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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paris Opera Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Opera_Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestre_de_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestre_de_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orchestre de Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestre_de_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classical music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cité_de_la_Musique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cité_de_la_Musique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Cité de la Musique</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cité_de_la_Musique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_in_the_cathedral_and_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_in_the_cathedral_and_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music in the cathedral and churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_in_the_cathedral_and_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Opéra-Comique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Opéra-Comique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Opéra-Comique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Opéra-Comique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Musical theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Music halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bal_musette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bal_musette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span><span><i>Bal musette</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bal_musette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_and_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_and_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Rock and popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_and_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Jazz clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Music schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Military music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_and_subway_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_and_subway_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Street and subway musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_and_subway_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_school_fo_music_perfoming_in_the_square.jpg/450px-Paris_school_fo_music_perfoming_in_the_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Paris_school_fo_music_perfoming_in_the_square.jpg/600px-Paris_school_fo_music_perfoming_in_the_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Music school students play on a Paris square</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concert_Laplage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Concert_Laplage.JPG/300px-Concert_Laplage.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Concert_Laplage.JPG/450px-Concert_Laplage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Concert_Laplage.JPG/600px-Concert_Laplage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Concert at a Paris club, LaPlage de Glazart</figcaption></figure> <p>Music in the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, includes a variety of genres, from opera and symphonic music to musical theater, jazz, rock, <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bal-musette" title="Bal-musette">Bal-musette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">gypsy jazz</a>, and every variety of world music, particularly music from Africa and North Africa. such as the Algerian-born music known as <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a>. Leading musical institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris" title="Orchestre de Paris">Orchestre de Paris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatory">Paris Conservatory</a>, the first state music conservatory in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique" title="Cité de la Musique">Cité de la Musique</a> at La Villette is home of the new Paris Symphony Hall, the Conservatory, a museum of musical instruments, and Le Zenith, a major venue for popular music. Many of the churches in Paris have magnificent historic organs, and often host concerts. The city is also known for its music halls and clubs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris_Opera">Paris Opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Paris Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg/220px-Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg/330px-Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg/440px-Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann_%C3%A0_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille_Paris_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Tales of Hoffmann">Tales of Hoffmann</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Bastille" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Bastille">Opera Bastille</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Paris Opera, officially called the <i>Opéra National de Paris</i> founded in 1669, is the oldest and most famous <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> company of France. It mainly produces operas at its modern 2700-seat theatre <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</a> which opened in 1989, and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballets</a> and some classical operas at the older 1970-seat <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> which opened in 1875. Small scale and contemporary works are also staged in the 500-seat Amphitheatre under the Opéra Bastille. The company's annual budget is in the order of 200 million euros, of which 100 million come from the French state and 70 million from box office receipts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this money, the company runs the two houses and supports a large permanent staff, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> of 170, a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> of 110 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Corps_de_ballet" title="Corps de ballet">corps de ballet</a></i> of 150.<sup id="cite_ref-tola_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each year, the Opéra presents about 380 performances of opera, ballet and other concerts, to a total audience of about 800,000 people (of whom 17% come from abroad), which is a very good average seat occupancy rate of 94%.<sup id="cite_ref-tola_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tola-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2012–13 season, the Opéra presented 18 opera titles (two in a double bill), 13 ballets, 5 symphonic concerts and two vocal recitals, plus 15 other programmes. The company's training bodies are also active, with 7 concerts from the Atelier Lyrique and 4 programmes from the École de Danse.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris_Opera_Ballet">Paris Opera Ballet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paris Opera Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet" title="Paris Opera Ballet">Paris Opera Ballet</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris) is the oldest national <a href="/wiki/Ballet_company" title="Ballet company">ballet company</a> in the world, founded in 1669, just after the Opera; and many European and international ballet companies, can trace their origins to it. Many famous romantic ballets, including <i><a href="/wiki/Giselle" title="Giselle">Giselle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Corsaire" title="Le Corsaire">Le Corsaire</a></i>, were first danced by the Paris Opera company. The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history but since 1994 has been called the Opéra National de Paris (Paris National Opera). The company presents ballet primarily at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>. The director of the Paris Opera Ballet until his resignation in February 2016 was <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Millepied" title="Benjamin Millepied">Benjamin Millepied</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orchestre_de_Paris">Orchestre de Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orchestre de Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/300px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/450px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg/600px-Paris-Philharmonie1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4543" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>The stage of the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a> at La Villette, main venue of the Orchestre de Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris" title="Orchestre de Paris">Orchestre de Paris</a> was established in 1967, following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Concerts_du_Conservatoire" title="Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire">Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire</a>, when conductor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Munch_(conductor)" title="Charles Munch (conductor)">Charles Munch</a> was called on by the Minister of Culture, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> to create a new orchestra in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-andante_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andante-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous musical directors included and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> was hired as an interim music advisor from 1969 to 1971. Later musical directors music include Sir <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Mayevich_Bychkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Mayevich Bychkov">Semyon Bychkov</a>. </p><p>The main venue of the Orchestre de Paris is the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique" title="Cité de la Musique">Cité de la Musique</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Villette" title="Parc de la Villette">Parc de la Villette</a> in the 19th arrondissement. The hall, designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a>, was inaugurated in 2015. The orchestra has 119 musicians, and will be giving fifty concerts during the 2015–2016 season. The musical director since 2010 is <a href="/wiki/Paavo_J%C3%A4rvi" title="Paavo Järvi">Paavo Järvi</a>. He will be replaced in September 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harding" title="Daniel Harding">Daniel Harding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music_and_dance">Classical music and dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paris has several other important orchestras and venues for classical music and dance. The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_Lamoureux" title="Orchestre Lamoureux">Lamoureux Orchestra</a>, officially known as the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts, founded by Claude Lamoureux in 1881, has had an illustrious role in Paris music. It gave the first performances of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes</a></i> (1900 and 1901) and <i><a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a></i> (1905). The current artistic director is Pierre Thilloy, and it performs both classical and new works. Performances are held at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a>, and sometimes at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rex" title="Grand Rex">Grand Rex</a> movie theater, an <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> landmark in the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a> is the home of two professional symphony orchestras. The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France" title="Orchestre National de France">Orchestre National de France</a>, founded in 1934, specializes in French music and tours frequently abroad. It plays regularly at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a>, and its concerts are broadcast on French national radio. Its music director since 2008 is <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Gatti" title="Daniele Gatti">Daniele Gatti</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_Philharmonique_de_Radio_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France">Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France</a>, founded in 1937, performs both contemporary and classical music. It has 141 members, and performs at the auditorium of the Maison de la Radio France. Its musical director is <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Franck" title="Mikko Franck">Mikko Franck</a>. Its concerts are broadcast on radio and television throughout Europe. Radio France also has a choral group, the Choeur de Radio France, the only professional symphonic choir in France, which performs classical, traditional and modern choral works, and also broadcasts regularly on French radio and TV. It is directed by Sofi Jeannin. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salle_Pleyel" title="Salle Pleyel">Salle Pleyel</a> is another important concert venue for classical music. It was home of the Orchestre de Paris until 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cité_de_la_Musique"><span id="Cit.C3.A9_de_la_Musique"></span><i>Cité de la Musique</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cité de la Musique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique" title="Cité de la Musique">Cité de la Musique</a> (City of Music), is a complex of musical institutions that was created beginning in the 1990s in the <a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_Villette" title="Parc de la Villette">Parc de la Villette</a> in, the 19th arrondissement, a former industrial area near the edge of the city. The project was conceived by President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> as a means to create a new cultural center in a working-class neighborhood outside the city center. It was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc and opened in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatory_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatory of Music">Paris Conservatory of Music</a> was transferred there in September 1990. and a large hall for rock concerts and other events, <a href="/wiki/Le_Zenith" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Zenith">Le Zenith</a>, was opened in . The jewel of the ensemble, the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris" title="Philharmonie de Paris">Philharmonie de Paris</a>, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris" title="Orchestre de Paris">Orchestre de Paris</a>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a>, was inaugurated in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_in_the_cathedral_and_churches">Music in the cathedral and churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music in the cathedral and churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/150px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/225px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg/300px-Organ_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>The organ of the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous organ in Paris is that of the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>. It was made in the 18th century by the noted builder <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Clicquot" title="François-Henri Clicquot">François-Henri Clicquot</a>. Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today. The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Aristide Cavaillé-Coll</a>. </p><p>The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at Notre-Dame is one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice (Paris)">Saint Sulpice</a> in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument. </p><p>The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical. It has 110 real <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stops</a>, five 56-key <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a> and a 32-key <a href="/wiki/Pedal_clavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal clavier">pedalboard</a>. In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LANs</a> (Local Area Networks). The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops <i><a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">en chamade</a></i> in the Cavaille-Coll style. The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops <i>en chamade</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg/150px-P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg/225px-P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg/300px-P1230432_Paris_IV_eglise_St-Gervais-St-Protais_orgue_tribune_detail_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The organ of the church of <a href="/wiki/St-Gervais-et-St-Protais" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Gervais-et-St-Protais">St-Gervais-et-St-Protais</a>, played by generations of the <a href="/wiki/Couperin_family" title="Couperin family">Couperin family</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The church of <a href="/wiki/St-Gervais-et-St-Protais" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Gervais-et-St-Protais">St-Gervais-et-St-Protais</a> is one of the great shrines of organ music, thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Couperin_family" title="Couperin family">Couperin family</a>; eight members of the family were organists there from 1656 until 1826. They included <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperin" title="Louis Couperin">Louis Couperin</a> (1626-1661), and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> (1668-1733) authors of celebrated masses and other compositions for the instrument. The grand organ of Couperin is still in place on the Tribune above the entrance at the back of the church. The first organ was constructed by Mathis Languhedul of Flanders in 1601; followed by new organ made by the French dynasty of Pierre, Alexandre and François Thierry, between 1649 and 1714; then rebuilt by François-Henri Cliquot in 1769, with many restorations over the following years. The organ itself is a registered historic landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another well-known organ in Paris is the organ of the American Cathedral in Paris on Avenue George V. Built in 1887 by the prestigious French firm Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, it was inaugurated on October 5, 1887, by Alexandre Guilmant. It has been suggested that Marcel Dupré is the person most responsible for the evolution of the instrument, which is still one of the largest in Paris: it was Dupré who acted as consultant, first in 1922, again in 1930, then again in the 1950s, with Maurice Duruflé. The latest restoration was completed in 1993 by the organ firm of Bernard Dargassies with the generous support of the Paulé Foundation and other Cathedral members. The organ was re-dedicated on February 21, 1993, and re-inaugurated on May 18, 1993, by Marie-Madeleine Duruflé, and on May 30, 1993, by Marilyn Keiser.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African-American gospel musicians are well known in Paris and some of them have taken permanent residence here.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many churches in Paris host free concerts on Sunday afternoons. A few well-known examples include the Sunday "Les Dimanches Musicaux" concerts<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the American Cathedral in Paris, an English speaking church located on Avenue George V, and similar programs at other churches around Paris including La Madeleine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Opéra-Comique"><span id="The_Op.C3.A9ra-Comique"></span>The Opéra-Comique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Opéra-Comique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> theater has a long and illustrious history; founded in 1753, it hosted the first performances of Bizet's <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i> and of <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelléas et Mélisande">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, and the French premieres of the operas of Puccini. In recent years the historic theater went through economic difficulties, and the permanent company was disbanded in 1972, but the theater continues to present productions by several different companies of both classical and new works of opera and musical theater. The building was closed in 2015 for eighteen months of extensive renovations. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro19961033–1035_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro19961033–1035-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_theater">Musical theater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musical theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">Musical theater</a> became very popular in Paris in the mid-19th century, largely because of the witty and well-crafted musical works of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, but the genre nearly disappeared in the 20th century, due in large part to high costs and to competition from motion pictures. In the 1980s and 1990s, Paris reversed the trend hosted the premieres of two mega-musicals, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Miserables</a></i>, based on the novel by Victor Hugo, with music by <a href="/wiki/Claude-Michel_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Claude-Michel Schönberg">Claude-Michel Schönberg</a> and original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel, opened in Paris in 1980, and <i><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)">Notre Dame de Paris</a></i>, also based on a novel by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, with music composed by <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Cocciante" title="Riccardo Cocciante">Riccardo Cocciante</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Luc_Plamondon" title="Luc Plamondon">Luc Plamondon</a>, which opened on September 16, 1998. Both musicals started in Paris and went on to success in London, New York and around the world. </p><p>Today the main venue for musicals is the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9atre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" class="mw-redirect" title="Théatre du Châtelet">Théatre du Châtelet</a>, which regularly brings <a href="/wiki/Broadway_musicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway musicals">Broadway musicals</a> from New York to Paris. In 2015, the musical <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(musical)" title="An American in Paris (musical)">An American in Paris</a></i> was previewed first at the Chatelet before going to New York for a successful run. The theater is presenting <i><a href="/wiki/Passion_(musical)" title="Passion (musical)">Passion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> in its 2016 season </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_halls">Music halls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moulinrouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Moulinrouge.jpg/150px-Moulinrouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Moulinrouge.jpg/225px-Moulinrouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Moulinrouge.jpg/300px-Moulinrouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The music hall was first imported to Paris from London in 1862, and became enormously popular, with dancers, singers, acrobats, magicians trained animals. In the 1920s and 1930s they focused on music, and introduced many famous singers including <a href="/wiki/Mistinguett" title="Mistinguett">Mistinguett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Piaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Piaf">Edith Piaf</a>. The traditional clubs include the <a href="/wiki/Folies-Bergere" class="mw-redirect" title="Folies-Bergere">Folies-Bergere</a>, founded in 1869, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a> founded in 1889, which first presented the dance known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Cancan" title="French Cancan">French Cancan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympia_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/150px-Olympia_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/225px-Olympia_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympia_facade.jpg/300px-Olympia_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Paris)" title="Olympia (Paris)">Olympia</a> Music Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Olympia">Olympia</a>, founded in 1893, in 1911 became the first music hall to stage its shows on a huge stairway. The Moulin Rouge, Folies-Bergere and <a href="/wiki/Casino_de_Paris" title="Casino de Paris">Casino de Paris</a> continue to present spectacular musical reviews, though their clientele now is mainly tourists. The <a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Paris)" title="Olympia (Paris)">Olympia</a> Music Hall has been transformed into a concert hall, presenting well-known singers and bands. A few new music halls have appeared, including the <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Saloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crazy Horse Saloon">Crazy Horse Saloon</a>, which feature music and chorus lines of dancers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bal_musette"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bal musette</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bal musette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bal_musette" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal musette">Bal musette</a></i></span> is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDregni200819_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDregni200819-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrons danced the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e" title="Bourrée">bourrée</a></i></span> to the accompaniment of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cabrette" title="Cabrette">cabrette</a></i></span> (a <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>-blown <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> locally called a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">musette</i></span>) and often the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Vielle_%C3%A0_roue" class="mw-redirect" title="Vielle à roue">vielle à roue</a></i></span> (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. French and Italian musicians who played the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> adopted the style and established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a> bars, especially in the <a href="/wiki/19th_arrondissement" class="mw-redirect" title="19th arrondissement">19th arrondissement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDregni200832_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDregni200832-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It evolved into several different musical and dance styles, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tango-musette</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pas-musette</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">valse-musette</i></span>, all designed to be danced by partners close together in a small space. Its popularity declined after World War II, faced with competition from rock and roll and other forms of entertainment. A few jazz and dance clubs still present the music, and a few authentic <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bals</i></span> are still held in the neighborhoods of the city. One club, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vieux Belleville</i></span> at 12 rue des Envierges in the 20th arrondissement, is devoted to reviving <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bal-musette</i></span> music and dancing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_and_popular_music">Rock and popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rock and popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_(24036818281).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg/220px-Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg/330px-Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg/440px-Madonna_-_Rebel_Heart_Tour_2015_-_Paris_2_%2824036818281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="AccorHotels Arena">AccorHotels Arena</a> (2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>Paris offers concerts by French and international rock groups of all genres of rock and popular music. The largest concerts take place in the <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a>, the national sports stadium located just outside Paris in Saint Denis. It seats eighty-one thousand persons. In 2015 it was the venue for concerts by <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, and in 2016 hosted concerts by <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>. </p><p>The largest concert venue within the city itself is the <a href="/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="AccorHotels Arena">AccorHotels Arena</a>. (formerly known as Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy and the Bercy Arena) which can seat up to twenty thousand persons. <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a> have performed there, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday" title="Johnny Hallyday">Johnny Hallyday</a> made videos of four of his concerts in the arena. <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a> are scheduled to perform there in 2016. </p><p>Another major concert venue is <a href="/wiki/Le_Zenith" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Zenith">Le Zenith</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_la_Musique" title="Cité de la Musique">Cité de la Musique</a>, which opened in 1983 and seats 6,293 persons. Over the years, the venue has played host to many French artists including: <a href="/wiki/Jenifer_Bartoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenifer Bartoli">Jenifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman" title="Jean-Jacques Goldman">Jean-Jacques Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Paradis" title="Vanessa Paradis">Vanessa Paradis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday" title="Johnny Hallyday">Johnny Hallyday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sardou" title="Michel Sardou">Michel Sardou</a>. Also, international artists including: <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Keys" title="Alicia Keys">Alicia Keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, </p><p>Several former musical theaters now present regular concerts of rock music. These include the <a href="/wiki/Bobino" title="Bobino">Bobino</a> Music Hall, founded in 1873, which hosted many of France's most famous singers, including Josephine Baker and Juliette Greco. It closed in 1983, but reopened in 1991. In 2007, it was turned into a cabaret named Bobin'o, located in Montparnasse, at 20 rue de la Gaieté in the 14th arrondissement. The <a href="/wiki/Bataclan_(theatre)" title="Bataclan (theatre)">Bataclan</a>, founded in 1864, presented musical comedy. It was transformed into a rock club in the 1960s. The Bataclan was the scene of a notorious terrorist attack on November 13, 2015, which killed eighty-nine people. The theater was closed after the attacks; the interior was rebuilt, and it reopened with a performance by <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> on November 12, 2016. </p><p>Concentrations of music clubs are found in the streets between Chatelet, Les Halles and the Pompidou Center, and around Bastille, while others are found in the outer arrondissements. Popular music clubs uncle <i>Le Klub</i> at 14 rue Saint-Denis in the 1st arrondissement; <i> La Mechanique Ondulatoire</i>, at 8 Passage Thiéré, near Bastille, known for punk and metal. Clubs in the outer arrondissements include <i>LaPlage de Glazart</i>, a former bus station turned tint an underground music venue, at 1915 Avenue de la Porte de la Villette in the 19th arrondissement; <i>Le Batofar</i>, a former Irish floating lighthouse that now has a small concert hall, at Porte de la Gare in the 13th arrondissement, known for reggae, heavy metal, and aerobe; and <i>L'Alimentation Générale</i>, a large club which features an assortment of Brazilian, Cuban, West African High Life, East European jazz, and French hip-hop and electro-funk. Other well-known clubs include the <i>Flèche d'Or</i>, in a former train station at 102 rue de Bagndet in the 20th arrondissement; <i>Le China</i>, a Chinese restaurant and rock club at 50 rue Chareton, known for Manouche, R&B, funk and soul music; <i>Le Pompon</i>, at 5 Avenue de l'Opera, known for independent bands and electro-pop DJs, and <i>Les Trois Baudets</i>, a venerable club and concert hall where musicians including <a href="/wiki/Georges_Brassens" title="Georges Brassens">Georges Brassens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gr%C3%A9co" title="Juliette Gréco">Juliette Gréco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg" title="Serge Gainsbourg">Serge Gainsbourg</a> once played, which now presents French pop, electro and rap music, located at 64 Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jazz_clubs">Jazz clubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jazz clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg/220px-Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg/330px-Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg/440px-Le_Caveau_de_la_Huchette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3603" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>The Caveau de la Huchette jazz club</figcaption></figure> <p>Jazz was introduced to Paris during World War I by a black American army band led by <a href="/wiki/James_Reese_Europe" title="James Reese Europe">James Reese Europe</a>, and took by storm the Paris music halls of the 1920s. It had a resurgence of popularity after World War II, where jazz clubs flourished in the cellars of the quarter of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila2007268–269_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila2007268–269-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today a wide variety of jazz is played in Paris clubs, which often have two performances at night and stay open until four in the morning. Notable clubs cited in a March 2015 survey of the best Paris jazz clubs by the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> include the 'Caveau de la Huchette', the last survivor of the cellar clubs of the 1950s, located in the basement of a 16th-century building in the 5th arrondissement; the 'Improviste', located on a barge on the Seine, known for <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> music; the 'Bab-Ilo' next to Montmartre, known for Brazilian and Caribbean jazz; the 'Café Universel' on Rue Saint Jacques, popular with students and noted for vocal music. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg/220px-Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg/330px-Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg/440px-Sunset-Sunside_-_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The Sunset-Sunside jazz club</figcaption></figure> <p>Three jazz clubs cited by the <i> Washington Post</i>, all in existence since the 1980s, are in the same neighborhood on Rue des Lombards near <a href="/wiki/Les_Halles" title="Les Halles">Les Halles</a>; the 'Duc des Lombards', 'Sunset-Sunside', which feature well-known French and international groups, and 'Le Baiser Sale', which features fusion and world music, and many groups from West Africa. <a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">Manouche</a>, or gypsy jazz, a more traditional style made famous by jazz musicians <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a> in the 1930s, is the speciality of some clubs, notably the 'Atelier Charonne' near Place de la Bastille, and the 'New Morning' in the 10th arrondissement, which also features rock and funk groups.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paris hosts several notable jazz festivals, including the Jazz sur Seine festival in October, and the more traditional Jazz Musette des Puces in June. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_schools">Music schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Era_Orchestra,_Cortot_Hall,_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg/220px-New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg/330px-New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg/440px-New_Era_Orchestra%2C_Cortot_Hall%2C_%C3%89cole_normale_de_musique_de_Paris%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5544" data-file-height="3667" /></a><figcaption>A concert in the Salle Cortot of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris" title="École Normale de Musique de Paris">École Normale de Musique de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Paris has several important academic institutions devoted to musical education. The first and most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>, founded in 1795 shortly after the French Revolution, formally known as the <i>Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris</i> or CNSMDP. It was the first state music conservatory in Europe; famous students and faculty included composers <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>. The school now located within the Cité de la Musique, near the Philharmonic Hall, in the 19th arrondissement. </p><p>The first and most famous ballet school in France, the <i>École de danse de l'Opéra national de Paris</i>, the school of dance of the Paris opera, was founded in 1669 for adult dancers, and began taking children as students beginning in 1776. Virtually all of the main dancers of the Paris ballet are graduates of the school. In 1987 the ballet school was relocated from the Opera house to the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996702_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996702-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Schola_Cantorum_de_Paris" title="Schola Cantorum de Paris">Schola Cantorum de Paris</a> was founded in 1896 as a rival to the Conservatory; it put an emphasis on technique, and on the study of late Baroque and early Classical works, Gregorian chant, and Renaissance polyphony. Famous students included composers <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Roussel" title="Albert Roussel">Albert Roussel</a>. The school is located in a former convent in the 5th arrondissement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris" title="École Normale de Musique de Paris">École Normale de Musique de Paris</a> was founded in 1919 by Auguste Mangeot and pianist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a>, and today is under the patronage of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous faculty members of the school include <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a> (composer of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i>), composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>, harpsichordist <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Landowska" title="Wanda Landowska">Wanda Landowska</a>, and conductor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Munch_(conductor)" title="Charles Munch (conductor)">Charles Munch</a>. The school has a small <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> concert hall, the Salle Cortot, designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a>, which is notable for its excellent acoustics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_Rachmaninoff" title="Conservatoire Rachmaninoff">Conservatoire Rachmaninoff</a> is a private music school was which established between 1923 and 1931 by emigres fleeing the Russian Revolution, including <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>. Its honorary president was composer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>. Today it provides music instruction in both French and Russian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_music">Military music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg/220px-Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg/330px-Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg/440px-Republican_Guard_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t113112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Fanfare of the <a href="/wiki/Garde_Republicaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Garde Republicaine">Garde Republicaine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The French military in Paris has several musical ensembles, bands and choral groups. The most famous is the band of the <a href="/wiki/Garde_Republicaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Garde Republicaine">Garde Republicaine</a>, some of whose musicians perform on horseback. They are a traditional part of the annual parade on the Champs-Élyseés celebrating <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> on July 14. The band, and a string orchestra belonging to the Garde Republicaine, play for presidential receptions at the Élysée Palace and other official occasions. The Ministry of Defense has a music school, the Conservatory of Military Music of the Army, located in Versailles. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, or national police force, formally part of the French military, has its own band and orchestra. The prefecture of police in Paris, separate from the Gendarmerie, has its own orchestra called the <i>Musique des Gardiens de la Paix</i>, which belongs to the <i><a href="/wiki/Compagnies_R%C3%A9publicaines_de_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité">Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité</a></i> or CRS, best known as the Paris riot police. It is based at Vélizy, in the Paris suburbs. The brigade of Paris firemen, also formally members of the military, has a musical unit, called the <i>Musique de la brigade de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris</i>. It includes an orchestra, a band, a small jazz-rock band, and several smaller ensembles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Street_and_subway_musicians">Street and subway musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Street and subway musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The profession of street musician has existed in Paris since the Middle Ages- street singers and musicians had their own professional guild. Beginning in the 17th century, the most popular venue for musicians was the Pont Neuf. (See <a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_Paris" title="History of music in Paris">History of music in Paris</a>). Today street musicians of every variety can be found on the squares and steers in the center of Paris, wherever people gather. The musicians who perform in the tunnels of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris Metro</a> belong to a special category; because of limited space, they must audition and are selected for assignment to particular locations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doshpuluur_player,_Paris_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mongolian Tovshuur player"><img alt="A Mongolian Tovshuur player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/304px-Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/456px-Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg/607px-Doshpuluur_player%2C_Paris_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Mongolian Tovshuur player</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hot_Sugar_Band,_Paris_July_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hot Sugar Band at Saint=Germain-des-Pres"><img alt="The Hot Sugar Band at Saint=Germain-des-Pres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg/291px-The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg/436px-The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg/581px-The_Hot_Sugar_Band%2C_Paris_July_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3567" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hot Sugar Band at Saint=Germain-des-Pres</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musicians in the Paris Metro stations must pass an audition to have a place"><img alt="Musicians in the Paris Metro stations must pass an audition to have a place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/338px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/507px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg/675px-Paris_Metro_orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Musicians in the Paris Metro stations must pass an audition to have a place</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A brass band on the Pont des Arts"><img alt="A brass band on the Pont des Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/300px-Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/451px-Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg/600px-Brass_band_on_Pont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brass band on the <a href="/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont des Arts</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_(Paris)_(7421982098).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg/220px-La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg/330px-La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg/440px-La_f%C3%AAte_de_la_musique_au_centre_culturel_dEgypte_%28Paris%29_%287421982098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian dancers at the <a href="/wiki/Fete_de_la_Musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fete de la Musique">Fete de la Musique</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of musical festivals take place annually in Paris, including the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Jazz_Festival" title="Paris Jazz Festival">Paris Jazz Festival</a> and the rock festival <a href="/wiki/Rock_en_Seine" title="Rock en Seine">Rock en Seine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fete_de_la_Musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fete de la Musique">Fete de la Musique</a>, held annually on 21 June (<a href="/wiki/Summer_Solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Solstice">Summer Solstice</a>), features free performances of classical, rock, jazz and world music at venues all over Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_Paris" title="History of music in Paris">History of music in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground organ</a>, an instrument originated in Paris</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artistikrezo.com/musique/decouverte-portrait/interview-bernard-stirn-president-du-conseil-dadministration-de-lopera-de-paris.html">Interview</a> with the President of the Board of the Opéra <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tola-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tola_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tola_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Company profile, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf">Tous à l'Opéra 2012 press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205416/http://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 52,53 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opéra national de Paris website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013">2012/13 season presentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808063839/http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013/">Archived</a> 2012-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andante-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andante_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndante2004" class="citation web cs1">Andante (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207">"Orchestre de Paris"</a>. Andante.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orchestre+de+Paris&rft.pub=Andante.com&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Andante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andante.com%2Farticle%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D23207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources Vives, <i>L'èglise Saint-Gervais</i>, pages 119-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193737/http://amcathparis.com/organ/">"American Cathedral in Paris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amcathparis.com/organ/">the original</a> on 2017-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=10+best+music+clubs+in+Paris&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.au=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2011%2Fmay%2F06%2F10-best-paris-music-venues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVila2007268–269-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVila2007268–269_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVila2007">Vila 2007</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post" class="citation news cs1">Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/vive-le-jazz-parisian-style/2015/03/05/43c5ed34-bd40-11e4-b274-e5209a3bc9a9_story.html">"The best jazz clubs in Paris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+best+jazz+clubs+in+Paris&rft.au=Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2Fvive-le-jazz-parisian-style%2F2015%2F03%2F05%2F43c5ed34-bd40-11e4-b274-e5209a3bc9a9_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996702-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996702_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFierro1996">Fierro 1996</a>, p. 702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ecole_Normale_de_Musique_de_Paris_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705074807/http://www.ecolenormalecortot.com/rep1/index.html">"ENMP"</a>. Ecole Normale de Musique de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecolenormalecortot.com/rep1/index.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENMP&rft.pub=Ecole+Normale+de+Musique+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecolenormalecortot.com%2Frep1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYouOriginal2017" class="citation cs2">YouOriginal (2017-07-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1vOg52FYRY"><i>Amazing Violinist Busking in The Subway</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+Violinist+Busking+in+The+Subway&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.au=YouOriginal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dm1vOg52FYRY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/">"Rock en Seine '13"</a>. Efestivals.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+en+Seine+%2713&rft.pub=Efestivals.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efestivals.co.uk%2Ffestivals%2Frockenseine%2F2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Paris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamschroederWilliams1990" class="citation book cs1">Damschroeder, David; Williams, David Russell (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAw3PBpdEw4C&pg=PA157"><i>Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide</i></a>. Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-99-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-99-9"><bdi>978-0-918728-99-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Theory+from+Zarlino+to+Schenker%3A+A+Bibliography+and+Guide&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-918728-99-9&rft.aulast=Damschroeder&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAw3PBpdEw4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregni2008" class="citation book cs1">Dregni, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smcDVbulh1gC&pg=PA32"><i>Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804262-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804262-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsy+Jazz+%3A+In+Search+of+Django+Reinhardt+and+the+Soul+of+Gypsy+Swing%3A+In+Search+of+Django+Reinhardt+and+the+Soul+of+Gypsy+Swing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804262-4&rft.aulast=Dregni&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmcDVbulh1gC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1904" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, P.C., ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27MqAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4"><i>School Music: A Magazine for Music Educators</i></a> (Public domain ed.). P.C. Hayden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Music%3A+A+Magazine+for+Music+Educators&rft.edition=Public+domain&rft.pub=P.C.+Hayden&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27MqAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro1996" class="citation book cs1">Fierro, Alfred (1996). <i>Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris</i>. Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-07862-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-07862-4"><bdi>2-221-07862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-221-07862-4&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceGondrand2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris0000unse_b2o4"><i>Paris (City Guide)</i></a></span> (12th ed.). London: Insight Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812820792" title="Special:BookSources/9789812820792"><bdi>9789812820792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+%28City+Guide%29&rft.place=London&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Insight+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789812820792&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Gondrand%2C+Fabienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis0000unse_b2o4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMroue2006" class="citation book cs1">Mroue, Haas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nUVnF1rPXoC&pg=PA8"><i>Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03712-6"><bdi>978-0-470-03712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Memorable+Walks+in+Paris&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03712-6&rft.aulast=Mroue&rft.aufirst=Haas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nUVnF1rPXoC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederWagner2009" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Alan; Wagner, Heather Lehr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pelF1O7b2xwC&pg=PA38"><i>Josephine Baker: Entertainer</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0086-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+Entertainer&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0086-9&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Heather+Lehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpelF1O7b2xwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillierSpenley2012" class="citation book cs1">Tillier, Alan; Spenley, Katherine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfOjwHfJWsC&pg=PA34"><i>DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Paris</i></a>. DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9119-6"><bdi>978-0-7566-9119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide%3A+Paris&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9119-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Spenley%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjfOjwHfJWsC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Commission_to_the_Paris_Universal_Exposition,_18671870" class="citation book cs1">United States. Commission to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867 (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOXudGHoGYkC&pg=RA2"><i>Reports of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867</i></a>. Vol. 5 (Public domain ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+United+States+Commissioners+to+the+Paris+Universal+Exposition%2C+1867&rft.edition=Public+domain&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1870&rft.au=United+States.+Commission+to+the+Paris+Universal+Exposition%2C+1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOXudGHoGYkC%26pg%3DRA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVila2007" class="citation book cs1">Vila, Marie Christine (2007). <i>Paris musique</i>. Parigramme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-419-3"><bdi>978-2-84096-419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+musique&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-419-3&rft.aulast=Vila&rft.aufirst=Marie+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+in+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Craig (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg1niC-MENsC"><i>Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500-1550</i></a>. 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