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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</b>, also known as <b>Dvaitādvaita</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodding2012104_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodding2012104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <b>Bhinnābhinna</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200055_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200055-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the philosophical doctrine of "natural identity-in-difference"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodding2012104_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodding2012104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "natural difference cum-non-difference."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200054_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200054-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was propagated by the medieval <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedānta</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a>, as an explication of <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">bhedābheda</a>, difference and non-difference of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svābhāvika Bhedābheda is an interpretation and harmonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_G%C4%ABt%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavad Gītā">Bhagavad Gītā</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_S%C5%ABtras" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Sūtras">Brahma Sūtras</a>, integrating both dualistic and non-dualistic interpretations of these texts. The doctrine of Svābhāvika Bhedābheda is primarily elaborated in the works of <a href="/wiki/Nimb%C4%81rka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbārka">Nimbārka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a>, particularly Nimbarka's <i>Vedānta pārijāta saurabha</i> and <i>Vedānta Kaustubha</i>, commentaries on the Brahma Sūtras. </p><p>Svābhāvika Bhedābheda discern three foundational elements of reality: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, which is the metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_reality" title="Ultimate reality">ultimate reality</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the controller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200054_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200054-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit_(consciousness)" title="Chit (consciousness)">Chit</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jivātman</a>, which is the sentient, individual soul;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the enjoyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200054_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200054-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Achit, which is the non-sentient <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan201178-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the object to be enjoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200054_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200054-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Svābhāvika Bhedābheda holds that the individual soul (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jīva</a>) and the non-sentient <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> (jagat) are both distinct from and identical to Brahman, the ultimate reality, depending on the perspective. Brahman alone is <i>svatantra tattva</i> (independent reality), while the activities and existence of the other two realities depend on Brahman are regarded as <i>paratantra tattva</i> (dependent reality).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988405,406_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988405,406-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gupta, in this approach the relation between Atman and Brahman is "<i>svābhāvika</i> or natural, not brought about by any external agency, and therefore it cannot be dispensed with. An adventitious relation can be finished away by removing the cause or agency which has brought it, but what is inherent or more appropriately natural cannot be taken away."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200053,54_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200053,54-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988406_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988406-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahman pervades the entire universe and is immanent in all beings, yet individual souls and the non-sentient universe retain their individuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988403_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988403-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-sentient universe is not considered an illusion (māyā), but a real manifestation of Brahman's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988404_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988404-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophy draws on metaphors like the sun and its rays, fire and its sparks, to demonstrate the natural, inherent connection between <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and its manifestations. In their teachings, Nimbarka and Shrinivasa emphasize the devotional aspect of the relationship between the soul and Brahman, often framing the divine as <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Kṛṣṇa">Kṛṣṇa</a> and the individual soul in the role of the devotee. <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> (devotion) plays a central role in realizing the nature of Brahman and the soul's relationship with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brahman">Brahman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brahman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It regards Brahman as the universal soul, both transcendent and immanent, referred to by various names such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Śrī Kṛṣṇa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Viṣnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Nārāyaņa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagawan</a> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200029_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200029-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal201398_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal201398-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988405_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988405-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201465_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201465-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbārkācārya</a>, in his <i>Vedanta Kamadhenu Daśaślokī</i>, refers to Śrī Kṛṣṇa alongside his consort Rādhā.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014191_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014191-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201464_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201464-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgrawal201392_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgrawal201392-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahman is the supreme being, the source of all auspicious qualities, and possesses unfathomable attributes. It is <a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a>, the lord of all, and greater than all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose20048_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose20048-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None can be equal to or superior to Brahman. He is the creator, cause of creation, maintenance and destruction of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200029_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200029-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose200423_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose200423-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Svabhavika Bhedābheda, Brahman is <i>saguṇa</i> (with qualities). Therefore, he interprets scriptural passages that describe Brahman as <i>nirguṇa</i> (without qualities) differently as he argues that <i>nirguṇa</i>, when applied to Brahman, signifies the absence of inauspicious qualities, rather than the complete negation of all attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, terms like <i>nirākāra</i> (formless) are understood to denote the absence of an undesirable or inauspicious form. It upheld the view that Śrī Kṛṣṇa possesses all auspicious attributes and that relative qualities such as virtue and vice, or auspiciousness and inauspiciousness, do not affect him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200032_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200032-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004522,523_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004522,523-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014172_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014172-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_cause_and_efficient_cause">Material cause and efficient cause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Material cause and efficient cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Svabhāvika Bhedābheda view, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> is seen as both the efficient and material cause of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988406_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1988406-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201463_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201463-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahman serves as the material cause of the universe by transforming His inherent powers from subtle to gross forms. These powers, known as Parā and Apara, are not distinct from Paramatman; rather, they are intrinsic to Him. The relationship between these powers and Brahman can be understood through the concepts of śakti and śaktimān—power and the powerful. At the moment of creation, these latent powers manifest into tangible forms, giving rise to various effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201463_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar201463-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brahman is also the efficient cause, as He connects individual selves with the outcomes of their actions. This connection is elucidated through the understanding that individual selves often struggle to recall the impressions of past lives due to the continuous cycle of actions and their results. Brahman facilitates their experience of these fruits by providing the necessary instruments and knowledge. By stating that He imparts knowledge, Svābhāvika Bhedābhedin implies that without such understanding, individuals cannot discern between positive and negative outcomes; thus, they would be unable to experience happiness or sorrow in response to events. Consequently, Brahman equips individuals with knowledge to enable them to fully engage with and enjoy the results of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200030_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200030-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose200424,25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose200424,25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the scriptures, Brahman is referred to as <i>Āptakāma</i>, meaning "one whose desires are fully realized."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raises the question: what purpose does Brahman, who lacks unfulfilled desires, have in creating the universe?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200033_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200033-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address this, the Svābhāvika Bhedābhedin school refers to the concept of lila (divine play), as expounded by Bādarāyaṇa in the Brahma Sūtras, particularly the aphorism "<i>lokavat tu lila kaivalyam</i>", which translates to "creation is merely a sport for Brahman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004318_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004318-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan2011362_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan2011362-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the term <i>lila</i> denotes an activity performed spontaneously and joyfully, much like a playful act that requires no effort or intent. As described, lila is characterized as an effortless, joyful expression, unlike a deliberate, self-conscious exertion. In line with this idea, Svābhāvika Bhedābhedin holds that the creation of the universe is a lila of Brahman—a natural and unmotivated expression of divine bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200034_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200034-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This analogy is further illustrated by comparing Brahman to a sovereign king, who, despite having all his desires fulfilled, occasionally engages in playful activities purely out of exuberance and joy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004318_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004318-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as a person overflowing with happiness may dance or sing without any specific purpose, so too does Brahman create the universe as a spontaneous expression of bliss, without any underlying motive or goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200034_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200034-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this leads to another question: if creation is a lila, does that imply it is devoid of any significance or guiding principle? In response, it is clarified that while creation is a lila, it is still governed by a sense of order and justice. Brahman creates the universe in such a way that beings may reap the consequences of their actions. Brahman remains impartial, akin to a cloud that pours rain equally everywhere; the variance in the crops is determined by the nature of the soil and seeds, not by the cloud itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200037_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200037-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004319,320_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004319,320-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another question that arises concerns the origin of the first creation: how was the nature of the first creation determined? The response is that creation is without any beginning and endless, and thus, the notion of a "first" creation is irrelevant in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200037_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200037-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004320,321_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004320,321-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_schools_of_Vedānta"><span id="Relation_to_other_schools_of_Ved.C4.81nta"></span>Relation to other schools of Vedānta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relation to other schools of Vedānta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svabhāvika Bhedābheda shares similarities with other Bhedābheda schools but also differs in key respects. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita Vedānta">Advaita Vedānta</a>, which posits an absolute non-duality and sees the world and individual souls as illusory, Svabhāvika Bhedābheda holds that both the world and souls are real and intrinsically related to Brahman, though distinct. </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Viśiṣṭādvaita">Viśiṣṭādvaita</a>, Svabhāvika Bhedābheda sees the world and souls as real and dependent on Brahman. However, Svabhāvika Bhedābheda emphasizes the natural co-existence of both unity and difference, whereas Viśiṣṭādvaita focuses on the qualified non-duality, where the world and souls are attributes of Brahman. </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Madhva" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhva">Madhva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedānta</a>, which posits a strict dualism between the soul, world, and God, Svabhāvika Bhedābheda maintains a balance between difference and non-difference, holding that the relationship is naturally dual yet unified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though less widely known than other Vedānta schools, Svābhāvika Bhedābheda has had a lasting influence, particularly within certain Vaiṣṇava traditions. Shrinivasacharya’s contributions to the development of this doctrine are central, and it has influenced later Vedāntic thought by offering a middle path between strict dualism and non-dualism. </p><p>The doctrine also plays a role in ritual practices and devotional theology, where the relationship between the worshiper and the divine is seen as both intimate and distinct, reflecting the natural duality and unity between God and the individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4171-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-4171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Philosophy+of+Mind%3A+The+Ny%C4%81ya+Dualist+Tradition&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4171-8&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Kisor+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxkcJd2X75oC%26dq%3Daptakama%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200033-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200033_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004318-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004318_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004318_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2004">Bose 2004</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan2011362-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan2011362_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2011">Radhakrishnan 2011</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200034-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200034_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200034_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200037-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200037_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200037_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004319,320-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004319,320_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2004">Bose 2004</a>, p. 319,320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose2004320,321-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose2004320,321_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2004">Bose 2004</a>, p. 320,321.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhavika_Bhedabheda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1988" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150038/mode/1up"><i>A history of Indian philosophy</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0408-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0408-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0408-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0408-1&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.150038%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodding2012" class="citation book cs1">Goodding, Robert (2012). "Bhedbheda". In Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhedbheda&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Goodding&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gupta, Tripta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-vedanta-kaustubha-a-study-by-dr-tripta-gupta"><i>Vedānta-Kaustubha, a study</i></a> (in English and Sanskrit). Delhi: Sanjay Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7453-043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7453-043-1"><bdi>978-81-7453-043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ved%C4%81nta-Kaustubha%2C+a+study&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Sanjay+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7453-043-1&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Tripta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-vedanta-kaustubha-a-study-by-dr-tripta-gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2011" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life/mode/1up"><i>The Brahma Sutra: The Philosophy Of Spiritual Life</i></a>. Literary Licensing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00753-9"><bdi>978-1-258-00753-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brahma+Sutra%3A+The+Philosophy+Of+Spiritual+Life&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-258-00753-9&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamnarace2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Ramnarace, Vijay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf"><i>Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=R%C4%81dh%C4%81-K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%27s+Ved%C4%81ntic+Debut%3A+Chronology+%26+Rationalisation+in+the+Nimb%C4%81rka+Samprad%C4%81ya&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ramnarace&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.lib.ed.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F26018%2FRamnarace2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2004" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Roma (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swabhavik-bhedabhed-sutra-bhashya"><i>Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha of Nimbārka and Vedānta-kaustubha of Śrīnivāsa: commentaries on the Brahma-sutras; English translation</i></a>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1121-6"><bdi>978-81-215-1121-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ved%C4%81nta-p%C4%81rij%C4%81ta-saurabha+of+Nimb%C4%81rka+and+Ved%C4%81nta-kaustubha+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABniv%C4%81sa%3A+commentaries+on+the+Brahma-sutras%3B+English+translation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1121-6&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Roma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswabhavik-bhedabhed-sutra-bhashya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2013" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Madan Mohan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofindianphilosophyvolume15bhedabhedaanddvaitadvaitasystemsagarwalm.m.karlpotterh._928_w/mode/1up"><i>Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies, Bhedābheda and Dvaitādvaita systems</i></a>. Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies / general ed.: Karl H. Potter. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3637-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3637-2"><bdi>978-81-208-3637-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+philosophies%2C+Bhed%C4%81bheda+and+Dvait%C4%81dvaita+systems&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+philosophies+%2F+general+ed.%3A+Karl+H.+Potter&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3637-2&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Madan+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofindianphilosophyvolume15bhedabhedaanddvaitadvaitasystemsagarwalm.m.karlpotterh._928_w%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhandarkar, R. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar/mode/1up"><i>Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems (Routledge Revivals)</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58933-4"><bdi>978-1-317-58933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnavism%2C+Saivism+and+Minor+Religious+Systems+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58933-4&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASvabhavika+Bhedabheda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a 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