo decoration in the process. Some examples include the Baths of the Harem section, probably renovated by Mahmud I around 1744,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201998–99,_158–159,_242–243,_261-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely201079-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971393-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010430,_435–436-151">[149]</a> As in the preceding centuries, other palaces were built around Istanbul by the sultan and his family. Previously, the traditional Ottoman palace configuration consisted of different buildings or pavilions arranged in a group, as was the case at Topkapı Palace, the <a href="/wiki/Edirne_Palace" title="Edirne Palace">Edirne Palace</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010437-152">[150]</a> However, at some time during the 18th century there was a transition to palaces consisting of a single block or single large building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010437–438-153">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/220px-04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/330px-04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/440px-04400_Yukar%C4%B1tavla-Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t-A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t" title="Doğubayazıt">Doğubayazıt</a> (completed around 1784)</figcaption></figure> Beyond Istanbul, the greatest palaces were built by powerful local families, but they were often built in regional styles that did not follow the trends of the Ottoman capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971404-154">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azm Palace">Azm Palace</a> in Damascus, for example, was built around 1750 in a largely Damascene style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971404-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> In eastern Anatolia, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t" title="Doğubayazıt">Doğubayazıt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a> is an exceptional and flamboyant piece of architecture that mixes various local traditions including Seljuk Turkish, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Georgian</a>. It was begun in the 17th century and generally completed by 1784.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971404–407-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010583–584-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-James_Robertson_-_Nusretiye_Mosque_and_the_Tophane_Square_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3757" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Mosque" title="Nusretiye Mosque">Nusretiye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tophane" title="Tophane">Tophane</a>, Istanbul (1822–1826)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Mosque" title="Nusretiye Mosque">Nusretiye Mosque</a>, Mahmud II's imperial mosque, was built between 1822 and 1826 at Tophane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971417-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019269-160">[158]</a> The mosque is the first major imperial work by Krikor Balyan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971417-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019270-161">[159]</a> It is sometimes described as belonging to the Empire style, but is considered by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Goodwin_(scholar)" title="Godfrey Goodwin (scholar)">Godfrey Goodwin</a> and Doğan Kuban as one of the last Baroque mosques,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971417-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010631-162">[160]</a> while Ünver Rüstem describes the style as moving away from the Baroque and towards an Ottoman interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019270-161">[159]</a> Goodwin also describes it as the last in a line of imperial mosques that started with the Nuruosmaniye.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971417-159">[157]</a> Despite its relatively small size the mosque's tall proportions creates a sense of height, which may the culmination of a trend that began with the Ayazma Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971418-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th-century_and_early_20th-century">19th-century and early 20th-century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th-century and early 20th-century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_the_19th%E2%80%9320th_centuries" title="Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries">Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">First national architectural movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img60_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="6454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a>, Istanbul (1854–1856), one of many mosques in the 19th century designed with a mix of styles</figcaption></figure> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (r. 1808–1839) the <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style which originated in France under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, was introduced into Ottoman architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010505–506,_605-164">[162]</a> This marked a trend towards increasingly direct imitation of Western styles, particularly from France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605-165">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms that began in 1839 under Abdülmecid I sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire with Western-style reforms. In the architectural realm, this resulted in the dominance of European architects and Ottoman architects with European training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605_and_after-166">[164]</a> Among these, the <a href="/wiki/Balyan_family" title="Balyan family">Balyans</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenian</a> family, succeeded in dominating imperial architecture for much of the century. They were joined by European architects such as the <a href="/wiki/Fossati_brothers" title="Fossati brothers">Fossati brothers</a>, William James Smith, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vallaury" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vallaury">Alexandre Vallaury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010609–612-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971419-168">[166]</a> After the early 19th century, Ottoman architecture was characterized by an <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">eclectic architecture</a> which mixed or borrowed from multiple styles. The Balyans, for example, commonly combined Neoclassical or <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-arts</a> architecture with highly eclectic decoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605–606-15">[15]</a> As more Europeans arrived in Istanbul, the neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a> (or Pera) took on very European appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010673_and_elsewhere-169">[167]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_St._Stephen_Church" title="Bulgarian St. Stephen Church">Stefan Sveti Church</a> (1895–1898), the first steel building in Istanbul<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010644-170">[168]</a></figcaption></figure>A number of mosques built in the 19th century reflect these trends, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010435-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971421–422-172">[170]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pertevniyal_Valide_Sultan_Mosque" title="Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque">Pertevniyal Valide Mosque</a> in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010640-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010316-174">[172]</a> The Tanzimat reforms also granted Christians and Jews the right to freely build new centers of worship, which resulted in new constructions, renovations, and expansions of churches and synagogues. Most of these followed the same eclecticism that prevailed in the rest of Ottoman architecture of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010643-175">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg/220px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg/330px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg/440px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_on_January_30th%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> (1843–1856), on the shore of the Bosphorus, was built to serve as the new imperial palace of the Ottoman dynasty</figcaption></figure> Many palaces, residences, and leisure pavilions were built in the 19th century, most of them in the Bosphorus suburbs of Istanbul. The most significant is the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, constructed for Sultan Abdülmecit between 1843 and 1856.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> It replaced the Topkapı Palace as the official imperial residence of the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010619-177">[175]</a> The palace consists mainly of a single building with monumental proportions, which represented a radical rejection of traditional Ottoman palace design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a> The style of the palace is fundamentally Neoclassical but is characterized by a highly eclectic decoration that mixes Baroque motifs with other styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010619–623-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971422-179">[177]</a> Various new types of monuments were also introduced to Ottoman architecture during this era. For example, <a href="/wiki/Clock_towers_in_Turkey" title="Clock towers in Turkey">clock towers</a> rose to prominence over the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:12-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010664-181">[179]</a> The construction of railway stations was a feature of Ottoman modernisation reflecting the new infrastructure changes within the empire. The most famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci_railway_station" title="Sirkeci railway station">Sirkeci Railway Station</a>, built in 1888–1890 as the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a>. It was designed in an Orientalist style by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> architect August Jasmund (also spelled "Jachmund").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010666–667-182">[180]</a> In the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Parisian-style <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping arcades</a> appeared in the 19th century. Some consisted of a small courtyard filled with shops and surrounded by buildings, while others were simply a passage or alley (pasaj in Turkish) lined with shops, sometimes covered by a glass roof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010672-183">[181]</a> Other commercial building types that appeared in the late 19th century included hotels and banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010670–671-184">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/220px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/330px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg/440px-Bahnhofsfront-Istanbul-Sirkeci_retouched_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci_railway_station" title="Sirkeci railway station">Sirkeci Railway Station</a> in Istanbul (1888–1890), designed in Orientalist style<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010666–667-182">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> A local interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> fashion steadily arose in the late 19th century, initially used by European architects such as Vallaury. This trend combined "neo-Ottoman" motifs with other motifs from wider Islamic architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010606–607_and_after-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971425-186">[184]</a> The eclecticism and European imports of the 19th century eventually led to the introduction of Art Nouveau, especially after the arrival of Raimondo D'Aronco in the late 19th century. D'Aronco came at the invitation of Sultan Abdülhamid II and served as chief court architect between 1896 and 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010606-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971427-188">[186]</a> Istanbul became a new center of Art Nouveau and a local flavour of the style developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010606,_673-189">[187]</a> The new style was most prevalent in the new apartment buildings being built in Istanbul at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010617–618-190">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Grand_Post_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Post_Office" title="Grand Post Office">Grand Post Office</a> in Sirkeci, Istanbul, is one of the earliest Ottoman Revival buildings that marked the <a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">First national architectural movement</a> (1909)</figcaption></figure> The final period of architecture in the Ottoman Empire developed after 1900 and in particular after the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> took power in 1908–1909, in what was then called the "National Architectural Renaissance" and since referred to as the <a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">First national architectural movement</a> of Turkish architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Bozdogan-191">[189]</a> The approach in this period was an Ottoman Revival style, a reaction to influences in the previous 200 years that had come to be considered "foreign", such as Baroque and Neoclassical architecture, and was intended to promote Ottoman patriotism and self-identity.<a href="#cite_note-Bozdogan-191">[189]</a> This was related to earlier Ottoman architecture in rather the same manner as other roughly contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalist architectures</a> related to their stylistic inspirations.<a href="#cite_note-Bozdogan-191">[189]</a> New government-run institutions that trained architects and engineers, established in the late 19th century and further centralized under the Young Turks, became instrumental in disseminating this "national style".<a href="#cite_note-:6-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domes">Domes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penditifkuppel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/170px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/255px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/340px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>Basic schematic illustration of a dome with four <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a></figcaption></figure> The dome was a paramount feature of Ottoman architecture for most of its history. In religious architecture, the dome and the integration of the interior with the central domed space could be a symbol for the "oneness of God" (<a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:52-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Especially after Sinan, the design of monumental Ottoman buildings was conceptualized with the central dome above as its starting point, rather than the floor plan being conceived first and the roofing system after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198774-195">[193]</a> Under Sinan, the core of the design was more specifically the domed baldaquin, which is to say the dome and its basic structural support system: a set of pillars or buttresses in a square, hexagonal, or octagonal configuration – involving four, six, or eight pillars, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198776-196">[194]</a> Thanks to the influence of the Hagia Sophia and early Ottoman mosque designs, the central dome was often accompanied with semi-domes and the transition from the base of the dome to the space below was typically accomplished through <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-197">[195]</a> The focus on the central dome also led Ottoman architects to emphasize verticality in their designs.<a href="#cite_note-:52-193">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/170px-Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/255px-Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg/340px-Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>Plan and elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque">Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque</a> (1554), showing a hexagonal baldaquin support for the main dome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971244-198">[196]</a> one of several designs Sinan experimented with.</figcaption></figure> The dome itself remained geometrically simple in Ottoman architecture. While many different types of domes had previously developed in Islamic architecture and while contemporary European architecture experimented with ostentatious dome constructions, Ottoman architects consistently used simple hemispheric domes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198773-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010459–462-200">[198]</a> Sinan knew of double-shelled domes, which were used in earlier Islamic architecture, and he employed them in the Mausoleum of Suleiman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198782-201">[199]</a> and in multiple other mausoleums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu2011373,_381,_434-202">[200]</a> Nonetheless, they were not the norm and the Ottomans more regularly used single-shelled domes in almost every context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198775–76-203">[201]</a> For example, the huge dome of Sinan's masterpiece, the <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> in Edirne, is a single-shelled construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu2011246-204">[202]</a> When double-shelled domes were used, the outer and inner shells had the same shape, thus maintaining the same profile on the outside as on the inside.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Ottoman domes were not raised on prominent <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">drums</a>, unlike their Byzantine predecessors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban198782-201">[199]</a> but their outer edge usually rested on a circle of alternating buttresses and windows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu201192-206">[204]</a> Since the early Ottoman period, domes were usually built with brick, a relatively light material that was thus convenient for this purpose. This remained the usual practice even after stone replaced brick as the main material for walls after the early period. Wood was used for the <a href="/wiki/Centring" title="Centring">centring</a> during construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996217-207">[205]</a> On the outside, early domes were commonly covered with terracotta tiles but by the 16th century they were generally covered with lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197117-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1996217-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration">Decoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architectural_decoration" title="Ottoman architectural decoration">Ottoman architectural decoration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tile_decoration">Tile decoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tile decoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik pottery</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg/220px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg/330px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg/440px-Ye%C5%9Fil_Cami_-_Faience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">Cuerda seca</a> tile decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_Bursa" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Green Mosque</a> in Bursa (1424)</figcaption></figure> Glazed tile decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a> technique was used in early Ottoman monuments. The most extensive example is the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque,_Bursa" title="Green Mosque, Bursa">Green Mosque</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Green_Tomb" title="Green Tomb">Green Tomb</a> in Bursa (early 15th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010441-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200614-210">[208]</a> The tiles of the Green Mosque complex generally have a deep green ground mixed with combinations of blue, white, and yellow forming <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> motifs. A large portion of the tiles are cut into hexagonal and triangular shapes that were then fitted together to form murals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197160–61-211">[209]</a> Some of the tiles are further enhanced with arabesque motifs applied in gilt gold glazing over the other colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">[18]</a> The artistic style of these tiles – and of other early Ottoman art – was influenced by an "International Timurid" taste that emerged from the intense <a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">artistic patronage of the Timurids</a>, who controlled a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">large empire</a> across the Middle East and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:06-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995142–144,_232,_234-213">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg/220px-Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg/330px-Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg/440px-Muradiye_mosque_in_Edirne_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6592" data-file-height="4239" /></a><figcaption>Blue and white tilework with Chinese influences at the <a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Murad II Mosque</a> in Edirne (circa 1435)</figcaption></figure> The same kind of tilework is found in the mihrab of the <a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Murad II Mosque</a> in Edirne, completed in 1435, along with the first examples of a new technique with <a href="/wiki/Underglaze" title="Underglaze">underglaze</a> blue on a white background, with touches of turquoise. The motifs on these tiles include <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellia</a>-like flowers on spiral stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200620–21-214">[212]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">chinoiserie</a>-like motifs, along with the focus on blue and white colours, most likely reflect an influence from contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese porcelain</a> – although the evidence for Chinese porcelain reaching Edirne at this time is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200620–21-214">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg/220px-Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg/330px-Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg/440px-Sehzade_mosque_tomb_of_Sehzade_Mehmed_DSCF6382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cuerda seca tilework in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">tomb of Şehzade Mehmed</a> (1548) </figcaption></figure> Another stage in Ottoman tiles is evident in the surviving tiles of the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> (1463–70) and in the <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Selim Mosque">Selim I Mosque</a> (1520–22). In these mosques the windows are topped by <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunettes</a> filled with cuerda seca tiles with motifs in green, turquoise, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, and yellow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010441-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010235,_262-215">[213]</a> Chinese motifs such as dragons and clouds also appear for the first time on similar tiles in Selim I's tomb, built behind his mosque in 1523.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010441-209">[207]</a> A more extravagant example of this type of tilework can be found inside the tomb of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a> in the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a> (1548).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010186–187-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200673-217">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg/220px-Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg/330px-Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg/440px-Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Details of blue-and-white tiles (early 16th century) on the exterior of the Circumcision Room in <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 15th century, in the 1470s or 1480s, the ceramic industry in the city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a> was growing and began producing a new "blue-and-white" <a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">fritware</a> which adapted and incorporated Chinese motifs in its decoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200628–34-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995234-219">[217]</a> The most extraordinary tile panels from this stage of Ottoman ceramic art are a series of panels on the exterior of Circumcision Pavilion (Sünnet Odası) in Topkapı Palace. At least some of these tiles are believed to date from the 1520s and feature large floral motifs in blue, white, and turquoise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200656–60-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995237-221">[219]</a> They exemplify the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Saz_style" title="Saz style">saz style</a>: a motif in which a variety of flowers are attached to gracefully curving stems with serrated leaves, appearing in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995237-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200656-222">[220]</a> This continued to reflect earlier influences of the "International Timurid" style, but it also demonstrates the development of an increasingly distinct Ottoman artistic style at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995237-221">[219]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg/220px-Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg/330px-Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg/440px-Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Details of tiles at the <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque,_Kad%C4%B1rga" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Kadırga">Sokullu Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1572), produced during the artistic apogee of <a href="/wiki/Iznik_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik tiles">Iznik tiles</a></figcaption></figure> The architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> generally used tile decoration in a fairly restrained manner and seems to have preferred focusing on the architecture as a whole rather than on overwhelming decoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010442–443-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200674-224">[222]</a> An exception to this austerity is the extensive tilework in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rüstem Pasha Mosque">Rüstem Pasha Mosque</a> (1561–62),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010442-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200674-224">[222]</a> which also marks the beginning of the artistic peak of <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik ceramic art</a> from the 1560s onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200675-9">[9]</a> Blue colours predominate, but the important "tomato red" colour began to make an appearance. The repertoire of motifs includes <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">hyacinths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">carnations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">narcissus</a>, and Chinese "cloud" motifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200675-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010443-225">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul_(6549288687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg/220px-Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg/330px-Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg/440px-Tiles_from_the_Blue_Mosque%2C_Istanbul_%286549288687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4116" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>Detail of tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed I Mosque</a>, Istanbul (circa 1617)</figcaption></figure> In the early 17th century, some features of 16th-century Iznik art began to fade, such as the use of embossed tomato red. At the same time, some motifs became more rigidly geometric and stylized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010445-226">[224]</a> Production was pushed to the limit for the enormous <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> (or "Blue Mosque"), begun in 1609 and inaugurated in 1617, which contains the richest collection of tilework of any Ottoman mosque. According to official Ottoman documents it contained as many as 20,000 tiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010445-226">[224]</a> While the craftsmen at Iznik were still capable of producing rich and colourful tiles throughout the 17th century, there was an overall decline in quality, caused in part by the devastation of the <a href="/wiki/Celali_revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Celali revolts">Celali revolts</a> and by an overall decline in commissions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006107–108-227">[225]</a> Some of the production continued in the city of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> instead of Iznik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> Tile manufacture declined still further in the second half of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> By this period, blue and turquoise colours increasingly predominated, and many commissioned works limited their patterns to single tiles instead of creating larger patterns across multiple tiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006107–108-227">[225]</a> Tile production in Iznik came to an end in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg/220px-Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg/330px-Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg/440px-Hekimoglu_Pasha_Mosque_DSCF7162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tekfursaray tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha Mosque">Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Mosque</a> (1734), including a depiction of the Great Mosque of Mecca</figcaption></figure> The shortage of quality tiles in the 18th century caused Iznik tiles from older buildings to be reused and moved to new ones on multiple occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006114-229">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmet III</a> and his grand vizier attempted to revive the tile industry by establishing a new workshop between 1719 and 1724 at Tekfursaray in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006114-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖney2002729-230">[228]</a> Production continued here for a while but the quality was not comparable to earlier Iznik tiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006114-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> Pottery production also continued and even increased at Kütahya, where new styles developed alongside imitations of older classical Ottoman designs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006115-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖney2002729-230">[228]</a> The colours of tiles in this period were mostly turquoise and dark cobalt blue, while a brownish-red, yellow, and a deep green also appearing. The background was often discoloured, colours often ran together slightly, and the patterns were typically limited to single tiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell2006114-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖney2002729-230">[228]</a> The Tekfursaray kilns ceased to function after the <a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrona Halil rebellion">Patrona Halil rebellion</a> in 1730, which deposed Ahmet III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖney2002729-230">[228]</a> Ultimately, tilework decoration in Ottoman architecture lost its significance during this century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted_decoration">Painted decoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Painted decoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg/220px-Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg/330px-Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg/440px-Murad_II_Mosque_DSCF5136.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Partially preserved <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> decoration inside the <a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Murad II Mosque</a> in Edirne, circa 1436, depicting stylized trees and plants alongside calligraphic inscriptions</figcaption></figure> Painted decoration was an essential part of the decoration of Ottoman buildings, covering interior walls, ceilings, and domes. However, very little original painted decoration has been preserved in Ottoman buildings, as they were frequently repainted during later restorations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002737_and_after-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010See_descriptions_of_individual_monuments-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971See_descriptions_of_individual_monuments-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu2011See_descriptions_of_individual_monuments-235">[233]</a> Paint, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, was applied on a variety of mediums including plaster, wood, leather or cloth, and stone. For plaster decoration, there were generally two types: kalemişi and malakâri. The first refers to paint being applied directly to plaster, while the second referred to applying paint onto <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> decoration sculpted beforehand. The design of the ornamentation was often <a href="/wiki/Stenciled" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenciled">stenciled</a> onto the plaster first, using paper pierced with pin holes in the shape of the motifs, over which coal dust was rubbed to leave outlines on the walls that were then painted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002737-236">[234]</a> The motifs of painted decoration were typically similar to those used in other contemporary arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">manuscript illumination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002737–738-237">[235]</a> Early examples indicate that Ottoman decoration developed a preference for floriate motifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002743-238">[236]</a> One such motif that was popular throughout the history of Ottoman art is the rumî style, whose existence predates the Ottomans and which consists of scrolling, spiraling, and/or intertwining stems with stylized leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002743–744-239">[237]</a> Another floriate style that appeared in Ottoman decoration from the 15th century onward is hatayî, which consists in large part of <a href="/wiki/Peonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peonies">peonies</a> and leaves shown in varying stages of budding and blooming. This style had its origins further east in China or <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and it appeared in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> from the 13th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002744-240">[238]</a> One of the most important examples of early Ottoman painted decoration is the partially-preserved <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> decoration inside the <a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Murad II Mosque</a> in Edirne, which still dates back to its construction circa 1436. The ornamentation inside the southeastern (qibla) iwan depicts natural landscapes with stylized flowers and trees that appear to reflect the same artistic styles used in book illustrations and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">miniatures</a>, particularly those from the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> further east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002742-241">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg/220px-Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg/330px-Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg/440px-Gazi_Ahmet_Pasa_Mosque_2836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>A painted wooden ceiling under the gallery of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque">Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque</a> in Istanbul, circa 1554. This mixes a number of design elements including a central medallion, <a href="/wiki/Saz_style" title="Saz style">saz-style</a> motifs, and "Chinese clouds".</figcaption></figure> In the second quarter of the 16th century, the saz style (also mentioned above for tile decoration) was developed by Ottoman artist <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu" title="Şahkulu">Şahkulu</a>. It was derived from the hatayî style and added new motifs, most notably large serrated leaves. It was less formal and geometrically rigid, allowing these motifs to be combined and arranged in a wide variety of ways to fill any space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002744-240">[238]</a> The most monumental painted compositions were employed in and around the domes and semi-domes of Ottoman buildings. For much of the Ottoman era, domes were typically decorated with a circular <a href="/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)" title="Medallion (architecture)">medallion</a>-like composition at the center of the dome that was filled with a calligraphic rendition of Qur'anic verses. The motif of the central medallion radiated outward to cover the rest of the dome, with the details filled by rumî, hatayî, or saz motifs. This type of dome decoration is well-known from the 16th century onward but it probably had appeared earlier in the 15th century as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002748-242">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1,_%C4%B0stanbul_(2275201973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg/220px-Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg/330px-Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg/440px-Ahmed_Has_Odas%C4%B1_-_Harem-i_H%C3%BCmay%C3%BBn_-_Topkap%C4%B1_Saray%C4%B1%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_%282275201973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Painted wood decoration in the Fruit Room of Topkapı Palace (1705), depicting fruit bowls and vases of flowers</figcaption></figure> In the later 17th century, painted decoration underwent a gradual shift in style that can be attributed to European influence. Among other trends, <a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shading</a> was introduced to what had previously been areas of flat colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002755-243">[241]</a> This was evident not only in new buildings but also in older buildings whose decoration was redone after this period. In some of the latter cases, the traditional designs were retained during restoration but they were updated to include shading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002751,_755-244">[242]</a> Around the same time (in the second half of the 17th century), a new style known as Edirnekārī began to appear. It primarily depicted flowers, a traditional Ottoman motif, but with an increased level of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">naturalism</a> not previously seen in Ottoman art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201936–37-119">[117]</a> The reign of Ahmet III (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1703–1730), which include the years of the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period" title="Tulip Period">Tulip Period</a> (1718–1730), saw the popularization of a style derived from this, featuring plentiful depictions of flowers in vases and bowls of fruit, sometimes with shading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002755–756-245">[243]</a> The most vivid example of this is the so-called Fruit Room, created by Ahmet III inside Topkapı Palace in 1705.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002755–756-245">[243]</a> This new style remained popular until the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002755–756-245">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_(3446005767).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg/220px-03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg/330px-03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg/440px-03345-Istanbul-DolmabahcePalace_%283446005767%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dome of the Ceremonial Hall in the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> in Istanbul (1843–1856), painted with <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></figcaption></figure> The advent of the Ottoman Baroque architectural style in the 1740s also brought new motifs of European origin or influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem2019-246">[244]</a> By the end of the 18th century, European influence continued to grow and the new repertoire of motifs included <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a>, ribbons, flower bouquets, and baskets of roses. Decoration could now be painted to appear three-dimensional, adding a new visual effect even when otherwise traditional motifs were used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002756–758-247">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> technique was also introduced, particularly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1839–1861).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWharton2015123-248">[246]</a> Examples from this period can be seen inside the <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a> (1850s)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWharton2015129,_132–133-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBağcı2002758–759-250">[248]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabaçe Palace</a> (1843–1856).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWharton2015132-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_carving">Stone carving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stone carving">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg/220px-Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg/330px-Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg/440px-Suleymaniye_DSCF5835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Entrance portal with a <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> vault and inscription panels at the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul (1550–1557)</figcaption></figure> Compared to the Anatolian Seljuk architecture that came before it, Ottoman architecture treated stone carving as a less important decorative medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010237-252">[250]</a> In the early Ottoman period, an exception to this paucity of traditional stone carving is the Green Mosque in Bursa, which features skilled carving of marble surfaces into vegetal arabesque and calligraphic motifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> This was generally not repeated in subsequent Ottoman monuments, with the partial exception of <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447,_449-253">[251]</a> Nonetheless, high-quality stone carving was still used to enrich the details of buildings throughout the Ottoman period, particularly for entrance portals, minaret balconies, niches, column <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">moldings</a>. One of the main decorative techniques in this medium was <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> (or "stalactite") carving, which is used in all of these aforementioned elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> Since the Seljuk era, muqarnas semi-vaults had been a typical feature of entrance portals and mihrabs, and this tradition continued in Ottoman mosques.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Nuruosmaniye_Mosque_courtyard_entrance_side_in_2015_1156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Entrance portal at the <a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a> in Istanbul (1748–1755), where traditional muqarnas has been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">baroque-style</a> moldings and acanthus friezes</figcaption></figure>In the early 18th century, around the Tulip Period, diverse new floral motifs were added to the decorative repertoire of buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010447-228">[226]</a> These can be found in carved reliefs, employed most prolifically on the façades of fountains and sebils, which became common types of monuments commissioned during this century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010509–514-255">[253]</a> The motifs include flowers, fruits, garlands, and rosettes, as well as designs developed from the hatayî style previously used for painted decoration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010509-256">[254]</a> With the advent of the Ottoman Baroque in the 18th century, Ottoman stone carving borrowed motifs directly from the relief ornamentation in French <a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo architecture</a>, including acanthus leaves, shells, baroque moldings, and <a href="/wiki/Mixtilinear_arch" title="Mixtilinear arch">mixtilinear arch</a> forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010517-136">[134]</a> Although many novelties were introduced, one traditional feature that continued throughout this period were the calligraphic inscriptions placed in panels over gates, in friezes, and in other prominent locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstem201966,_140,_193-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens">Gardens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gardens">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></div> Ottoman gardens were relatively informal and tended to accommodate natural topography, unlike gardens in many other parts of the Islamic world – such as Iran or South Asia – where a more formal design was preferred with a symmetrical four-part division or other geometric layout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles200849,_106–107-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-259">[257]</a> Gardens could be planted with large trees for shade, smaller <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> trees, and flowerbeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172-260">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">Tulips</a> were favored for flowers, even more so in the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip Period</a> during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmet III</a> (r. 1703–1730).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172,_175-261">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces_and_leisure_gardens">Palaces and leisure gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Palaces and leisure gardens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkapi_Palace,_Istanbul_(52116768973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg/220px-Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg/330px-Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg/440px-Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul_%2852116768973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4790" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Park area with trees in the Second Court of the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in Istanbul, Turkey</figcaption></figure> Exemplifying this Ottoman trend, the gardens in <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> were laid out according to the existing topography and emphasized naturalism over geometry. Some were organized as formal gardens whereas others took the appearance of semi-natural parks, with some sections consisting of formal <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterres</a> that were then placed inside larger informal garden areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174–175-262">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Suleyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Suleyman">Sultan Suleyman</a> was a lover of gardens and employed some 2,500 gardeners to tend to roses, cypresses, and other flowering plants in the palace grounds. Ahmet III had a tulip garden planted in the Fourth Court of the palace, just outside the Circumcision Room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008175-263">[261]</a> One documented exception to the general trend of informal design was the Karabali Garden, laid out in the early 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Kabata%C5%9F,_Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Kabataş, Beyoğlu">Kabataş</a> (a district of Istanbul). It had four symmetrical quadrants divided by axial paths, making it an uncommon example of the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar bagh">chahar bagh</a>-type garden in an Ottoman context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008173-264">[262]</a> Garden pavilions were a common feature of palaces and private gardens, designed to provide shelter for residents and visitors as they enjoyed views of the gardens. They are depicted in many <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> paintings. They were often simple open kiosks with arches or columns supporting a sloped roof, but there were also more monumental tower-pavilions such as the Tower of Justice in Topkapı Palace or the Cihannüma in the <a href="/wiki/Edirne_Palace" title="Edirne Palace">Edirne Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Ottoman sultans and elites built many other palaces, leisure kiosks, and estates, especially along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> around Istanbul. An illustration of the Bosphorus from 1738–9 shows many walled gardens lining both of its shores. These waterside palaces often had one side overlooking the water and the other side overlooking gardens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172-260">[258]</a> The Topkapı-style tradition of a sprawling palace with multiple pavilions amidst gardens made a comeback in the late 19th century when Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulhamid II">Abdulhamid II</a> (r. 1876–1909) moved his residence to the new <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>, which is set inside a large park area on the slopes overlooking the Bosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008176–177-266">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques_and_cemeteries">Mosques and cemeteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mosques and cemeteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque_Graveyard_20220315_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery behind the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> in Istanbul. Ottoman cemeteries were also gardens and were often established next to mosques.</figcaption></figure> Large Ottoman <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">küllliye</a> complexes, which consisted of a mosque with other charitable and religious buildings around it, were often set inside an outer enclosure. The grounds and common spaces of these enclosures were planted with grass and trees, around which the various structures were organized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100-267">[265]</a> Some Ottoman mosques in Istanbul also had trees planted inside their courtyards. At the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a>, the courtyard once contained four <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> trees planted around a central fountain, a composition likely originating from the now-vanished <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, which featured the same arrangement. A late 18th-century illustration of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> also indicates the presence of trees in its courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100-267">[265]</a> According to Godfrey Goodwin, the first mosque to have a courtyard filled with a garden may be either the <a href="/wiki/Mesih_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a> or the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%B1%C5%9Fan%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971336-103">[101]</a> both built in the same neighborhood around 1585.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010246,_250-268">[266]</a> In Ottoman society, cemeteries and places of burial were usually gardens. Cypress trees were a common presence in this context as well.<a href="#cite_note-:0-259">[257]</a> Many Ottoman mosques were accompanied by garden-cemeteries. At the Fatih and Süleymaniye mosques, these garden-cemeteries are set behind the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> wall of the mosque and contain the mausoleum of the sultan who founded the mosque, along with other burials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100–101,_174-269">[267]</a> The cemeteries were planted with trees and flowers but the graves themselves may have also been imagined as miniature gardens, since they contain small plots laid out for planting and some of the tombstones even have holes to anchor vines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_in_the_provinces">Architecture in the provinces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture in the provinces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture#Architecture_in_the_provinces" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">Classical Ottoman architecture § Architecture in the provinces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture#Architecture_in_the_provinces" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman Baroque architecture § Architecture in the provinces</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Egypt" title="Ottoman architecture in Egypt">Ottoman architecture in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130606_Mostar_150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/20130606_Mostar_150.jpg/220px-20130606_Mostar_150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/20130606_Mostar_150.jpg/330px-20130606_Mostar_150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/20130606_Mostar_150.jpg/440px-20130606_Mostar_150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stari_Most" title="Stari Most">Stari Most</a> (Old Bridge) in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a> (1557–1566) is one of the most celebrated Ottoman monuments in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971313-271">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> The main developments in Ottoman architecture generally took place in the capital cities (Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul) and other major administrative centers that were closely associated with the Ottoman dynasty, where imperial patronage was most concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010679-17">[17]</a> Beyond these imperial centers, Ottoman provincial governors and other local elites sponsored their own constructions, but the architectural style of these buildings varied depending on local context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995251-20">[20]</a> In Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>) and in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, Ottoman constructions mostly imitated the trends of the capital, though there were still local variations and eccentricities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596-19">[19]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1421–1451 with brief interruption) saw many renovations of early Ottoman buildings and also the construction of multiple new mosques and civic or religious complexes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoykov201351–57-272">[270]</a> Nearly all the other important Ottoman monuments in the European provinces beyond Istanbul and Edirne date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Building activity was particularly intense in the 16th century, even surpassing that of Anatolia, but it declined over the course of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–589-273">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> were among the most important cities in the region and their Ottoman monuments often reflect a classical style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–593-274">[272]</a> As in many other provincial areas of the empire, mosques in the Balkans generally consisted of the single-dome type with one minaret, though some were also built with sloped wooden roofs instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587-275">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/220px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/330px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg/440px-Khan_As%27ad_Pasha_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (1753) is an example of the Ottoman penchant for domed units being integrated into local Syrian building styles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-276">[274]</a></figcaption></figure> In other regions which had been <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> long before the Ottomans, local <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architectural</a> traditions were not easily displaced and remained highly relevant in the construction of new buildings. In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syrian region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architectural style</a> that existed before the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">Ottoman conquest of 1516–1517</a> was largely continued while incorporating elements and ideas of Ottoman architecture to varying degrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010584–585-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201834-278">[276]</a> The regions along the edges of Anatolia, Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (around southeastern Turkey today) also resisted assimilation to the culture of the Ottoman capital and continued to be strongly influenced by local styles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> were important regional centers that retained or developed their own local architectural styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010572–579-279">[277]</a> Further afield in North Africa, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a>, which were autonomous for much of the Ottoman era, the local <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">western Islamic style</a> was blended with Ottoman architecture in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-:8-280">[278]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Ottoman-era mosques were built almost entirely according to local traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" title="List of mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">List of mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_palaces_in_Istanbul" title="List of Ottoman palaces in Istanbul">List of Ottoman palaces in Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_towers_in_Turkey" title="Clock towers in Turkey">Clock towers in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_domes" title="List of Ottoman domes">List of Ottoman domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The dome is around 24 meters in diameter according to Godfrey Goodwin and some other sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin197197-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_Kuban" title="Doğan Kuban">Doğan Kuban</a> writes that it is 27 meters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010145-44">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The dome's diameter is 31.22 metres (102.4 ft), whereas the slightly elliptical dome of the Hagia Sophia has a diameter ranging from 30.9 to 31.8 metres (101 to 104 ft). While Sinan's biography claims that the dome is also higher, this may refer only to the fact that the dome is taller from its base to its apex, as the curvature of the Hagia Sophia's dome is flatter and thus less tall. From the ground level to its apex, the dome is 42.5 metres (139 ft) high whereas the Hagia Sophia's is 55.6 metres (182 ft) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENecipoğlu2011120,_144–145-97">[96]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>. <q>Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 7: "Ottoman architecture developed as a unique, enduring architectural style combining the Mediterranean and Near and Middle Eastern traditions in parallel with the political structure of an Ottoman Empire situated at the point of intersection of Asia and Europe and of the Islamic and Christian worlds."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladiss2011" class="citation book cs1">Gladiss, Almut von (2011). "The Ottoman Empire: Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783848003808" title="Special:BookSources/9783848003808"><bdi>9783848003808</bdi></a>. <q>Ottoman art has developed its own particular form of expression in architecture, ceramic tiles and vases, textiles, and last but not least, the art of the book. It set new standards of quality in many fields. The unrestrained enthusiasm of the ruler for ceremonial, the immense financial strength of the empire, an appreciation of planning and precision, as well as an inexhaustible source of ideas which flowed from the master builders, artists, and craftsmen from both Islamic and Christian backgrounds, all helped Ottoman art to flourish over a long period of time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Architecture&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=h.f.ullmann&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783848003808&rft.aulast=Gladiss&rft.aufirst=Almut+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, p. 134: "The longevity of the Ottomans led to a comparatively clear and consistent stylistic development."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 679: "The second important problem in any account of Ottoman architecture concerns the stages in the emergence of radical change. The Green Imaret, Süleymaniye, Nuruosmaniye and Ortaköy mosques are expressions of radically different cultural eras. In the history of Ottoman architecture, architectural design passed through several successive but very clearly distinct stages." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, p. 35 "The earliest extant Ottoman buildings are in north-western Anatolia, where the Osmanlı Turks first appeared toward the end of the thirteenth century." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1977" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Cyril M., ed. (1977). "Seljuk architecture". Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. Dover Publications. p. 485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seljuk+architecture&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Historic+Architecture&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ousterhout, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtbeBrAHhxgC&q=Ottoman+Architecture&pg=PA60">"Ethnic Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture"</a>. Muqarnas. 12: 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004103147" title="Special:BookSources/9004103147"><bdi>9004103147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Identity+and+Cultural+Appropriation+in+Early+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9004103147&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtbeBrAHhxgC%26q%3DOttoman%2BArchitecture%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>. <q>Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFOstergren_&_Le_Boss_2011">Ostergren & Le Boss 2011</a>, pp. 215–216: "The grand tradition of Ottoman architecture, established in the 16th century, differed markedly from that of the earlier Moors. It was derived from both the Byzantine Christian tradition, outlined above, and native Middle Eastern forms used by the Islamic Seljuk Turks, who preceded the Ottomans. The Byzantine tradition, particularly as embodied in Hagia Sophia, was perhaps the major source of inspiration."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, p. 21: "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, p. 21 "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstergren_&_Le_Boss_2011">Ostergren & Le Boss 2011</a>, pp. 215–216: "The grand tradition of Ottoman architecture, established in the 16th century, differed markedly from that of the earlier Moors. It was derived from both the Byzantine Christian tradition, outlined above, and native Middle Eastern forms used by the Islamic Seljuk Turks, who preceded the Ottomans. The Byzantine tradition, particularly as embodied in Hagia Sophia, was perhaps the major source of inspiration." </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove_encycl-Ottoman-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_encycl-Ottoman_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_encycl-Ottoman_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_encycl-Ottoman_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_encycl-Ottoman_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AgostonMasters2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-AgostonMasters2010_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2010" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+%C3%81goston&rft.au=Bruce+Alan+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarswell200675-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarswell200675_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarswell200675_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarswell200675_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarswell2006">Carswell 2006</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010505–509,_517–518-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010505–509,_517–518_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 505–509, 517–518. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜnver201918–22,_55_and_after-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÜnver201918–22,_55_and_after_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÜnver2019">Ünver 2019</a>, pp. 18–22, 55 and after. sfn error: no target: CITEREFÜnver2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011355-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreely2011355_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010526-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010526_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010526_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreely2011393-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreely2011393_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreely2011393_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreely2011">Freely 2011</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605–606-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605–606_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010605–606_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 605–606. </li> <li id="cite_note-BloomBloom2009-16"><a href="#cite_ref-BloomBloom2009_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlairSheila_S.2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair; Sheila S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA379">"Kemalettin"</a>. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kemalettin&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture%3A+Three-Volume+Set&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair&rft.au=Sheila+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010679-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010679_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010679_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 679. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010_18-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010571–596_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 571–596. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995251-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995251_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995251_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995134_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-:243-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:243_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:243_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; B. Anatolia". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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(2009). "Architecture; I. Introduction; E. Patrons and architects.". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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(2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; A. Ottoman Empire". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995222–224_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, pp. 222–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010282–284-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010282–284_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 282–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971225-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971225_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1971">Goodwin 1971</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010257–259-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010257–259_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 257–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995224–225-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995224–225_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995225–227-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995225–227_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlairBloom1995">Blair & Bloom 1995</a>, pp. 225–227. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010509–510-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010509–510_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 509–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971375-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971375_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1971">Goodwin 1971</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510–511-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010510–511_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 510–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971371–373-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971371–373_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1971">Goodwin 1971</a>, pp. 371–373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010558–560-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010558–560_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, pp. 558–560. </li> <li 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Muqarnas. 5: 61–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523110">10.2307/1523110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523110">1523110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Gardens+of+the+Dead+in+Ottoman+Times&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1523110&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172,_175-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008172,_175_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, pp. 172, 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174–175-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174–175_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008175-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008175_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008173-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008173_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtasoy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Atasoy, Nurhan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523340">"Ottoman Garden Pavilions and Tents"</a>. Muqarnas. 21: 15–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-90000050">10.1163/22118993-90000050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523340">1523340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Garden+Pavilions+and+Tents&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993-90000050&rft.aulast=Atasoy&rft.aufirst=Nurhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008176–177-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008176–177_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010246,_250-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner-BoydFreely2010246,_250_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumner-BoydFreely2010">Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010</a>, pp. 246, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100–101,_174-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008100–101,_174_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, pp. 100–101, 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuggles2008174_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuggles2008">Ruggles 2008</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971313-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1971313_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1971">Goodwin 1971</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoykov201351–57-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoykov201351–57_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoykov2013">Boykov 2013</a>, p. 51–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–589-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–589_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 587–589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–593-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587–593_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 587–593. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010587_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-276"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDegeorge2004" class="citation book cs1">Degeorge, Gérard (2004). 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Flammarion. pp. 192–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2080304569" title="Special:BookSources/2080304569"><bdi>2080304569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2080304569&rft.aulast=Degeorge&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010584–585-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010584–585_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 584–585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201834-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201834_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2018">Williams 2018</a>, p. 34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuban2010572–579-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuban2010572–579_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuban2010">Kuban 2010</a>, p. 572–579. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-280"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1">Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 214–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780300218701"><bdi>9780300218701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2BPalace%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWestern%2BMediterranean%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcun2011" class="citation book cs1">Acun, Hakkı (2011). 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Praeger Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Praeger+Publ.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Aslanapa&rft.aufirst=Oktay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBağcı2002" class="citation book cs1">Bağcı, Serpil (2002). "Painted Decoration in Ottoman Architecture". In Inalcık, Halil; Renda, Günsel (eds.). Ottoman Civilization. Vol. 2. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. pp. 737–759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9751730732" title="Special:BookSources/9751730732"><bdi>9751730732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Painted+Decoration+in+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Civilization&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E759&rft.pub=Republic+of+Turkey%2C+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9751730732&rft.aulast=Ba%C4%9Fc%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Serpil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Blair, Sheila S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Bloom" title="Jonathan M. 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İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F15822">11693/15822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mastering+the+conquered+space%3A+resurrection+of+urban+life+in+Ottoman+upper+Thrace+%2814th%E2%80%9317th+c%29&rft.inst=%C4%B0hsan+Do%C4%9Framac%C4%B1+Bilkent+University+%28PhD+thesis%29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F15822&rft.aulast=Boykov&rft.aufirst=Grigor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.bilkent.edu.tr%2Fhandle%2F11693%2F15822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarswell2006" class="citation book cs1">Carswell, John (2006). Iznik Pottery (Second ed.). 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Brill. pp. 117–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16320-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+the+search+for+Ottoman+origins+in+the+Tanzimat+period&rft.btitle=History+and+Ideology%3A+Architectural+Heritage+of+the+%27Lands+of+Rum%27&rft.series=Muqarnas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16320-1&rft.aulast=Ersoy&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBbgOTsAHQ8C%26dq%3D%2522ottoman%2Barchitecture%2522%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreely2011" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC">A History of Ottoman Architecture</a>. WIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-506-9"><bdi>978-1-84564-506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvgp46TUFK7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Goodwin_(scholar)" title="Godfrey Goodwin (scholar)">Goodwin, Godfrey</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good">A History of Ottoman Architecture</a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27429-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27429-0"><bdi>0-500-27429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-500-27429-0&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuban1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_Kuban" title="Doğan Kuban">Kuban, Doğan</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/4121">"The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures"</a>. Muqarnas. 4: 72–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=The+Style+of+Sinan%27s+Domed+Structures&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archnet.org%2Fpublications%2F4121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuban2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851496044" title="Special:BookSources/9781851496044"><bdi>9781851496044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781851496044&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClru_Necipo%C4%9Flu" title="Gülru Necipoğlu">Necipoğlu, Gülru</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMWwCQAAQBAJ&dq=Ottoman+which+rejected+the+eclectic+revivalist+style+promoted+by+the&pg=PA160">"Creation of a national genius: Sinan and the historiography of 'classical' Ottoman architecture"</a>. In Bailey, Julia; Bozdoğan, Sibel; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the 'Lands of Rum'. Muqarnas. Brill. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2332-4"><bdi>978-90-474-2332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creation+of+a+national+genius%3A+Sinan+and+the+historiography+of+%27classical%27+Ottoman+architecture&rft.btitle=History+and+Ideology%3A+Architectural+Heritage+of+the+%27Lands+of+Rum%27&rft.series=Muqarnas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2332-4&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMWwCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOttoman%2Bwhich%2Brejected%2Bthe%2Beclectic%2Brevivalist%2Bstyle%2Bpromoted%2Bby%2Bthe%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofsinanarchit0000neci/">The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire</a> (Revised ed.). Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892539" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892539"><bdi>9781861892539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sinan%3A+Architectural+Culture+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781861892539&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofsinanarchit0000neci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖney2002" class="citation book cs1">Öney, Gönül (2002). "Ottoman Tiles and Pottery". In Inalcık, Halil; Renda, Günsel (eds.). Ottoman Civilization. Vol. 2. Ankara: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture. pp. 698–735. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9751730732" title="Special:BookSources/9751730732"><bdi>9751730732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Tiles+and+Pottery&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Civilization&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E698-%3C%2Fspan%3E735&rft.pub=Republic+of+Turkey%2C+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9751730732&rft.aulast=%C3%96ney&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6n%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstergren_&_Le_Boss_2011" class="citation book cs1">Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Boss, Mathias (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1fwix23zMC">The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment</a> (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609181413" title="Special:BookSources/9781609181413"><bdi>9781609181413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%3A+A+Geography+of+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781609181413&rft.aulast=Ostergren&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Le+Boss%2C+Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-1fwix23zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRihawiOuéchek1975" class="citation book cs1">Rihawi, Abd al-Qadir al-; Ouéchek, Émilie E. (1975). "Les deux takiyya de Damas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604595">Bulletin d'études orientales</a>. Vol. 28. Institut Francais du Proche-Orient. pp. 217–225. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604595">41604595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+deux+takiyya+de+Damas&rft.btitle=Bulletin+d%27%C3%A9tudes+orientales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=Institut+Francais+du+Proche-Orient&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rihawi&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Qadir+al-&rft.au=Ou%C3%A9chek%2C+%C3%89milie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuggles2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Fairchild_Ruggles" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles">Ruggles, D. Fairchild</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg">Islamic Gardens and Landscape</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812240252" title="Special:BookSources/9780812240252"><bdi>9780812240252</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhhqz">j.ctt3fhhqz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Gardens+and+Landscape&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt3fhhqz%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780812240252&rft.aulast=Ruggles&rft.aufirst=D.+Fairchild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicgardensla0000rugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRüstem2019" class="citation book cs1">Rüstem, Ünver (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_p0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691181875" title="Special:BookSources/9780691181875"><bdi>9780691181875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Baroque%3A+The+Architectural+Refashioning+of+Eighteenth-Century+Istanbul&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691181875&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCstem&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cnver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_p0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumner-BoydFreely2010" class="citation book cs1">Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2G6KDwAAQBAJ">Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City</a> (Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-005-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-005-3"><bdi>978-0-85773-005-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strolling+Through+Istanbul%3A+The+Classic+Guide+to+the+City&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-005-3&rft.aulast=Sumner-Boyd&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Freely%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2G6KDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrankovaGeorgieffMatanov2011" class="citation book cs1">Trankova, Dimana; Georgieff, Anthony; Matanov, Hristo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115040440/http://www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria/">A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria</a>. Sofia: Vagabond Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789549230673" title="Special:BookSources/9789549230673"><bdi>9789549230673</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria/">the original</a> on 2011-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Ottoman+Bulgaria&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Vagabond+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789549230673&rft.aulast=Trankova&rft.aufirst=Dimana&rft.au=Georgieff%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Matanov%2C+Hristo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vagabond.bg%2Fottomanbulgaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWharton2015" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Alyson (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdSLDwAAQBAJ&q=ortakoy+mosque+style">The Architects of Ottoman Constantinople: The Balyan Family and the History of Ottoman Architecture</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-813-4"><bdi>978-0-85773-813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architects+of+Ottoman+Constantinople%3A+The+Balyan+Family+and+the+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-813-4&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Alyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdSLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dortakoy%2Bmosque%2Bstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYerasimos2012" class="citation book cs1">Yerasimos, Stéphane (2012). Constantinople: Istanbul's Historical Heritage. Translated by Schreiber, Sally M.; Hoffman, Uta; Loeffler, Ellen (English ed.). H.F. Ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783848000531" title="Special:BookSources/9783848000531"><bdi>9783848000531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+Istanbul%27s+Historical+Heritage&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=H.F.+Ullmann&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783848000531&rft.aulast=Yerasimos&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanbulat2017" class="citation conference cs1">Canbulat, Ibrahim (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34622384">"The Ottoman House: Evaluation of Structure and Form"</a>. 4th International Conference on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures. Istanbul: Yıldız Technical University. pp. 83–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+House%3A+Evaluation+of+Structure+and+Form&rft.btitle=4th+International+Conference+on+Structural+Health+Assessment+of+Timber+Structures&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z+Technical+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Canbulat&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34622384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+architecture" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ParentID=6">Turkish Architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkishtravelblog.com/ottoman-houses-turkey/">A look at the traditional Ottoman houses of Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> (classic period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a> (reform and constitutional period) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Ottoman_architecture273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_architecture" title="Template:Ottoman architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_architecture" title="Template talk:Ottoman architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Ottoman_architecture273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Historical stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ottoman_architecture" title="Early Ottoman architecture">Early Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">Classical Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Period_architecture" title="Tulip Period architecture">Tulip Period architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture" title="Ottoman Baroque architecture">Ottoman Baroque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_the_19th%E2%80%9320th_centuries" title="Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries">Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement" title="First national architectural movement">First national architectural movement</a></li></ul> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architectural_decoration" title="Ottoman architectural decoration">Ottoman architectural decoration</a>) </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman architecture in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus#Architecture_and_public_works" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Egypt" title="Ottoman architecture in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine#Ottoman_period_(1516-1918)" title="Architecture of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Serbia#Ottoman_and_Islamic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman architecture in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman architecture in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istanbul</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altunizade_Mosque" title="Altunizade Mosque">Altunizade Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atik_Valide_Mosque" title="Atik Valide Mosque">Atik Valide Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayazma_Mosque" title="Ayazma Mosque">Ayazma Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Mosque" title="Beylerbeyi Mosque">Beylerbeyi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkdere_Kara_Mehmet_Keth%C3%BCda_Mosque" title="Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque">Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87inili_Mosque" title="Çinili Mosque">Çinili Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Mosque" title="Dolmabahçe Mosque">Dolmabahçe Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque">Fatih Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Atik_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque">Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan_Complex" title="Haseki Sultan Complex">Haseki Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1rka-i_%C5%9Eerif_Mosque" title="Hırka-i Şerif Mosque">Hırka-i Şerif Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Mosque,_Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mahmut Pasha Mosque, Eminönü">Mahmut Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesih_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(Edirnekap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Complex" title="Muradiye Complex">Muradiye Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Pasha_Mosque,_Aksaray" title="Murat Pasha Mosque, Aksaray">Murat Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%B1%C5%9Fan%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque" title="Nuruosmaniye Mosque">Nuruosmaniye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque" title="Ortaköy Mosque">Ortaköy Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha_Mosque" title="Piyale Pasha Mosque">Piyale Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar">Selimiye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(Azapkap%C4%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_(Kad%C4%B1rga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Sultanahmet Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasat_Atik_Ali_Pasha_Mosque" title="Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque">Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Selim Mosque">Yavuz Selim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="New Mosque, Istanbul">Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni_Valide_Mosque" title="Yeni Valide Mosque">Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Mosque_(Sarajevo)" title="Ali Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)">Ali Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrakli_Mosque,_Belgrade" title="Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade">Bajrakli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I_Mosque" title="Bayezid I Mosque">Bayezid I Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behram_Pasha_Mosque" title="Behram Pasha Mosque">Behram Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bursa" title="Grand Mosque of Bursa">Bursa Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Çapanoğlu Mosque">Çapanoğlu Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhumaya_Mosque" title="Dzhumaya Mosque">Dzhumaya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Sultan_Mosque" title="Emir Sultan Mosque">Emir Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmahan_Sultan_Mosque" title="Esmahan Sultan Mosque">Esmahan Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_Kasim_Pasha_Mosque" title="Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque">Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhadija_Mosque_(Sarajevo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferhadija Mosque (Sarajevo)">Ferhadija Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Pasha_Mosque_(Banja_Luka)" title="Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)">Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Pasha_Mosque_(Sarajevo)" title="Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)">Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethiye_Mosque_(Athens)" title="Fethiye Mosque (Athens)">Fethiye Mosque (Athens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Husrev-beg_Mosque" title="Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque">Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque_(Bursa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Mosque (Bursa)">Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mosque_(%C4%B0znik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Mosque (İznik)">Green Mosque of İznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadum_Mosque" title="Hadum Mosque">Hadum Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_%C3%96zbek_Mosque" title="Haji Özbek Mosque">Haji Özbek Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendigar_Mosque" title="Hüdavendigar Mosque">Hüdavendigar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_Mosque" title="Ibrahim Pasha Mosque">Ibrahim Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zzet_Mehmet_Pasha_Mosque" title="İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque">İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juma-Jami_Mosque" title="Juma-Jami Mosque">Juma-Jami Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91oz_Bey_Mosque" title="Karađoz Bey Mosque">Karađoz Bey Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Pasha_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Pasha Qasim">Kasım Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Complex" title="Muradiye Complex">Muradiye Complex (Bursa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Muradiye Mosque, Edirne">Muradiye Mosque (Edirne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Pasha_Mosque,_Antalya" title="Murat Pasha Mosque, Antalya">Murat Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Old Mosque, Edirne">Old Mosque of Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Gazi_Mosque" title="Orhan Gazi Mosque">Orhan Gazi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Shah_Mosque" title="Osman Shah Mosque">Osman Shah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Prizren)" title="Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren)">Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque,_L%C3%BCleburgaz" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque, Lüleburgaz">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Pasha_Mosque" title="Sulayman Pasha Mosque">Sulayman Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleymaniye_Mosque_(Rhodes)" title="Suleymaniye Mosque (Rhodes)">Suleymaniye Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombul_Mosque" title="Tombul Mosque">Tombul Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzistarakis_Mosque" title="Tzistarakis Mosque">Tzistarakis Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veled-i_Yani%C3%A7_Mosque" title="Veled-i Yaniç Mosque">Veled-i Yaniç Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoval%C4%B1_Hasan_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque" title="Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque">Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Aga_Medrese" title="Büyük Aga Medrese">Büyük Aga Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafera%C4%9Fa_Medrese" title="Caferağa Medrese">Caferağa Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrese_of_Mehmet_%C5%9Eakir_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa">Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Medrese" title="Rüstem Pasha Medrese">Rüstem Pasha Medrese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbes</a> (tombs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tomb" title="Green Tomb">Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Tomb of Abdul Hamid I">Tomb of Abdul Hamid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa">Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Turhan_Sultan" title="Tomb of Turhan Sultan">Tomb of Turhan Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Han" title="Büyük Han">Büyük Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Valide_Han" title="Büyük Valide Han">Büyük Valide Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Yeni_Han" title="Büyük Yeni Han">Büyük Yeni Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan_Caravanserai" title="Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai">Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapan_Han" title="Kapan Han">Kapan Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Umdan" title="Khan al-Umdan">Khan al-Umdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_Han" title="Koza Han">Koza Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCrk%C3%A7%C3%BC_Han" title="Kürkçü Han">Kürkçü Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCz_Mehmed_Pasha_Caravanserai" title="Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai">Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Caravanserai_(Edirne)" title="Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)">Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Caravanserai_(Ere%C4%9Fli)" title="Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)">Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Caravanserai_(Erzurum)" title="Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum)">Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_Caravanserai" title="Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai">Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Hospitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Sultan_Bayezid_II" title="Complex of Sultan Bayezid II">Complex of Sultan Bayezid II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arslanagi%C4%87_Bridge" title="Arslanagić Bridge">Arslanagić Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostar Bridge">Mostar Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridge" title="Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge">Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Bridge" title="Uzunköprü Bridge">Uzunköprü Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajyad_Fortress" title="Ajyad Fortress">Ajyad Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depedogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Depedogen">Depedogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Kars" title="Castle of Kars">Castle of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilitbahir_Castle" title="Kilitbahir Castle">Kilitbahir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" title="Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalemegdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalemegdan">Kalemegdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeni-Kale" title="Yeni-Kale">Yeni-Kale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azm Palace">Azm Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eski_Saray" title="Eski Saray">Eski Saray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Grand Serail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatice_Sultan_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatice Sultan Palace">Hatice Sultan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha_Palace" title="Ishak Pasha Palace">Ishak Pasha Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">Clock towers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Saat" title="Büyük Saat">Büyük Saat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Clock_Tower" title="Dolmabahçe Clock Tower">Dolmabahçe Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etfal_Hospital_Clock_Tower" title="Etfal Hospital Clock Tower">Etfal Hospital Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Clock_Tower" title="İzmir Clock Tower">İzmir Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_Clock_Tower" title="İzmit Clock Tower">İzmit Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Clock_Tower" title="Jaffa Clock Tower">Jaffa Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusretiye_Clock_Tower" title="Nusretiye Clock Tower">Nusretiye Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Clock_Tower" title="Yıldız Clock Tower">Yıldız Clock Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">Fountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III" title="Fountain of Ahmed III">Fountain of Ahmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Ahmed_III_(%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar)" title="Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)">Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tophane_Fountain" title="Tophane Fountain">Tophane Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmut_Fountain" title="Sultan Mahmut Fountain">Sultan Mahmut Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey_Hamam" title="Bey Hamam">Bey Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Hamam" title="Büyük Hamam">Büyük Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Hamam" title="Cağaloğlu Hamam">Cağaloğlu Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cifte_Hammam" title="Čifte Hammam">Čifte Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Pasha_Hamam" class="mw-redirect" title="Davud Pasha Hamam">Davud Pasha Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1" title="Çemberlitaş Hamamı">Çemberlitaş Hamamı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir%C3%A1ly_Baths" title="Király Baths">Király Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam" title="Mahmut Pasha Hamam">Mahmut Pasha Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96meriye_Hamam" title="Ömeriye Hamam">Ömeriye Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Hamam" title="Süleymaniye Hamam">Süleymaniye Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtakale_Hamam" title="Tahtakale Hamam">Tahtakale Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudas_Baths" title="Rudas Baths">Rudas Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">other monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Library" title="Köprülü Library">Köprülü Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihri%C5%9Fah_Sultan_Complex" title="Mihrişah Sultan Complex">Mihrişah Sultan Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_Hatun_Imareti" title="Nilüfer Hatun Imareti">Nilüfer Hatun Imareti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaret_(Kavala)" title="Imaret (Kavala)">Imaret (Kavala)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li>See also Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods and regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_art" title="Abbasid art">Abbasid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li>See also Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums, collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles, influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_Europe114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Template:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Europe114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Europe">Architecture of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Andorra" title="Architecture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Architecture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Belarus" title="Architecture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark" title="Architecture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Finland" title="Architecture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Luxembourg" title="Architecture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Malta" title="Architecture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Monaco" title="Architecture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovakia" title="Architecture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovenia" title="Architecture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architecture of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&oldid=1277627976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_architecture&oldid=1277627976</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_architecture" title="Category:Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_architecture" title="Category:Medieval architecture">Medieval architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_styles" 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