CINXE.COM

Amreen Qureshi | IPPR

<!DOCTYPE html><html class="" lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><!-- ROBOTS --><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="600"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><!--favicons--><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#312d5a"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#312d5a"><meta name="theme-color" content="#312d5a"><!--meta tags--><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Stay up to date with IPPR" href="https://www.ippr.org/feed.rss"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="IPPR" href="/osd.xml" data-tooltip-align="b,c" data-tooltip="IPPR" aria-label="IPPR" data-title="IPPR"><link href="https://www.ippr.org/" rel="home"><link type="text/plain" href="https://www.ippr.org/humans.txt" rel="author"><title>Amreen Qureshi | IPPR </title><meta name="keywords" content="policy, research, public policy,"><meta name="description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><!--Open Graph / FB --><meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta property="og:site_name" content="IPPR"><meta property="og:type" content="website" ><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ippr.org/profile/amreen-qureshi"><meta property="og:title" content="Amreen Qureshi | IPPR"><meta property="og:description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta property="og:image" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Staff/Amreen.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=628&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fp-x=0.5037&amp;fp-y=0.3529&amp;dm=1728294011&amp;s=18610939324ea9318cf0cffb097fb939"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Staff/Amreen.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=628&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fp-x=0.5037&amp;fp-y=0.3529&amp;dm=1728294011&amp;s=18610939324ea9318cf0cffb097fb939"><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"><meta property="og:image:height" content="630"><!-- Twitter is also 1200 x 630 cover image --><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ippr_uk"><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ippr_uk"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Amreen Qureshi | IPPR"><meta name="twitter:description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Staff/Amreen.jpg?w=1200&amp;h=628&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fp-x=0.5037&amp;fp-y=0.3529&amp;dm=1728294011&amp;s=18610939324ea9318cf0cffb097fb939"><!-- Authentications --><!-- tag manager --><script> // Check that service workers are registered if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { // Use the window load event to keep the page load performant window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register(' https://www.ippr.org/dist/sw.js'); }); } </script><style type="text/css">:root{--content-space:1em;--form-space:2rem;--block-space:clamp(1.5rem,4.16667vw,3.75rem);--icon-button-size:3rem;--icon-button-text-size:1.1rem;--strong-font-weight:500;--primary-color:#44e5a8;--primary-color-text:#312d5a;--secondary-color:#312d5a;--secondary-color-text:#fff;--tertiary-color:var(--secondary-color);--tertiary-color-text:#fff;--canvas-color:#f6f6f4;--page-color:#fff;--text-color:#484848;--text-color-quiet:#666;--focus-color:#312d5a;--button-text-color:var(--primary-color-text);--button-bg-color:var(--primary-color);--button-border-color:var(--button-bg-color);--button-text-color-alt:var(--button-text-color);--button-bg-color-alt:var(--button-bg-color);--button-border-color-alt:var(--secondary-color);--button-text-color-disabled:#333535;--button-bg-color-disabled:#e5e5e1;--button-shadow-size:5px;--nav-list-align:start;--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-wrap:wrap}body,html{padding:0;margin:0;scroll-behavior:smooth}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}body{font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.5;font-weight:400}html{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--canvas-color);color:var(--text-color)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){html{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}html :focus{outline:none}html.has-open-menu{overflow:hidden}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:calc(var(--content-space) + .5em);margin-bottom:0}h1{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}h1,h2{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));line-height:1.3}h2{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}h3{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}h3,h4{line-height:1.3}h4{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h4{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h5{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h5{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h6{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(.875rem,1.95312vw,1rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h6{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}a{text-decoration:var(--text-decoration,underline)}a,a:active{color:currentColor}@media (hover){a:hover{color:currentColor}}a:focus{outline:none}.c-staff-block a{text-decoration:none}.c-staff-block a.is-active,.c-staff-block a:active,.c-staff-block a:focus,.c-staff-block a:focus-within{text-decoration:underline}@media (hover){.c-staff-block a:hover{text-decoration:underline}}.icon{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-top;height:1em;width:1em}.icon svg{display:block;width:100%;height:100%}.i-logo{width:1.25495em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.38881em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.46411em;height:1.75em}}.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.5em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.66em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.75em;height:1.75em}}.c-feed,.o-grid{display:grid;grid-gap:var(--phone-row-gap,0) var(--phone-column-gap,1rem);grid-template-columns:[full-start] 0 [break-start] 0 repeat(12,[col] 1fr) [break-end] 0 [full-end] 0}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--tablet-row-gap,0) var(--tablet-column-gap,2rem)}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--desktop-row-gap,0) var(--desktop-column-gap,3rem)}}@media (min-width:84.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{width:auto;grid-template-columns:[full-start] 1fr [break-start] minmax(0,3.25rem) repeat(12,[col] 3.25rem) [break-end] minmax(0,3.25rem) [full-end] 1fr}}.c-feed,.o-grid--contained{grid-template-columns:repeat(12,[col] 1fr)}.c-feed,.o-grid--block{--phone-row-gap:2rem;--tablet-row-gap:2rem;--desktop-row-gap:3rem}.o-grid--narrow{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr)}.o-grid--list{--phone-row-gap:var(--content-space);--tablet-row-gap:var(--content-space);--desktop-row-gap:var(--content-space)}.o-grid--content-block,.o-grid--flush{--phone-row-gap:0;--tablet-row-gap:0;--desktop-row-gap:0}.c-feed:empty,.o-grid:empty{display:none}.c-feed .c-feed,.c-feed .o-grid,.o-grid .c-feed,.o-grid .o-grid{width:100%}.c-feed__item,.o-grid__item{grid-column-start:3;grid-column-end:15}.o-grid--narrow .c-feed__item,.o-grid--narrow .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:9}.c-feed .c-feed__item,.c-feed .o-grid__item,.o-grid--contained .c-feed__item,.o-grid--contained .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:13}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-sidebar-grid__content .c-feed__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)),.o-sidebar-grid__content .o-grid__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)){grid-column-end:11}}.o-grid__item--full{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:17}.o-grid__item--breakout{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:16}.o-image{display:block;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:var(--intrinsic-width,none);overflow:hidden}.o-image--cover{height:100%;max-width:none}.o-image--logo{max-width:calc(var(--intrinsic-width)/2)}.c-gallery--carousel .o-image{max-width:none}.o-image__img{width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;transition:.3s;display:block}.o-image--cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}.o-image--picture .o-image__img{position:static;object-fit:cover;height:100%}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-image--desktop-cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}}.o-image--portrait .o-image__img{height:100%;width:auto}.o-image__icon{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto}.o-image-bg{position:relative;background-size:cover}.o-image-bg:before{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:0;transition:.3s;width:100%;height:100%;background-size:100% 100%}.o-image-bg.is-loaded:before{opacity:0}.o-nav--filter{background-color:#44e5a8;color:#fff}.o-nav__container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;position:relative}.o-nav__list{list-style:none;padding:var(--nav-list-padding,0);display:flex;gap:var(--content-space) 2rem;align-items:var(--nav-list-align);flex-direction:var(--nav-list-direction);flex-wrap:var(--nav-list-wrap);align-items:var(--nav-list-align,normal)}@media (max-width:38rem){.o-nav__list{--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap}}@media (hover:none){.o-nav--scroll .o-nav__list{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:auto;padding-bottom:1rem}}@media (max-width:60rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__list{--decoration-color:currentColor;display:none;flex-flow:column;padding:2rem;position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--primary-color);color:var(--primary-color-text)}#page-menu.is-active .o-nav__list{pointer-events:all;display:flex}}.o-nav__item{margin-bottom:0;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;font-weight:var(--nav-font-weight,500)}.h-flex-fix .o-nav__item:not(:last-child){margin-right:2rem}.o-nav__link{display:inline-flex;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:currentColor;white-space:nowrap;align-items:center;transition:.3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline){text-decoration:none;background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),linear-gradient(var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)),var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)));background-position:0 100%,0 100%;background-repeat:no-repeat,no-repeat;background-size:100% 3px,0 3px;transition:background-size .3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}}@media screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-visible{outline:solid Max(2px,.1em) var(--focus-color);outline-offset:.15em}.o-nav__link.is-active:after,.o-nav__link:active:after,.o-nav__link:focus-within:after,.o-nav__link:focus:after{width:100%}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:hover:after{width:100%}}.o-nav__icon{margin-left:1rem;color:currentColor}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__action{display:none}}.o-skip-link{position:absolute;left:-100vw;opacity:0;transition:all .3s}.o-skip-link:active,.o-skip-link:focus{left:0;z-index:1001;opacity:1}.c-site-header{width:100%;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.c-site-header__logo{grid-area:logo}.c-site-header__nav--primary{grid-area:nav--primary}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{grid-area:nav--secondary}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{grid-area:nav--tertiary}.c-site-header__container{position:relative;display:grid;grid-area:1/3/1/15;grid-template-columns:min-content 1fr max-content;grid-template-areas:"logo nav--primary nav--secondary" ". nav--tertiary nav--tertiary"}.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem);color:#312d5a;background-color:#44e5a8;transform:translateY(clamp(1rem,2vw,1.5rem));transition:transform .3s;position:relative;z-index:4;margin:0 1em}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{margin-left:.5em;font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}}.c-site-header__logo:before{content:"";background-color:#44e5a8;position:absolute;top:-1em;right:-.4em;bottom:-.66em;left:-.6em;z-index:-1;transform:rotate(-10deg)}.c-site-header__logo:hover{transform:translateY(1rem);color:#312d5a}.c-site-header__logo:focus-visible:before{outline:solid 2px var(--primary-color-text);outline-offset:-.25em}.c-site-header__nav--primary{--nav-list-align:center;--nav-font-weight:800;align-self:center;justify-self:end}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.09375rem,2.53906vw,1.25rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}}.c-site-header--error .c-site-header__nav--primary{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.25rem,3.125vw,1.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem);margin-right:-4rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-align:end;--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap;--nav-list-padding:1rem 1.5rem 0.25rem 0;--decoration-color:currentColor;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text);justify-self:end;position:relative;z-index:1;padding:1.25rem 0}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-padding:0;--nav-font-weight:800;margin-right:1rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{margin-right:-2rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after,.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:100vw;z-index:-1;background-color:var(--tertiary-color)}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{right:50%}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after{left:50%}.c-site-header__expand{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1rem;justify-items:end;align-items:center;column-gap:.5rem;cursor:pointer;font-weight:800}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__expand{display:none}}.c-site-header__expand-icon{transition:transform .25s}[open] .c-site-header__expand-icon{transform:rotateX(180deg)}.c-site-header__expand::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;list-style:none;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 0 2rem}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:.75em;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text)}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link:focus-visible{outline:solid 2px var(--tertiary-color-text);outline-offset:-.5em}.c-site-header__mini-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding:0;font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}.c-site-header__mini-nav-link{display:block;padding:.33em}.c-site-header__search,.c-site-header__trigger{display:block}.c-site-main{min-height:75vh;transition:opacity .5s ease-in-out}.c-site-main.is-active,.c-site-main:active,.c-site-main:focus,.c-site-main:focus-within{outline:none}@media (hover){.c-site-main:hover{outline:none}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:4rem}}body:not(.is-loaded) .c-site-main{opacity:0}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){body:not(.is-loaded) .c-site-main{opacity:1}}.c-site-main:before{content:"";background-color:var(--page-color);border-radius:clamp(1.25rem,5.20833vw,3.125rem);grid-row-start:1;grid-row-end:-1;grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:-1;margin-bottom:-2rem}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-bottom:-4rem}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-main:before{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:-2}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-left:-2rem;margin-right:-2rem;margin-bottom:-6rem}}.c-site-menu{--site-menu-offset:calc(100% + 13px);--site-menu-bg:hsla(0,0%,100%,0);position:fixed;top:0;right:auto;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:3;width:100%;overflow:hidden;display:flex;height:100vh;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--site-menu-bg)}.h-accessibility{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}@media (max-width:38rem){.h-except-phone{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.h-only-phone{display:none!important}}@media (max-width:72rem){.h-gt-laptop{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.h-lt-laptop{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-caebc24315.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-caebc24315.min.css"></noscript></head><body class="" id="start"><!-- custom styles --><style type="text/css" id="page-theme"></style><style type="text/css" id="custom-css"></style><div id="app" class=""><a class="o-skip-link" href="#site-main"><span class="o-button o-button--regular">Skip to main content</span></a><div id="site-notifications"><v-notification v-cloak></v-notification></div><header id="site-header" class="c-site-header o-grid"><div class="c-site-header__container"><!-- SITE LOGO --><a href="/" class="c-site-header__logo" aria-label="IPPR"><span class="icon i-logo"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 169 202"><path d="M169 202v-17h-13.3l-13-24 3.4-2c3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.5 2.4-4.6 3.6-9.7 3.6-15.3 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7h-1.2V84h-13.1V64.2h9.7c7.3 0 13.3-.4 18.1-1.3 4.9-1 9.2-2.6 12.9-5 3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.6 2.4-4.5 3.6-9.6 3.6-15.2 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7H65.7v17h13v67h-13v18c-3.7-.6-7.6-1-12-1h-1.2V84h-13V17h13V0H0v17h13v67H0v34h13v67H0v17h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h9.8c7.2 0 13.2-.4 18-1.3 4.2-.8 8-2.2 11.4-4.1v25h-13V202h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h13.2l19.2 36.7H169ZM65 133.2c0 4.3-1.2 8-3.9 10.9-2.6 3-8.4 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.4.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Zm40.4-85.7V17.2h9.8c2.9.1 5.1.4 6.7.8 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4Zm25.5 85.7c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a><!-- PRIMARY NAVIGATION --><nav class="c-site-header__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><ul class="c-site-header__mini-nav h-lt-laptop"><!-- SEARCH --><li class="c-site-header__search"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><!-- MENU TRIGGER --><li class="c-site-header__trigger"><a href="#site-menu" id="js-menu-open" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link js-menu-toggle"><span class="icon i-menu"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M0 21.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 1 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 21.213ZM0 9.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 9.213Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul><ul class="o-nav__list h-gt-laptop"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="o-nav__link "> Research and ideas </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="o-nav__link "> Who we are </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="o-nav__link "> Events </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link "> Press </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="o-nav__link "> Get involved </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="o-nav__link o-inline-icon " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search" aria-hidden="true"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><!-- SECONDARY NAVIGATION --><nav class="c-site-header__nav--secondary o-nav h-gt-laptop"><ul class="c-site-header__list"><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav></div></header><nav class="c-site-menu h-lt-laptop" id="site-menu" hidden><h3 class="h-accessibility">Site Menu.</h3><div class="c-site-menu__inner"><!-- tertiary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--tertiary"><button id="js-menu-close" class="c-site-menu__trigger js-menu-close" aria-label="Close"><span class="icon i-close"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 31 31"><path d="M5.627 2.21a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418 3.418l9.873 9.873-9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418 3.418L15.5 18.92l9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418-3.418l-9.873-9.873 9.873-9.873a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418-3.418L15.5 12.083 5.627 2.21Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></button><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-menu__search " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></nav><!-- primary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Main Site Sections.</h4><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Research and ideas </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Who we are </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Events </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Press </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Get involved </a></li></ul></nav><!-- secondary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--secondary"><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><a href="#site-main" class="h-accessibility c-site-menu__return js-menu-close">Return to main</a></div></nav><main class="c-site-main o-sidebar-grid o-grid" role="main" id="site-main" tabindex="0"><div class="o-sidebar-grid__header" id="page-header"><header class="c-page-header o-grid"><div class="c-page-header__container"><h1 class="c-page-header__title "> Amreen Qureshi </h1><span class="c-page-header__posttitle "> Research fellow </span></div></header></div><div class="o-sidebar-grid__menu" id="page-menu"></div><aside class="o-sidebar-grid__sidebar "></aside><div class="o-sidebar-grid__content" id="page-content"><section class="o-grid o-page-grid__content o-page-grid__content--sidebar"><div class="o-block o-text o-grid__item"><p><strong>Amreen is a research fellow, working within the migration, trade and communities team.</strong></p><p>Amreen was a key contributor to the report <i><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/beyond-the-hostile-environment#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%20decade%2C%20the,the%20UK%20without%20immigration%20status.">Beyond the hostile environment</a></i>which analysed Home Office policies that contributed to the Windrush scandal, and proposed ways to reform current systems of immigration enforcement. She also co-authored <a href="https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/locked-out-of-a-livelihood">Locked out of a livelihood: The case for reforming ‘no recourse to public funds’</a> which explored how the ‘No Recourse to Public Funds’ condition has an impact on people within the UK immigration system.</p><p>Recently, Amreen co-authored <a href="https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/understanding-the-rise-in-channel-crossings">Understanding the rise in Channel Crossings</a>, a briefing paper that sets out some of the potential factors explaining the recent rise in people crossing the Channel.</p><p>Amreen has appeared on BBC, ITV and Times Radio, and her writing has been featured in the Guardian and on the Fabian Society blog. She is also a member of the NEON spokesperson network.</p><p>Amreen has an MA in Humanitarianism and conflict response from the University of Manchester and a BA in politics and international relations from Lancaster University. </p><p>Amreen’s areas of expertise are:<br></p><ul><li>society and migration </li><li>gender and racial inequality </li><li>power and politics.</li></ul></div></section></div><aside class="o-sidebar-grid__sidebar " id="page-sidebar"><div class="c-meta c-meta--profile o-block"><div class="o-image c-meta__image" style="--intrinsic-width:300px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Staff/Amreen.jpg?w=300&amp;h=300&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fp-x=0.5037&amp;fp-y=0.3529&amp;dm=1728294011&amp;s=4d83534d6934a4fdd9e4b25e40f794a2" width="300" height="300" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="" ></div><dl class="c-meta__list"><div class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--twitter"><dt class="c-meta__key">Twitter</dt><dd class="c-meta__value"><a href="https://twitter.com/AmreenQureshi_">@AmreenQureshi_</a></dd></div><div class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--email"><dt class="c-meta__key">Email</dt><dd class="c-meta__value"><a href="mailto:a.qureshi@ippr.org">a.qureshi@ippr.org</a></dd></div></dl><div class="c-meta__logos"><a href="/" class="c-meta__logo" aria-label="IPPR"><span class="icon i-logo"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 169 202"><path d="M169 202v-17h-13.3l-13-24 3.4-2c3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.5 2.4-4.6 3.6-9.7 3.6-15.3 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7h-1.2V84h-13.1V64.2h9.7c7.3 0 13.3-.4 18.1-1.3 4.9-1 9.2-2.6 12.9-5 3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.6 2.4-4.5 3.6-9.6 3.6-15.2 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7H65.7v17h13v67h-13v18c-3.7-.6-7.6-1-12-1h-1.2V84h-13V17h13V0H0v17h13v67H0v34h13v67H0v17h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h9.8c7.2 0 13.2-.4 18-1.3 4.2-.8 8-2.2 11.4-4.1v25h-13V202h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h13.2l19.2 36.7H169ZM65 133.2c0 4.3-1.2 8-3.9 10.9-2.6 3-8.4 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.4.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Zm40.4-85.7V17.2h9.8c2.9.1 5.1.4 6.7.8 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4Zm25.5 85.7c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></div></div></aside><div class="o-sidebar-grid__footer" id="page-footer"><section class="o-grid " id=""><div class="o-grid__item has-h-col o-block"><h3 class="o-block__heading">More from this author:</h3><ol class="c-feed c-feed--standard"><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/watch-amreen-qureshi-on-bbc-discussing-migration-statistics" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Placeholders/placeholder-3.png?w=725&amp;h=413&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1702910975&amp;s=9ede727c16949ea71cf91062d9cdb290" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="" ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> Watch: Amreen Qureshi on BBC discussing migration statistics </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> IPPR&#039;s Amreen Qureshi speaks to BBC about the latest migration statistics. </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 23 February 2023 </time></a></li><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/making-strides-refugees-employment-trajectories-in-yorkshire-and-the-humber" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Pubs-illustrations/MICHELLE-4.png?w=725&amp;h=413&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1705332225&amp;s=0acfb2178544342230aacb0c40f52b22" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="An illustration of a woman looking anxiously at a notice board of job vacancies which is covered in question marks." ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> Making strides: Refugees’ employment trajectories in Yorkshire and the Humber </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> This study is concerned with the job progression opportunities that are available to refugees and people with humanitarian leave. </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 20 December 2023 </time></a></li><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/charting-new-waters" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Cover-Image/iStock-459518131.jpg?w=725&amp;h=413&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1728044153&amp;s=89225de5606f275c0eee290d06831450" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="" ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> Charting new waters: A progressive policy response to the Channel crossings </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> This report outlines the concrete steps which the government can take to mount a progressive and pragmatic response to the Channel crossings. </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 31 October 2023 </time></a></li></ol></div></section></div></main><footer class="c-site-footer o-grid"><div class="c-site-footer__contact"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Contact Details</h4></div><div class="c-site-footer__social"><nav class="c-site-social " aria-label="Social Media Links."><ul class="c-site-social__list"><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/IPPR" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M38.044 32.55 49.957 19h-2.823L36.79 30.765 28.53 19H19l12.493 17.79L19 51h2.823l10.923-12.424L41.471 51H51L38.044 32.55Zm-3.866 4.398-1.266-1.772L22.84 21.08h4.336l8.128 11.377 1.266 1.771 10.566 14.788h-4.337l-8.621-12.067Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Twitter</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.1 19c0 1.2-.3 2.1-1 3-.7.7-1.7 1.1-3 1.1a3.9 3.9 0 0 1-4-4c-.1-1 .3-2 1-2.8.7-.9 1.7-1.3 3-1.3 1.2 0 2.2.4 2.9 1.2.7.8 1 1.8 1.1 2.9ZM17 51V24.9h8.1V51H17Zm11.9-16.9a139.9 139.9 0 0 0-.2-7.7h7.2l.4 3.4h.1a11 11 0 0 1 2.7-2.6c1.2-1 3-1.4 5-1.4 1.3 0 2.4.2 3.5.6 1.1.5 2 1.1 2.9 2 .7.8 1.4 2 1.8 3.3.5 1.3.7 2.8.7 4.6V51h-8V37.5c0-1.6-.4-2.9-1-4-.6-1-1.6-1.5-3-1.5-1.1 0-2 .3-2.5 1-.6.7-1 1.3-1.3 2l-.2 1v15h-8.1V34.1Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 15c-5.43 0-6.11.02-8.25.12-2.12.1-3.58.44-4.85.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.54 2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.31 3.55c-.5 1.27-.83 2.73-.93 4.85-.1 2.14-.12 2.82-.12 8.25s.02 6.11.12 8.25c.1 2.12.44 3.58.93 4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.3 3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.55 2.31c1.27.5 2.73.83 4.85.93 2.14.1 2.82.12 8.25.12s6.11-.02 8.25-.12c2.12-.1 3.58-.44 4.85-.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.54-2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.31-3.55c.5-1.27.83-2.73.93-4.85.1-2.14.12-2.82.12-8.25s-.02-6.11-.12-8.25c-.1-2.12-.44-3.58-.93-4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.3-3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.55-2.31c-1.27-.5-2.73-.83-4.85-.93-2.14-.1-2.82-.12-8.25-.12Zm0 3.6c5.34 0 5.97.02 8.08.12 1.95.09 3.01.42 3.72.69.93.36 1.6.8 2.3 1.5a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 1.5 2.3c.27.7.6 1.76.68 3.7.1 2.12.12 2.75.12 8.09s-.02 5.97-.12 8.08c-.09 1.95-.41 3.01-.69 3.72a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5 2.3 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3 1.5c-.7.27-1.76.6-3.7.68-2.12.1-2.75.12-8.09.12s-5.97-.02-8.08-.12c-1.95-.09-3.01-.41-3.72-.69a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3-1.5 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5-2.3c-.26-.7-.6-1.76-.68-3.7-.1-2.12-.12-2.75-.12-8.09s.02-5.97.12-8.08c.09-1.95.42-3.01.69-3.72.36-.93.8-1.6 1.5-2.3a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 2.3-1.5c.7-.26 1.76-.6 3.7-.68 2.12-.1 2.75-.12 8.09-.12Zm0 23.08a6.69 6.69 0 1 1 0-13.38 6.69 6.69 0 0 1 0 13.38ZM24.7 35a10.3 10.3 0 1 0 20.61 0 10.3 10.3 0 0 0-20.61 0Zm20.92-8.18a2.42 2.42 0 1 0 0-4.85 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 0 4.85Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Instagram</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 19c-5.4 0-9.6.2-12.6.5-3 .4-5.1 1.1-6.5 2.3a7.2 7.2 0 0 0-2.5 5 78 78 0 0 0 0 17.5c.2 2.1 1 3.8 2.5 5 1.4 1.1 3.6 1.9 6.5 2.2 3 .3 7.2.5 12.6.5 5.4 0 9.6-.2 12.6-.5s5.1-1 6.5-2.2a7.3 7.3 0 0 0 2.5-5 78 78 0 0 0 0-17.6c-.2-2.1-1-3.8-2.5-5a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-6.5-2.2c-3-.3-7.2-.5-12.6-.5Zm5.4 16.6-9 4.3h-1c-.3-.2-.4-.5-.4-1V31c0-.4.1-.7.4-.9h1l9 4.2c.4.2.6.4.6.7 0 .2-.2.5-.6.6Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">YouTube</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M45 22.6V16h-5.7c-2.3 0-4.3 1-5.9 2.8a10.2 10.2 0 0 0-2.3 6.7v3.7H25v6.2h6.1V54H38V35.4h6l1.1-6.2h-7.1v-4.4c0-.6.1-1.1.4-1.5.3-.5.7-.7 1-.7H45Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Facebook</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M43.566 33.758c-.145-.07-.293-.137-.442-.202-.26-4.836-2.88-7.604-7.278-7.632h-.06c-2.63 0-4.819 1.132-6.166 3.193l2.42 1.674c1.006-1.54 2.584-1.868 3.747-1.868h.04c1.449.01 2.542.435 3.249 1.263.515.603.859 1.436 1.03 2.488-1.285-.22-2.673-.288-4.158-.202-4.182.243-6.87 2.703-6.69 6.121.092 1.734.948 3.226 2.412 4.2 1.237.824 2.83 1.227 4.487 1.136 2.187-.12 3.903-.963 5.1-2.502.909-1.168 1.483-2.683 1.737-4.591 1.043.634 1.815 1.47 2.242 2.473.725 1.706.768 4.51-1.5 6.796-1.988 2.002-4.377 2.868-7.986 2.895-4.005-.03-7.033-1.325-9.002-3.85-1.844-2.364-2.797-5.78-2.833-10.15.036-4.37.989-7.786 2.833-10.15 1.969-2.525 4.997-3.82 9.001-3.85 4.034.03 7.115 1.332 9.16 3.869 1.002 1.244 1.758 2.808 2.256 4.633L50 28.739c-.604-2.246-1.554-4.18-2.847-5.785-2.621-3.253-6.455-4.92-11.394-4.954h-.02c-4.928.034-8.719 1.707-11.265 4.972C22.208 25.878 21.04 29.92 21 34.988v.024c.04 5.068 1.208 9.11 3.474 12.016C27.02 50.293 30.811 51.966 35.74 52h.02c4.382-.03 7.47-1.188 10.015-3.752 3.33-3.355 3.229-7.56 2.132-10.142-.788-1.851-2.288-3.355-4.34-4.348ZM36 40.933c-1.833.105-3.737-.725-3.83-2.502-.07-1.318.929-2.789 3.943-2.964.345-.02.683-.03 1.016-.03 1.095 0 2.119.107 3.05.313-.348 4.374-2.384 5.084-4.179 5.184Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Threads</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">More Site Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/jobs" class="o-nav__link "> Jobs </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/contact-us" class="o-nav__link "> Contact us </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link "> Press </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved/mailing-list" class="o-nav__link "> Mailing list </a></li></ul></nav><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--secondary o-nav o-nav--tertiary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Legal Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/terms-and-conditions" class="o-nav__link "> Terms and conditions </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/accessibility" class="o-nav__link "> Accessibility </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/privacy-policy" class="o-nav__link "> Privacy policy </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/cookie-policy" class="o-nav__link "> Cookie policy </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/safeguarding" class="o-nav__link "> Safeguarding </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/site-map" class="o-nav__link "> Site map </a></li></ul></nav><div class="c-site-footer__meta"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Small Print</h4><p>Charity registration number: England and Wales 800065, Scotland SC046557 - Company number: England and Wales 2292601.</p></div><div class="c-site-footer__credit"><p>Website by <a href="https://supercooldesign.co.uk" class="o-nav__link" style="display:inline" rel="nofollow">Supercool</a>.</p></div></footer><div id="site-modal"><v-modal></v-modal></div></div><!-- Civic UK Cookie Include --><script src="//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com/9/cookieControl-9.x.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied' }); </script><script> var config = { "apiKey": "a88f7e6bf38bdc4266b54030ebeddac0c73ad3a0", "product": "CUSTOM", "optionalCookies": [ { "name": "analytics", "label": "Analytical Cookies", "description": "Analytical cookies help us to fulfil our charitable objectives, apply for funding to keep IPPR doing the things it does best and improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.", "cookies": [ '_ga', '_ga*', '_gid', '_gat', '__utma', '__utmt', '__utmb', '__utmc', '__utmz', '__utmv' ], "onAccept": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'granted' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated')); }, "onRevoke": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'denied' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); } }, { "name": "marketing", "label": "Marketing Cookies", "description": "We use marketing cookies to help us improve the relevancy of advertising campaigns you receive.", "cookies": [ 'fr', 'tr', '_fbc', '_fbp', ], "onAccept": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'ad_user_data': 'granted', 'ad_personalization': 'granted', 'ad_storage': 'granted' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated')); }, "onRevoke": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'ad_storage': 'denied' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); } }, { "name": "security", "label": "Security", "description": "We use security cookies to help protect the site from malicious access.", "cookies": [], "onAccept": "function () {}", "onRevoke": "function () {}" }], "mode": "gdpr", "initialState": "box", "rejectButton": true, "subDomains": true, "excludedCountries": "open", "position": "left", "layout": "popup", "acceptBehaviour": "all", "closeStyle": "icon", "branding": { "fontColor": "", "backgroundColor": "#000", "removeAbout": true, "removeIcon": true, }, statement: { description: 'For more detailed information, please check our', name: 'Cookie and Privacy Statement', updated: '01/01/2023', url: '//www.ippr.org/cookie-policy', }, text: { notifyTitle: 'This website uses cookies', title: 'Your cookie settings', } }; CookieControl.load(config); var cookieControlUpdateTimer; function CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent() { clearTimeout(cookieControlUpdateTimer); cookieControlUpdateTimer = setTimeout(function() { dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'cookie_consent_updated' }); }); } </script><!-- End Civic UK Cookie Include --><script src="https://www.ippr.org/dist/js/app-d54f404042.js"></script><!--Page Schema--><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "author": { "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research" }, "copyrightYear": "2024", "creator": { "@id": "https://www.supercooldesign.co.uk" }, "dateModified": "2024-11-24T15:53:30+00:00", "description": "The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society.", "headline": "Amreen Qureshi", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/placeholder-large.png" }, "inLanguage": "en-gb", "name": "IPPR", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "search?q={search_term_string}" }, "publisher": { "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research" }, "url": "https://www.ippr.org/" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "logo": "https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1728042372&amp;s=8a847c4db4306ed8d94f595faa2d2f52", "url": "https://www.ippr.org/", "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR","https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853","https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw","https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK","https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk"], "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey&#039;s Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"} , "email": "", "name": "IPPR", "contactPoint" : [ { "@type" : "ContactPoint", "telephone" : "+442074706100", "contactType" : "Reception", "areaServed" : "GB", "availableLanguage": "English" } ] } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "LocalBusiness", "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/", "name": "IPPR", "email": "", "logo": "https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1728042372&amp;s=8a847c4db4306ed8d94f595faa2d2f52", "telephone": "+442074706100", "priceRange": "$$", "url": "https://www.ippr.org/", "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853", "https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/", "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw", "https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK", "https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk" ], "image": [ ] , "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey&#039;s Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"} , "contactPoint" : [ { "@type" : "ContactPoint", "telephone" : "+442074706100", "contactType" : "Reception", "areaServed" : "GB", "availableLanguage": "English" } ] } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "image": "https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Staff/Amreen.jpg?w=682&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fp-x=0.5037&amp;fp-y=0.3529&amp;dm=1728294011&amp;s=f8bae4d4fd01c69650d7a0503cc11c94", "name": "Amreen Qureshi", '"jobTitle": "Research fellow",' } </script><!-- dev only edit buttons --></body></html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10