CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Phylloxera - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"923e0c11-3b49-49b8-9cb4-54b0ac99d68e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Phylloxera","wgTitle":"Phylloxera","wgCurRevisionId":1257106459,"wgRevisionId":1257106459,"wgArticleId":223504,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Phylloxeridae", "Grape pest insects","Gall-inducing insects","Insects in culture","Monotypic Hemiptera genera"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Phylloxera","wgRelevantArticleId":223504,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q367315","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1134"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="756"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="605"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Phylloxera - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Phylloxera rootpage-Phylloxera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phylloxera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phylloxera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phylloxera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phylloxera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_the_"phylloxera_plague"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_the_"phylloxera_plague""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fighting the "phylloxera plague"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fighting_the_"phylloxera_plague"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fighting the "phylloxera plague" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fighting_the_"phylloxera_plague"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grafting_with_resistant_rootstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grafting_with_resistant_rootstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grafting with resistant rootstock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grafting_with_resistant_rootstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vines_that_survived_phylloxera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vines_that_survived_phylloxera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vines that survived phylloxera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vines_that_survived_phylloxera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phylloxera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filloksera" title="Filloksera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filloksera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reblaus" title="Reblaus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reblaus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аӡахәа афилоқсера – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аӡахәа афилоқсера" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فيلوكسرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلوكسرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Филоксера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филоксера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C2%B7loxera_de_la_vinya" title="Fil·loxera de la vinya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fil·loxera de la vinya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A1i%C4%8Dka_r%C3%A9vokaz" title="Mšička révokaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mšička révokaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Phylloxera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reblaus" title="Reblaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reblaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinapuut%C3%A4i" title="Viinapuutäi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viinapuutäi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Φυλλοξήρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλλοξήρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoksero" title="Filoksero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filoksero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahats-zorri" title="Mahats-zorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahats-zorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88" title="شته مو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شته مو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllox%C3%A9ra" title="Phylloxéra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phylloxéra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phylloxera" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoxera" title="Filoxera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filoxera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B3" title="Խաղողի որդնալվիճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղողի որդնալվիճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoxero" title="Filoxero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filoxero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כנימת הפילוקסרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנימת הפילוקסרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფილოქსერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილოქსერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Филлоксера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Филлоксера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieflaus" title="Rieflaus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rieflaus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filox%C3%A9ra" title="Filoxéra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Filoxéra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فيلوكسرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلوكسرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druifluis" title="Druifluis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Druifluis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7" title="ブドウネアブラムシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブドウネアブラムシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winl%C3%BCs" title="Winlüs – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Winlüs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinlus" title="Vinlus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vinlus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoksera_winiec" title="Filoksera winiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filoksera winiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoxera" title="Filoxera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filoxera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoxer%C4%83" title="Filoxeră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filoxeră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Виноградная филлоксера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноградная филлоксера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trtna_u%C5%A1" title="Trtna uš – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trtna uš" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoksera" title="Filoksera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filoksera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinikirva" title="Viinikirva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viinikirva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinlus" title="Vinlus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vinlus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma_biti" title="Asma biti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asma biti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Філоксера виноградна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філоксера виноградна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%98%A4%E8%9A%9C" title="根瘤蚜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="根瘤蚜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Phylloxera" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Phylloxera" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Phylloxera" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&oldid=1257106459" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Phylloxera&id=1257106459&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhylloxera"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhylloxera"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Phylloxera&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367315" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of insect that plagues grapevines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><i>Phylloxera</i> is also a genus in family Phylloxeridae, see <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera_(genus)" title="Phylloxera (genus)">Phylloxera (genus)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Phylloxera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png/220px-Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Daktulosphaira" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sternorrhyncha" title="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phylloxeridae" title="Phylloxeridae">Phylloxeridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Daktulosphaira</i></a><br /><small>Shimer, 1866<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>D. vitifoliae</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Asa_Fitch" title="Asa Fitch">Fitch</a>, 1855)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg/220px-Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg/330px-Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg/440px-Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae._closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Galls made by <i>D. vitifoliae</i> on leaf of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i> sp.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grape phylloxera</b> is an insect pest of <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapevines</a> worldwide, originally native to eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Grape phylloxera (<i>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</i> (Fitch 1855) belong to the family <a href="/wiki/Phylloxeridae" title="Phylloxeridae">Phylloxeridae</a>, within the order <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>, bugs); originally described in France as <i>Phylloxera vastatrix</i>; equated to the previously described <i>Daktulosphaera vitifoliae</i>, <i>Phylloxera vitifoliae</i>. The insect is commonly just called <b>phylloxera</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">φύλλον</span>, leaf, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ξηρός</span></span>, dry). </p><p>These almost microscopic, pale yellow sap-sucking <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, related to <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines (depending on the phylloxera genetic strain). On <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, the resulting deformations on roots ("nodosities" and "tuberosities") and secondary fungal infections can <a href="/wiki/Girdling" title="Girdling">girdle</a> roots, gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">Nymphs</a> also form protective <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">galls</a> on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some <i>Vitis</i> species and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of American vines. </p><p>American vine species (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i>) have evolved<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have several natural defenses against phylloxera. The roots of the American vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form by clogging its mouth when it tries to feed from the vine. If the nymph is successful in creating a feeding wound on the root, American vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other <a href="/wiki/Grape_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape diseases">grape diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Powdery_(mildew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdery (mildew)">powdery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>, there is no chemical control or response. The only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the <a href="/wiki/Grafting_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafting (vine)">grafting</a> of phylloxera-resistant American rootstock (usually <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> varieties created from the <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_berlandieri" title="Vitis berlandieri">Vitis berlandieri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">Vitis riparia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris">Vitis rupestris</a></i> species) to more susceptible European <i>vinifera</i> vines.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurzellaeuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurzellaeuse.jpg/220px-Wurzellaeuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurzellaeuse.jpg/330px-Wurzellaeuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurzellaeuse.jpg/440px-Wurzellaeuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Phylloxera nymphs feeding on the roots</figcaption></figure> <p>Phylloxera has a complex life-cycle of up to 18 stages, that can be divided into four principal forms: sexual form, leaf form, root form, and winged form. </p><p>The <i>sexual form</i> begins with male and female eggs laid on the underside of young grape leaves. The male and female at this stage lack a digestive system, and once hatched, they mate and then die. Before the female dies, she lays one winter egg in the bark of the vine's trunk. This egg develops into the <i>leaf form</i>. This nymph, the fundatrix (stem mother), climbs onto a leaf and lays eggs <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenogenetic">parthenogenetically</a> in a leaf gall that she creates by injecting saliva into the leaf. The nymphs that hatch from these eggs may move to other leaves, or move to the roots where they begin new infections in the <i>root form</i>. In this form they perforate the root to find nourishment, infecting the root with a poisonous secretion that stops it from healing. This poison eventually kills the vine. This nymph reproduces by laying eggs for up to seven more generations (which also can reproduce parthenogenetically) each summer. These offspring spread to other roots of the vine, or to the roots of other vines through cracks in the soil. The generation of nymphs that hatch in the autumn hibernate in the roots and emerge next spring when the sap begins to rise. In humid areas, the nymphs develop into the <i>winged form</i>, else they perform the same role without wings. These nymphs start the cycle again by either staying on the vine to lay male and female eggs on the bottom side of young grape leaves, or flying to an uninfected vine to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Reblausgalle_mit_Eier_der_Mutterlaus.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Phylloxera eggs inside a leaf gall</figcaption></figure> <p>Many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera, but it has proven to be extremely adaptable, as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fighting_the_"phylloxera_plague""><span id="Fighting_the_.22phylloxera_plague.22"></span>Fighting the "phylloxera plague"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fighting the "phylloxera plague""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylloxera_cartoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Phylloxera_cartoon.png/180px-Phylloxera_cartoon.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Phylloxera_cartoon.png/270px-Phylloxera_cartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Phylloxera_cartoon.png/360px-Phylloxera_cartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>"The phylloxera, a true gourmet, finds out the best vineyards and attaches itself to the best wines."<br />Cartoon from <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a>, 6 Sep. 1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic destroyed most of the vineyards for <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> in Europe, most notably <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">in France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylloxera was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> when avid botanists in Victorian England collected specimens of American vines in the 1850s. Because phylloxera is native to North America, the native grape species are at least partially resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the European wine grape <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> is very susceptible to the insect. The epidemic devastated vineyards in Britain and then moved to the European mainland, destroying most of the European grape growing industry. In 1863, the first vines began to deteriorate inexplicably in the southern Rhône region of France. The problem spread rapidly across the continent. In France alone, total wine production fell from 84.5 million <a href="/wiki/Hectolitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectolitre">hectolitres</a> in 1875 to only 23.4 million hectolitres in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-ocw-phlx_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-phlx-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates hold that between two-thirds and nine-tenths of all European vineyards were destroyed. </p><p>In France, one of the desperate measures of grape growers was to bury a live <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toad</a> under each vine to draw out the "poison".<sup id="cite_ref-ocw-phlx_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-phlx-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas with <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> composed principally of sand or <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> were spared, and the spread was slowed in dry climates, but gradually phylloxera spread across the continent. A significant amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">grafting cuttings onto resistant rootstocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response">Response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7oisBacoWikip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>François Baco, creator of <a href="/wiki/Baco_blanc" title="Baco blanc">Baco blanc</a>, was one of many grape breeders to introduce hybrid wine grape varieties in response to the phylloxera epidemic.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 19th century, hybridization became a popular avenue of research for stopping phylloxera. Hybridization is the breeding of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> with resistant species. Most native American grapes are naturally phylloxera resistant (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_aestivalis" title="Vitis aestivalis">Vitis aestivalis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris"><i>rupestris</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia"><i>riparia</i></a> are particularly so, while <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">Vitis labrusca</a></i> has a somewhat weak resistance to it) but have <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aromas</a> that are off-putting to palates accustomed to European grapes. The intent of the cross was to generate a hybrid vine that was resistant to phylloxera but produced wine that did not taste like the American grape. The hybrids tend not to be especially resistant to phylloxera, although they are much hardier with respect to climate and other vine diseases. The new hybrid varieties<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> they are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in <a href="/wiki/Quality_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality wine">quality wine</a>, although they are still in widespread use in much of North America, such as Missouri, Ontario, and upstate New York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grafting_with_resistant_rootstock">Grafting with resistant rootstock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grafting with resistant rootstock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg/220px-Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg/330px-Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg/440px-Grape_leaf_showing_galls_from_Phylloxera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A grape leaf showing the galls that are formed during a phylloxera infestation</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of a resistant, or tolerant, rootstock, developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Valentine_Riley" title="Charles Valentine Riley">Charles Valentine Riley</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Jules_%C3%89mile_Planchon" title="Jules Émile Planchon">J. E. Planchon</a> and promoted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Volney_Munson" title="Thomas Volney Munson">T. V. Munson</a>, involved grafting a <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">scion</a> onto the roots of a resistant <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_aestivalis" title="Vitis aestivalis">Vitis aestivalis</a></i> or other American native species. This is the preferred method today, because the rootstock does not interfere with the development of the wine grapes (more technically, the <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> responsible for the grapes are not in the rootstock but in the scion), and it furthermore allows the customization of the rootstock to soil and weather conditions, as well as desired vigor. </p><p>Not all rootstocks are equally resistant. Between the 1960s and the 1980s in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, many growers used a rootstock called <a href="/wiki/AxR1" class="mw-redirect" title="AxR1">AxR1</a>. Even though it had already failed in many parts of the world by the early twentieth century, it was thought to be resistant by growers in California. Although phylloxera initially did not feed heavily on AxR1 roots, within twenty years, mutation and selective pressures within the phylloxera population began to overcome this rootstock, resulting in the eventual failure of most vineyards planted on AxR1. The replanting of afflicted vineyards continues today. </p><p>Many have suggested that this failure was predictable, as one parent of AxR1 is in fact a susceptible <i>V. vinifera</i> cultivar. But the transmission of phylloxera tolerance is more complex, as is demonstrated by the continued success of 41B, an <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_berlandieri" title="Vitis berlandieri">Vitis berlandieri</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>. Modern phylloxera infestation also occurs when wineries are in need of fruit immediately, and choose to plant ungrafted vines rather than wait for grafted vines to be available. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodositaet2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nodositaet2.jpg/220px-Nodositaet2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nodositaet2.jpg/330px-Nodositaet2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nodositaet2.jpg/440px-Nodositaet2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6356" data-file-height="4767" /></a><figcaption>Roots that have been damaged by phylloxera</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of resistant American rootstock to guard against phylloxera also brought about a debate that remains unsettled to this day: whether self-rooted vines produce better wine than those that are grafted. Of course, the argument is essentially irrelevant wherever phylloxera exists. Had American rootstock not been available and used, there would be no <i>V. vinifera</i> wine industry in Europe or most places other than Chile, Washington State, and most of Australia. <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a> was spared by the phylloxera plague, and thus its wine stock has not been grafted for phylloxera resistant purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vine_grafting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Vine_grafting.jpg/220px-Vine_grafting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Vine_grafting.jpg/330px-Vine_grafting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Vine_grafting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A grafted vine with the scion (grape variety) visible as the darker wood above the graft union and the rootstock variety below</figcaption></figure> <p>The only European grapes that are natively resistant to phylloxera are the <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a> grape which grows on the volcanic island of <a href="/wiki/Santorini_(wine)" title="Santorini (wine)">Santorini</a>, Greece, although it is not clear whether the resistance is due to the rootstock itself or the volcanic ash on which it grows; and the Juan Garcia grape variety, autochthonous to the medieval village of <a href="/wiki/Fermoselle" title="Fermoselle">Fermoselle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The Juan Garcia variety remained—untouched by phylloxera—sheltered on the vineyards planted on the man-made land terraces along the mountainous skirts on the gigantic and steep <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Duero Arribes / Douro River Canyon</a>, where the microclimatic conditions discourage the growth of phylloxera. </p><p>To escape the threat of phylloxera, wines have been produced since 1979 on the sandy beaches of Provence's <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>, which extends from the coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a> region to the waterfront village of <a href="/wiki/Saintes_Maries_de_la_Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Saintes Maries de la Mer">Saintes Maries de la Mer</a>. The sand, sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera. The wine produced here is called "Vins des Sables" or "wines of the sands".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same department, where the canal irrigation system built by the Romans still partly persists to this day, winter flooding is also practiced where possible, for instance south of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarascon_(Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascon (Bouches-du-Rhône)">Tarascon</a>. Flooding the vineyards for 50 days kills all the nymphs that overwinter in the roots or the bark at the bottom of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some regions were so blighted by phylloxera that they never recovered, and instead the producers switched crops entirely. The island of <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> is one example, where almonds now substitute for vines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vines_that_survived_phylloxera">Vines that survived phylloxera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vines that survived phylloxera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_do_edgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mao_do_edgar.jpg/220px-Mao_do_edgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mao_do_edgar.jpg/330px-Mao_do_edgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mao_do_edgar.jpg/440px-Mao_do_edgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A collection of vines with grafted rootstocks</figcaption></figure> <p>According to wine critic and author <a href="/wiki/Kerin_O%27Keefe" title="Kerin O'Keefe">Kerin O'Keefe</a>, thanks to tiny parcels of vineyards throughout Europe which were inexplicably unscathed, some vineyards still exist as they were before the phylloxera devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-decanter_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decanter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So far, most <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wine</a> has remained phylloxera free. It is isolated from the rest of the world by the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a> to the east. Phylloxera has also never been found in several wine-growing regions of Australia, including Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-vinehealth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinehealth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia has strong internal biosecurity controls to minimise the risk of phylloxera spreading beyond 'Phylloxera Infested Zones' in parts of Victoria and New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)" title="Mosel (wine region)">Mosel region</a> has also remained untouched by phylloxera; the parasite is unable to survive in the slate soil.<sup id="cite_ref-mosel-river-renaissance_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosel-river-renaissance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2005, three tiny parcels of ungrafted <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> that escaped phylloxera were used to produce <a href="/wiki/Bollinger" title="Bollinger">Bollinger</a> Vieilles Vignes Françaises, one of the rarest and most expensive Champagnes available.<sup id="cite_ref-decanter_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decanter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, one of the parcels, Croix Rouge in <a href="/wiki/Bouzy" title="Bouzy">Bouzy</a>, died from phylloxera and was replanted with grafted rootstock.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare vintage <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> is made from ungrafted vines grown on a small parcel, called Nacional, in the heart of the Quinta do Noval. It is unknown why this plot survived.<sup id="cite_ref-decanter_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decanter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another vineyard unaffected by the phylloxera is the Lisini estate in <a href="/wiki/Montalcino" title="Montalcino">Montalcino</a> in Italy, a half-hectare vineyard of Sangiovese with vines dating back to the mid-1800s. Since 1985, the winery has produced a few bottles of Prefillossero (Italian for "before the phylloxera"). The wine has a following, including Italian wine critic <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Veronelli" title="Luigi Veronelli">Luigi Veronelli</a> who inscribed on a bottle of the 1987 at the winery that drinking Prefillossero was like listening to 'the earth singing to the sky'.<sup id="cite_ref-decanter_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decanter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jumilla_(DO)" title="Jumilla (DO)">Jumilla</a> in southeastern Spain is an important area of ungrafted vineyards, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Monastrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastrell">Monastrell</a> grapes. Those vineyards, however, are not immune to the insect, which is slowly advancing and destroying the Pie Franco vineyard of the Casa Castillo estate, planted in 1942, i.e., when phylloxera had already been in the region for five decades. </p><p>Large swaths of vineyards on the slopes of Sicily's volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> also remain free of phylloxera. Some vines are more than one-hundred-fifty years old, predating the phylloxera infestation in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (1879–1880). Part of the reason for this is the high concentration of silica sand and very low (less than 3%) concentration of clay in the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic soils">volcanic soils</a>. In this environment (> 400m AMSL), the surface water from heavy bouts of rain seals the soil so perfectly that it drowns phylloxera before they are able to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bien_Nacido_Vineyards" title="Bien Nacido Vineyards">Bien Nacido Vineyard</a> in Santa Maria Valley AVA of Santa Barbara, CA is a phylloxera-free vineyard. Despite being planted on its own roots, with UC Davis virus-free clones, the vineyard has never been affected by phylloxera. The high percentage of sand in the soil creates a mostly uninhabitable substrate for phylloxera. While Bien Nacido has not been affected, there is a potential, as all of the vines are true <i>Vitis vinifera</i> without scions or grafting. Many of the old vines were planted in 1973 and fall within the blocks G, N, Q and W. The wines of Bien Nacido Estate have a high percentage of these ungrafted and phylloxera-free vines within the <a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e" title="Cuvée">cuvée</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colares_DOC" title="Colares DOC">Colares</a> vineyards, native to the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a> are grown on 3–4 metres of sand, and are therefore unaffected by phylloxera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimer. 1866. The Prairie Farmer 18:36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSET_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSET_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSET_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wine & Spirits Education Trust <i>"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"</i> pgs 2–5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905819157" title="Special:BookSources/9781905819157">9781905819157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawoWeingartSchuhmacherForneck2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lawo, Nora C.; Weingart, Georg J.F.; Schuhmacher, Rainer; Forneck, Astrid (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268251">"The volatile metabolome of grapevine roots: First insights into the metabolic response upon phylloxera attack"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology and Biochemistry</i>. <b>49</b> (9): 1059–1063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plaphy.2011.06.008">10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268251">3268251</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21764593">21764593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+volatile+metabolome+of+grapevine+roots%3A+First+insights+into+the+metabolic+response+upon+phylloxera+attack&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1059-1063&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3268251%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21764593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plaphy.2011.06.008&rft.aulast=Lawo&rft.aufirst=Nora+C.&rft.au=Weingart%2C+Georg+J.F.&rft.au=Schuhmacher%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Forneck%2C+Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3268251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeodWilliams" class="citation web cs1">McLeod, Murdick J.; Williams, Roger N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716060151/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2600.html">"Grape Phylloxera"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2600.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grape+Phylloxera&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Murdick+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Roger+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Fhyg-fact%2F2000%2F2600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyudaFerrer-PérezPinilla2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ayuda, María-Isabel; Ferrer-Pérez, Hugo; Pinilla, Vicente (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/101505">"A leader in an emerging new international market: the determinants of French wine exports, 1848–1938"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 703–729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fehr.12878">10.1111/ehr.12878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289">1468-0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199360879">199360879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=A+leader+in+an+emerging+new+international+market%3A+the+determinants+of+French+wine+exports%2C+1848%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=703-729&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199360879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-0289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fehr.12878&rft.aulast=Ayuda&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa-Isabel&rft.au=Ferrer-P%C3%A9rez%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Pinilla%2C+Vicente&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzaguan.unizar.es%2Frecord%2F101505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannickel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hannickel, Erica (2023-10-20). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123423861">"Vitis, Wine, and Medicine: The Other Careers of George Engelmann (1809–1884)"</a>. <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>108</b>: 465–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3417%2F2023812">10.3417/2023812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=Vitis%2C+Wine%2C+and+Medicine%3A+The+Other+Careers+of+George+Engelmann+%281809%E2%80%931884%29&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=465-478&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3417%2F2023812&rft.aulast=Hannickel&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ123423861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocw-phlx-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocw-phlx_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocw-phlx_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">winepros.com.au <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Oxford_Companion_to_Wine" class="citation web cs1">The Oxford Companion to Wine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727104408/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2410">"phylloxera"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=2410">the original</a> on 2008-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=phylloxera&rft.au=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.com.au%2Fjsp%2Fcda%2Freference%2Foxford_entry.jsp%3Fentry_id%3D2410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novusvinum.com/features/vins_des_sables.html">"Wines of the Sand"</a>. <i>Feature Article</i>. Novus Vinum. 2006-09-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016083955/http://www.novusvinum.com/features/vins_des_sables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feature+Article&rft.atitle=Wines+of+the+Sand&rft.date=2006-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novusvinum.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvins_des_sables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Gale" class="citation web cs1">G. Gale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cas.umkc.edu/philosophy/gale/proofs.pdf">"Saving the vine from phylloxera: a never-ending battle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Missouri-Kansas City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712165546/http://cas.umkc.edu/philosophy/gale/proofs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saving+the+vine+from+phylloxera%3A+a+never-ending+battle&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri-Kansas+City&rft.au=G.+Gale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcas.umkc.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fgale%2Fproofs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decanter-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decanter_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decanter_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decanter_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decanter_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Keefe2005" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keefe, Kerin (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/features/the-great-escape-247887/">"The great escape"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Decanter_(magazine)" title="Decanter (magazine)">Decanter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212020437/http://www.decanter.com/features/the-great-escape-247887/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decanter&rft.atitle=The+great+escape&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Kerin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-great-escape-247887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vinehealth-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vinehealth_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinehealth.com.au/bio-security/phylloxera/">"Phylloxera"</a>. <i>Vinehealth Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142323/http://www.vinehealth.com.au/bio-security/phylloxera/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vinehealth+Australia&rft.atitle=Phylloxera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinehealth.com.au%2Fbio-security%2Fphylloxera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Jobs2021" class="citation web cs1">Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (2021-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/protecting-victoria/victorian-viticulture-biosecurity/tackling-phylloxera">"Tackling phylloxera - Agriculture"</a>. <i>Agriculture Victoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+Victoria&rft.atitle=Tackling+phylloxera+-+Agriculture&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft.aulast=Department+of+Jobs&rft.aufirst=Precincts+and+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagriculture.vic.gov.au%2Fbiosecurity%2Fprotecting-victoria%2Fvictorian-viticulture-biosecurity%2Ftackling-phylloxera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/seasonal-pests-and-diseases/summer/phylloxera">"Phylloxera"</a>. <i>www.dpi.nsw.gov.au</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dpi.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Phylloxera&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au%2Fbiosecurity%2Fseasonal-pests-and-diseases%2Fsummer%2Fphylloxera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosel-river-renaissance-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosel-river-renaissance_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott1997" class="citation web cs1">Pigott, Stuart (29 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-29-fo-23145-story.html">"The Mosel River Renaissance"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525043717/http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-29/food/fo-23145_1_riesling-wine">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Mosel+River+Renaissance&rft.date=1997-01-29&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-01-29-fo-23145-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalcito2014" class="citation news cs1">Salcito, Jordan (26 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/26/germany-s-wine-revolution-is-just-getting-started.html">"Germany's Wine Revolution Is Just Getting Started"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520033211/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/26/germany-s-wine-revolution-is-just-getting-started.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Wine+Revolution+Is+Just+Getting+Started&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.aulast=Salcito&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F04%2F26%2Fgermany-s-wine-revolution-is-just-getting-started.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldoffinewine.com/news/bollinger-vieilles-vignes-franaises-19692005-4487468">"Bollinger Vieilles Vignes Françaises 1969–2005"</a>. <i>The World of Fine Wine</i>. 13 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407060651/http://www.worldoffinewine.com/news/bollinger-vieilles-vignes-franaises-19692005-4487468">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Fine+Wine&rft.atitle=Bollinger+Vieilles+Vignes+Fran%C3%A7aises+1969%E2%80%932005&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldoffinewine.com%2Fnews%2Fbollinger-vieilles-vignes-franaises-19692005-4487468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Christy. "Phylloxera: How Wine Was Saved For the World." Harper Perennial, 2004, p. 129–130</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Boubals, Denis, "Sur les attaques de Phylloxera des racines dans le monde", Progres Agricole et Viticole, Montpellier, 110:416-421, 1993.</li> <li>Campbell, Christy, "The Botanist and the Vintner: How Wine Was Saved for the World", Algonquin Books, 2005.</li> <li>Ordish, George, "The Great Wine Blight", Pan Macmillan, 1987.</li> <li>Powell, Kevin, "Grape phylloxera: An Overview". In Root feeders An Ecosystem perspective (Eds S.N. Johnson & P.J. Murray) CAB International 2008.</li> <li>Benheim, Devin et al., "Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) – a review of potential detection and alternative management options", Annals of Applied Biology, Volume 161, Issue 2, pages 91–115, September 2012</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daktulosphaira" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Daktulosphaira">Daktulosphaira</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 5/May 1874/The Grape Phylloxera"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_5/May_1874/The_Grape_Phylloxera">"The Grape Phylloxera" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 5. May 1874. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Grape+Phylloxera&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1874-05&rft.issn=0161-7370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylloxera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phylloxera.com.au/">Web page of the Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404110750/http://winethink.net/blog/2009/11/phylloxera/">The Vine's Enemy</a>: A profile of phylloxera drawn from the 2nd edition of <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dactylosphaera vitifoliae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367315" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q367315">Q367315</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae">Daktulosphaira_vitifoliae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id102841">102841</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/284064">284064</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8QWM2">8QWM2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5156011">5156011</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/324587">324587</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1001068/">2.1001068</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58002">58002</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4177160-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Phylloxera"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85101495">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Phylloxera de la vigne"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12149436q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Phylloxera de la vigne"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12149436q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545891105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&oldid=1257106459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&oldid=1257106459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phylloxeridae" title="Category:Phylloxeridae">Phylloxeridae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grape_pest_insects" title="Category:Grape pest insects">Grape pest insects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gall-inducing_insects" title="Category:Gall-inducing insects">Gall-inducing insects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_in_culture" title="Category:Insects in culture">Insects in culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monotypic_Hemiptera_genera" title="Category:Monotypic Hemiptera genera">Monotypic Hemiptera genera</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 07:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylloxera&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-pb5m2","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.842","walltime":"1.132","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9462,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":82219,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8593,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":78690,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":9,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1022.977 1 -total"," 28.10% 287.491 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 27.36% 279.854 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 19.09% 195.264 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.32% 125.990 1 Template:Langx"," 8.19% 83.741 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 8.08% 82.623 1 Template:Viticulture"," 7.85% 80.299 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.53% 77.017 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.47% 76.447 4 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.588","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24883621,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5v6vb","timestamp":"20241125143019","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Phylloxera","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phylloxera","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q367315","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q367315","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-08T19:35:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T07:41:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d2\/Dactylosphaera_vitifolii_1_meyers_1888_v13_p621.png","headline":"species of insect"}</script> </body> </html>