CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html class="" lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="600"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#312d5a"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#312d5a"><meta name="theme-color" content="#312d5a"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Stay up to date with IPPR" href="https://www.ippr.org/feed.rss"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="IPPR" href="/osd.xml" data-tooltip-align="b,c" data-tooltip="IPPR" aria-label="IPPR" data-title="IPPR"><link href="https://www.ippr.org/" rel="home"><link type="text/plain" href="https://www.ippr.org/humans.txt" rel="author"><title>Understanding the rise in Channel crossings | IPPR </title><meta name="keywords" content="policy, research, public policy,"><meta name="description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta property="og:site_name" content="IPPR"><meta property="og:type" content="website" ><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ippr.org/articles/understanding-the-rise-in-channel-crossings"><meta property="og:title" content="Understanding the rise in Channel crossings | IPPR"><meta property="og:description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta property="og:image" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1702910983&s=7dcae3a67392a569c8cac52d5304f169"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1702910983&s=7dcae3a67392a569c8cac52d5304f169"><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"><meta property="og:image:height" content="630"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ippr_uk"><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ippr_uk"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Understanding the rise in Channel crossings | IPPR"><meta name="twitter:description" content=" The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1702910983&s=7dcae3a67392a569c8cac52d5304f169"><script> // Check that service workers are registered if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { // Use the window load event to keep the page load performant window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register(' https://www.ippr.org/dist/sw.js'); }); } </script><style type="text/css">:root{--content-space:1em;--form-space:2rem;--block-space:clamp(1.5rem,4.16667vw,3.75rem);--icon-button-size:3rem;--icon-button-text-size:1.1rem;--strong-font-weight:500;--primary-color:#44e5a8;--primary-color-text:#312d5a;--secondary-color:#312d5a;--secondary-color-text:#fff;--tertiary-color:var(--secondary-color);--tertiary-color-text:#fff;--canvas-color:#f6f6f4;--page-color:#fff;--text-color:#484848;--text-color-quiet:#666;--focus-color:#312d5a;--button-text-color:var(--primary-color-text);--button-bg-color:var(--primary-color);--button-border-color:var(--button-bg-color);--button-text-color-alt:var(--button-text-color);--button-bg-color-alt:var(--button-bg-color);--button-border-color-alt:var(--secondary-color);--button-text-color-disabled:#333535;--button-bg-color-disabled:#e5e5e1;--button-shadow-size:5px;--nav-list-align:start;--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-wrap:wrap}body,html{padding:0;margin:0;scroll-behavior:smooth}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}body{font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.5;font-weight:400}html{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--canvas-color);color:var(--text-color)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){html{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}html :focus{outline:none}html.has-open-menu{overflow:hidden}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:calc(var(--content-space) + .5em);margin-bottom:0}h1{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}h1,h2{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));line-height:1.3}h2{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}h3{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}h3,h4{line-height:1.3}h4{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h4{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h5{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h5{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h6{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(.875rem,1.95312vw,1rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h6{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}a{text-decoration:var(--text-decoration,underline)}a,a:active{color:currentColor}@media (hover){a:hover{color:currentColor}}a:focus{outline:none}.c-staff-block a{text-decoration:none}.c-staff-block a.is-active,.c-staff-block a:active,.c-staff-block a:focus,.c-staff-block a:focus-within{text-decoration:underline}@media (hover){.c-staff-block a:hover{text-decoration:underline}}.icon{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-top;height:1em;width:1em}.icon svg{display:block;width:100%;height:100%}.i-logo{width:1.25495em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.38881em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.46411em;height:1.75em}}.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.5em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.66em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.75em;height:1.75em}}.c-feed,.o-grid{display:grid;grid-gap:var(--phone-row-gap,0) var(--phone-column-gap,1rem);grid-template-columns:[full-start] 0 [break-start] 0 repeat(12,[col] 1fr) [break-end] 0 [full-end] 0}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--tablet-row-gap,0) var(--tablet-column-gap,2rem)}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--desktop-row-gap,0) var(--desktop-column-gap,3rem)}}@media (min-width:84.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{width:auto;grid-template-columns:[full-start] 1fr [break-start] minmax(0,3.25rem) repeat(12,[col] 3.25rem) [break-end] minmax(0,3.25rem) [full-end] 1fr}}.c-feed,.o-grid--contained{grid-template-columns:repeat(12,[col] 1fr)}.c-feed,.o-grid--block{--phone-row-gap:2rem;--tablet-row-gap:2rem;--desktop-row-gap:3rem}.o-grid--narrow{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr)}.o-grid--list{--phone-row-gap:var(--content-space);--tablet-row-gap:var(--content-space);--desktop-row-gap:var(--content-space)}.o-grid--content-block,.o-grid--flush{--phone-row-gap:0;--tablet-row-gap:0;--desktop-row-gap:0}.c-feed:empty,.o-grid:empty{display:none}.c-feed .c-feed,.c-feed .o-grid,.o-grid .c-feed,.o-grid .o-grid{width:100%}.c-feed__item,.o-grid__item{grid-column-start:3;grid-column-end:15}.o-grid--narrow .c-feed__item,.o-grid--narrow .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:9}.c-feed .c-feed__item,.c-feed .o-grid__item,.o-grid--contained .c-feed__item,.o-grid--contained .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:13}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-sidebar-grid__content .c-feed__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)),.o-sidebar-grid__content .o-grid__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)){grid-column-end:11}}.o-grid__item--full{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:17}.o-grid__item--breakout{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:16}.o-image{display:block;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:var(--intrinsic-width,none);overflow:hidden}.o-image--cover{height:100%;max-width:none}.o-image--logo{max-width:calc(var(--intrinsic-width)/2)}.c-gallery--carousel .o-image{max-width:none}.o-image__img{width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;transition:.3s;display:block}.o-image--cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}.o-image--picture .o-image__img{position:static;object-fit:cover;height:100%}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-image--desktop-cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}}.o-image--portrait .o-image__img{height:100%;width:auto}.o-image__icon{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto}.o-image-bg{position:relative;background-size:cover}.o-image-bg:before{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:0;transition:.3s;width:100%;height:100%;background-size:100% 100%}.o-image-bg.is-loaded:before{opacity:0}.o-nav--filter{background-color:#44e5a8;color:#fff}.o-nav__container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;position:relative}.o-nav__list{list-style:none;padding:var(--nav-list-padding,0);display:flex;gap:var(--content-space) 2rem;align-items:var(--nav-list-align);flex-direction:var(--nav-list-direction);flex-wrap:var(--nav-list-wrap);align-items:var(--nav-list-align,normal)}@media (max-width:38rem){.o-nav__list{--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap}}@media (hover:none){.o-nav--scroll .o-nav__list{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:auto;padding-bottom:1rem}}@media (max-width:60rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__list{--decoration-color:currentColor;display:none;flex-flow:column;padding:2rem;position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--primary-color);color:var(--primary-color-text)}#page-menu.is-active .o-nav__list{pointer-events:all;display:flex}}.o-nav__item{margin-bottom:0;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;font-weight:var(--nav-font-weight,500)}.h-flex-fix .o-nav__item:not(:last-child){margin-right:2rem}.o-nav__link{display:inline-flex;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:currentColor;white-space:nowrap;align-items:center;transition:.3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline){text-decoration:none;background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),linear-gradient(var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)),var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)));background-position:0 100%,0 100%;background-repeat:no-repeat,no-repeat;background-size:100% 3px,0 3px;transition:background-size .3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}}@media screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-visible{outline:solid Max(2px,.1em) var(--focus-color);outline-offset:.15em}.o-nav__link.is-active:after,.o-nav__link:active:after,.o-nav__link:focus-within:after,.o-nav__link:focus:after{width:100%}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:hover:after{width:100%}}.o-nav__icon{margin-left:1rem;color:currentColor}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__action{display:none}}.o-skip-link{position:absolute;left:-100vw;opacity:0;transition:all .3s}.o-skip-link:active,.o-skip-link:focus{left:0;z-index:1001;opacity:1}.c-site-header{width:100%;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.c-site-header__logo{grid-area:logo}.c-site-header__nav--primary{grid-area:nav--primary}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{grid-area:nav--secondary}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{grid-area:nav--tertiary}.c-site-header__container{position:relative;display:grid;grid-area:1/3/1/15;grid-template-columns:min-content 1fr max-content;grid-template-areas:"logo nav--primary nav--secondary" ". nav--tertiary nav--tertiary"}.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem);color:#312d5a;background-color:#44e5a8;transform:translateY(clamp(1rem,2vw,1.5rem));transition:transform .3s;position:relative;z-index:4;margin:0 1em}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{margin-left:.5em;font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}}.c-site-header__logo:before{content:"";background-color:#44e5a8;position:absolute;top:-1em;right:-.4em;bottom:-.66em;left:-.6em;z-index:-1;transform:rotate(-10deg)}.c-site-header__logo:hover{transform:translateY(1rem);color:#312d5a}.c-site-header__logo:focus-visible:before{outline:solid 2px var(--primary-color-text);outline-offset:-.25em}.c-site-header__nav--primary{--nav-list-align:center;--nav-font-weight:800;align-self:center;justify-self:end}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.09375rem,2.53906vw,1.25rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}}.c-site-header--error .c-site-header__nav--primary{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.25rem,3.125vw,1.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem);margin-right:-4rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-align:end;--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap;--nav-list-padding:1rem 1.5rem 0.25rem 0;--decoration-color:currentColor;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text);justify-self:end;position:relative;z-index:1;padding:1.25rem 0}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-padding:0;--nav-font-weight:800;margin-right:1rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{margin-right:-2rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after,.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:100vw;z-index:-1;background-color:var(--tertiary-color)}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{right:50%}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after{left:50%}.c-site-header__expand{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1rem;justify-items:end;align-items:center;column-gap:.5rem;cursor:pointer;font-weight:800}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__expand{display:none}}.c-site-header__expand-icon{transition:transform .25s}[open] .c-site-header__expand-icon{transform:rotateX(180deg)}.c-site-header__expand::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;list-style:none;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 0 2rem}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:.75em;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text)}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link:focus-visible{outline:solid 2px var(--tertiary-color-text);outline-offset:-.5em}.c-site-header__mini-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding:0;font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}.c-site-header__mini-nav-link{display:block;padding:.33em}.c-site-header__search,.c-site-header__trigger{display:block}.c-site-main{min-height:75vh;transition:opacity .5s ease-in-out}.c-site-main.is-active,.c-site-main:active,.c-site-main:focus,.c-site-main:focus-within{outline:none}@media (hover){.c-site-main:hover{outline:none}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:4rem}}body:not(.is-loaded) .c-site-main{opacity:0}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){body:not(.is-loaded) .c-site-main{opacity:1}}.c-site-main:before{content:"";background-color:var(--page-color);border-radius:clamp(1.25rem,5.20833vw,3.125rem);grid-row-start:1;grid-row-end:-1;grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:-1;margin-bottom:-2rem}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-bottom:-4rem}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-main:before{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:-2}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-left:-2rem;margin-right:-2rem;margin-bottom:-6rem}}.c-site-menu{--site-menu-offset:calc(100% + 13px);--site-menu-bg:hsla(0,0%,100%,0);position:fixed;top:0;right:auto;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:3;width:100%;overflow:hidden;display:flex;height:100vh;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--site-menu-bg)}.h-accessibility{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}@media (max-width:38rem){.h-except-phone{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.h-only-phone{display:none!important}}@media (max-width:72rem){.h-gt-laptop{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.h-lt-laptop{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-caebc24315.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-caebc24315.min.css"></noscript></head><body class="" id="start"><style type="text/css" id="page-theme"></style><style type="text/css" id="custom-css"></style><div id="app" class=""><a class="o-skip-link" href="#site-main"><span class="o-button o-button--regular">Skip to main content</span></a><div id="site-notifications"><v-notification v-cloak></v-notification></div><header id="site-header" class="c-site-header o-grid"><div class="c-site-header__container"><a href="/" class="c-site-header__logo" aria-label="IPPR"><span class="icon i-logo"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 169 202"><path d="M169 202v-17h-13.3l-13-24 3.4-2c3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.5 2.4-4.6 3.6-9.7 3.6-15.3 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7h-1.2V84h-13.1V64.2h9.7c7.3 0 13.3-.4 18.1-1.3 4.9-1 9.2-2.6 12.9-5 3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.6 2.4-4.5 3.6-9.6 3.6-15.2 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7H65.7v17h13v67h-13v18c-3.7-.6-7.6-1-12-1h-1.2V84h-13V17h13V0H0v17h13v67H0v34h13v67H0v17h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h9.8c7.2 0 13.2-.4 18-1.3 4.2-.8 8-2.2 11.4-4.1v25h-13V202h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h13.2l19.2 36.7H169ZM65 133.2c0 4.3-1.2 8-3.9 10.9-2.6 3-8.4 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.4.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Zm40.4-85.7V17.2h9.8c2.9.1 5.1.4 6.7.8 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4Zm25.5 85.7c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a><nav class="c-site-header__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><ul class="c-site-header__mini-nav h-lt-laptop"><li class="c-site-header__search"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-header__trigger"><a href="#site-menu" id="js-menu-open" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link js-menu-toggle"><span class="icon i-menu"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M0 21.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 1 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 21.213ZM0 9.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 9.213Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul><ul class="o-nav__list h-gt-laptop"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="o-nav__link "> Research and ideas </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="o-nav__link "> Who we are </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="o-nav__link "> Events </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link "> Press </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="o-nav__link "> Get involved </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="o-nav__link o-inline-icon " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search" aria-hidden="true"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="c-site-header__nav--secondary o-nav h-gt-laptop"><ul class="c-site-header__list"><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav></div></header><nav class="c-site-menu h-lt-laptop" id="site-menu" hidden><h3 class="h-accessibility">Site Menu.</h3><div class="c-site-menu__inner"><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--tertiary"><button id="js-menu-close" class="c-site-menu__trigger js-menu-close" aria-label="Close"><span class="icon i-close"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 31 31"><path d="M5.627 2.21a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418 3.418l9.873 9.873-9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418 3.418L15.5 18.92l9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418-3.418l-9.873-9.873 9.873-9.873a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418-3.418L15.5 12.083 5.627 2.21Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></button><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-menu__search " aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></nav><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Main Site Sections.</h4><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Research and ideas </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Who we are </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Events </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Press </a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="c-site-menu__nav-link "> Get involved </a></li></ul></nav><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--secondary"><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><a href="#site-main" class="h-accessibility c-site-menu__return js-menu-close">Return to main</a></div></nav><main class="c-site-main o-sidebar-grid o-grid" role="main" id="site-main" tabindex="0"><div class="o-sidebar-grid__header" id="page-header"><header class="c-page-header o-grid"><div class="c-page-header__container"><h1 class="c-page-header__title "> Understanding the rise in Channel crossings </h1></div></header></div><div class="o-sidebar-grid__menu" id="page-menu"></div><aside class="o-sidebar-grid__sidebar "></aside><div class="o-sidebar-grid__content" id="page-content"><section class="o-grid"><h2 class="h-accessibility">Article</h2><div class="o-block o-text o-text--intro o-grid__item"> In the last five years, the number of people crossing the English Channel in small boats has risen sharply. The vast majority of those arriving claim asylum when they get to the UK. </div><div class="o-block o-text o-grid__item"><p>These Channel crossings pose serious risks to the safety of those making the journey, and it can be deadly.</p><p>The UK government has responded to the rise in Channel crossings with a series of highly controversial and contested policy announcements. In this briefing paper, we aim to explore the reasons for the increase in small boat arrivals to help form a firmer basis for a humane and effective policy response.</p><p>This briefing draws on interviews with key experts and stakeholders – including those with lived experience of crossing the Channel in small boats – as well as analysis of Home Office data. It sets out some of the potential factors explaining the recent rise, gives an overview of the government's approach up till now and assesses its potential implications. It also sets out some potential ways forward, which we intend to explore and assess in more detail in our final report for this project.</p><div><iframe allowfullscreen="true" src="https://e.issuu.com/embed.html?backgroundColor=%23ffffff&d=understanding_the_rise_in_channel_crossings_oct_22&hideIssuuLogo=true&showOtherPublicationsAsSuggestions=true&u=ippr"></iframe></div></div></section></div><aside class="o-sidebar-grid__sidebar " id="page-sidebar"><div class="o-block c-meta c-meta--article"><dl class="c-meta__list"><div class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--date"><dt class="c-meta__key">Date</dt><dd class="c-meta__value"><strong>26 October 2022</strong></dd></div><div class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--type"><dt class="c-meta__key">Type</dt><dd class="c-meta__value"><strong>Publications</strong></dd></div><div class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--type"><dt class="c-meta__key">Authors</dt><dd class="c-meta__value"><strong>Marley Morris</strong></dd><dd class="c-meta__value"><strong>Amreen Qureshi</strong></dd></div></dl><div class="c-meta__action"><a class="o-button o-button--large" href="https://ippr-org.files.svdcdn.com/production/Downloads/understanding-the-rise-in-channel-crossings-october-22.pdf" download="download-publication" target="_blank" ><span class="o-button__text"><span>Download publication</span><span class="o-button__secondary"> PDF (820Kb) </span></span><span class="o-button__icon icon i-chevron i-chevron--down"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="63" height="40" viewBox="0 0 63 40"><path fill="currentColor" d="M54.799878,0.587224424 C54.8204834,0.565621799 54.8415962,0.544508978 54.8631989,0.523903633 C55.6207284,-0.198653247 56.8205767,-0.170303563 57.5431351,0.587224424 L62.4760986,5.75892855 C63.1746338,6.49127071 63.1746338,7.64319631 62.4760986,8.37553847 L32.8716285,39.4127756 C32.8510231,39.4343782 32.8299103,39.455491 32.8083076,39.4760964 C32.0507781,40.1986532 30.8509298,40.1703036 30.1283715,39.4127756 L0.523901379,8.37553847 C-0.174633793,7.64319631 -0.174633793,6.49127071 0.523901379,5.75892855 L5.45686495,0.587224424 C5.47747034,0.565621799 5.4985832,0.544508978 5.52018587,0.523903633 C6.27771539,-0.198653247 7.47756367,-0.170303563 8.20012202,0.587224424 L31.5,25.0147462 L54.799878,0.587224424 Z"/></svg></span></a></div><div class="c-meta__logos"><a href="/" class="c-meta__logo" aria-label="IPPR"><span class="icon i-logo"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 169 202"><path d="M169 202v-17h-13.3l-13-24 3.4-2c3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.5 2.4-4.6 3.6-9.7 3.6-15.3 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7h-1.2V84h-13.1V64.2h9.7c7.3 0 13.3-.4 18.1-1.3 4.9-1 9.2-2.6 12.9-5 3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.6 2.4-4.5 3.6-9.6 3.6-15.2 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7H65.7v17h13v67h-13v18c-3.7-.6-7.6-1-12-1h-1.2V84h-13V17h13V0H0v17h13v67H0v34h13v67H0v17h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h9.8c7.2 0 13.2-.4 18-1.3 4.2-.8 8-2.2 11.4-4.1v25h-13V202h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h13.2l19.2 36.7H169ZM65 133.2c0 4.3-1.2 8-3.9 10.9-2.6 3-8.4 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.4.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Zm40.4-85.7V17.2h9.8c2.9.1 5.1.4 6.7.8 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4Zm25.5 85.7c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></div></div></aside><div class="o-sidebar-grid__footer" id="page-footer"><section class="o-grid " id=""><div class="o-grid__item has-h-col o-block"><h3 class="h-accessibility">Related items</h3><ol class="c-feed c-feed--standard"><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/earning-vs-owning" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Cover-Image/iStock-1180893496.jpg?w=725&h=413&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-x=0.505&fp-y=0.5455&dm=1732554356&s=af435379c181033fd1167b69aaaebe05" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="A wealthy man sits on a stack of coins while an older woman and a less wealthy man stand below him next to much smaller stacks of coins" ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> Earning vs owning: Rescuing opportunity in the asset economy </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> Life chances are increasingly determined by what you inherit, not what you do. But what can we do about it? </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 27 November 2024 </time></a></li><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/from-the-frontline" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Media-and-press/iStock-529419920.jpg?w=725&h=413&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1732212930&s=1cf892fbfee1a02bf65a8f60ac64c011" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="" ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> From the frontline: Empowering staff to drive the NHS reform agenda </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> England’s over-centralised health service is misfiring. That much is clear. Less clear is how to fix it. </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 22 November 2024 </time></a></li><li class="c-feed__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/articles/harry-quilter-pinner-reacts-to-the-budget-on-gb-news" target="_self" class="c-media c-media--link c-media--article"><div class="c-media__image"><div class="o-image" style="--intrinsic-width:725px"><img class="o-image__img" src="https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=725&h=413&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1702910983&s=e9c5017ab1e2d94c5534f83be76209d7" width="725" height="413" loading="lazy" itemprop="image" alt="" ></div></div><h3 class="c-media__title "> Harry Quilter-Pinner reacts to the Budget on GB News </h3><div class="c-media__summary o-text "> Interim executive director Harry Quilter-Pinner reacts to the Budget with Jacob Rees Mogg on GB News </div><time class="c-media__datetime "> 1 November 2024 </time></a></li></ol></div></section></div></main><footer class="c-site-footer o-grid"><div class="c-site-footer__contact"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Contact Details</h4></div><div class="c-site-footer__social"><nav class="c-site-social " aria-label="Social Media Links."><ul class="c-site-social__list"><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/IPPR" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M38.044 32.55 49.957 19h-2.823L36.79 30.765 28.53 19H19l12.493 17.79L19 51h2.823l10.923-12.424L41.471 51H51L38.044 32.55Zm-3.866 4.398-1.266-1.772L22.84 21.08h4.336l8.128 11.377 1.266 1.771 10.566 14.788h-4.337l-8.621-12.067Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Twitter</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.1 19c0 1.2-.3 2.1-1 3-.7.7-1.7 1.1-3 1.1a3.9 3.9 0 0 1-4-4c-.1-1 .3-2 1-2.8.7-.9 1.7-1.3 3-1.3 1.2 0 2.2.4 2.9 1.2.7.8 1 1.8 1.1 2.9ZM17 51V24.9h8.1V51H17Zm11.9-16.9a139.9 139.9 0 0 0-.2-7.7h7.2l.4 3.4h.1a11 11 0 0 1 2.7-2.6c1.2-1 3-1.4 5-1.4 1.3 0 2.4.2 3.5.6 1.1.5 2 1.1 2.9 2 .7.8 1.4 2 1.8 3.3.5 1.3.7 2.8.7 4.6V51h-8V37.5c0-1.6-.4-2.9-1-4-.6-1-1.6-1.5-3-1.5-1.1 0-2 .3-2.5 1-.6.7-1 1.3-1.3 2l-.2 1v15h-8.1V34.1Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 15c-5.43 0-6.11.02-8.25.12-2.12.1-3.58.44-4.85.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.54 2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.31 3.55c-.5 1.27-.83 2.73-.93 4.85-.1 2.14-.12 2.82-.12 8.25s.02 6.11.12 8.25c.1 2.12.44 3.58.93 4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.3 3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.55 2.31c1.27.5 2.73.83 4.85.93 2.14.1 2.82.12 8.25.12s6.11-.02 8.25-.12c2.12-.1 3.58-.44 4.85-.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.54-2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.31-3.55c.5-1.27.83-2.73.93-4.85.1-2.14.12-2.82.12-8.25s-.02-6.11-.12-8.25c-.1-2.12-.44-3.58-.93-4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.3-3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.55-2.31c-1.27-.5-2.73-.83-4.85-.93-2.14-.1-2.82-.12-8.25-.12Zm0 3.6c5.34 0 5.97.02 8.08.12 1.95.09 3.01.42 3.72.69.93.36 1.6.8 2.3 1.5a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 1.5 2.3c.27.7.6 1.76.68 3.7.1 2.12.12 2.75.12 8.09s-.02 5.97-.12 8.08c-.09 1.95-.41 3.01-.69 3.72a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5 2.3 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3 1.5c-.7.27-1.76.6-3.7.68-2.12.1-2.75.12-8.09.12s-5.97-.02-8.08-.12c-1.95-.09-3.01-.41-3.72-.69a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3-1.5 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5-2.3c-.26-.7-.6-1.76-.68-3.7-.1-2.12-.12-2.75-.12-8.09s.02-5.97.12-8.08c.09-1.95.42-3.01.69-3.72.36-.93.8-1.6 1.5-2.3a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 2.3-1.5c.7-.26 1.76-.6 3.7-.68 2.12-.1 2.75-.12 8.09-.12Zm0 23.08a6.69 6.69 0 1 1 0-13.38 6.69 6.69 0 0 1 0 13.38ZM24.7 35a10.3 10.3 0 1 0 20.61 0 10.3 10.3 0 0 0-20.61 0Zm20.92-8.18a2.42 2.42 0 1 0 0-4.85 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 0 4.85Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Instagram</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 19c-5.4 0-9.6.2-12.6.5-3 .4-5.1 1.1-6.5 2.3a7.2 7.2 0 0 0-2.5 5 78 78 0 0 0 0 17.5c.2 2.1 1 3.8 2.5 5 1.4 1.1 3.6 1.9 6.5 2.2 3 .3 7.2.5 12.6.5 5.4 0 9.6-.2 12.6-.5s5.1-1 6.5-2.2a7.3 7.3 0 0 0 2.5-5 78 78 0 0 0 0-17.6c-.2-2.1-1-3.8-2.5-5a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-6.5-2.2c-3-.3-7.2-.5-12.6-.5Zm5.4 16.6-9 4.3h-1c-.3-.2-.4-.5-.4-1V31c0-.4.1-.7.4-.9h1l9 4.2c.4.2.6.4.6.7 0 .2-.2.5-.6.6Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">YouTube</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M45 22.6V16h-5.7c-2.3 0-4.3 1-5.9 2.8a10.2 10.2 0 0 0-2.3 6.7v3.7H25v6.2h6.1V54H38V35.4h6l1.1-6.2h-7.1v-4.4c0-.6.1-1.1.4-1.5.3-.5.7-.7 1-.7H45Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Facebook</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M43.566 33.758c-.145-.07-.293-.137-.442-.202-.26-4.836-2.88-7.604-7.278-7.632h-.06c-2.63 0-4.819 1.132-6.166 3.193l2.42 1.674c1.006-1.54 2.584-1.868 3.747-1.868h.04c1.449.01 2.542.435 3.249 1.263.515.603.859 1.436 1.03 2.488-1.285-.22-2.673-.288-4.158-.202-4.182.243-6.87 2.703-6.69 6.121.092 1.734.948 3.226 2.412 4.2 1.237.824 2.83 1.227 4.487 1.136 2.187-.12 3.903-.963 5.1-2.502.909-1.168 1.483-2.683 1.737-4.591 1.043.634 1.815 1.47 2.242 2.473.725 1.706.768 4.51-1.5 6.796-1.988 2.002-4.377 2.868-7.986 2.895-4.005-.03-7.033-1.325-9.002-3.85-1.844-2.364-2.797-5.78-2.833-10.15.036-4.37.989-7.786 2.833-10.15 1.969-2.525 4.997-3.82 9.001-3.85 4.034.03 7.115 1.332 9.16 3.869 1.002 1.244 1.758 2.808 2.256 4.633L50 28.739c-.604-2.246-1.554-4.18-2.847-5.785-2.621-3.253-6.455-4.92-11.394-4.954h-.02c-4.928.034-8.719 1.707-11.265 4.972C22.208 25.878 21.04 29.92 21 34.988v.024c.04 5.068 1.208 9.11 3.474 12.016C27.02 50.293 30.811 51.966 35.74 52h.02c4.382-.03 7.47-1.188 10.015-3.752 3.33-3.355 3.229-7.56 2.132-10.142-.788-1.851-2.288-3.355-4.34-4.348ZM36 40.933c-1.833.105-3.737-.725-3.83-2.502-.07-1.318.929-2.789 3.943-2.964.345-.02.683-.03 1.016-.03 1.095 0 2.119.107 3.05.313-.348 4.374-2.384 5.084-4.179 5.184Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Threads</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">More Site Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/jobs" class="o-nav__link "> Jobs </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/contact-us" class="o-nav__link "> Contact us </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link "> Press </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved/mailing-list" class="o-nav__link "> Mailing list </a></li></ul></nav><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--secondary o-nav o-nav--tertiary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Legal Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/terms-and-conditions" class="o-nav__link "> Terms and conditions </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/accessibility" class="o-nav__link "> Accessibility </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/privacy-policy" class="o-nav__link "> Privacy policy </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/cookie-policy" class="o-nav__link "> Cookie policy </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/safeguarding" class="o-nav__link "> Safeguarding </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/site-map" class="o-nav__link "> Site map </a></li></ul></nav><div class="c-site-footer__meta"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Small Print</h4><p>Charity registration number: England and Wales 800065, Scotland SC046557 - Company number: England and Wales 2292601.</p></div><div class="c-site-footer__credit"><p>Website by <a href="https://supercooldesign.co.uk" class="o-nav__link" style="display:inline" rel="nofollow">Supercool</a>.</p></div></footer><div id="site-modal"><v-modal></v-modal></div></div><script src="//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com/9/cookieControl-9.x.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied' }); </script><script> var config = { "apiKey": "a88f7e6bf38bdc4266b54030ebeddac0c73ad3a0", "product": "CUSTOM", "optionalCookies": [ { "name": "analytics", "label": "Analytical Cookies", "description": "Analytical cookies help us to fulfil our charitable objectives, apply for funding to keep IPPR doing the things it does best and improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.", "cookies": [ '_ga', '_ga*', '_gid', '_gat', '__utma', '__utmt', '__utmb', '__utmc', '__utmz', '__utmv' ], "onAccept": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'granted' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated')); }, "onRevoke": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'denied' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); } }, { "name": "marketing", "label": "Marketing Cookies", "description": "We use marketing cookies to help us improve the relevancy of advertising campaigns you receive.", "cookies": [ 'fr', 'tr', '_fbc', '_fbp', ], "onAccept": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'ad_user_data': 'granted', 'ad_personalization': 'granted', 'ad_storage': 'granted' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated')); }, "onRevoke": function () { gtag('consent', 'update', { 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'ad_storage': 'denied' }); CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent(); } }, { "name": "security", "label": "Security", "description": "We use security cookies to help protect the site from malicious access.", "cookies": [], "onAccept": "function () {}", "onRevoke": "function () {}" }], "mode": "gdpr", "initialState": "box", "rejectButton": true, "subDomains": true, "excludedCountries": "open", "position": "left", "layout": "popup", "acceptBehaviour": "all", "closeStyle": "icon", "branding": { "fontColor": "", "backgroundColor": "#000", "removeAbout": true, "removeIcon": true, }, statement: { description: 'For more detailed information, please check our', name: 'Cookie and Privacy Statement', updated: '01/01/2023', url: '//www.ippr.org/cookie-policy', }, text: { notifyTitle: 'This website uses cookies', title: 'Your cookie settings', } }; CookieControl.load(config); var cookieControlUpdateTimer; function CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent() { clearTimeout(cookieControlUpdateTimer); cookieControlUpdateTimer = setTimeout(function() { dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'cookie_consent_updated' }); }); } </script><script src="https://www.ippr.org/dist/js/app-d54f404042.js"></script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "author": { "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research" }, "copyrightYear": "2024", "creator": { "@id": "https://www.supercooldesign.co.uk" }, "dateModified": "2024-11-28T12:16:28+00:00", "description": "The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society.", "headline": "Understanding the rise in Channel crossings", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/placeholder-large.png" }, "inLanguage": "en-gb", "name": "IPPR", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "search?q={search_term_string}" }, "publisher": { "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research" }, "url": "https://www.ippr.org/" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "logo": "https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1728042372&s=8a847c4db4306ed8d94f595faa2d2f52", "url": "https://www.ippr.org/", "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR","https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853","https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw","https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK","https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk"], "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey's Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"} , "email": "", "name": "IPPR", "contactPoint" : [ { "@type" : "ContactPoint", "telephone" : "+442074706100", "contactType" : "Reception", "areaServed" : "GB", "availableLanguage": "English" } ] } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "LocalBusiness", "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/", "name": "IPPR", "email": "", "logo": "https://ippr-org.transforms.svdcdn.com/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&q=100&auto=format&fit=crop&dm=1728042372&s=8a847c4db4306ed8d94f595faa2d2f52", "telephone": "+442074706100", "priceRange": "$$", "url": "https://www.ippr.org/", "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853", "https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/", "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw", "https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK", "https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk" ], "image": [ ] , "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey's Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"} , "contactPoint" : [ { "@type" : "ContactPoint", "telephone" : "+442074706100", "contactType" : "Reception", "areaServed" : "GB", "availableLanguage": "English" } ] } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "Understanding the rise in Channel crossings", "datePublished": "2022-10-26T00:01:00+01:00", "image": [ ] , "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/articles/understanding-the-rise-in-channel-crossings" } } </script></body></html>