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id="toc-Names_and_spellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_spellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Names and spellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_spellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scotch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_distilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_distilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early distilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_distilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland_and_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland_and_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ireland and Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland_and_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grain_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grain preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Malting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Milling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Mashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturation_(Aging)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation_(Aging)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Maturation (Aging)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation_(Aging)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Canadian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Danish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Finnish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Irish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Mexican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotch_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotch_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Scotch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotch_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Swedish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Taiwanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavours_from_treating_the_malt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavours_from_treating_the_malt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Flavours from treating the malt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavours_from_treating_the_malt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavours_from_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavours_from_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Flavours from distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavours_from_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavours_from_oak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavours_from_oak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Flavours from oak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavours_from_oak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavours_and_colouring_from_additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavours_and_colouring_from_additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Flavours and colouring from additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavours_and_colouring_from_additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chill_filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chill_filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Chill filtration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chill_filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whisky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ويسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCisqui" title="Güisqui – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güisqui" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="হুইস্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুইস্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Віскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Віскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="विस्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विस्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Уиски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уиски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisgi" title="Wisgi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wisgi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ουίσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskio" title="Viskio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viskio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiski" title="Whiski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Whiski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ویسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisce_beatha" title="Uisce beatha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uisce beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisge-beatha" title="Uisge-beatha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uisge-beatha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="위스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Վիսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="व्हिस्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्हिस्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskio" title="Wiskio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wiskio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visk%C3%AD" title="Viskí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viskí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="ויסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisikii" title="Wisikii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wisikii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಿಸ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಸ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ვისკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვისკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vischium" title="Vischium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vischium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskijs" title="Viskijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viskijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskis" title="Viskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisik%C3%AD" title="Wisikí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Wisikí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="व्हिस्की – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="व्हिस्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="വിസ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിസ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ვისკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვისკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ويسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE" title="ဝီစကီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီစကီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ウイスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਵਿਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وہسکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وہسکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%ADsque" title="Uísque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uísque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiski" title="Uiski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uiski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ویسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="விஸ்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விஸ்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="วิสกี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิสกี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Виски – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Виски" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Віскі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віскі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viski" title="Viski – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Viski" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Whisky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%BF%8C" title="威士忌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威士忌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="וויסקי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויסקי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%BF%8C" title="威士忌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威士忌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%B1ski" title="Wıski – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wıski" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%BF%8C" title="威士忌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威士忌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiski" title="Wiski – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Wiski" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distilled alcoholic beverage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the alcoholic beverage. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Whisky_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Whisky (disambiguation)">Whisky (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Whisky</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg/220px-Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg/330px-Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg/440px-Whiskyhogmanay2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A glass of whisky</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Distilled beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">13th–15th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">At least 40%<sup id="cite_ref-ABVWhiskMag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABVWhiskMag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (37% in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43% in South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-ABVWhiskMag_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABVWhiskMag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80 and higher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td class="infobox-data">Pale gold to dark amber</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">Malt</a>, water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_whisky" title="English whisky">English whisky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_whisky" title="Welsh whisky">Welsh whisky</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Whisky</b> or <b>whiskey</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mash</a>. Various grains (which may be <a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">malted</a>) are used for different varieties, including <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. Whisky is typically <a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">aged</a> in wooden <a href="/wiki/Cask" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask">casks</a>, which are typically made of charred <a href="/wiki/White_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="White oak">white oak</a>. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging of <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> are also sometimes used. </p><p>Whisky is a strictly regulated <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic spirit">spirit</a> worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, and aging in wooden barrels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>whisky</i> (or <i>whiskey</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a> word <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">uisce</i></span> (or <span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">uisge</i></span>) meaning "water" (now written as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">uisce</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Irish">Modern Irish</a>, and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">uisge</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>). This Gaelic word shares its ultimate <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary#Natural_features" title="Indo-European vocabulary">origins</a> with Germanic <i>water</i> and Slavic <i>voda</i> of the same meaning. Distilled alcohol was known in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aqua_vitae" title="Aqua vitae">aqua vitae</a></i></span> ("water of life"). This was <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">translated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> as <span title="Middle Irish (900-1200)-language text"><i lang="mga">uisce betha[d]</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Uisce_beatha" title="Uisce beatha">uisce beatha</a></i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈɪʃcə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʲahə]</a></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">uisge beatha</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈɯʃkʲə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɛhə]</a></span> in Scottish Gaelic. Early forms of the word in English included <i>uskebeaghe</i> (1581), <i>usquebaugh</i> (1610), <i>usquebath</i> (1621), and <i>usquebae</i> (1715).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_spellings">Names and spellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names and spellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much is made of the word's two spellings: <i>whisky</i> and <i>whiskey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two schools of thought on the issue. One is that the spelling difference is simply a matter of regional language convention for the spelling of a word, indicating that the spelling varies depending on the intended audience or the background or personal preferences of the writer (like the difference between <i>color</i> and <i>colour</i>; or <i>recognize</i> and <i>recognise</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other is that the spelling should depend on the style or origin of the spirit being described. There is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, one should not alter its spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderySpelling1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spelling <i>whiskey</i> is common in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, while <i>whisky</i> is used in all other whisky-producing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the usage has not always been consistent. From the late eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used <i>whiskey</i> as the accepted spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US and <i>whisky</i> for aged grain spirits made outside the US.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some prominent American brands, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Dickel" title="George Dickel">George Dickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maker%27s_Mark" title="Maker's Mark">Maker's Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Forester" title="Old Forester">Old Forester</a> (all made by different companies), use the <i>whisky</i> spelling on their labels, and the <i>Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits</i>, the legal regulations for spirit in the US, also use the <i>whisky</i> spelling throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr5.22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotch">Scotch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scotch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whisky made in Scotland is simply called <i>whisky</i> within Scotland. Elsewhere and in the regulations of the <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Whisky_Association" title="Scotch Whisky Association">Scotch Whisky Association</a> (SWA) that govern its production, it is commonly called <i><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></i> or simply <i>Scotch</i> (especially in North America). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_distilling">Early distilling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early distilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> was practised by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>, with perfumes and aromatics being distilled,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is subject to uncertain and disputed interpretations of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the 1st century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early description of the technique was given by <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (1232–1315).<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use spread through medieval <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">colic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dotcom_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotcom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland_and_Scotland">Ireland and Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ireland and Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling "<a href="/wiki/Aqua_vitae" title="Aqua vitae">aqua vitae</a>", spirit alcohol, primarily for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-whisky_tech_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whisky_tech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh#History" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Guild of Barber Surgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whisky_tech_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whisky_tech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest mention of whiskey in Ireland comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Annals of Clonmacnoise">Annals of Clonmacnoise</a></i>, which attributes the death of a chieftain in 1405 to "taking a surfeit of aqua vitae" at Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Annals_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, the first evidence of whisky production comes from an entry in the <i>Exchequer Rolls</i> for 1495 where malt is sent "To Friar <a href="/wiki/John_Cor" title="John Cor">John Cor</a>, by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> (r. 1488–1513) reportedly had a great liking for Scotch whisky, and in 1506 the town of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/220px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/330px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg/440px-Distillerie_OldBushmills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Bushmills_Distillery" title="Old Bushmills Distillery">Old Bushmills Distillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The distillation process was still in its infancy; whisky itself was not allowed to age, and as a result tasted very raw and brutal compared to today's versions. <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted. Over time whisky evolved into a much smoother drink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1707, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> merged England and Scotland into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, and thereafter taxes on distilled spirits rose dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following parliament's divisive <a href="/wiki/Malt_tax" title="Malt tax">malt tax</a> of 1725, most of Scotland's distillation was either shut down or forced underground. Scotch whisky was hidden under altars, in coffins, and in any available space to avoid the governmental <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">excisemen</a> or revenuers.<sup id="cite_ref-dotcom_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotcom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish distillers, operating out of homemade stills, took to distilling whisky at night when the darkness hid the smoke from the stills. For this reason, the drink became known as <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, it was estimated that over half of Scotland's whisky output was illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In America, whisky was used as currency during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> operated <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill#Distillery" title="George Washington's Gristmill">a large distillery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>. Given the distances and primitive transportation network of colonial America, farmers often found it easier and more profitable to convert corn to whisky and transport it to market in that form. It also was a highly coveted trade good, and when an additional excise tax was levied against it in 1791, the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> erupted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erskine_Nicol,_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_(1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg/170px-Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg/255px-Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg/340px-Erskine_Nicol%2C_A_Nip_against_the_Cold_%281869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>A man pours some whisky into a flask in this 1869 oil painting by Scottish artist <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Nicol" title="Erskine Nicol">Erskine Nicol</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The drinking of Scotch whisky was introduced to India in the nineteenth century. The first distillery in India was built by Edward Dyer at <a href="/wiki/Kasauli" title="Kasauli">Kasauli</a> in the late 1820s. The operation was soon shifted to nearby <a href="/wiki/Solan" title="Solan">Solan</a> (close to the British <a href="/wiki/Summer_capital" title="Summer capital">summer capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>), as there was an abundant supply of fresh spring water there.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1823, the UK passed the Excise Act, legalizing distillation (for a fee), and this put a practical end to the large-scale production of Scottish moonshine.<sup id="cite_ref-dotcom_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotcom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey" title="Aeneas Coffey">Aeneas Coffey</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">Coffey still</a>, allowing for a cheaper and more efficient distillation of whisky. In 1850, Andrew Usher began producing a <a href="/wiki/Blended_whisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended whisky">blended whisky</a> that mixed traditional <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot still</a> whisky with that from the new Coffey still. The new distillation method was scoffed at by some Irish distillers, who clung to their traditional <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a>. Many Irish contended that the new product was, in fact, not whisky at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_1000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_1000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1880s, the French <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> industry was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets.<sup id="cite_ref-dotcom_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotcom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies, such as Walgreens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/250px--Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="363" data-mwtitle="Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm/Making_malt_whisky-_from_barley_to_bottle.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg/250px-Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg/375px-Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg/500px-Glenfiddich_Distillery_stills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The production of whisky from barley to bottle <i>(top)</i>, swan necked copper stills in the <a href="/wiki/Glenfiddich" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenfiddich">Glenfiddich</a> distillery <i>(bottom)</i></div></div></div></div><p>Although specific methods may vary among distilleries, whisky production broadly comprises four primary stages: grain preparation, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, distillation, and maturation (aging). This process is typically followed by the two additional stages of bottling and marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_preparation">Grain preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grain preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To initiate whisky production, grains are processed to convert their <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a> into fermentable sugars, which can then be subjected to fermentation and distillation. This process involves <a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">malting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mashing</a> the grains.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malting">Malting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malt production begins with the soaking of grains in water tanks for a period of three days. The soaked grains are then transferred to large containers where germination occurs, initiating the metabolic process that converts starches into sugars. This process is subsequently halted by drying the grains with hot air, a procedure also known as <i>kilning</i>, at the end of which the product is <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>. In the production of Scotch whisky, the air used for kilning is heated by burning <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> bricks in a furnace, imparting the characteristic smoky flavour to the malt.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milling">Milling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Milling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the malting process, the grains are transferred to a dressing machine, which separates the sprouts from the seeds. The grains are then conveyed to a mill for grinding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mashing">Mashing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extraction of sugars to be converted into alcohol is achieved through a process known as mashing. During mashing, the <a href="/wiki/Diastase" title="Diastase">diastase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> is activated, which facilitates the conversion of starches and <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrins</a> into sugars. The ground malt is introduced into a <i><a href="/wiki/Mash_tun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mash tun">mashtun</a></i>, a large vat containing hot water, and is agitated for approximately thirty minutes or more. The water is then drained from the mashtun, which is subsequently refilled with hot water. This procedure is typically repeated between one and three times. Once complete, the resulting liquid, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a></i>, which contains the extracted sugars, is separated from the mash, cooled, and transferred to the <i>washbacks</i>, or fermenting vats.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During fermentation, a specific strain of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> (commonly known as "brewer's yeast"), is introduced to the sugary wort, which provides the necessary nutrients for its <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>. The yeast metabolizes the sugars, producing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">congeners</a>, which can influence the flavor profile of the whisky, either enhancing or suppressing desirable characteristics. The fermenting vats are maintained within a controlled temperature range, typically between 10 and 37.8 °C (50 and 100 °F) which is optimal for yeast activity. Distillers ensure consistency by using the same yeast strain to achieve uniformity in the final whiskey product. Fermentation continues for two days or longer until the alcohol content of the liquid reaches between 5% and 10%. Once fermentation is complete, and the yeast ceases to be active, the resulting liquid is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(distilling)" title="Wash (distilling)">wash</a></i> or <i>distiller's beer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the wash is alcoholic it is still organic, which makes it susceptible to contamination by microorganisms that cause rot. Consequently, it is promptly transferred to the still for boiling to mitigate this risk.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distillation">Distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision to transfer either the entire wash or only the most liquid portion into the still is at the discretion of the distiller, and each choice affects the flavor profile of the final product in distinct ways. Following the transfer of the wash, the still is heated to a temperature sufficient to evaporate the alcohol while remaining low enough to prevent the evaporation of water. Alcohol vapour ascends through the still and is directed to the condenser, which consists of copper tubes or plates, where it condenses back into a liquid form known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">distilled spirit</a></i>. This distilled spirit is meticulously monitored during its extraction. The initial and final portions of the distillate are deemed undesirable and are therefore redirected back into the still. Only the middle portion, considered the most desirable, is collected in the <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_safe" title="Spirit safe">spirits receiver</a></i>. At this stage, the distilled spirit is clear and has an ethanol content ranging from 70% to 80% ABV. It is typically diluted before being transferred to casks for maturation, though some distilleries sell it as is at 'cask strength'.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a> for making whisky is usually made of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, since it removes <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink. Modern stills are made of stainless steel with copper innards (piping, for example, will be lined with copper along with copper plate inlays along still walls). The simplest standard <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> apparatus is commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot still</a>, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">Column stills</a> are frequently used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">grain whisky</a> and are the most commonly used type of still in the production of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon</a> and other American whiskeys. Column stills behave like a series of single pot stills, formed in a long vertical tube. Whereas a single pot still charged with wine might yield a vapour enriched to 40–60% alcohol, a column still can achieve a vapour alcohol content of 95.6%; an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotropic</a> mixture of alcohol and water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation_(Aging)"><span id="Maturation_.28Aging.29"></span>Maturation (Aging)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maturation (Aging)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whiskies do not mature in the bottle, only in the <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">cask</a>, so the "age" of a whisky is only the time between distillation and bottling. This reflects how much the cask has interacted with the whisky, changing its chemical makeup and taste. Whiskies that have been bottled for many years may have a rarity value, but are not "older" and not necessarily "better" than a more recent whisky that matured in wood for a similar time. After a decade or two, additional aging in a barrel does not necessarily improve a whisky,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and excessive aging will even affect it negatively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minimum aging period required for whisky varies by country. In the United States, the minimum aging requirement is typically 2 years, while in Scotland, Ireland, and Canada, it is generally 3 years. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While aging in wooden casks, especially <a href="/wiki/American_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="American oak">American oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">French oak</a> casks, whisky undergoes six processes that contribute to its colour and final flavour: <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">colouration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extraction in particular results in whisky acquiring a number of compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanillic_acid" title="Vanillic acid">vanillic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syringaldehyde" title="Syringaldehyde">syringaldehyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casks used for aging <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon whiskey</a> are required to be new (and <a href="/wiki/Charring" title="Charring">charred</a>); after being used for this purpose, these casks are typically exported for use in the aging of other whiskies elsewhere. Distillers will sometimes age their whiskey in barrels previously used to age other spirits, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, to impart particular flavours. The size of the barrel also has an effect on the flavour development of the whisky, smaller barrels will contribute more to the whisky due to the higher wood surface to whisky ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During maturation, up to 45 litres or 12 US gallons of whisky may evaporate from the cask over a 4 year period. This portion is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Angel%27s_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel's share">angel's share</a></i> by distillers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most whiskies are sold at or near an alcoholic strength of 40% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">abv</a>, which is the statutory minimum in some countries<sup id="cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr5.22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although the strength can vary, and cask-strength whisky may have as much as twice that alcohol percentage. Enthusiasts often prefer cask strength whisky for its concentrated flavors and customizable dilution experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports">Exports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK exports more whisky than the rest of the world combined.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, whisky exports from Scotland were valued at £6.25 billion, making up a quarter of all UK food and drink export revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the US was the largest market for Scotch whisky (£655 million), followed by France (£535 million).<sup id="cite_ref-Scottgov_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scottgov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the UK's overall top five manufacturing export earners and it supports around 42,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principal whisky producing areas include <a href="/wiki/Strathspey,_Scotland" title="Strathspey, Scotland">Speyside</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Isle of Islay</a>, where there are nine distilleries providing a major source of employment. In many places, the industry is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, with many distilleries also functioning as attractions worth £30 million <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, 70% of Canadian whisky was exported, with about 60% going to the US, and the rest mostly to Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_business_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_business-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15 million cases of Canadian whisky were sold in the US in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_business_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_business-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auchentoshan03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auchentoshan03.jpg/170px-Auchentoshan03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auchentoshan03.jpg/255px-Auchentoshan03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auchentoshan03.jpg/340px-Auchentoshan03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Copper <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a> at <a href="/wiki/Auchentoshan_Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchentoshan Distillery">Auchentoshan Distillery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Whisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch Whisky">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg/220px-WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg/330px-WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/WhiskyMaking_Kilned_BarleyMalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Malted barley is an ingredient of some whiskies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whisky or whisky-like products are produced in most grain-growing areas. They differ in base product, alcoholic content, and quality. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">Malt whisky</a> – made from <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malted barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">Grain whisky</a> – made from any type of grain</li></ul> <p>Malts and grains are combined in various ways: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Single_malt_whisky" title="Single malt whisky">Single malt whisky</a></i> is whisky from a single distillery made from a mash that uses only one particular malted grain. Unless the whisky is described as <i>single-cask</i>, it contains whisky from many casks, and different years, so the blender can achieve a taste recognisable as typical of the distillery. In most cases, single malts bear the name of the distillery, with an age statement and perhaps some indication of some special treatments, such as maturation in a <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a> cask.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blended_malt_whisky" title="Blended malt whisky">Blended malt whisky</a></i> is a mixture of single malt whiskies from different distilleries. If whisky is labelled "pure malt" or just "malt" it is almost certainly a blended malt whisky. This was formerly called a "vatted malt" whisky.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blended_whisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Blended whisky">Blended whisky</a></i> is made from a mixture of different types of whisky. A blend may contain whisky from many distilleries so that the blender can produce a flavour consistent with the brand. The brand name may, therefore, omit the name of a distillery. Most Scotch, Irish and Canadian whisky is sold as part of a blend, even when the spirits are the product of one distillery, as is common in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American blended whisky may contain <a href="/wiki/Neutral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral spirits">neutral spirits</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cask_strength" title="Cask strength">Cask strength</a></i> (also known as <i>barrel proof</i>) whiskies are rare, and usually, only the very best whiskies are bottled in this way. They are bottled from the cask undiluted or only lightly diluted.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Single_cask" class="mw-redirect" title="Single cask">Single cask</a></i> (also known as <i>single barrel</i>) whiskies are bottled from an individual cask, and often the bottles are labelled with specific barrel and bottle numbers. The taste of these whiskies may vary substantially from cask to cask within a brand.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_varieties">National varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American">American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DecaturBourbons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DecaturBourbons.jpg/170px-DecaturBourbons.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DecaturBourbons.jpg/255px-DecaturBourbons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DecaturBourbons.jpg/340px-DecaturBourbons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Various American whiskeys on store shelves</figcaption></figure> <p>American whiskey is distilled from a fermented mash of <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grain</a>. It must have the taste, aroma, and other characteristics commonly attributed to whiskey. </p><p>Some types of whiskey listed in the United States federal regulations<sup id="cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr5.22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a>: made from <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mash</a> that consists of at least 51% corn (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) and aged in new charred American white oak barrels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a>: made from mash that consists of at least 80% corn and is not aged, or, if aged, is aged in uncharred or used barrels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">Malt whiskey</a>: made from mash that consists of at least 51% malted <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a>: made from mash that consists of at least 51% <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_malt_whiskey" title="Rye malt whiskey">Rye malt whiskey</a>: made from mash that consists of at least 51% malted rye</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_whiskey" title="Wheat whiskey">Wheat whiskey</a>: made from mash that consists of at least 51% <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a></li></ul> <p>These types of American whiskey must be distilled to no more than 80% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a>, and barrelled at no more than 125 <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic proof">proof</a>. Only water may be added to the final product; the addition of colouring or flavouring is prohibited. These whiskeys must be aged in new charred-oak containers, except for corn whiskey, which does not have to be aged. If it is aged, it must be in uncharred oak barrels or in used barrels. Corn whiskey is usually unaged and sold as a legal version of <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a>. </p><p>There is no minimum aging period required for a spirit to legally be called whiskey. If one of these whiskey types reaches two years aging or beyond, it is additionally designated as <i><a href="/wiki/Straight_whiskey" title="Straight whiskey">straight</a></i>, e.g., <i>straight rye whiskey</i>. A whiskey that fulfils all above requirements but derives from less than 51% of any one specific grain can be called simply a <i>straight whiskey</i> without naming a grain. </p><p>US regulations recognize other whiskey categories,<sup id="cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr5.22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blended_whiskey" title="Blended whiskey">Blended whiskey</a>: a mixture that contains a blend of straight whiskeys and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirits">neutral grain spirits</a> (NGS), and may also contain flavourings and colourings. The percentage of NGS must be disclosed on the label and may be as much at 80% on a proof gallon basis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">Light whiskey</a>: produced in the US at more than 80% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> and stored in used or uncharred new oak containers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit whiskey">Spirit whiskey</a>: a mixture of neutral spirits and at least 5% of certain stricter categories of whiskey</li></ul> <p>Another important labelling in the marketplace is <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a>, which includes brands such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s" title="Jack Daniel's">Jack Daniel's</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dickel" title="George Dickel">George Dickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collier_and_McKeel" title="Collier and McKeel">Collier and McKeel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Prichard%27s_Tennessee_Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prichard's Tennessee Whiskey">Benjamin Prichard's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference defining a Tennessee whiskey is that it must be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">filtered</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a> <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> before aging, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process" title="Lincoln County Process">Lincoln County Process</a>. (Benjamin Prichard's, which is not so filtered, was grandfathered in when the requirement was introduced in 2017.)<sup id="cite_ref-WhiskyFightInTennessee_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiskyFightInTennessee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the distillation process of Tennessee Whiskey is identical to <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon whiskey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CowderyMyths_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderyMyths-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CowderyTennessee_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CowderyTennessee-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whiskey sold as "Tennessee whiskey" is defined as bourbon under <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a><sup id="cite_ref-nafta313_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nafta313-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least one other international trade agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-SICE_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SICE-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is similarly required to meet the legal definition of bourbon under Canadian law.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadaRequirementTennWhisky_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaRequirementTennWhisky-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian">Australian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_whisky" title="Australian whisky">Australian whisky</a></div> <p>Australian whiskies have won global whisky awards and medals, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Whiskies_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="World Whiskies Awards">World Whiskies Awards</a> and Jim Murray's Whisky Bible "Liquid Gold Awards".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian">Canadian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canadian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanadianWhisky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianWhisky.JPG/220px-CanadianWhisky.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianWhisky.JPG/330px-CanadianWhisky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CanadianWhisky.JPG/440px-CanadianWhisky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Various Canadian whiskies</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></div> <p>By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must be produced and aged in Canada, be distilled from a fermented mash of cereal grain, be aged in wood barrels with a capacity limit of 700 litres (185 US gal; 154 imp gal) for not less than three years, and "possess the aroma, taste and character generally attributed to Canadian whisky".<sup id="cite_ref-B.02.020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.02.020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "Canadian Whisky", "Rye Whisky", and "Canadian Rye Whisky" are legally indistinguishable in Canada and do not require any specific grain in their production and are often blends of two or more grains. Canadian whiskies may contain <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits, and there is no maximum limit on the alcohol level of the distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-B.02.020_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.02.020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minimum bottling proof is 40% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-B.02.020_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B.02.020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be exported under one of the "Canadian Whisky" designations, a whisky cannot contain more than 9.09% imported spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Terms_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terms-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian whiskies are available throughout the world and are a culturally significant export. Well known brands include <a href="/wiki/Crown_Royal" title="Crown Royal">Crown Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Club" title="Canadian Club">Canadian Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagram%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagram's">Seagram's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiser%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiser's">Wiser's</a> among others. The historic popularity of Canadian whisky in the United States is partly a result of <a href="/wiki/Rum_runners" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum runners">rum runners</a> illegally importing it into the country during the period of <a href="/wiki/American_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="American Prohibition">American Prohibition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish">Danish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Danish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> began producing whisky early in 1974. The first Danish single malt to go on sale was Lille Gadegård from Bornholm, in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lille Gadegård is a winery as well, and uses its own wine casks to mature whisky. </p><p>The second Danish distilled single malt whisky for sale was Edition No.1 from the Braunstein microbrewery and distillery. It was distilled in 2007, using water from the Greenlandic ice sheet, and entered the market in March 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distillery is <a href="/wiki/Stauning_Whisky" title="Stauning Whisky">Stauning Whisky</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>. </p><p>Nyborg Destilleri, from the island Funen (<a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Fyn</a>) in the center of Denmark, produces <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a> whisky and other organic spirits. The distillery was established in 2009, and in 2020 they launched their first 10 year old whisky. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_whisky" title="English whisky">English whisky</a></div> <p>Distillers operated in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> until the late 19th century, after which production of English <a href="/wiki/Single_malt_whisky" title="Single malt whisky">single malt whisky</a> ceased until 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstBBC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstBBC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently 55 distilleries producing English whisky<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands_in_England" title="List of whisky brands in England">brands of English whisky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English whisky GI is currently awaiting approval.<sup id="cite_ref-Malczewski_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malczewski-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish">Finnish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Finnish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_whisky" title="Finnish whisky">Finnish whisky</a></div> <p>In 2005, there were two working distilleries in Finland and a third one under construction. Whisky retail sales in Finland are controlled solely by the state <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">alcohol monopoly</a> <a href="/wiki/Alko" title="Alko">Alko</a> and advertising of strong alcoholic beverages is banned.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_whisky" title="French whisky">French whisky</a></div> <p>The distilleries producing French whisky include <a href="/wiki/Glann_ar_Mor_distillery" title="Glann ar Mor distillery">Glann ar Mor</a> and Warenghem in Brittany, Guillon in the Champagne region, and Grallet-Dupic in Lorraine. <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a> is produced by Distillerie des Menhirs in <a href="/wiki/Plomelin" title="Plomelin">Plomelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-menhirs_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menhirs-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, there were around 100 whisky producers in France. </p><p>The first French whisky was produced at Warenghem distillery in 1987, who then introduced the first single malt French whisky in 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a study in 2016, the French are the largest consumers of single malt whisky in the world, especially Scotch.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_whisky" title="German whisky">German whisky</a></div> <p>German whisky production is a relatively recent phenomenon having only started in the early 1990s. The styles produced resemble those made in Ireland, Scotland and the United States: single malts, blends, wheat, and bourbon-like styles. There is no standard spelling of German whiskies with distilleries using both "whisky" and "whiskey". In 2008 there were 23 distilleries in Germany producing whisky.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated254_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated254-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_whisky" title="Indian whisky">Indian whisky</a></div> <p>Distilled alcoholic beverages that are labelled as "whisky" in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were commonly blends based on <a href="/wiki/Neutral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral spirits">neutral spirits</a> that are distilled from fermented <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>/grain with only a small portion consisting of traditional malt whisky, usually about 10 to 12 percent. Outside India, such a drink would more likely be labelled a <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJRum_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJRum-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Battle_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Whisky_Association" title="Scotch Whisky Association">Scotch Whisky Association</a>'s 2013 annual report, "there is no compulsory definition of whisky in India, and the Indian voluntary standard does not require whisky to be distilled from cereals or to be matured."<sup id="cite_ref-business-standard2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-standard2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molasses-based blends made up 90 percent of the spirits consumed as "whisky" in India,<sup id="cite_ref-Stretch_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stretch-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although whisky wholly distilled from malt and other grains is also produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Amrut_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amrut-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2004 shortages of wheat had been overcome and India was one of the largest producers. <a href="/wiki/Amrut_(whisky)" title="Amrut (whisky)">Amrut</a>, the first single malt whisky produced in India, was launched in Glasgow, Scotland in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After expanding in Europe it was launched in India in 2010. </p><p>By 2022 India produced many whiskies both for the local market—the most lucrative market for whisky in the world—and export. Indian single malts comprised 15% of the local market in 2017, increasing to 33% in 2022. In the three years to 2022 sales of Indian malts increased by an annual average of 42%, compared with 7% for imported rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IrishWhiskey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IrishWhiskey.jpg/220px-IrishWhiskey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IrishWhiskey.jpg/330px-IrishWhiskey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IrishWhiskey.jpg/440px-IrishWhiskey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Various Irish whiskeys</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></div> <p>Irish whiskeys are normally distilled three times, <a href="/wiki/Cooley_Distillery" title="Cooley Distillery">Cooley Distillery</a> being the exception as they also double distil.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though traditionally distilled using pot stills, the <a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">column still</a> is now used to produce grain whiskey for blends. By law, Irish whiskey must be produced in Ireland and aged in wooden casks for a period of no less than three years, although in practice it is usually three or four times that period.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Unpeated</a> malt is almost always used, the main exception being <a href="/wiki/Cooley_Distillery#Current_product_range" title="Cooley Distillery">Connemara</a> Peated Malt whiskey. There are several types of whiskey common to Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Single_malt_whisky" title="Single malt whisky">single malt</a>, single grain, <a href="/wiki/Blended_whiskey" title="Blended whiskey">blended whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_pot_still_whiskey" title="Single pot still whiskey">single pot still whiskey</a>. </p><p>Irish whiskey was once the most popular spirit in the world, though a long period of decline from the late 19th century to the late 20th century greatly damaged the industry,<sup id="cite_ref-highspirits_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highspirits-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so much so that, although Ireland boasted over 30 distilleries in the 1890s, a century later this number had fallen to just three. However, it has seen a great resurgence in popularity since the late twentieth century, and has been the fastest growing spirit in the world every year since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-highspirits_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highspirits-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With exports growing by over 15% per annum in recent years, existing distilleries have been expanded and a number of new distilleries constructed. As of mid 2019, Ireland now has 25 operating distilleries, with 24 more either planned or under development.<sup id="cite_ref-IWA1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWA1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these have not been operating long enough to have products sufficiently aged for sale, and only one was operating prior to 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></div> <p>Japan produces both single malt and blended whiskies. The base is a mash of malted barley, dried in kilns fired with a little peat (although less than what is used for some peated Scotch whiskies), and is distilled using the pot still method.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production began in the 1920s. Before 2000, Japanese whisky was primarily for the domestic market and exports were limited. In recent years, though, Japanese whisky has grown in popularity on the global market. Japanese whiskies such as <a href="/wiki/Suntory" title="Suntory">Suntory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikka_Whisky_Distilling" title="Nikka Whisky Distilling">Nikka</a> won many prestigious international awards between 2007 and 2014. Japanese whisky has earned a reputation for quality.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican">Mexican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mexican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_whisky" title="Mexican whisky">Mexican whisky</a></div> <p>Mexican whisky is relatively young as it has not been as popular in the country as other distilled drinks but recently many distillers in the country have started to make a push to create homegrown whisky and make it as popular as whisky from other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotch_2">Scotch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Scotch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotch_whiskies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scotch_whiskies.jpg/220px-Scotch_whiskies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scotch_whiskies.jpg/330px-Scotch_whiskies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scotch_whiskies.jpg/440px-Scotch_whiskies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2169" /></a><figcaption>Various Scotch whiskies</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></div> <p>Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotch_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scotch_regions.svg/220px-Scotch_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scotch_regions.svg/330px-Scotch_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Scotch_regions.svg/440px-Scotch_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The regions of Scotch whisky</figcaption></figure> <p>Scotch whiskies are generally distilled twice, although some are distilled a third time and others even up to twenty times.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotch Whisky Regulations require anything bearing the label "Scotch" to be distilled in Scotland and matured for a minimum of three years in oak casks, among other, more specific criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any age statement on the bottle, in the form of a number, must reflect the age of the youngest Scotch whisky used to produce that product. A whisky with an age statement is known as guaranteed age whisky.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotch whisky without an age statement may, by law, be as young as three years old.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic types of Scotch are <a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">malt whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">grain whisky</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Blended_whiskey" title="Blended whiskey">blend</a> of the two) made in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Scotch malt whiskies were divided into five main regions: <a href="/wiki/Highland_single_malts" title="Highland single malts">Highland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowland_single_malts" title="Lowland single malts">Lowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islay_single_malts" title="Islay single malts">Islay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speyside_single_malt" title="Speyside single malt">Speyside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campbeltown_single_malts" title="Campbeltown single malts">Campbeltown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SWAMAP_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWAMAP-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the whisky producing regions has a distinct flavour profile and characteristics to the whisky they produce.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a sixth region recognized by some sources, though not by the Scotch Whisky Association:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Islands, excluding Islay.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unofficial region, (part of the Highlands according to the Association), includes the following whisky-producing islands making <a href="/wiki/Island_single_malt" title="Island single malt">Island single malt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arran_distillery" title="Arran distillery">Arran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish">Swedish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Swedish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whisky started being produced in Sweden in 1955 by the now defunct <i>Skeppets whisky</i> brand. Their last bottle was sold in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 <a href="/wiki/Mackmyra_Whisky" title="Mackmyra Whisky">Mackmyra Whisky</a> was founded and is today the largest producer and has won several awards including European Whisky of the Year in Jim Murray's 2011 Whisky Bible<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the International Wine & Spirits Competition (IWSC) 2012 Award for Best European Spirits Producer of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwanese">Taiwanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Taiwanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_whisky" title="Taiwanese whisky">Taiwanese whisky</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery" title="Kavalan Distillery">Kavalan</a> was the first private whisky distillery in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. In January 2010, one of the distillery's products caused a stir by beating three Scotch whiskies and one English whisky in a blind tasting organised in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, Scotland, to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Burns_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Burns Night">Burns Night</a>.<sup><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2010-4" title="Kavalan Distillery">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenblatt2010-5" title="Kavalan Distillery">[5]</a></sup> The distillery was named by <i>Whisky Magazine</i> as the World Icons of Whisky "Whisky Visitor Attraction of the Year" for 2011, and its products have won several other awards.<sup><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiinimaa2012-3" title="Kavalan Distillery">[3]</a></sup> In 2012, Kavalan's Solist Fino Sherry Cask malt whisky was named "new whisky of the year" by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Murray_(whisky_writer)" title="Jim Murray (whisky writer)">Jim Murray</a> in his guide, <i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murray%27s_Whisky_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Murray's Whisky Bible">Jim Murray's Whisky Bible</a></i>.<sup><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-6" title="Kavalan Distillery">[6]</a></sup> In 2015, Kavalan's Solist Vinho Barrique Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whiskies Awards.<sup><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-7" title="Kavalan Distillery">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_Distillery#cite_note-8" title="Kavalan Distillery">[8]</a></sup> In 2016, Kavalan Solist Amontillado Sherry Single Cask was named the world's best single malt whisky by World Whisky Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_whisky" title="Welsh whisky">Welsh whisky</a></div> <p>Although distillation of whisky in Wales began in Middle Ages there were no commercially operated distilleries during the 20th century. The rise of the temperance movement saw the decline of the commercial production of liquor during the 19th century and in 1894 Welsh whisky production ceased. The revival of Welsh whisky began in the 1990s. Initially a "Prince of Wales" malt whisky was sold as Welsh whisky but was simply blended scotch bottled in Wales. A lawsuit by Scotch distillers ended this enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Penderyn Distillery started production of <a href="/wiki/Penderyn_(whisky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penderyn (whisky)">Penderyn single malt whisky</a>. The first bottles went on sale on 1 March 2004, <a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a>, and it is now sold worldwide. Penderyn Distillery is located in the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons National Park</a> and is considered to be the smallest distillery in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ManX_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="ManX Spirit">ManX Spirit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> is distilled elsewhere and re-distilled in the country of its nominal "origin". The ManX distillery takes a previously matured Scotch malt whisky and re-distills it.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Destiler%C3%ADas_y_Crianza_del_Whisky_S.A." title="Destilerías y Crianza del Whisky S.A.">Whisky DYC</a> is a Spanish whisky made by Destilerías y Crianza del Whisky S.A since 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frysk_Hynder" title="Frysk Hynder">Frysk Hynder</a> is Frisian single malt, distilled and bottled in the <i>Us Heit Distillery</i>. It is the first single malt produced in <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated254_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated254-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puni is an Italian distillery in <a href="/wiki/Glurns" title="Glurns">Glurns</a> that makes single malt whisky, including Alba, which is matured in <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala</a> casks.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whiskies and other <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled beverages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cognac_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognac (drink)">cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, are complex beverages that contain a vast range of <a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">flavouring</a> compounds, of which some 200 to 300 are easily detected by chemical analysis. The flavouring chemicals include "<a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> compounds, alcohols, <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">polyphenolic</a> compounds, <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, and oxygen-containing, <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">heterocyclic compounds</a>" and esters of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty acids">fatty acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nitrogen compounds include <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picoline" title="Picoline">picolines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrazine" title="Pyrazine">pyrazines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sulfur compounds include thiophenes and polysulfides which seem to contribute to whiskey's roasted character.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_361–385_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_361–385-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavours_from_treating_the_malt">Flavours from treating the malt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Flavours from treating the malt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinctive smoky flavour found in various types of whisky, especially Scotch, is due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> smoke to treat the <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavours_from_distillation">Flavours from distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Flavours from distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flavouring of whisky is partially determined by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusel oil">fusel oils</a>. Fusel oils are higher alcohols than <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, are mildly <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>, and have a strong, disagreeable smell and taste. An excess of fusel oils in whisky is considered a defect. A variety of methods are employed in the distillation process to remove unwanted fusel oils. Traditionally, American distillers focused on secondary filtration using <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> to remove undesired distillates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acetal" title="Acetal">Acetals</a> are rapidly formed in distillates and a great many are found in distilled beverages, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> diethyl acetal (<a href="/wiki/1,1-diethoxyethane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,1-diethoxyethane">1,1-diethoxyethane</a>). Among whiskies the highest levels are associated with malt whisky.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This acetal is a principal flavour compound in <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, and contributes fruitiness to the aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diketone <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl" title="Diacetyl">diacetyl</a> (2,3-butanedione) has a buttery aroma and is present in almost all distilled beverages. Whiskies and cognacs typically contain more of this than <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodkas</a>, but significantly less than rums or <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polysulfides and thiophenes enter whiskey through the distillation process and contribute to its roasted flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_361–385_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_361–385-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavours_from_oak">Flavours from oak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Flavours from oak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Barrel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oak_Barrel.png/220px-Oak_Barrel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oak_Barrel.png/330px-Oak_Barrel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oak_Barrel.png/440px-Oak_Barrel.png 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A charred oak barrel used to age whiskey</figcaption></figure> <p>Whisky that has been aged in <a href="/wiki/Barrel#Whiskey" title="Barrel">oak barrels</a> absorbs substances from the wood. One of these is <a href="/wiki/Cis-3-methyl-4-octanolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-3-methyl-4-octanolide">cis-3-methyl-4-octanolide</a>, known as the "whisky <a href="/wiki/Lactone" title="Lactone">lactone</a>" or "quercus lactone", a compound with a strong <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercially charred oaks are rich in <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenol">phenolic compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study identified 40 different phenolic compounds. The <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Scopoletin" title="Scopoletin">scopoletin</a> is present in whisky, with the highest level reported in <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an experiment, whiskey aged 3 years in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> tasted and <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">measured</a> significantly different from similar test subjects in <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on Earth. Particularly, wood extractives were more present in the space samples.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavours_and_colouring_from_additives">Flavours and colouring from additives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Flavours and colouring from additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the local regulations, additional flavourings and colouring compounds may be added to the whisky. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a> may contain caramel and flavouring in addition to the distilled mash spirits. Scotch whisky may contain added <a href="/wiki/Caramel_color" title="Caramel color">(E150A) caramel colouring</a>, but no other additives. The addition of flavourings is not allowed in <a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American</a> "straight" whiskey, but is allowed in American blends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chill_filtration">Chill filtration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Chill filtration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whisky is often "<a href="/wiki/Chill_filtering" title="Chill filtering">chill filtered</a>": chilled to precipitate out fatty acid esters and then filtered to remove them. Most whiskies are bottled this way, unless specified as <i>unchillfiltered</i> or <i>non-chill filtered</i>. This is done primarily for cosmetic reasons. Unchillfiltered whiskies often turn cloudy when stored at cool temperatures or when cool water is added to them, and this is perfectly normal.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_whisky" title="Outline of whisky">Outline of whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails#Whisky" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails#Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" title="List of whisky brands">List of whisky brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="On the rocks">On the rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABVWhiskMag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABVWhiskMag_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABVWhiskMag_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWisniewski" class="citation web cs1">Wisniewski, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123210306/https://whiskymag.com/story?does-the-abv-really-matter">"Does the ABV Really Matter?"</a>. <i>Whisky Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whiskymag.com/story?does-the-abv-really-matter">the original</a> on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whisky+Magazine&rft.atitle=Does+the+ABV+Really+Matter%3F&rft.aulast=Wisniewski&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhiskymag.com%2Fstory%3Fdoes-the-abv-really-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2016" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Bruce T. (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchdrink.com/articles/why-one-spirit-has-different-abv-alcohol-proof-percentages/">"Why One Spirit Can Have Many Different ABVs"</a>. <i>Punch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch&rft.atitle=Why+One+Spirit+Can+Have+Many+Different+ABVs&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Bruce+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchdrink.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-one-spirit-has-different-abv-alcohol-proof-percentages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020C00028">"Standard 2.7.5 – Spirits – 2.7.5—3(3)(b)(ii)"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation – Food Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code</i>. Australian Government. 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation+%E2%80%93+Food+Australia+New+Zealand+Food+Standards+Code&rft.atitle=Standard+2.7.5+%E2%80%93+Spirits+%E2%80%93+2.7.5%E2%80%943%283%29%28b%29%28ii%29&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FF2020C00028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dil.ie/43063">"uisce"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Irish_Language" title="Dictionary of the Irish Language">An Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Electronic+Dictionary+of+the+Irish+Language&rft.atitle=uisce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdil.ie%2F43063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._H._Murray1926" class="citation book cs1">James A. H. Murray (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/oedxaarch"><i>A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society</i></a>. Kragen Javier Sitaker. Clarendon Press at Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+English+Dictionary+on+Historical+Principles%3A+Founded+Mainly+on+the+Materials+Collected+by+the+Philological+Society&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+at+Oxford&rft.date=1926&rft.au=James+A.+H.+Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foedxaarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Second Edition: "In modern trade usage, Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey are thus distinguished in spelling; 'whisky' is the usual spelling in Britain and 'whiskey' that in the U.S."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CowderySpelling2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowdery,_Charles_K.2009" class="citation web cs1">Cowdery, Charles K. (24 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/02/why-spelling-matters.html">"Why Spelling Matters"</a>. <i>The Chuck Cowdery Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chuck+Cowdery+Blog&rft.atitle=Why+Spelling+Matters&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.au=Cowdery%2C+Charles+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchuckcowdery.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fwhy-spelling-matters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CowderySpelling1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CowderySpelling1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowdery,_Charles_K.2009" class="citation web cs1">Cowdery, Charles K. (11 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chuckcowdery.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-york-times-buckles-to-pressure-from.html">"New York Times Buckles To Pressure From Scotch Snobs"</a>. <i>The Chuck Cowdery Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chuck+Cowdery+Blog&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+Buckles+To+Pressure+From+Scotch+Snobs&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft.au=Cowdery%2C+Charles+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchuckcowdery.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fnew-york-times-buckles-to-pressure-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZandona2013" class="citation book cs1">Zandona, Eric; et al. (March 2013). <i>A World Guide to Whisk(e)y Distilleries</i>. Hayward: White Mule Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983638940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0983638940"><bdi>978-0983638940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Guide+to+Whisk%28e%29y+Distilleries&rft.place=Hayward&rft.pub=White+Mule+Press&rft.date=2013-03&rft.isbn=978-0983638940&rft.aulast=Zandona&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZandona" class="citation web cs1">Zandona, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking?tag=Whiskey+vs+Whisky">"Whiskey vs Whisky Series"</a>. <i>EZdrinking</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EZdrinking&rft.atitle=Whiskey+vs+Whisky+Series&rft.aulast=Zandona&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezdrinking.com%2Fezdrinking%3Ftag%3DWhiskey%2Bvs%2BWhisky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZandona" class="citation web cs1">Zandona, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103225349/http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking/2013/11/11/whiskey-vs-whisky-style-guides">"Whiskey vs Whisky: Newspapers & Style Guides"</a>. <i>EZdrinking</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezdrinking.com/ezdrinking/2013/11/11/whiskey-vs-whisky-style-guides">the original</a> on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EZdrinking&rft.atitle=Whiskey+vs+Whisky%3A+Newspapers+%26+Style+Guides&rft.aulast=Zandona&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezdrinking.com%2Fezdrinking%2F2013%2F11%2F11%2Fwhiskey-vs-whisky-style-guides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr5.22-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr5.22_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/pdf/27cfr5.22.pdf">"Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits, Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations, Pt. 5.22"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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PIMS – University of Toronto. Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+kingdom+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Dublin%2C+Hodges%2C+Smith%2C+and+co.&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=O%27Clery&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=O%27Clery%2C+Cucogry&rft.au=O%27Mulconry%2C+Ferfeasa&rft.au=O%27Duigenan%2C+Cucogry&rft.au=O%27Clery%2C+Conary&rft.au=O%27Donovan%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsofkingdomo04ocleuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Public_Record_OfficeStuartBurnettScotland._Court_of_Exchequer1878" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Public Record Office; Stuart, John; Burnett, George; Scotland. Court of Exchequer (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir10grea"><i>Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland</i></a>. PIMS – University of Toronto. Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotuli+scaccarii+regum+Scotorum+%3D+The+Exchequer+rolls+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+%3A+H.M.+General+Register+House&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Public+Record+Office&rft.au=Stuart%2C+John&rft.au=Burnett%2C+George&rft.au=Scotland.+Court+of+Exchequer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frotuliscaccariir10grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125105734/http://www.thewhiskyguide.com/Facts/History.html">"The History of Whisky"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewhiskyguide.com/Facts/History.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Whisky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewhiskyguide.com%2FFacts%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-of-whisky-1807685">"What Is Whiskey?"</a>. <i>The Spruce Eats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=What+Is+Whiskey%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fhistory-of-whisky-1807685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcoholreviews.com/wp/?p=1237">"Kevin R. Kosar, "What the Tea Party Could Learn from the Whiskey Rebellion", adapted from Kevin R. Kosar, Whiskey: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2010)"</a>. Alcoholreviews.com. 12 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kevin+R.+Kosar%2C+%22What+the+Tea+Party+Could+Learn+from+the+Whiskey+Rebellion%22%2C+adapted+from+Kevin+R.+Kosar%2C+Whiskey%3A+A+Global+History+%28London%3A+Reaktion+Books%2C+2010%29&rft.pub=Alcoholreviews.com&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcoholreviews.com%2Fwp%2F%3Fp%3D1237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2011" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Joel (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ny0g0a6Vo9Xz7DlB2TGcYI/Whisky-in-India.html">"Whisky in India"</a>. <i>mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mint&rft.atitle=Whisky+in+India&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FCompanies%2Fny0g0a6Vo9Xz7DlB2TGcYI%2FWhisky-in-India.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_1000-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irish_1000_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee2001" class="citation book cs1">Magee, Malachy (2001). <i>Irish Whiskey – A 1000 year tradition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Brien_press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Brien press (page does not exist)">O'Brien press</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-228-3"><bdi>978-0-86278-228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Whiskey+%E2%80%93+A+1000+year+tradition&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=O%27Brien+press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-228-3&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Malachy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosar" class="citation book cs1">Kosar, Kevin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo10546280.html"><i>Whiskey: A Global History</i></a>. Edible. Reaktion Books. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whiskey%3A+A+Global+History&rft.series=Edible&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.aulast=Kosar&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FW%2Fbo10546280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosar" class="citation book cs1">Kosar, Kevin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo10546280.html"><i>Whiskey: A Global History</i></a>. Edible. 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CRC Press. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volatile+Compounds+in+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7&rft.aulast=Maarse&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OvXjhLUz-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelitzSchieberleGrosch2004" class="citation book cs1">Belitz, Hans-Dieter; Schieberle, Peter; Grosch, Werner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QWbLTSL6HoC"><i>Food Chemistry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 936. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40818-5"><bdi>978-3-540-40818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=936&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40818-5&rft.aulast=Belitz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft.au=Schieberle%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grosch%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QWbLTSL6HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_361–385-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_361–385_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_361–385_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeNoble1995" class="citation book cs1">Cole, V. 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Springer US. pp. 361–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-5214-4_14">10.1007/978-1-4757-5214-4_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475752168" title="Special:BookSources/9781475752168"><bdi>9781475752168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fermented+Beverage+Production&rft.pages=361-385&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-5214-4_14&rft.isbn=9781475752168&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=V.+C.&rft.au=Noble%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaarse1991" class="citation book cs1">Maarse, H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC"><i>Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volatile+Compounds+in+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7&rft.aulast=Maarse&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OvXjhLUz-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219120702/https://www.beerbrewer.co.uk/2007/06/">"June 2007"</a>. The Beer Brewer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerbrewer.co.uk/2007/06/">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+2007&rft.pub=The+Beer+Brewer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerbrewer.co.uk%2F2007%2F06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaarse1991" class="citation book cs1">Maarse, H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC"><i>Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volatile+Compounds+in+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7&rft.aulast=Maarse&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OvXjhLUz-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018025957/http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/taste5.htm">"Aromas and Flavours"</a>. Wine-Pages.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine-pages.com/guests/tom/taste5.htm">the original</a> on 18 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aromas+and+Flavours&rft.pub=Wine-Pages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-pages.com%2Fguests%2Ftom%2Ftaste5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelitzSchieberleGrosch2004" class="citation book cs1">Belitz, Hans-Dieter; Schieberle, Peter; Grosch, Werner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QWbLTSL6HoC"><i>Food Chemistry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40818-5"><bdi>978-3-540-40818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40818-5&rft.aulast=Belitz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft.au=Schieberle%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grosch%2C+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QWbLTSL6HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topwhiskies.com/blogs/whisky-blog/what-is-the-chemistry-of-whisky">"What Is The Chemistry Of Whisky?"</a>. <i>TopWhiskies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TopWhiskies&rft.atitle=What+Is+The+Chemistry+Of+Whisky%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopwhiskies.com%2Fblogs%2Fwhisky-blog%2Fwhat-is-the-chemistry-of-whisky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaarse1991" class="citation book cs1">Maarse, H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OvXjhLUz-oC"><i>Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-8390-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-8390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volatile+Compounds+in+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-8390-7&rft.aulast=Maarse&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OvXjhLUz-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2015" class="citation web cs1">Grush, Loren (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300435/whiskey-space-taste-test-ardbeg-distillery-nanoracks">"Whiskey aged in space tastes like throat lozenges and rubbery smoke"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Whiskey+aged+in+space+tastes+like+throat+lozenges+and+rubbery+smoke&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2015%2F9%2F10%2F9300435%2Fwhiskey-space-taste-test-ardbeg-distillery-nanoracks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiskyforeveryone.com/whisky_basics/chill_filtration.html">"Chill Filtration"</a>. <i>Whiskey Basics</i>. Whisky for Everyone<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whiskey+Basics&rft.atitle=Chill+Filtration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiskyforeveryone.com%2Fwhisky_basics%2Fchill_filtration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Allen (2002). <i>The Whisky Barons</i>. Glasgow: Angels' Share (Neil Wilson Publishing). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897784-84-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897784-84-6"><bdi>978-1-897784-84-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whisky+Barons&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Angels%27+Share+%28Neil+Wilson+Publishing%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-897784-84-6&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxtonHughes2014" class="citation book cs1">Buxton, Ian; Hughes, Paul S. (2014). <i>The Science and Commerce of Whisky</i>. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-150-8"><bdi>978-1-84973-150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Commerce+of+Whisky&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84973-150-8&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2024" class="citation news cs1">Jeffreys, Henry (1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/2024/nov/01/henry-jeffreys-more-to-whisky-than-scotch-and-bourbon">"There's more to whisky than scotch and bourbon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=There%E2%80%99s+more+to+whisky+than+scotch+and+bourbon&rft.date=2024-11-01&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffood%2F2024%2Fnov%2F01%2Fhenry-jeffreys-more-to-whisky-than-scotch-and-bourbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gavin D. (2009). <i>The A–Z of Whisky</i> (3rd ed.). Glasgow: Angels' Share (Neil Wilson Publishing). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906476-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906476-03-8"><bdi>978-1-906476-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A%E2%80%93Z+of+Whisky&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Angels%27+Share+%28Neil+Wilson+Publishing%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906476-03-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhisky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whisky&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whisky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Whisky">Whisky</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Whisky#Q281" class="extiw" title="voy:Whisky">Whisky</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Whisky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whisky" title="Template:Whisky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whisky" title="Template talk:Whisky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whisky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whisky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Whisky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whisky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">Malt whisky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_malt_whisky" title="Single malt whisky">Single malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_malt_whisky" title="Blended malt whisky">Blended malt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_whisky" title="Grain whisky">Grain whisky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_malt_whiskey" title="Rye malt whiskey">Rye malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_whiskey" title="Wheat whiskey">Wheat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blended_whiskey" title="Blended whiskey">Blended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_in_bond" title="Bottled in bond">Bottled in bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_barrel_whiskey" title="Single barrel whiskey">Single barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_batch_whiskey" title="Small batch whiskey">Small batch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_whiskey" title="Straight whiskey">Straight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_whisky" title="Australian whisky">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_whisky" title="English whisky">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_whisky" title="Finnish whisky">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_whisky" title="French whisky">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_whisky" title="German whisky">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_whisky" title="Indian whisky">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_pot_still_whiskey" title="Single pot still whiskey">Single pot still</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_whisky" title="Mexican whisky">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_whisky" title="Taiwanese whisky">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_whisky" title="Welsh whisky">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cask_strength" title="Cask strength">Cask strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill_filtering" title="Chill filtering">Chill filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(whisky)" title="Finishing (whisky)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_bottler" title="Independent bottler">Independent bottler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process" title="Lincoln County Process">Lincoln County Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">Mash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sour_mash" title="Sour mash">Sour mash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_blender" title="Master blender">Master blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_safe" title="Spirit safe">Spirit safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_thief" title="Whiskey thief">Whiskey thief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whisky tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whiskey_Trail" title="American Whiskey Trail">American Whiskey Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Bourbon_Trail" title="Kentucky Bourbon Trail">Kentucky Bourbon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Whisky_Experience" title="Scotch Whisky Experience">Scotch Whisky Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Malt_Whisky_Trail" title="Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail">Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranachan" title="Cranachan">Cranachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencairn_whisky_glass" title="Glencairn whisky glass">Glencairn whisky glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" title="List of whisky brands">List of whisky brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalk" title="Skalk">Skalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uisce_beatha" title="Uisce beatha">Uisce beatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscimetry">Viscimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_tasting" title="Whisky tasting">Whisky tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_with_food" title="Whisky with food">Whisky with food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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