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Shankara subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_and_historical_views_on_Shankara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_views_of_Shankara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_views_of_Shankara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Traditional views of Shankara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_views_of_Shankara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominence_of_Maṇḍana_Miśra_(until_10th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominence_of_Maṇḍana_Miśra_(until_10th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Prominence of Maṇḍana Miśra (until 10th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominence_of_Maṇḍana_Miśra_(until_10th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnavite_Vedanta_(10th-14th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavite_Vedanta_(10th-14th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vaishnavite Vedanta (10th-14th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavite_Vedanta_(10th-14th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire_and_Vidyaranya_(14th_century)_-_creation_of_traditional_(hagiographic)_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara_Empire_and_Vidyaranya_(14th_century)_-_creation_of_traditional_(hagiographic)_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Vijayanagara Empire and Vidyaranya (14th century) - creation of traditional (hagiographic) views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire_and_Vidyaranya_(14th_century)_-_creation_of_traditional_(hagiographic)_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiographies:_Digvijaya_-_"The_conquests_of_Shankara"_(14th-17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiographies:_Digvijaya_-_"The_conquests_of_Shankara"_(14th-17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Hagiographies: Digvijaya - "The conquests of Shankara" (14th-17th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiographies:_Digvijaya_-_"The_conquests_of_Shankara"_(14th-17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sannyasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sannyasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Sannyasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sannyasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_(Digvijaya)_and_disciples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_(Digvijaya)_and_disciples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Travels (Digvijaya) and disciples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_(Digvijaya)_and_disciples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiographies:_attribution_of_Mathas_and_Smarta_tradition_(14-17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiographies:_attribution_of_Mathas_and_Smarta_tradition_(14-17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Hagiographies: attribution of Mathas and Smarta tradition (14-17th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiographies:_attribution_of_Mathas_and_Smarta_tradition_(14-17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dashanami_Sampradaya_and_mathas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dashanami_Sampradaya_and_mathas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Dashanami Sampradaya and mathas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dashanami_Sampradaya_and_mathas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smarta_Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smarta_Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Smarta Tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smarta_Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Vedanta_(19-20th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Vedanta_(19-20th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Neo-Vedanta (19-20th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Vedanta_(19-20th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authentic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authentic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Authentic works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authentic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_of_doubtful_authenticity_or_not_authentic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_of_doubtful_authenticity_or_not_authentic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_of_doubtful_authenticity_or_not_authentic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Philosophy and practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy_and_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy and practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Historical context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematizer_of_Advaita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematizer_of_Advaita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Systematizer of Advaita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematizer_of_Advaita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moksha_-_liberating_knowledge_of_Brahman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moksha_-_liberating_knowledge_of_Brahman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Moksha - liberating knowledge of Brahman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moksha_-_liberating_knowledge_of_Brahman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pramanas_-_means_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pramanas_-_means_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Pramanas - means of knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pramanas_-_means_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logic_versus_revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic_versus_revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Logic versus revelation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic_versus_revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anubhava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anubhava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Anubhava </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anubhava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_and_contemplative_exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_and_contemplative_exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Yoga and contemplative exercises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_and_contemplative_exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samanvayat_Tatparya_Linga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samanvayat_Tatparya_Linga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Samanvayat Tatparya Linga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samanvayat_Tatparya_Linga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mahāvākyas_-_the_identity_of_Ātman_and_Brahman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mahāvākyas_-_the_identity_of_Ātman_and_Brahman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 The Mahāvākyas - the identity of Ātman and Brahman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mahāvākyas_-_the_identity_of_Ātman_and_Brahman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahāvākyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahāvākyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Mahāvākyas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahāvākyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-That_you_are" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#That_you_are"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 That you are </div> </a> <ul id="toc-That_you_are-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_on_the_Mahāvākya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_on_the_Mahāvākya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Meditation on the Mahāvākya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_on_the_Mahāvākya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renouncement_of_ritualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renouncement_of_ritualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Renouncement of ritualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renouncement_of_ritualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Īśvara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Īśvara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Īśvara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Īśvara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_of_Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_of_Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influences of Mahayana Buddhism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_of_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influences of Mahayana Buddhism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_of_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarities_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Similarities and influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Adi Shankara</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آدي شانكارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آدي شانكارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0" title="আদি শংকৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আদি শংকৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eankara" title="Şankara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şankara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0" title="আদি শঙ্কর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদি শঙ্কর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шанкара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="आदि शंकर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आदि शंकर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шанкара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Xankara" title="Adi Xankara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adi Xankara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81di_%C5%A0ankara" title="Ádi Šankara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ádi Šankara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankara" title="Shankara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shankara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi-%C5%9Cankaro" title="Adi-Ŝankaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adi-Ŝankaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شانکرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شانکرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="આદિ શંકરાચાર્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આદિ શંકરાચાર્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%B9%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="샹카라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샹카라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Շանկարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շանկարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आदि शंकराचार्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदि शंकराचार्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara" title="Śaṅkara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śaṅkara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שנקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0" title="ಆದಿ ಶಂಕರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆದಿ ಶಂಕರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шанкара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шанкара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80di_%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara" title="Ādi Śaṅkara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ādi Śaṅkara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80di_%C5%A0ankara" title="Ādi Šankara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ādi Šankara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ankara" title="Šankara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šankara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81di_Sankara" title="Ádi Sankara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ádi Sankara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ആദി ശങ്കരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആദി ശങ്കരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आद्य शंकराचार्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आद्य शंकराचार्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آدى شانكارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آدى شانكارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sankaracharya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1nkara" title="Shánkara – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Shánkara" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ади Шанкара – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ади Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankara" title="Shankara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shankara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="शङ्कराचार्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शङ्कराचार्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="आदि शंकर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आदि शंकर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9" title="シャンカラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャンカラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0" title="ଆଦିଶଙ୍କର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଦିଶଙ୍କର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_faylasufi_Shankara" title="Hind faylasufi Shankara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind faylasufi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਦਿ ਸ਼ੰਕਰਾਚਾਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਦਿ ਸ਼ੰਕਰਾਚਾਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="आदि शंकर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आदि शंकर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شنکر آچاریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شنکر آچاریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ادې شانکارا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادې شانکارا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C5%9Aankara" title="Adi Śankara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adi Śankara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Xancara" title="Adi Xancara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adi Xancara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шанкара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шанкара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="आदिशङ्कराचार्यः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आदिशङ्कराचार्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81di_%C5%A0ankara" title="Ádi Šankara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ádi Šankara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C5%A0ankara" title="Adi Šankara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adi Šankara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C5%A0ankara" title="Adi Šankara – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Adi Šankara" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adi Shankara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆதி சங்கரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆதி சங்கரர்" 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For the title used in Advaita traditions, see <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Adi Shankaracharya" redirects here. For the 1983 Indian film, see <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankaracharya_(film)" title="Adi Shankaracharya (film)">Adi Shankaracharya (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC569; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Adi Shankara</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/440px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of Adi Shankara, exponent of Advaita Vedanta with his disciples by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Shankara</div> c. 700 CE<a href="#cite_note-date-1">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 750 CE<a href="#cite_note-date-1">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Expounded <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Organization</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Guru</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Govinda Bhagavatpada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagadguru" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)#Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Advaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/230px-Double_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/345px-Double_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/460px-Double_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="880" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Classical Advaita Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81mat%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāmatī">Bhāmatī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarana" title="Vivarana">Vivarana</a></li></ul> Shaivism/Tantra/Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a>)</li></ul> New movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)">Avidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">Ajativada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchitananda">Satchitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three Bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect_in_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect in Advaita Vedanta">Cause and effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_neti" title="Neti neti">Neti neti</a></li></ul> Kashmir Shaivism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">so'ham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Sravana, manana, nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna#Spiritual_practices" title="Pratyabhijna">"Unfoldment of the middle"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-enquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-enquiry">Self-enquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Moksha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anubhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anubhava (page does not exist)">Anubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Jivanmukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Bodha_Deepika" title="Advaita Bodha Deepika">Advaita Bodha Deepika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Viveka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka">Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara of Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Ashtavakra Gita</a></li></ul> Gaudapada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></li></ul> Adi Shankara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a></li> <li>Attributed to Shankara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekachudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekachudamani">Vivekachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_bodha" title="Atma bodha">Atma bodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparokshanubhuti" title="Aparokshanubhuti">Aparokshanubhuti</a></li></ul> Advaita-Yoga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Gita" title="Avadhuta Gita">Avadhuta Gita</a></li></ul> Kashmir Shaivism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijnahridayam" title="Pratyabhijnahridayam">Pratyabhijnahridayam</a></li></ul> Neo-Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda#Literary_works" title="Swami Vivekananda">Works by Vivekananda</a></li></ul> Inchegeri Sampradaya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasbodh" title="Dasbodh">Dasbodh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Teachers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Misra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandana Misra">Mandana Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmapadacharya" title="Padmapadacharya">Padmapadacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalananda" title="Amalananda">Amalananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathi_Tirtha" title="Bharathi Tirtha">Bharathi Tirtha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teachers_of_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta">Advaita teachers</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Swami Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Swami Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Swami Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sarvapriyananda" title="Swami Sarvapriyananda">Swami Sarvapriyananda</a></li></ul> Shaivism/Tantra/Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._W._L._Poonja" title="H. W. L. Poonja">H. W. L. Poonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnanabhiksu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanic movement</a></li></ul> Hinduism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> Buddhism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism#Schayer_-_Precanonical_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Precanonical Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Monasteries and Orders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapadacharya_Math" title="Gaudapadacharya Math">Gaudapadacharya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhana_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana matha">Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka Pitha">Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotirmath">Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ</a></li></ul> Modern Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsha_Vidya_Gurukulam" title="Arsha Vidya Gurukulam">Arsha Vidya Gurukulam</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_De_Smet" title="Richard De Smet">Richard De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Deutsch" title="Eliot Deutsch">Eliot Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Godman" title="David Godman">David Godman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita" title="Category:Advaita">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vishishtadvaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta">Vishishtadvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Shaivism" title="Category:Advaita Shaivism">Advaita Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Nondualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Nondualism (page does not exist)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita_teachers" title="Category:Neo-Advaita teachers">Neo-Advaita teachers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/20px-Hinduism_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/30px-Hinduism_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/40px-Hinduism_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="278" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sub-schools</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Teachers (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Other scriptures</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Adi Shankara (8th c. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: आदि शङ्कर, आदि शङ्कराचार्य, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Ādi Śaṅkara, Ādi Śaṅkarācārya, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'First <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>',<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[aːd̪i ɕɐŋkɐraːt͡ɕaːrjɐ]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 3]</a> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedic scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">philosopher</a> and teacher (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuthren_Hirst20051-4">[1]</a> Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scanty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a> and his true impact lies in his "iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture," despite the fact that most Hindus do not adhere to Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-130-6">[3]</a> Tradition also portrays him as the one who reconciled the various sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Saktism) with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Pañcāyatana</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">worship</a>, the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the invisible Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-Klaus_Klostermaier_2007-7">[4]</a> While often revered as the most important Indian philosopher, the historical influence of his works on Hindu intellectual thought has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200229-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETola1989-10">[7]</a> Until the 10th century Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">[8]</a> and there is no mention of him in concurring Hindu, Buddhist or Jain sources until the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006217-12">[9]</a> The popular image of Shankara started to take shape in the 14th century, centuries after his death, when Sringeri matha started to receive patronage from the kings of the Vijayanagara Empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodding201389-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8-15">[12]</a> and shifted their allegiance from Advaitic <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamic</a> Shaivism to Brahmanical Advaita orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006215,_221-222-16">[13]</a> Hagiographies dating from the 14th-17th centuries deified him as a <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">ruler</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sannyasin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasin">renunciate</a>, travelling on a <a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_(conquest)" title="Digvijaya (conquest)">digvijaya</a> (conquest of the four quarters)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowicka2016147-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBader2001vii-18">[15]</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> to propagate his philosophy, defeating his opponents in theological debates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1985383-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2017-20">[17]</a> These hagiographies portray him as founding four <a href="#Mathas">mathas</a> ("monasteries"), and Adi Shankara also came to be regarded as the organiser of the <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81mi_Sampradaya" title="Daśanāmi Sampradaya">Dashanami</a> monastic order, and the unifier of the <a href="/wiki/Shanmata" title="Shanmata">Shanmata</a> tradition of worship. The title of <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>, used by heads of certain monasteries in India, is derived from his name. Due to his later fame, over 300 texts are attributed to him, including commentaries (Bhāṣya), introductory topical expositions (Prakaraṇa grantha) and poetry (Stotra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva19932–3-22">[19]</a> However, most of these are likely to be written by admirers or pretenders or scholars with an eponymous name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199530–31-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1983-24">[21]</a> Works known to be written by Shankara himself are the Brahmasutrabhasya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a> his commentaries on ten <a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">principal Upanishads</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199530–31-23">[20]</a> his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991xii–xiii-25">[22]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upade%C5%9Bas%C4%81hasr%C4%AB" title="Upadeśasāhasrī">Upadeśasāhasrī</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1990205–208-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a> The authenticity of Shankara being the author of <a href="/wiki/Viveka_Chudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveka Chudamani">Vivekacūḍāmaṇi</a> has been questioned and mostly rejected by scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes2004-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi20064-29">[26]</a> His authentic works present a harmonizing reading of the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">shastras</a>, with liberating knowledge of the self at its core, synthesizing the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> teachings of his time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678–679-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_Dalal2021-31">[web 1]</a> The central concern of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (individual self) as <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999176-32">[28]</a> taking the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge, beyond the ritually-oriented <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a>-exegesis of the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000163-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2000-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ritualism-35">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-36">[note 5]</a> Shankara's Advaita shows influences from <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, despite Shankara's critiques;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShcherbatsky192744–45-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1997494-38">[32]</a> and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiderman1978405–413-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199314-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995183-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-crypto-Buddhist-42">[note 6]</a> a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on Atman, Anatta and Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199360,_145–154-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-self_no-self-44">[note 7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2></div> Several different dates have been proposed for Shankara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199383–87-45">[37]</a> While the Advaita-tradition assigns him to the 5th century BCE, the scholarly-accepted dating places Shankara to be a scholar from the first half of the 8th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000163-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matha_datings">Matha datings</h3></div> <ul><li>509–477 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>: this dating is based on records of the heads of the Shankara's cardinal institutions Maṭhas. The exact dates of birth of Adi Shankaracharya believed by four monasteries are <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvārakā</a> at 491 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-49">[note 8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshimath#Religious_significance" title="Joshimath">Jyotirmath</a> at 485 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Puri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha Puri">Jagannatha Puri</a> at 484 BCE and <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> at 483 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[41]</a> while according to the <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> Peetham Adi Shankara was born in Kali 2593 (509 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p376-51">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 9]</a></li></ul> The records of the <a href="/wiki/Sringeri_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sringeri matha">Sringeri Matha</a> state that Shankara was born in the 14th year of the reign of "Vikramaditya", but it is unclear to which king this name refers.<a href="#cite_note-nila-55">[45]</a> Though some researchers identify the name with <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> (4th century CE), modern scholarship accepts the Vikramaditya as being from the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty of Badami</a>, most likely <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a> (733–746 CE).<a href="#cite_note-nila-55">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_datings">Scholarly datings</h3></div> <ul><li>788–820 CE: This was proposed by late 19th and early twentieth century scholars, following K.P. Tiele,<a href="#cite_note-57">[note 10]</a> and was customarily accepted by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, Macdonnel, Pathok, Deussen and Radhakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsayeva199383-84-56">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapasyananda201520-58">[47]</a> Though the 788–820 CE dates are widespread in 20th-century publications, recent scholarship has questioned the 788–820 CE dates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda2015-59">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[note 11]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 700 – c. 750 CE: Late 20th-century and early 21st-century scholarship tends to place Shankara's life in the first half of the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda2015-59">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199384–87_with_footnotes-62">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[note 12]</a> This estimate is based on the probable earliest and latest limits for his lifetime. His works contains traces of debates with Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> authors from th 5th-7th century, setting the earliest limit at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 CE. The latest limit is established by <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vacaspatimisra</a>'s commentary on Sankara's work, dated first half of the 9th century, thus setting the latest limit for Sankara at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsayeva199385-64">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_datings">Other datings</h3></div> <ul><li>44–12 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>: the commentator Anandagiri believed he was born at Chidambaram in 44 BCE and died in 12 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshava_Menon1976108-65">[52]</a></li> <li>6th century CE: Telang placed him in this century. Sir R.G. Bhandarkar believed he was born in 680 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshava_Menon1976108-65">[52]</a></li> <li>805–897 CE: Venkiteswara not only places Shankara later than most, but also had the opinion that it would not have been possible for him to have achieved all the works apportioned to him, and has him live ninety-two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshava_Menon1976108-65">[52]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_and_historical_views_on_Shankara">Traditional and historical views on Shankara</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg/222px-SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg/333px-SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg/444px-SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3091" /></a><figcaption>Adi Sankara Keerthi Sthampa Mandapam, Kalady, Kochi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views_of_Shankara">Traditional views of Shankara</h3></div> Shankara has an unparallelled status in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>. Hagiographies from the 14th-17th century portray him as a victor who travelled all over India to help restore the study of the Vedas<a href="#cite_note-66">[53]</a> According to Frank Whaling, "Hindus of the Advaita persuasion (and others too) have seen in Sankara the one who restored the Hindu dharma against the attacks of the Buddhists (and Jains) and in the process helped to drive Buddhism out of India."<a href="#cite_note-Whaling_1979-67">[54]</a> His teachings and <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">tradition</a> are central to <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a> and have influenced <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a> lineages.<a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a> Tradition portrays him as the one who reconciled the various sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Saktism) with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Pañcāyatana</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">worship</a>, the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the invisible Supreme Being,<a href="#cite_note-Klaus_Klostermaier_2007-7">[4]</a> implying that Advaita Vedanta stood above all other traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruijfSahoo2014105-69">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominence_of_Maṇḍana_Miśra_(until_10th_century)">Prominence of Maṇḍana Miśra (until 10th century)</h3></div> Scholars have questioned Shankara's early influence in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a> The Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._King" title="Richard E. King">Richard E. King</a> states, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought, this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-9">[6]</a></blockquote> According to Clark, "Sankara was relatively unknown during his life-time, and probably for several centuries after, as there is no mention of him in Buddhist or jain sources for centuries; nor is he mentioned by other important philosophers of the ninth and tenth centuries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006217-12">[9]</a> According to King and Roodurmun, until the 10th century Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Mandana-Misra</a>, the latter considered to be the major representative of Advaita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a>, an older contemporary of Shankara,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200229-8">[5]</a> was a Mimamsa scholar and a follower of <a href="/wiki/Kumarila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarila">Kumarila</a>, but also wrote a seminal text on Advaita that has survived into the modern era, the Brahma-siddhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200231-70">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[58]</a> The "theory of error" set forth in the Brahma-siddhi became the normative Advaita Vedanta theory of error,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200232-72">[59]</a> and for a couple of centuries he was the most influential Vedantin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002128-73">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-King2002_MandanaMisra-74">[note 13]</a> His student <a href="/wiki/Vachaspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vachaspati Miśra">Vachaspati Miśra</a>, who is believed to have been an incarnation of Shankara to popularize the Advaita view,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200234-75">[61]</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Bhamati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhamati">Bhamati</a>, a commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya, and the Brahmatattva-samiksa, a commentary on Mandana Mishra's Brahma-siddhi. His thought was mainly inspired by Mandana Miśra, and harmonises Shankara's thought with that of Mandana Miśra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200235-76">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-BhamatiVivarana-77">[web 2]</a> The Bhamati school takes an ontological approach. It sees the <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a> as the source of avidya.<a href="#cite_note-BhamatiVivarana-77">[web 2]</a> It sees yogic practice and contemplation as the main factor in the acquirement of liberation, while the study of the Vedas and reflection are additional factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199956-78">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200237-79">[64]</a> The later Advaita Vedanta tradition incorporated Maṇḍana Miśra into the Shankara-fold, by identifying him with <a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvara</a> (9th century),<a href="#cite_note-karlpottermms-80">[65]</a> believing that Maṇḍana Miśra became a disciple of Shankara after a public debate which Shankara won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200231-70">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997290–291-81">[66]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Satchidanandendra_Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidanandendra Sarasvati">Satchidanandendra Sarasvati</a>, "almost all the later Advaitins were influenced by Mandana Misra and <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_(Bhedabheda_Vedanta)" title="Bhāskara (Bhedabheda Vedanta)">Bhaskara</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatchidanandendra_Sarasvati19976-82">[67]</a> He argues that most of post-Shankara Advaita Vedanta actually deviates from Shankara, and that only his student Suresvara, who's had little influence, represents Shankara correctly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20066–7-83">[68]</a> In this view, Shankara's influential student Padmapada misunderstood Shankara, while his views were manitained by the Suresvara school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20066–7-83">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[note 14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavite_Vedanta_(10th-14th_century)">Vaishnavite Vedanta (10th-14th century)</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a> states that prior to Shankara, views similar to his already existed, but did not occupy a dominant position within the Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004690-85">[69]</a> Until the 11th century, Vedanta itself was a peripheral school of thought;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010157;_229_note_57-86">[70]</a> Vedanta became a major influence when it was utilized by various sects of Hinduism to ground their doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-693-87">[71]</a> The early Vedanta scholars were from the upper classes of society, well-educated in traditional culture. They formed a social elite, "sharply distinguished from the general practitioners and theologians of Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693-88">[72]</a> Their teachings were "transmitted among a small number of selected intellectuals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693-88">[72]</a> Works of the early Vedanta schools do not contain references to Vishnu or Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004692-89">[73]</a> It was only after Shankara that "the theologians of the various sects of Hinduism utilized Vedanta philosophy to a greater or lesser degree to form the basis of their doctrines,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-90">[74]</a> whereby "its theoretical influence upon the whole of Indian society became final and definitive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693-88">[72]</a> Examples are <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> (11th c.), who aligned <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, "the major force in the religions of Hinduism," with philosophical thought, meanwhile rejecting Shankara's views,<a href="#cite_note-EB_Ramanuja-91">[web 3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a>-tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978-92">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara_Empire_and_Vidyaranya_(14th_century)_-_creation_of_traditional_(hagiographic)_views">Vijayanagara Empire and Vidyaranya (14th century) - creation of traditional (hagiographic) views</h3></div> In medieval times, Advaita Vedanta position as most influential Hindu darsana started to take shape, as Advaitins in the Vijayanagara Empire competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their sect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-56-93">[76]</a> It is only during this period that the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedanta was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010178–183-94">[77]</a> Many of Shankara's biographies were created and published in and after the 14th century, such as Vidyaranya's widely cited Śankara-vijaya. <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a>, also known as Madhava, who was the 12th Jagadguru of the Śringeri Śarada Pītham from 1380 to 1386<a href="#cite_note-95">[78]</a> and a minister in the Vijayanagara Empire,<a href="#cite_note-talbot-96">[79]</a> inspired the re-creation of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> of South India. This may have been in response to the devastation caused by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010178–183-94">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-96">[79]</a> but his efforts were also targeted at Sri Vaishnava groups, especially Visishtadvaita, which was dominant in territories conquered by the Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-97">[80]</a> Furthermore, sects competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their own sectarian system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-56-93">[76]</a> Vidyaranya and his brothers, note Paul Hacker and other scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8-15">[12]</a> wrote extensive Advaitic commentaries on the Vedas and Dharma to make "the authoritative literature of the Aryan religion" more accessible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">[81]</a> Vidyaranya was an influential Advaitin, and he created legends to turn Shankara, whose elevated philosophy had no appeal to gain widespread popularity, into a "divine folk-hero who spread his teaching through his digvijaya ("universal conquest," see below) all over India like a victorious conqueror."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177-99">[82]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Doxography" title="Doxography">doxography</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha</a> ("Summary of all views") Vidyaranya presented Shankara's teachings as the summit of all darsanas, presenting the other darsanas as partial truths which converged in Shankara's teachings, which was regarded to be the most inclusive system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160–162-100">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">[81]</a> The Vaishanava traditions of Dvaita and Visishtadvaita were not classified as Vedanta, and placed just above Buddhism and Jainism, reflecting the threat they posed for Vidyaranya's Advaita allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160-101">[84]</a> Bhedabheda wasn't mentioned at all, "literally written out of the history of Indian philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010161-102">[85]</a> Such was the influence of the Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha, that early Indologists also regarded Advaita Vedanta as the most accurate interpretation of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160-101">[84]</a> And Vidyaranya founded a matha, proclaiming that it was established by Shankara himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177-99">[82]</a> Vidyaranya enjoyed royal support,<a href="#cite_note-talbot-96">[79]</a> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish monasteries (mathas) to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagiographies:_Digvijaya_-_"The_conquests_of_Shankara"_(14th-17th_century)">Hagiographies: Digvijaya - "The conquests of Shankara" (14th-17th century)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg/220px-Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg/330px-Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Kaladi_shankarabirthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of Adi Shankara at <a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adi_shankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adi_shankara.jpg/170px-Adi_shankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adi_shankara.jpg/255px-Adi_shankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adi_shankara.jpg/340px-Adi_shankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Murti of Shankara at his <a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">Samadhi</a> Mandir, behind <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a>, India</figcaption></figure>Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scanty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a> His existing biographies are not historical accurate documents, but politically motivated hagiographies which were all written several centuries after his time and abound in legends and improbable events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda2015-59">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_(conquest)" title="Digvijaya (conquest)">Digvijaya</a></div> There are at least fourteen different known <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> of Adi Shankara's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a> These, as well as other hagiographical works on Shankara, were written many centuries to a thousand years after Shankara's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201135-103">[86]</a> in Sanskrit and non-Sanskrit languages, and the hagiographies are filled with legends and fiction, often mutually contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[note 15]</a> Many of these are called the Śankara Vijaya ('The conquests (<a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_(conquest)" title="Digvijaya (conquest)">digvijaya</a>) of Shankara'), while some are called Guruvijaya, Sankarabhyudaya and Shankaracaryacarita. Of these, the Brhat-Sankara-Vijaya by Citsukha is the oldest hagiography but only available in excerpts, while Sankaradigvijaya by Mādhava (17th c.) and Sankaravijaya by Anandagiri are the most cited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a> Other significant hagiographies are the Cidvilāsīya Śaṅkara Vijayaṃ (of Cidvilāsa, c. between the 15th and 17th centuries), and the Keraļīya Śaṅkara Vijayaṃ (of the Kerala region, extant from c. the 17th century).<a href="#cite_note-105">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[88]</a>} Scholars note that one of the most cited Shankara hagiographies, Anandagiri's, includes stories and legends about historically different people, but all bearing the same name of Sri Shankaracarya or also referred to as Shankara but likely meaning more ancient scholars with names such as Vidya-sankara, Sankara-misra and Sankara-nanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a> Some hagiographies are probably written by those who sought to create a historical basis for their rituals or theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201135-103">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_life">Early life</h4></div> According to the oldest hagiographies, Shankara was born in the southern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, in a village named <a href="/wiki/Kaladi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaladi">Kaladi</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a> sometimes spelled as Kalati or Karati.<a href="#cite_note-108">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[note 16]</a> His parents were an aged, childless, couple who led a devout life of service to the poor. They named their child Shankara, meaning "giver of prosperity".<a href="#cite_note-110">[91]</a> His father died while Shankara was very young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a> Shankara's <a href="/wiki/Upanayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanayanam">upanayanam</a>, the initiation into student-life, had to be delayed due to the death of his father, and was then performed by his mother.<a href="#cite_note-111">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</h4></div> Shankara's hagiographies describe him as someone who was attracted to the life of <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a> (hermit) from early childhood. His mother disapproved. A story, found in all hagiographies, describe Shankara at age eight going to a river with his mother, Sivataraka, to bathe, and where he is caught by a crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75-112">[93]</a> Shankara called out to his mother to give him permission to become a Sannyasin or else the crocodile will kill him. The mother agrees, Shankara is freed and leaves his home for education. He reaches a Saivite sanctuary along a river in a north-central state of India, and becomes the disciple of a teacher named <a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Govinda Bhagavatpada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75-112">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">[94]</a> The stories in various hagiographies diverge in details about the first meeting between Shankara and his Guru, where they met, as well as what happened later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75-112">[93]</a> Several texts suggest Shankara schooling with Govindapada happened along the river <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omkareshwar">Omkareshwar</a>, a few place it along river Ganges in Kashi (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>) as well as Badari (<a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> in the Himalayas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">[94]</a> The hagiographies vary in their description of where he went, who he met and debated and many other details of his life. Most mention Shankara studying the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmasutra">Brahmasutra</a> with Govindapada, and Shankara authoring several key works in his youth, while he was studying with his teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199376–77-114">[95]</a> It is with his teacher Govinda, that Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a> Most also mention a meeting with scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> school of Hinduism namely Kumarila and Prabhakara, as well as Mandana and various Buddhists, in <a href="/wiki/Shastrartha" title="Shastrartha">Shastrartha</a> (an Indian tradition of public philosophical debates attended by large number of people, sometimes with royalty).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Travels_(Digvijaya)_and_disciples">Travels (Digvijaya) and disciples</h4></div> Thereafter, the hagiographies about Shankara vary significantly. Different and widely inconsistent accounts of his life include diverse journeys, pilgrimages, public debates, installation of yantras and lingas, as well as the founding of monastic centers in north, east, west and south India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">[94]</a> While the details and chronology vary, most hagiographies present Shankara as traveling widely within India, Gujarat to Bengal, and participating in public philosophical debates with different orthodox schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, as well as heterodox traditions such as Buddhists, Jains, Arhatas, Saugatas, and <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvakas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36-115">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[97]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-117">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The hagiographies credit him with starting several Matha (monasteries), but this is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36-115">[96]</a> Ten monastic orders in different parts of India are generally attributed to Shankara's travel-inspired Sannyasin schools, each with Advaita notions, of which four have continued in his tradition: Bharati (Sringeri), Sarasvati (Kanchi), Tirtha and Asramin (Dvaraka).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199382–91-118">[99]</a> Other monasteries that record Shankara's visit include Giri, Puri, Vana, Aranya, Parvata and Sagara – all names traceable to <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> system in Hinduism and Vedic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199382–91-118">[99]</a> Shankara had a number of disciple scholars during his travels, including <a href="/wiki/Padmapadacharya" title="Padmapadacharya">Padmapadacharya</a> (also called Sanandana, associated with the text Atma-bodha), <a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvaracharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totakacharya" title="Totakacharya">Totakacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastamalakacharya" title="Hastamalakacharya">Hastamalakacharya</a>, Chitsukha, Prthividhara, Chidvilasayati, Bodhendra, Brahmendra, Sadananda and others, who authored their own literature on Shankara and Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36-115">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199371–82,_93–94-119">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4></div> According to hagiographies, supported by four maths, Adi Shankara died at <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> in the northern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, a Hindu pilgrimage site in the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199390–91-120">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a> Texts say that he was last seen by his disciples behind the Kedarnath temple, walking in the Himalayas until he was not traced. Some texts locate his death in alternate locations such as <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> (Tamil Nadu) and somewhere in the state of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">[94]</a> According to the hagiographies related to the monastery of Kanchi, Adi Sankara died at Kanchi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199390-121">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagiographies:_attribution_of_Mathas_and_Smarta_tradition_(14-17th_century)">Hagiographies: attribution of Mathas and Smarta tradition (14-17th century)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a></div>Traditionally, Shankara is regarded as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Daśanāmi Sampradāya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanmata" title="Shanmata">Ṣaṇmata</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta tradition</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dashanami_Sampradaya_and_mathas">Dashanami Sampradaya and mathas</h4></div> Advaita Vedanta is, at least in the west, primarily known as a philosophical system. But it is also a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">renunciation</a>. Philosophy and renunciation are closely related:<a href="#cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">[web 4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Most of the notable authors in the advaita tradition were members of the sannyasa tradition, and both sides of the tradition share the same values, attitudes and metaphysics.<a href="#cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">[web 4]</a></blockquote> Shankara was a Vaishnavite who came to be presented as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006218,_220,_224-123">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">[web 4]</a> to facilitate the adoption of his teachings by previously Saiva-oriented mathas in the Vijayanagara Empire. From the 14th century onwards hagiographies were composed, in which he is portrayed as establishing the <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81mi_Sampradaya" title="Daśanāmi Sampradaya">Daśanāmi Sampradaya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006224-225-124">[104]</a> organizing a section of the <a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Ekadandi monks</a> under an umbrella grouping of ten names.<a href="#cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">[web 4]</a> Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions remained outside the organisation of the Dasanāmis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[106]</a> According to tradition, Adi Sankara organised the Hindu monks of these ten sects or names under four <a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Maṭhas</a> (Sanskrit: मठ) (monasteries), with the headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvārakā</a> in the West, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Puri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha Puri">Jagannatha Puri</a> in the East, <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> in the South and <a href="/wiki/Badrikashrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Badrikashrama">Badrikashrama</a> in the North.<a href="#cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">[web 4]</a> Each matha was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta Sampradaya. According to Paul Hacker, the system may have been initiated by <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a> (14th c.), who may have founded a matha, proclaiming that it was established by Shankara himself, as part of his campaign to propagate Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177-99">[82]</a> Vidyaranya enjoyed royal support,<a href="#cite_note-talbot-96">[79]</a> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish monasteries (mathas) to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529–30-13">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smarta_Tradition">Smarta Tradition</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a></div> Traditionally, Shankara is regarded as the greatest teacher<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017-127">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-128">[108]</a> and reformer of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smartism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a>, which is one of four major sampradaya of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2006166-129">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-128">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a>, Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived smarta tradition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Practically, Shankara fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and smarta orthodoxy, which by his time had not only continued to defend the varnasramadharma theory as defining the path of karman, but had developed the practice of pancayatanapuja ("five-shrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's istadevata ("deity of choice").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200229-130">[110]</a></blockquote> Panchayatana puja (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> Pañcāyatana pūjā) is a system of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> (worship) in the Smarta tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-131">[111]</a> It consists of the worship of five deities set in a <a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">quincunx</a> pattern,<a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p141-132">[112]</a> the five deities being <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Ishta_Devata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishta Devata">Ishta Devata</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> or any personal god of devotee's preference.<a href="#cite_note-Flood1996p17-133">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[114]</a> Sometimes the Ishta Devata is the sixth deity in the mandala.<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-131">[111]</a> while in the <a href="/wiki/Shanmata" title="Shanmata">Shanmata</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-135">[115]</a> Skanda, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> and Murugan, is added. Panchayatana puja is a practice that became popular in medieval India,<a href="#cite_note-Bühnemann2003p60-131">[111]</a> and has been attributed to Adi Shankara.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-136">[116]</a> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara.<a href="#cite_note-138">[note 17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Vedanta_(19-20th_century)">Neo-Vedanta (19-20th century)</h3></div> Shankara's position was further established in the 19th and 20th-century, when <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedantins</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalists</a> elevated Advaita Vedanta "as the connecting theological thread that united Hinduism into a single religious tradition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-139">[118]</a> Shankara became "an iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture," despite the fact that most Hindus do not adhere to Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-130-6">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> A 108-foot statue of Adi Shankara was unveiled near <a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> to commemorate his life and work on 21 September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-140">[119]</a> Another 12-foot statue at Kedarnath was unveiled by Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> on 5 November 2019, is made of chlorite schist and weighs 35 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-141">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[121]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg/225px-Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg/338px-Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg/450px-Shankaracharya_Math_Pashupatinath_Temple_Pashupati_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Adi Shankaracharya Math in <a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath Temple, Nepal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara_bibliography" title="Adi Shankara bibliography">Adi Shankara bibliography</a></div> Adi Shankara is highly esteemed in contemporary Advaita Vedanta, and over 300 texts are attributed to his name, including commentaries (Bhāṣya), original philosophical expositions (Prakaraṇa grantha) and poetry (Stotra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva19932–3-22">[19]</a> However, most of these are not authentic works of Shankara, and are likely to be written by his admirers, or scholars whose name was also Shankaracharya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199530–31-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1983-24">[21]</a> Piantelli has published a complete list of works attributed to Adi Sankara, along with issues of authenticity for most.<a href="#cite_note-143">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authentic_works">Authentic works</h3></div> Shankara is most known for his systematic reviews and commentaries (Bhasyas) on ancient Indian texts. Shankara's masterpiece of commentary is the Brahmasutrabhasya (literally, commentary on <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Sutra">Brahma Sutras</a>). The Brahma Sutras are a fundamental text of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a> According to Flood, of the Upanishadic commentaries only his commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> are authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996240-144">[123]</a> Hacker and Mayeda also accept as authentic the commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[note 18]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20066–7-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199530–31-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> The authenticity of the commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapadas</a> Madukya-karika has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199393–97-148">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> Other authentic works of Shankara include commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (part of his <a href="/wiki/Prasthana_Trayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasthana Trayi">Prasthana Trayi</a> Bhasya).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991xii–xiii-25">[22]</a> His Vivarana (tertiary notes) on the commentary by Vedavyasa on <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yogasutras</a> as well as those on Apastamba Dharma-sũtras (Adhyatama-patala-bhasya) are accepted by scholars as authentic works of Shankara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199393–97-148">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1990205–208-26">[23]</a> Among the Stotra (poetic works), the <a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Stotra" title="Dakshinamurti Stotra">Dakshinamurti Stotra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhaja_Govindam" title="Bhaja Govindam">Mohamudgara Stotra(Bhaja govindam)</a>, the Shivanandalahari, the Carpata-panjarika, the Visnu-satpadi, the <a href="/wiki/Hari_Stuti" title="Hari Stuti">Harimide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dasha_Shloki" title="Dasha Shloki">Dasha-shloki</a>, and the Krishna-staka are likely to be authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199393–97-148">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011351–352-149">[127]</a> Shankara also authored <a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a>, his most important original philosophical work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass1990205–208-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a> Of other original Prakaranas (प्रकरण, monographs, treatise), seventy-six works are attributed to Shankara. Modern era Indian scholars such as Belvalkar as well as Upadhyaya accept five and thirty-nine works respectively as authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011113–115-150">[128]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg/220px-Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg/330px-Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg/440px-Adi_Sankara_at_SAT_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Murti of Shankara at the <a href="/wiki/SAT_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="SAT Temple">SAT Temple</a> in Santa Cruz, California</figcaption></figure> Shankara's stotras considered authentic include those dedicated to Krishna (<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>) and one to Shiva (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>) – often considered two different sects within Hinduism. Scholars suggest that these stotra are not sectarian, but essentially Advaitic and reach for a unified universal view of Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011351–352-149">[127]</a> Shankara's commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma Sutra">Brahma Sutras</a> is the oldest surviving. However, in that commentary, he mentions older commentaries like those of Dravida, Bhartrprapancha and others which are either lost or yet to be found.<a href="#cite_note-151">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_of_doubtful_authenticity_or_not_authentic">Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic</h3></div> Commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and Shveshvatara Upanishads are attributed to Shankara, but their authenticity is highly doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199530–31-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[130]</a> Similarly, commentaries on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars<a href="#cite_note-paulhackeraupr-153">[131]</a> to be his works, and are likely works of later scholars; these include: Kaushitaki Upanishad, Maitri Upanishad, Kaivalya Upanishad, Paramahamsa Upanishad, Sakatayana Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Gopalatapaniya Upanishad. However, in Brahmasutra-Bhasya, Shankara cites some of these Upanishads as he develops his arguments, but the historical notes left by his companions and disciples, along with major differences in style and the content of the commentaries on later Upanishad have led scholars to conclude that the commentaries on later Upanishads were not Shankara's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> The authenticity of Shankara being the author of <a href="/wiki/Viveka_Chudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveka Chudamani">Vivekacūḍāmaṇi</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[132]</a> has been questioned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes2004-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi20064-29">[26]</a> though it is "so closely interwoven into the spiritual heritage of Shankara that any analysis of his perspective which fails to consider [this work] would be incomplete."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi20064-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[note 19]</a> According to Grimes, "modern scholars tend to reject its authenticity as a work by Shankara," while "traditionalists tend to accept it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes200423-156">[133]</a> Nevertheless, does Grimes argue that "there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the Vivekacūḍāmaṇi," <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes200423-156">[133]</a> noting that "it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes200413-157">[134]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/220px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/330px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg/440px-Vidyashankara_Temple_at_Shringeri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Vidyashankara temple at <a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shringeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shringeri">Shringeri</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aparokshanubhuti" title="Aparokshanubhuti">Aparokshanubhuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atma_bodha" title="Atma bodha">Atma bodha</a> are also attributed to Shankara, as his original philosophical treatises, but this is doubtful. Paul Hacker has also expressed some reservations that the compendium <a href="/wiki/Sarva-siddhanta_Sangraha" title="Sarva-siddhanta Sangraha">Sarva-darsana-siddhanta Sangraha</a> was completely authored by Shankara, because of difference in style and thematic inconsistencies in parts.<a href="#cite_note-paulhackeraupr-153">[131]</a> Similarly, Gayatri-bhasya is doubtful to be Shankara's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> Other commentaries that are highly unlikely to be Shankara's work include those on Uttaragita, Siva-gita, Brahma-gita, Lalita-shasranama, Suta-samhita and Sandhya-bhasya. The commentary on the Tantric work Lalita-trisati-bhasya attributed to Shankara is also unauthentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> Shankara is widely credited with commentaries on other scriptural works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_sahasranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu sahasranama">Vishnu sahasranāma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanatsujatiya" title="Sanatsujatiya">Sānatsujātiya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vanb78-158">[135]</a> but both these are considered apocryphal by scholars who have expressed doubts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> Hastamalakiya-bhasya is also widely believed in India to be Shankara's work and it is included in Samata-edition of Shankara's works, but some scholars consider it to be the work of Shankara's student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011105–113-147">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_practice">Philosophy and practice</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Atma_Shatakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Atma Shatakam">Atma Shatakam (The song of the Self)</a>: I am Consciousness, I am <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">Bliss</a>, I am Shiva, I am Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-160">[note 20]</a> Without hate, without infatuation, without craving, without greed; Neither arrogance, nor conceit, never jealous I am; Neither dharma, nor artha, neither kama, nor moksha am I; I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva. Without sins, without merits, without elation, without sorrow; Neither mantra, nor rituals, neither pilgrimage, nor Vedas; Neither the experiencer, nor experienced, nor the experience am I, I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva. Without fear, without death, without discrimination, without caste; Neither father, nor mother, never born I am; Neither kith, nor kin, neither teacher, nor student am I; I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva. Without form, without figure, without resemblance am I; Vitality of all senses, in everything I am; Neither attached, nor released am I; I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Adi Shankara, Nirvana Shatakam, Hymns 3–6<a href="#cite_note-161">[137]</a></cite> </div> According to Koller, Shankara, and his contemporaries, made a significant contribution in understanding Buddhism and the ancient Vedic traditions, then transforming the extant ideas, particularly reforming the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, making it India's most important "spiritual tradition" for more than a thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller201299-162">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[note 21]</a> Benedict Ashley credits Adi Shankara for unifying two seemingly disparate philosophical doctrines in Hinduism, namely <a href="/wiki/Jivatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatma">Atman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[139]</a> According to Nakamura, Shankara was not an original thinker, but systematised the works of preceding philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004680-165">[140]</a> The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the identity of the Self (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999176-32">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> is <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivanmukti">attained in this life</a> by recognizing the identity of Atman and Brahman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a> as mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahavakyas</a>, especially Tat Tvam Asi, "That you are." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> Shankara lived in the time of the great "Late classical Hinduism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200441–43-166">[141]</a> which lasted from 650 till 1100 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200441–43-166">[141]</a> This era was one of political instability that followed the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="King Harsha">King Harsha</a> of the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller201299–108-167">[142]</a> power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200441-168">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[note 22]</a> The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The great king was remote, was exalted and deified",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200441-168">[143]</a> as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a>, which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200025–28-170">[144]</a> The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[note 23]</a> Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> was diminished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> Rural and devotional movements arose, along with <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisnavism">Vaisnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and various traditions within Hinduism were competing for members.<a href="#cite_note-173">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-frankwhaling-175">[148]</a> Buddhism in particular had emerged as a powerful influence in India's spiritual traditions in the first 700 years of the 1st millennium CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller201299–108-167">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20081–21,_103–119-176">[149]</a> but lost its position after the 8th century, and began to disappear in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels200442-171">[145]</a> This was reflected in the change of puja-ceremonies at the courts in the 8th century, where Hindu gods replaced the Buddha as the "supreme, imperial deity".<a href="#cite_note-177">[note 24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematizer_of_Advaita">Systematizer of Advaita</h3></div> According to Nakamura, comparison of the known teachings of the early Vedantins and Shankara's thought shows that most of the characteristics of Shankara's thought "were advocated by someone before Śankara".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-178">[150]</a> Shankara "was the person who synthesized the Advaita-vāda which had previously existed before him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004678-178">[150]</a> According to Nakamura, after the growing influence of Buddhism on Vedānta, culminating in the works of Gauḍapāda, Adi Shankara gave a Vedantic character to the Buddhistic elements in these works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200613-179">[151]</a> synthesising and rejuvenating the doctrine of Advaita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004679-180">[152]</a> According to Koller, using ideas in ancient Indian texts, Shankara systematized the foundation for Advaita <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedānta</a> in the 8th century, reforming <a href="/wiki/Badarayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Badarayana">Badarayana</a>'s Vedānta tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a> According to Mayeda, Shankara represents a turning point in the development of Vedānta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200613-179">[151]</a> yet he also notices that it is only since Deussens's praise that Shankara "has usually been regarded as the greatest philosopher of India."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992XV-181">[153]</a> Mayeda further notes that Shankara was primarily concerned with moksha, "and not with the establishment of a complete system of philosophy or theology,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992XV-181">[153]</a> following Potter, who qualifies Shankara as a "speculative philosopher."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992XVIII,_note_3-182">[154]</a> Lipner notes that Shankara's "main literary approach was commentarial and hence perforce disjointed rather than procedurally systematic [...] though a systematic philosophy can be derived from Samkara's thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200056,_incl._note_12-183">[155]</a> Shankara has been described as influenced by Shaivism and Shaktism, but his works and philosophy suggest greater overlap with Vaishnavism, influence of <a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja yoga">Yoga</a> school of Hinduism, but most distinctly express his Advaitin convictions with a monistic view of spirituality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda20063–5-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva19933,_29–30-184">[156]</a> and his commentaries mark a turn from realism to idealism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200064-185">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheepers2000123-186">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moksha_-_liberating_knowledge_of_Brahman">Moksha - liberating knowledge of Brahman</h3></div> The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (individual self) as <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a>)-<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999176-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[note 25]</a> One of Shankara's main concerns was establishing the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge beyond the ritually-oriented <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a> exegesis of the vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya2000-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000163-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ritualism-35">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-36">[note 5]</a> According to Shankara, the one unchanging entity (Brahman) alone is real, while changing entities do not have absolute existence. Shankara's primary objective was to explain how <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> is <a href="/wiki/Moksha#Mokṣha_in_this_life" title="Moksha">attained in this life</a> by recognizing the true identity of jivatman as Atman-Brahman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller200798–106-27">[24]</a> as mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a>, especially Tat Tvam Asi, "That you are." Correct knowledge of jivatman and Atman-Brahman is the attainment of Brahman, immortality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan200626-188">[159]</a> and leads to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation) from suffering<a href="#cite_note-189">[note 26]</a> and samsara, the cycle of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000183-190">[160]</a> This is stated by Shankara as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> I am other than name, form and action. My nature is ever free! I am Self, the supreme unconditioned Brahman. I am pure Awareness, always non-dual. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adi Shankara, <a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a> 11.7, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000183-190">[160]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pramanas_-_means_of_knowledge">Pramanas - means of knowledge</h3></div> Shankara recognized the means of knowledge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200646-191">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[note 27]</a> but his thematic focus was upon <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>, and he took for granted the <a href="/wiki/Pramanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramanas">pramanas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200647-195">[164]</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> or "means to gain knowledge, reasoning methods that empower one to gain reliable knowledge".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Sengaku Mayeda, "in no place in his works [...] does he give any systematic account of them,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200647-195">[164]</a> taking Atman-Brahman to be self-evident (svapramanaka) and self-established (svatahsiddha), and "an investigation of the means of knowledge is of no use for the attainment of final release."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200647-195">[164]</a> Mayeda notes that Shankara's arguments are "strikingly realistic and not idealistic," arguing that jnana is based on existing things (vastutantra), and "not upon Vedic injunction (codanatantra) nor upon man (purusatantra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200647-195">[164]</a> According to Michael Comans (aka Vasudevacharya), Shankara considered perception and inference as a primary most reliable epistemic means, and where these means to knowledge help one gain "what is beneficial and to avoid what is harmful", there is no need for or wisdom in referring to the scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000168-196">[165]</a> In certain matters related to metaphysics and ethics, says Shankara, the testimony and wisdom in scriptures such as the Vedas and the Upanishads become important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000167–169-197">[166]</a> Merrell-Wolff states that Shankara accepts Vedas and Upanishads as a source of knowledge as he develops his philosophical theses, yet he never rests his case on the ancient texts, rather proves each thesis, point by point using the <a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramanas</a> (means of knowledge) of reason and experience.<a href="#cite_note-198">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[168]</a> Hacker and Phillips note that his insight into rules of reasoning and hierarchical emphasis on epistemic steps is "doubtlessly the suggestion" of Shankara in Brahma-sutra-bhasya, an insight that flowers in the works of his companion and disciple Padmapada.<a href="#cite_note-200">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logic_versus_revelation">Logic versus revelation</h4></div> Stcherbatsky in 1927 criticized Shankara for demanding the use of logic from <a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a> Buddhists, while himself resorting to revelation as a source of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShcherbatsky192744–45-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[note 28]</a> Sircar in 1933 offered a different perspective and stated, "Sankara recognizes the value of the law of contrariety and self-alienation from the standpoint of idealistic logic; and it has consequently been possible for him to integrate appearance with reality."<a href="#cite_note-202">[170]</a> Recent scholarship states that Shankara's arguments on revelation are about apta vacana (Sanskrit: आप्तवचन, sayings of the wise, relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).<a href="#cite_note-arvindrevel-203">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[172]</a> It is part of his and Advaita Vedanta's epistemological foundation.<a href="#cite_note-arvindrevel-203">[171]</a> The Advaita Vedanta tradition considers such testimony epistemically valid, asserting that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<a href="#cite_note-205">[173]</a> Shankara considered the teachings in the Vedas and Upanishads as apta vacana and a valid source of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-arvindrevel-203">[171]</a> He suggests the importance of teacher-disciple relationship on combining logic and revelation to attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> in his text <a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadeshasahasri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993219–223_with_footnote_34-206">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a> and others state that Shankara did not rely exclusively on Vedic statements, but also used a range of logical methods and reasoning methodology and other pramanas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993210–221-207">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991Chapters_2–4-208">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anubhava">Anubhava</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a> summarizes the widely held view on the role of anubhava in Shankara's epistemology as follows, before critiquing it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">According to these [widely represented contemporary] studies, Shankara only accorded a provisional validity to the knowledge gained by inquiry into the words of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a> (Vedas) and did not see the latter as the unique source (pramana) of Brahmajnana. The affirmations of the Śruti, it is argued, need to be verified and confirmed by the knowledge gained through direct experience (anubhava) and the authority of the Śruti, therefore, is only secondary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991xii–xiii-25">[22]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoga_and_contemplative_exercises">Yoga and contemplative exercises</h4></div> Shankara considered the purity and steadiness of mind achieved in <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> as an aid to gaining <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> knowledge, but such yogic state of mind cannot in itself give rise to such knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-209">[177]</a> To Shankara, that knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> springs only from inquiry into the teachings of the Upanishads.<a href="#cite_note-210">[178]</a> The method of yoga, encouraged in Shankara's teachings notes Comans, includes withdrawal of mind from sense objects as in Patanjali's system, but it is not complete thought suppression, instead it is a "meditative exercise of withdrawal from the particular and identification with the universal, leading to contemplation of oneself as the most universal, namely, Consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-michaelcomans-211">[179]</a> Describing Shankara's style of yogic practice, Comans writes: <blockquote>the type of yoga which Sankara presents here is a method of merging, as it were, the particular (visesa) into the general (samanya). For example, diverse sounds are merged in the sense of hearing, which has greater generality insofar as the sense of hearing is the locus of all sounds. The sense of hearing is merged into the mind, whose nature consists of thinking about things, and the mind is in turn merged into the intellect, which Sankara then says is made into 'mere cognition' (vijnanamatra); that is, all particular cognitions resolve into their universal, which is cognition as such, thought without any particular object. And that in turn is merged into its universal, mere Consciousness (prajnafnaghana), upon which everything previously referred to ultimately depends.<a href="#cite_note-michaelcomans-211">[179]</a> </blockquote> Shankara rejected those yoga system variations that suggest complete thought suppression leads to liberation, as well the view that the <a href="/wiki/Shruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shruti">Shrutis</a> teach liberation as something apart from the knowledge of the oneness of the Self. Knowledge alone and insights relating to true nature of things, taught Shankara, is what liberates. He placed great emphasis on the study of the Upanisads, emphasizing them as necessary and sufficient means to gain Self-liberating knowledge. Sankara also emphasized the need for and the role of Guru (Acharya, teacher) for such knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-michaelcomans-211">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samanvayat_Tatparya_Linga">Samanvayat Tatparya Linga</h4></div> Shankara cautioned against cherrypicking a phrase or verse out of context from Vedic literature, and remarks in the opening chapter of his Brahmasutra-Bhasya that the Anvaya (theme or purport) of any treatise can only be correctly understood if one attends to the Samanvayat Tatparya Linga, that is six characteristics of the text under consideration: (1) the common in Upakrama (introductory statement) and Upasamhara (conclusions); (2) Abhyasa (message repeated); (3) Apurvata (unique proposition or novelty); (4) Phala (fruit or result derived); (5) Arthavada (explained meaning, praised point) and (6) Yukti (verifiable reasoning).<a href="#cite_note-212">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200646–53-213">[181]</a> While this methodology has roots in the theoretical works of <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school of Hinduism, Shankara consolidated and applied it with his unique exegetical method called Anvaya-Vyatireka, which states that for proper understanding one must "accept only meanings that are compatible with all characteristics" and "exclude meanings that are incompatible with any".<a href="#cite_note-214">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mahāvākyas_-_the_identity_of_Ātman_and_Brahman">The Mahāvākyas - the identity of Ātman and Brahman</h3></div> Moksha, liberation from suffering and rebirth and attaining immortality, is attained by disidentification from the body-mind complex and gaining self-knowledge as being in essence Atman, and attaining knowledge of the identity of Ātman and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans2000183-190">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan200626-188">[159]</a> According to Shankara, the individual Ātman and Brahman seem different at the empirical level of reality, but this difference is only an illusion, and at the highest level of reality they are really identical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199214-216">[184]</a> The real self is Sat, "the Existent," that is, Ātman-Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199212,_172-217">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197349-218">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brahman-219">[note 29]</a> Whereas the difference between Ātman and non-Ātman is deemed self-evident, knowledge of the identity of Ātman and Brahman is revealed by the shruti, especially the Upanishadic statement tat tvam asi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</h4></div> According to Shankara, a large number of Upanishadic statements reveal the identity of Ātman and Brahman. In the Advaita Vedānta tradition, four of those statements, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a>, which are taken literal, in contrast to other statements, have a special importance in revealing this identity.<a href="#cite_note-Long-220">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198481-221">[188]</a> They are: <ul><li>तत्त्वमसि, <a href="/wiki/Tattvamasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvamasi">tat tvam asi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya VI.8.7</a>. Traditionally rendered as "That Thou Art" (that you are),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-222">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3-223">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-224">[191]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">tat</a> in Ch.U.6.8.7 referring to <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">sat</a>, "the Existent"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9,_57-225">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-226">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-227">[194]</a>); correctly translated as "That's how [thus] you are,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-222">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-224">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998152-228">[195]</a> with tat in Ch.U.6.12.3, it' original location from where it was copied to other verses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986-222">[189]</a> referring to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by [the finest essence]"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14-229">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107-230">[197]</a></li> <li>अहं ब्रह्मास्मि, <a href="/wiki/Aham_brahm%C4%81smi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aham brahmāsmi">aham brahmāsmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadāranyaka I.4.10</a>, "I am Brahman," or "I am Divine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-231">[198]</a></li> <li>प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म, prajñānam brahma, <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya V.3</a>, "Prajñānam<a href="#cite_note-235">[note 30]</a> is Brahman."<a href="#cite_note-236">[note 31]</a></li> <li>अयमात्मा ब्रह्म, ayamātmā brahma, <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya II</a>, "This Atman is Brahman."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="That_you_are">That you are</h4></div> The longest chapter of Shankara's <a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a>, chapter 18, "That Art Thou," is devoted to considerations on the insight "I am ever-free, the existent" (<a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)">sat</a>), and the identity expressed in <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad#Sixth_Prapāṭhaka" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">mahavakya</a> (great sentence) "tat tvam asi", "that thou art."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199250,_172-237">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200057-238">[202]</a> In this statement, according to Shankara, tat refers to <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Sat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200057-238">[202]</a> "the Existent"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9,_57-225">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-226">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-239">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.3,_18.6,_18.7-240">[204]</a> Existence, Being,<a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-241">[205]</a> or Brahman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.6-242">[206]</a> the Real, the "Root of the world,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200057-238">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[note 32]</a> the true essence or root or origin of everything that exists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-226">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-239">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShankaraBasya-241">[205]</a> "Tvam" refers to one's real I, pratyagatman or inner Self,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200060,_62-244">[207]</a> the "direct Witness within everything,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200060-245">[208]</a> "free from caste, family, and purifying ceremonies,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992218_(up.II.1.24)-246">[209]</a> the essence, Atman, which the individual at the core is.<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-247">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[211]</a> As Shankara states in the <a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Up.I.174: "Through such sentences as "Thou art That" one knows one's own Atman, the Witness of all the internal organs." Up.I.18.190: "Through such sentences as "[Thou art] the Existent" [...] right knowledge concerning the inner Atman will become clearer." Up.I.18.193-194: "In the sentence "Thou art That" [...] [t]he word "That" means inner Atman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190–192-249">[212]</a></blockquote> The statement "tat tvam asi" sheds the false notion that Atman is different from Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_219_(Up.II.1.28)-250">[213]</a> According toNakamura, the non-duality of atman and Brahman "is a famous characteristic of Sankara's thought, but it was already taught by Sundarapandya"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999675-251">[214]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 CE or earlier).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999176-32">[28]</a> Shankara cites Sundarapandya in his comments to Brahma Sutra verse I.1.4: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When the metaphorical or false atman is non-existent, [the ideas of my] child, [my] body are sublated. Therefore, when it is realized that 'I am the existent Brahman, atman', how can anyduty exist?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999178-252">[215]</a></blockquote> From this, and a large number of other accordances, Nakamura concludes that Shankar was not an original thinker, but "a synthesizer of existing Advaita and the rejuvenator, as well as a defender, of ancient learning."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999679-253">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meditation_on_the_Mahāvākya">Meditation on the Mahāvākya</h4></div> In the Upadesasahasri Shankara, Shankara is ambivalent on the need for meditation on the Upanishadic mahavyaka. He states that "right knowledge arises at the moment of hearing,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992182_(Up.I.18.103-104)-254">[217]</a> and rejects prasamcaksa or prasamkhyana meditation, that is, meditation on the meaning of the sentences, and in Up.II.3 recommends parisamkhyana,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992173-174_(Up.I.18.9-19),_p.196_note_13-255">[218]</a> separating Atman from everything that is not Atman, that is, the sense-objects and sense-organs, and the pleasant and unpleasant things and merit and demerit connected with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992251-253_(Up.II.3)-256">[219]</a> Yet, Shankara then concludes with declaring that only Atman exists, stating that "all the sentences of the Upanishads concerning non-duality of Atman should be fully contemplated, should be contemplated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992253_(Up.II.3)-257">[220]</a> As Mayeda states, "how they [prasamcaksa or prasamkhyana versus parisamkhyana] differ from each other in not known."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992196_note_13-258">[221]</a> Prasamkhyana was advocated by Mandana Misra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991155-259">[222]</a> the older contemporary of Shankara who was the most influential Advaitin until the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002128-73">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-King2002_MandanaMisra-74">[note 13]</a> "According to Mandana, the mahavakyas are incapable, by themselves, of bringing about brahmajnana. The Vedanta-vakyas convey an indirect knowledge which is made direct only by deep meditation (prasamkhyana). The latter is a continuous contemplation of the purport of the mahavakyas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991155-156-260">[223]</a> Vācaspati Miśra, a student of Mandana Misra, agreed with Mandana Misra, and their stance is defended by the Bhamati-school, founded by Vācaspati Miśra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991156-261">[224]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Vivarana" title="Vivarana">Vivarana</a> school founded by Prakasatman (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–1300)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200240-262">[225]</a> follows Shankara closely, arguing that the mahavakyas are the direct cause of gaining knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenkner199595-263">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renouncement_of_ritualism">Renouncement of ritualism</h4></div> Shankara, in his text Upadesasahasri, discourages ritual worship such as oblations to Deva (God), because that assumes the Self within is different from the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ritualism-35">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mookerji-36">[note 5]</a> The "doctrine of difference" is wrong, asserts Shankara, because, "he who knows the Brahman is one and he is another, does not know Brahman".<a href="#cite_note-265">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2008219–221-266">[229]</a> The false notion that Atman is different from Brahman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_219_(Up.II.1.28)-250">[213]</a> is connected with the novice's conviction that (Upadeshasahasri II.1.25) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...I am one [and] He is another; I am ignorant, experience pleasure and pain, am bound and a transmigrator [whereas] he is essentially different from me, the god not subject to transmigration. By worshipping Him with oblation, offerings, homage and the like through the [performance of] the actions prescribed for [my] class and stage of life, I wish to get out of the ocean of transmigratory existence. How am I he?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_218-267">[230]</a></blockquote> Recognizing oneself as "the Existent-Brahman," which is mediated by scriptural teachings, is contrasted with the notion of "I act," which is mediated by relying on sense-perception and the like.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172-173_(Up.I.18.3-8)-268">[231]</a> According to Shankara, the statement "Thou art That" "remove[s] the delusion of a hearer,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992183_(Up.I.18.99-100)-269">[232]</a> "so through sentences as "Thou art That" one knows one's own Atman, the witness of all internal organs,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190_(Up.I.18.174)-270">[233]</a> and not from any actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992192_(Up.I.18.196-197);_p._195_(Up.I.18.2019)-271">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[note 33]</a> With this realization, the performance of rituals is prohibited, "since [the use of] rituals and their requisites is contradictory to the realization of the identity [of Atman] with the highest Atman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199285,_220_(Up.II.1.30)-274">[236]</a> However, Shankara also asserts that Self-knowledge is realized when one's mind is purified by an ethical life that observes <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a> such as Ahimsa (non-injury, non-violence to others in body, mind and thoughts) and <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a>. Rituals and rites such as <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (a fire ritual), asserts Shankara, can help draw and prepare the mind for the journey to Self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200692–93-275">[237]</a> He emphasizes the need for ethics such as <a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a> and Yamas during <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>, stating the lack of ethics as causes that prevent students from attaining knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200692–93-275">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2008218–219-276">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Īśvara">Īśvara</h3></div> Shankara, while rejecting empirical reality due to his position of nonduality, still attributes value to the universe as it identifies with Īśvara. He sometimes blurs the distinction between Īśvara and Brahman, using various terms for both. However, he generally separates Īśvara, associated with the universe and its attributes, from the absolute nondual Brahman. Drawing from the Upanishads, Shankara sees Īśvara as the universe's material and intelligent cause, emanating it through the power of maya, thereby making the universe sentient and self-aware. In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a>, Shankara compares the universe's unmanifest state to Īśvara in a deep dreamless cosmic state.<a href="#cite_note-277">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_of_Mahayana_Buddhism">Influences of Mahayana Buddhism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta#Buddhist_influences" title="Advaita Vedanta">Buddhist influences on Advaita Vedanta</a></div> Shankara's Vedanta shows similarities with <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>; opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199314-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiderman1978405–413-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995183-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-crypto-Buddhist-42">[note 6]</a> a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, given the differences between these two schools. According to Shankara, a major difference between Advaita and Mahayana Buddhism are their views on Atman and Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199360,_145–154-43">[36]</a> According to both Loy and Jayatilleke, more differences can be discerned.<a href="#cite_note-david-278">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_and_influences">Similarities and influences</h3></div> Despite Shankara's criticism of certain schools of Mahayana Buddhism, Shankara's philosophy shows strong similarities with the Mahayana Buddhist philosophy which he attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShcherbatsky192744–45-37">[31]</a> According to S.N. Dasgupta, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Shankara and his followers borrowed much of their dialectic form of criticism from the Buddhists. His <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> was very much like the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">sunya</a> of Nagarjuna [...] The debts of Shankara to the self-luminosity of the Vijnanavada Buddhism can hardly be overestimated. There seems to be much truth in the accusations against Shankara by <a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnana Bhiksu</a> and others that he was a hidden Buddhist himself. I am led to think that Shankara's philosophy is largely a compound of <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Vijnanavada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Sunyavada</a> Buddhism with the Upanisad notion of the permanence of self superadded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1997494-38">[32]</a> </blockquote> According to Mudgal, Shankara's Advaita and the Buddhist Madhyamaka view of ultimate reality are compatible because they are both transcendental, indescribable, non-dual and only arrived at through a <a href="/wiki/Via_negativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Via negativa">via negativa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neti_neti" title="Neti neti">neti neti</a>). Mudgal concludes therefore that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the difference between <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Sunyavada</a> (Mahayana) philosophy of Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> philosophy of Hinduism may be a matter of emphasis, not of kind.<a href="#cite_note-280">[242]</a></blockquote> Some Hindu scholars criticized Advaita for its Maya and non-theistic doctrinal similarities with Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-281">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhaling19791–42-282">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, the founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedānta, accused Adi Shankara of being a Prachanna Bauddha, that is, a "crypto-Buddhist",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiderman1978405–413-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199314-40">[34]</a> and someone who was undermining theistic <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> devotionalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhaling19791–42-282">[244]</a> The non-Advaita scholar <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāskara (philosopher)">Bhaskara</a> of the Bhedabheda Vedānta tradition, similarly around 800 CE, accused Shankara's Advaita as "this despicable broken down Mayavada that has been chanted by the Mahayana Buddhists", and a school that is undermining the ritual duties set in Vedic orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhaling19791–42-282">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences">Differences</h3></div> The qualification of "crypto-Buddhist" is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on Atman, Anatta and Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199360,_145–154-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-self_no-self-44">[note 7]</a> There are differences in the conceptual means of "liberation." <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, a term more often used in Buddhism, is the liberating 'blowing out' of craving, aided by the realization and acceptance that there is no Self (<a href="/wiki/Anatman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatman">anatman</a>) as the center of perception, craving, and delusion. <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>, a term more common in Hinduism, is the similar liberating release from craving and ignorance, yet aided by the realization and acceptance that one's inner Self is not a personal 'ego-self', but a Universal Self.<a href="#cite_note-david-278">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div> <ul><li>Shankaracharya (1927), Indian silent film about Shankara by Kali Prasad Ghosh.<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[246]</a></li> <li>Jagadguru Shrimad Shankaracharya (1928), Indian silent film by Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar.<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[246]</a></li> <li>Jagadguru Shankaracharya (1955), Indian Hindi film by Sheikh Fattelal.<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[246]</a></li> <li>In 1977 <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Aadisankaran" title="Jagadguru Aadisankaran">Jagadguru Aadisankaran</a>, a Malayalam film directed by <a href="/wiki/P._Bhaskaran" title="P. Bhaskaran">P. Bhaskaran</a> was released in which Murali Mohan plays the role of Adult Aadi Sankaran and <a href="/wiki/Master_Raghu" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Raghu">Master Raghu</a> plays childhood.</li> <li>In 1983 a film directed by <a href="/wiki/G.V._Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="G.V. Iyer">G.V. Iyer</a> named <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankaracharya_(film)" title="Adi Shankaracharya (film)">Adi Shankaracharya</a> was premiered, the first film ever made entirely in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language in which all of Adi Shankaracharya's works were compiled.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The movie received the Indian <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a> for <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film">Best Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Screenplay" title="National Film Award for Best Screenplay">Best Screenplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="National Film Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Audiography" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Audiography">Best Audiography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31staward-285">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-31stawardPDF-286">[248]</a></li> <li>On 15 August 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Adi_Shankara" title="Jagadguru Adi Shankara">Jagadguru Adi Shankara</a> was released in an Indian Telugu-language biographical film written and directed by J. K. Bharavi and was later dubbed in Kannada with the same title, by Upendra giving narration for the Kannada dubbed version</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Adi Shri Gauḍapādāchārya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana Yoga">Jnana Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Math" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Gaudapadacharya Math">Shri Gaudapadacharya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Shri Govinda Bhagavatpadacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekachudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekachudamani">Vivekachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundarya_Lahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundarya Lahari">Soundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivananda_Lahari" title="Shivananda Lahari">Shivananda Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness_(Vedanta)" title="Self-consciousness (Vedanta)">Self-consciousness (Vedanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhana_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana matha">Govardhan Peetham (East), Puri, Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka Pitha">Dwarka Kalika Pitha (West), Dwarka, Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotir_Math" title="Jyotir Math">Jyotirmath Peetham (North), Jyotirmath, Badrikashram, Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Shri Sringeri Sharada Peetham (South), Sringeri, Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchi_Kamakoti_Peetham" title="Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham">Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Stotra" title="Dakshinamurti Stotra">Dakshinamurti Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81nkarasm%E1%B9%9Bti_(Laghudharmaprakr%C4%81%C5%9Bik%C4%81)" title="Śānkarasmṛti (Laghudharmaprakrāśikā)">Śānkarasmṛti (Laghudharmaprakrāśikā)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-date-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_1-1">b</a> Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).(<a href="#CITEREFKoller2013">Koller 2013</a>, p. 99, <a href="#CITEREFComans2000">Comans 2000</a>, p. 163, <a href="#CITEREFMayeda2015">Mayeda 2015</a>) Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.(<a href="#CITEREFComans2000">Comans 2000</a>, p. 163, <a href="#CITEREFMayeda2015">Mayeda 2015</a>} The cardinal Advaita matha's assign his dates as early as 509–477 BCE. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Adi means "first", to distinguish him from other Shankaras. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> He is also known as Shankara Bhagavatpada (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda), Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya) or <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>, sometimes spelled Sankaracharya. </li> <li id="cite_note-ritualism-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritualism_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritualism_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritualism_35-2">c</a> Shankara, himself, had renounced all religious ritual acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200816-264">[227]</a> For an example of Shankara's reasoning "why rites and ritual actions should be given up", see Karl Potter on p. 220; Elsewhere, Shankara's Bhasya on various Upanishads repeat "give up rituals and rites", see for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n375/mode/2up">Shankara's Bhasya on Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> pp. 348–350, 754–757 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mookerji-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mookerji_36-2">c</a> Compare <a href="#CITEREFMookerji2011">Mookerji 2011</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a> (Vedic learning). <a href="#CITEREFMookerji2011">Mookerji (2011</a>, pp. 29–31) notes that the Rigveda, and Sayana's commentary, contain passages criticizing as fruitless mere recitation of the Ŗik (words) without understanding their inner meaning or essence, the knowledge of dharma and Parabrahman. <a href="#CITEREFMookerji2011">Mookerji (2011</a>, pp. 29, 34) concludes that in the Rigvedic education of the mantras "the contemplation and comprehension of <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">their meaning</a> was considered as more important and vital to education than their mere mechanical repetition and correct pronunciation." <a href="#CITEREFMookerji2011">Mookerji (2011</a>, p. 35) refers to Sayana as stating that "the mastery of texts, akshara-praptī, is followed by <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">bodha</a>, perception of their meaning." (<a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a> may also mean "goal, purpose or essence," depending on the context. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=artha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">Sanskrit English Dictionary</a> University of Kloen, Germany (2009); Karl Potter (1998), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0310-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0310-8">81-208-0310-8</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, pp 610 (note 17).) According to <a href="#CITEREFMookerji2011">Mookerji (2011</a>, p. 36), "the realization of <a href="/wiki/Rta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rta">Truth</a>" and the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">paramatman</a> as revealed to the rishis is the real aim of Vedic learning, and not the mere recitation of texts. </li> <li id="cite_note-crypto-Buddhist-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crypto-Buddhist_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crypto-Buddhist_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King (1995</a>, p. 183): "It is well-known that Sankara was criticized by later (rival) Vedantins as a crypto-Buddhist (pracchana bauddha). </li> <li id="cite_note-self_no-self-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-self_no-self_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-self_no-self_44-1">b</a> Atman versus anatman: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, pp. 60, 145–154)</li> <li>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0619-1">978-81-208-0619-1</a>, p. 246–249, from note 385 onwards</li> <li>Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5">978-0-7914-2217-5</a>, p. 64: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."</li> <li>Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ">Shankara's Introduction</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li>Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a>, Philosophy Now</li> <li>John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0158-5">978-81-208-0158-5</a>, p. 63: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Arun Kumar Upadhyay: "The copper-plate of King Sudhanwa, said to have been issued to Sankara and now in the possession of Government on behalf of Dwärká Mutt, bears the date as Yudhisthira Saka 2663, Åsvin Sukla 15. This gives us 476 B.C. as the relevant year of his death. The copper-plate seems to have been issued to Sankara right towards the end of his career. King Sudhanwa is referred to not only by Jinavijaya but also by biographers like Madhava and Sadánanda."<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a> Citsukha's Brhat-Sankara Vijaya also gives us the year of 2663 of Yudhi. Saka i.e., 476 B.C. as the year of Sankara's passing away.<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The successive heads of the Kanchi and all other major Hindu Advaita tradition monasteries have been called <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a> leading to some confusion, discrepancies and scholarly disputes. The chronology stated in Kanchi Matha texts recognizes five major Shankaras: Adi, Kripa, Ujjvala, Muka and Abhinava. According to the Kanchi Matha tradition, it is "Abhinava Shankara" that western scholarship recognizes as the Advaita scholar Shankara, while the monastery continues to recognize its 509 BCE chronology.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p376-51">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> Also, as per astronomical details given in books Shankara Satpatha, Shankara Vijaya, Brihat Shakara Vijaya and Prachina Shankara Vijaya, it is believed that Shankaracharya was born in 509 BCE.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Kanhi Peetham, having established his divine mission, the incomparable Sankara attained his BrahmTbhava (identity with Brahman) at Kanchi, in the precincts of Sri Kamakshi, in his 32nd year, in 2625 Kali, in the cyclic year Raktakshi, corresponding to 476 B.C.<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Tiele based this dating on Yajnesvara Sastri's treatise Aryavidya-sudhakar ("The Moon of Noble Knowledge"), who in turn cited Bhatta Nilakantha's work Sankara-mandara-saurabha ("The fragrance of Sankara's paradise tree").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsayeva199383-84-56">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The date 788–820 is also among those considered acceptable by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Tapasyananda_(Ramakrishna_Mission)" title="Swami Tapasyananda (Ramakrishna Mission)">Swami Tapasyananda</a>, though he raises a number of questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapasyananda201515-17-60">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoller2013">Koller 2013</a>, p. 99: "the best recent scholarship argues that he was born in 700 and died in 750 CE." </li> <li id="cite_note-King2002_MandanaMisra-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King2002_MandanaMisra_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King2002_MandanaMisra_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2002">King 2002</a>, p. 128: "Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought, this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence." </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2006">Potter (2006</a>, pp. 6–7): "...these modern interpreters are implying that most Advaitins after Samkara's time are confused and basically mistaken, and that 99% of the extant classical interpretive literature on Samkara's philosophy is off the mark. This is clearly a remarkably radical conclusion. Yet, there is good reason to think that it may well be true. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The hagiographies of Shankara mirror the pattern of synthesizing facts, fiction and legends as with other ancient and medieval era Indian scholars. Some hagiographic poems depict Shankara as a reincarnation of deity <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, much like other Indian scholars are revered as reincarnation of other deities; for example, Mandana-misra is depicted as an embodiment of deity <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, Citsukha of deity <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, Anandagiri of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, among others. See <a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva (1993</a>, pp. 69–72). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> This may be present day <a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a> in central Kerala. The house he was born in is still maintained as <a href="/wiki/Melpazhur_Mana" class="mw-redirect" title="Melpazhur Mana">Melpazhur Mana</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>) has been dated to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> era (pre-300 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Williams1981p2-137">[117]</a> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Williams1981p2-137">[117]</a> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the pancayatana architecture very commonly, from <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>; and the temples containing fusion deities such as <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p141-132">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Kena Upanishad has two commentaries that are attributed to Shankara – Kenopnishad Vakyabhasya and Kenopnishad Padabhasya; scholars contest whether both are authentic, several suggesting that the Vakyabhasya is unlikely to be authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande2011107-145">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> See also IndiaDivine.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/advaita-vedanta/142896-authorship-vivekachudamani.html">Authorship of Vivekachudamani</a> and arshabodha.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arshabodha.org/adiShankara/Vivekachudamani_eBook.pdf">Sri Sankara's Vivekachudamani</a>, pp. 3–4, The Question of Authorship of Vivekachudamani </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Swami Vivekananda translates Shivoham, Shivoham as "I am he, I am he".<a href="#cite_note-159">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> This includes also the dualistic Vaishna bhakti traditions, which have also commented on the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras, but take a different stance. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels (2004</a>, p. 41): <ul><li>In the east the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (770–1125 CE),</li> <li>in the west and north the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> (7th–10th century),</li> <li>in the southwest the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Dynasty">Rashtrakuta Dynasty</a> (752–973),</li> <li>in the Dekkhan the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> (7th–8th century),</li> <li>and in the south the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> (7th–9th century) and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> (9th century).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae (2003)</a>: This resembles the development of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chinese Chán</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n#An_Lu-shan_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">An Lu-shan rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n#Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period_(907–960/979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)</a>, during which power became decentralised end new Chán-schools emerged. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInden1998">Inden (1998</a>, p. 67): "Before the eighth century, the Buddha was accorded the position of universal deity and ceremonies by which a king attained to imperial status were elaborate donative ceremonies entailing gifts to Buddhist monks and the installation of a symbolic Buddha in a stupa ... This pattern changed in the eighth century. The Buddha was replaced as the supreme, imperial deity by one of the Hindu gods (except under the Palas of eastern India, the Buddha's homeland) ... Previously the Buddha had been accorded imperial-style worship (puja). Now as one of the Hindu gods replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship." </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Brahman is not to be confused with the personalised godhead <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> The suffering created by the workings of the mind entangled with physical reality </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Mayeda refers to statements from Shankara regarding epistemology (pramana-janya) in section 1.18.133 of Upadesasahasri, and section 1.1.4 of Brahmasutra-bhasya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda200646–47-192">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[163]</a> NB: some manuscripts list Upadesasahasri verse 1.18.133 as 2.18.133, while Mayeda lists it as 1.18.133, because of interchanged chapter numbering. See Upadesa Sahasri: A Thousand Teachings, S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-059-7">978-81-7120-059-7</a>, Verse 2.8.133, p. 258; Karl H Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61486-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61486-1">978-0-691-61486-1</a>, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShcherbatsky1927">Shcherbatsky 1927</a>, pp. 44–45: "Shankara accuses them of disregarding all logic and refuses to enter in a controversy with them. The position of Shankara is interesting because, at heart, he is in full agreement with the Madhyamikas, at least in the main lines, since both maintain the reality of the One-without-a-second, and the mirage of the manifold. But Shankara, as an ardent hater of Buddhism, would never confess that. He therefore treats the Madhyamika with great contempt [...] on the charge that the Madhyamika denies the possibility of cognizing the Absolute by logical methods (pramana). <a href="/wiki/Vachaspati_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vachaspati Mishra">Vachaspati Mishra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bhamati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhamati">Bhamati</a> rightly interprets this point as referring to the opinion of the Madhyamikas that logic is incapable to solve the question about what existence or non-existence really are. This opinion Shankara himself, as is well known, shares. He does not accept the authority of logic as a means of cognizing the Absolute, but he deems it a privilege of the Vedantin to fare without logic, since he has Revelation to fall back upon. From all his opponents, he requires strict logical methods." </li> <li id="cite_note-Brahman-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Brahman_219-0">^</a> Highest self: <ul><li>Shankara, Upadesasahasri I.18.3: "I am ever-free, the existent" (<a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)">Sat</a>). I.18.6: "The two [contradictory] notions "I am the Existent-Brahman" and "I act," have Atman as their witness. It is considered more reasonable to give up only [that one] of the two [notions] which arises from ignorance. I.18.7: "The notion, "I am the Existent," arises from right means of knowledge [while] the other notion has its origin in fallacious means of knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172-287">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSivananda1993">Sivananda 1993</a>, p. 219: "Brahman (the Absolute) is alone real; this world is unreal; and the Jiva or individual soul is non-different from Brahman."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1973">Deutsch 1973</a>, p. 54: "[the] essential status [of the individual human person] is that of unqualified reality, of identity with the Absolute [...] the self (jiva) is only misperceived: the self is really Brahman."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKoller2013">Koller 2013</a>, pp. 100–101: "Atman, which is identical to Brahman, is ultimately the only reality and [...] the appearance of plurality is entirely the work of ignorance [...] the self is ultimately of the nature of Atman/Brahman [...] Brahman alone is ultimately real."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBowker2000">Bowker 2000</a>: "There is only Brahman, which is necessarily undifferentiated. It follows that there cannot even be a difference, or duality, between the human subject, or self, and Brahman, for Brahman must be that very self (since Brahman is the reality underlying all appearance). The goal of human life and wisdom must, therefore, be the realization that the self (ātman) is Brahman."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMenon2012">Menon 2012</a>: "The experiencing self (jīva) and the transcendental self of the Universe (ātman) are in reality identical (both are Brahman), though the individual self seems different as space within a container seems different from space as such. These cardinal doctrines are represented in the anonymous verse "brahma satyam jagan mithya; jīvo brahmaiva na aparah" (Brahman is alone True, and this world of plurality is an error; the individual self is not different from Brahman)."</li></ul> <a href="#CITEREFHacker1995">Hacker (1995</a>, p. 88) notes that Shankara uses two groups of words to denote 'atman': "One group - principally jiva, vijnanatman, and sarira - expresses the illusory aspect of the soul [...] But in addition there are the two expressions atman and pratyagatman. These also designate the individual soul, but in its real aspect." <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda (1992</a>, pp. 11, 14) uses the word pratyagatman; <a href="#CITEREFSivananda1993">Sivananda (1993</a>, p. 219), <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1973">Deutsch (1973</a>, p. 54), and <a href="#CITEREFMenon2012">Menon (2012)</a> use the term jiva when referring to the identity of atman and Brahman. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> "Consciousness",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-232">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-233">[web 5]</a> "intelligence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146-234">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-231">[198]</a> "wisdom" </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> "the Absolute",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-232">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-233">[web 5]</a> "infinite",<a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-233">[web 5]</a> "the Highest truth"<a href="#cite_note-Jiddu-233">[web 5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> While the Vedanta tradition equates sat ("the Existent") with Brahman, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-226">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-224">[191]</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi (2004</a>, p. 8): "Although the text does not use the term brahman, the Vedanta tradition is that the Existent (sat) referred to is no other than Brahman." </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Up.I.18.219: "The renunciation of all actions becomes the means for discriminating the meaning of the word "Thou" since there is an [Upanisadic] teaching, "Having become calm, self-controlled [..., one sees Atman there in oneself]" (Bhr. Up. IV, 4, 23)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992195_(Up.I.18.2019)-272">[235]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuthren_Hirst20051-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuthren_Hirst20051_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuthren_Hirst2005">Suthren Hirst 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199369–82_5-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, pp. 69–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-130-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-130_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001129-130_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>, p. 129-130. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klaus_Klostermaier_2007-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klaus_Klostermaier_2007_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klaus_Klostermaier_2007_7-1">b</a> Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4">978-0-7914-7082-4</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200229-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200229_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200229_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2001128-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2001128_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2001">King 2001</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETola1989-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETola1989_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTola1989">Tola 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200233–34_11-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006217-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2006217_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2006217_12-1">b</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake_Michael199260–62_with_notes_6,_7_and_8_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake_Michael1992">Blake Michael 1992</a>, pp. 60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2006215,_221-222-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2006215,_221-222_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2006">Clark 2006</a>, p. 215, 221-222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowicka2016147-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowicka2016147_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowicka2016">Nowicka 2016</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBader2001vii-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBader2001vii_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBader2001">Bader 2001</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1985383-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1985383_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaju1985">Raju 1985</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2017-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2017_20-0">^</a> <a 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Lange (2010), Mentality and Thought: North, South, East and West, CBS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-630-0231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-630-0231-8">978-87-630-0231-8</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whaling_1979-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Whaling_1979_67-0">^</a> Frank Whaling (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361">Sankara and Buddhism</a>, Journal of Indian Philosophy Vol. 7, No. 1 (MARCH 1979), pp. 1-42: "Hindus of the Advaita persuasion (and others too) have seen in Sankara the one who restored the Hindu dharma against the attacks of the Buddhists (and Jains) and in the process helped to drive Buddhism out of India." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Geaves2002" class="citation conference cs1">Ron Geaves (March 2002). From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage (Parampara). 27th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=From+Totapuri+to+Maharaji%3A+Reflections+on+a+Lineage+%28Parampara%29&rft.date=2002-03&rft.au=Ron+Geaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruijfSahoo2014105-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKruijfSahoo2014105_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKruijfSahoo2014">Kruijf & Sahoo 2014</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200231-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200231_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200231_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_Wright_Thrasher1993" class="citation book cs1">Allen Wright Thrasher (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC">The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. vii–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0982-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0982-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta+of+Brahma-siddhi&rft.pages=vii-x&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0982-6&rft.au=Allen+Wright+Thrasher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9b2cJ1gLgvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200232-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200232_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002128-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002128_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2002128_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2002">King 2002</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200234-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200234_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200235-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200235_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199956-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199956_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1999">King 1999</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200237-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoodurmun200237_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoodurmun2002">Roodurmun 2002</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-karlpottermms-80"><a href="#cite_ref-karlpottermms_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter 2008</a>, pp. 346–347, 420–423: "There is little firm historical information about Suresvara; tradition holds Suresvara is same as Mandana Misra". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma1997290–291-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma1997290–291_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma1997">Sharma 1997</a>, p. 290–291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatchidanandendra_Sarasvati19976-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatchidanandendra_Sarasvati19976_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSatchidanandendra_Sarasvati1997">Satchidanandendra Sarasvati 1997</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter20066–7-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20066–7_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter20066–7_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2006">Potter 2006</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004690-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004690_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010157;_229_note_57-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010157;_229_note_57_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, p. 157; 229 note 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-693-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-693_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 691-693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004693_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004692-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004692_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 692. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004691_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 691. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1978">Feuerstein 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-56-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-56_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-56_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoker2016">Stoker 2016</a>, p. 55-56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010178–183-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010178–183_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010178–183_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, pp. 178–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mādhava Āchārya". Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_96-3">d</a> Cynthia Talbot (2001), Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513661-6">978-0-19-513661-6</a>, pp. 185–187, 199–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker201655-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker201655_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoker2016">Stoker 2016</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker199529-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker199529_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker199529_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker199529_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker199529_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacker199529_98-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHacker1995">Hacker 1995</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund1998177_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund1998">Kulke & Rothermund 1998</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160–162-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160–162_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, pp. 160–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010160_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, pp. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2010161-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2010161_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholson2010">Nicholson 2010</a>, pp. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201135-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201135_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201135_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande 2011</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidyasankar,_S." class="citation web cs1">Vidyasankar, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/sankara-vijayam.html">"The Sankaravijaya literature"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sankaravijaya+literature&rft.au=Vidyasankar%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advaita-vedanta.org%2Favhp%2Fsankara-vijayam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapasyananda2002" class="citation book cs1">Tapasyananda, Swami (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sankara-Dig-Vijaya&rft.pages=viii&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tapasyananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA379">Students' Britannica India</a>. Popular Prakashan. 2000. pp. 379–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=379-&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasingha_Prosad_Sil1997" class="citation book cs1">Narasingha Prosad Sil (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC">Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment</a>. Susquehanna University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-97-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-97-7"><bdi>978-0-945636-97-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vivekananda%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-97-7&rft.au=Narasingha+Prosad+Sil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTDPlJPyV_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdago2018" class="citation book cs1">Adago, John (2018). East Meets West. UK: Program Publishing; 2 edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692124215" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692124215"><bdi>978-0692124215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Meets+West&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Program+Publishing%3B+2+edition&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0692124215&rft.aulast=Adago&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1976" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Y. Keshava (1976). The Mind of Adi Shankara. Jaico. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172242145" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172242145"><bdi>978-8172242145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Adi+Shankara&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Jaico&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-8172242145&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Y.+Keshava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199374–75_112-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68_113-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande201131–32,_also_6–7,_67–68_113-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande 2011</a>, pp. 31–32, also 6–7, 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199376–77-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199376–77_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPande20115–36_115-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPande2011">Pande 2011</a>, pp. 5–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovey" class="citation book cs1">Hovey, Sally Wriggins. 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Retrieved 24 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sankaracarya&rft.au=Vidyasankar%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advaita-vedanta.org%2Favhp%2Fsankara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulhackeraupr-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulhackeraupr_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulhackeraupr_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHacker1995">Hacker 1995</a>, pp. 41–56, "Sankaracarya and Sankarabhagavatpada: Preliminary Remarks Concerning the Authorship Problem" </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Adi Shankaracharya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vivekachudamanio00sankrich#page/n3/mode/2up">Vivekacūḍāmaṇi</a> S Madhavananda (Translator), Advaita Ashrama (1921) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes200423-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes200423_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes200423_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimes2004">Grimes 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes200413-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes200413_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimes2004">Grimes 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-vanb78-158"><a href="#cite_ref-vanb78_158-0">^</a> Johannes Buitenen (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&dq=sanatsujatiya&pg=PA182">The Mahābhārata (vol. 3)</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84665-1">978-0-226-84665-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Vivekananda2015" class="citation book cs1">Swami Vivekananda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdNpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1786">The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</a>. Manonmani Publishers (Reprint). p. 1786.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Swami+Vivekananda&rft.pages=1786&rft.pub=Manonmani+Publishers+%28Reprint%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Swami+Vivekananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdNpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> * Original Sanskrit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol2no4/nirvana.pdf">Nirvanashtakam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134813/http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol2no4/nirvana.pdf">Archived</a> 23 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sringeri Vidya Bharati Foundation (2012); <ul><li>English Translation 1: K Parappaḷḷi and CNN Nair (2002), Saankarasaagaram, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7276-268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7276-268-1">978-81-7276-268-1</a>, pp. 58–59;</li> <li>English Translation 2: Igor Kononenko (2010), Teachers of Wisdom, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-9898-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-9898-9">978-1-4349-9898-9</a>, p. 148;</li> <li>English Translation 3: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishafoundation.org/blog/lifestyle/music/mystic-chants-nirvana-shatakam/">Nirvana Shatakam</a> Isha Foundation (2011); Includes translation, transliteration and audio.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoller201299-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoller201299_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoller2012">Koller 2012</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_Ashley,_O.P.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Benedict Ashley, O.P.</a> (2006). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986_222-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008349_note_8.7-16.3_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 349 note 8.7-16.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201236-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201236_224-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2012">Black 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9,_57-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9,_57_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200055_note_9,_57_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, pp. 55 note 9, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_226-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutschDalvi20048_226-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutschDalvi2004">Deutsch & Dalvi 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152;_p.349_note_8.7-16.3_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 151-152; p.349 note 8.7-16.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998152-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998152_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhatawadekar2013203,_note_14_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhatawadekar2013">Bhatawadekar 2013</a>, p. 203, note 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrereton1986107_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrereton1986">Brereton 1986</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraue198480-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraue198480_231-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraue1984">Braue 1984</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996234_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973146_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSivaraman1973">Sivaraman 1973</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199250,_172-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda199250,_172_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, pp. 50, 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200057-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200057_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200057_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200057_238-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2008151-152_239-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2008">Olivelle 2008</a>, p. 151-152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.3,_18.6,_18.7-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.3,_18.6,_18.7_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 172, Up.18.3, 18.6, 18.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShankaraBasya-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShankaraBasya_241-1">b</a> Shankara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0">Chandogya Upanishad Bhasya - Chapter 6 (Tat Tvam Asi)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209212211/http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0">Archived</a> 9 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.6-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992172,_Up.18.6_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 172, Up.18.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200060,_62-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200060,_62_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, pp. 60, 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200060-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200060_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipner2000">Lipner 2000</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992218_(up.II.1.24)-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992218_(up.II.1.24)_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 218 (up.II.1.24). </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller61-247"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_247-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/92/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 92–109 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pages 136–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190–192-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992190–192_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, pp. 190–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_219_(Up.II.1.28)-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_219_(Up.II.1.28)_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_219_(Up.II.1.28)_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, pp. 91, 219 (Up.II.1.28). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999675-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura1999675_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura1999">Nakamura 1999</a>, p. 675. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999178-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura1999178_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura1999">Nakamura 1999</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura1999679-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura1999679_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNakamura1999">Nakamura 1999</a>, p. 679. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992182_(Up.I.18.103-104)-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992182_(Up.I.18.103-104)_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 182 (Up.I.18.103-104). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992173-174_(Up.I.18.9-19),_p.196_note_13-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992173-174_(Up.I.18.9-19),_p.196_note_13_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, pp. 173-174 (Up.I.18.9-19), p.196 note 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992251-253_(Up.II.3)-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992251-253_(Up.II.3)_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, pp. 251-253 (Up.II.3). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992253_(Up.II.3)-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992253_(Up.II.3)_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 253 (Up.II.3). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992196_note_13-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayeda1992196_note_13_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayeda1992">Mayeda 1992</a>, p. 196 note 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1991155-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1991155_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambachan1991">Rambachan 1991</a>, p. 155. 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href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/upadeshasaahasrii1.pdf">Upadesha sahasri</a> English Translation: S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), Upadeshasahasri, Vedanta Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7120-059-7">978-81-7120-059-7</a>, pp. 16–17; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/218363449">218363449</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2008219–221-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2008219–221_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter 2008</a>, pp. 219–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayeda199291,_218-267"><a 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Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1017">1017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>. <q>smarta sect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=1017&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (1978). 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(ed.), Religion and Identity in South Asia and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Patrick Olivelle, Anthem Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Theologian+in+a+South+Indian+Kingdom%3A+The+Historical+Context+of+the+Jivanmuktiviveka+of+Vidyaranya&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Identity+in+South+Asia+and+Beyond%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Patrick+Olivelle&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goodding&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation cs2">Grimes, John A. 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Studies in Kumarila and Sankara, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, Monographic 9. Reinbeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Kumarila+and+Sankara%2C+Studien+zur+Indologie+und+Iranistik%2C+Monographic+9&rft.pub=Reinbeck&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass1990" class="citation book cs1">Halbfass, Wilhelm (1990). Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0362-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Reflection%3A+Explorations+in+Indian+Thought&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0362-4&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ">Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87597-7"><bdi>978-1-136-87597-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87597-7&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInden1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Inden, Ronald</a> (1998), "Ritual, Authority, And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship", in J.F. Richards (ed.), Kingship and Authority in South Asia, New Delhi: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+Authority%2C+And+Cycle+Time+in+Hindu+Kingship&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Authority+in+South+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaeva1993" class="citation book cs1">Isaeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1281-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press+%28SUNY%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> Some editions spell the author Isayeva.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsayeva1993" class="citation book cs1">Isayeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1282-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press+%28SUNY%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1282-4&rft.aulast=Isayeva&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshava_Menon1976" class="citation book cs1">Keshava Menon, Y. (1976). The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Adi+Shankaracharya&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Keshava+Menon&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1995" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Advaita+Vedanta+and+Buddhism%3A+The+Mahayana+Context+of+the+Gaudapadiya-Karika&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1">King, Richard (1999). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East'. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120551977">1120551977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%27The+Mystic+East%27&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120551977&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202589" title="Special:BookSources/9780415202589">9780415202589</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202572" title="Special:BookSources/9780415202572">9780415202572</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Richard (2001). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East'. Taylor & Francis e-Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%27The+Mystic+East%27&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation book cs1">King, Richard (2002). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East'. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248920425">248920425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%27The+Mystic+East%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248920425&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202572" title="Special:BookSources/9780415202572">9780415202572</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202589" title="Special:BookSources/9780415202589">9780415202589</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoller2007" class="citation book cs1">Koller, John (2007). "Shankara". In Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion. 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(1973), Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta, Motilall Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+in+Philosophical+Perspective%3A+A+Study+of+the+Formative+Concepts%2C+Problems%2C+and+Methods+of+%C5%9Aaiva+Siddh%C4%81nta&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sivaraman&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoker2016" class="citation cs2">Stoker, Valerie (2016), Polemics and Patronage in the City of Victory: Vyasatirtha, Hindu Sectarianism, and the Sixteenth-Century Vijayanagara Court, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polemics+and+Patronage+in+the+City+of+Victory%3A+Vyasatirtha%2C+Hindu+Sectarianism%2C+and+the+Sixteenth-Century+Vijayanagara+Court&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuthren_Hirst2005" class="citation cs2">Suthren Hirst, J. G. (2005), Śaṃkara's Advaita Vedānta: A Way of Teaching, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25441-5"><bdi>978-1-134-25441-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%83kara%27s+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta%3A+A+Way+of+Teaching&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25441-5&rft.aulast=Suthren+Hirst&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapasyananda2015" class="citation book cs1">Tapasyananda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ls5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Sankara Digvijaya – The traditional life of Sri Sankaracharya</a>. Sri Ramakrishna Math. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-342-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-342-0"><bdi>978-81-7823-342-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sankara+Digvijaya+%E2%80%93+The+traditional+life+of+Sri+Sankaracharya&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-7823-342-0&rft.au=Tapasyananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ls5CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTola1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tola, Fernando (1989). "On the Date of Maṇḍana Miśra and Śaṅkara and Their Doctrinal Relation". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 70 (1/4): 37–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693459">41693459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=On+the+Date+of+Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana+Mi%C5%9Bra+and+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara+and+Their+Doctrinal+Relation&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41693459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Tola&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaling1979" class="citation journal cs1">Whaling, Frank (1979). "Shankara and Buddhism". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 7 (1): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02561251">10.1007/BF02561251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361">23440361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170613052">170613052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Shankara+and+Buddhism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170613052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23440361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02561251&rft.aulast=Whaling&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). Introduction. In: Tantra in practice. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction.+In%3A+Tantra+in+practice&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_Dalal2021-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_Dalal2021_31-0">^</a> Neil Dalal (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/">Shankara</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy </li> <li id="cite_note-BhamatiVivarana-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BhamatiVivarana_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BhamatiVivarana_77-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/bhavir.html">The Bhamati and Vivarana Schools</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Ramanuja-91"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Ramanuja_91-0">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja">Ramanajua</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MonasticTradition-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MonasticTradition_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonasticTradition_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonasticTradition_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonasticTradition_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonasticTradition_122-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091224/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html">"Sankara Acarya Biography – Monastic Tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sankara+Acarya+Biography+%E2%80%93+Monastic+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit.org%2Fwww%2FShankara%2Fshankar4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jiddu-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_233-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiddu_233-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1969/1969-07-26-jiddu-krishnamurti-can-one-experience-the-infinite">Jiddu Krishnamurti, Saanen 2nd Conversation with Swami Venkatesananda 26 July 1969</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fort, Andrew O. (1998). Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-43904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-43904-3"><bdi>978-0-791-43904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jivanmukti+in+Transformation%3A+Embodied+Liberation+in+Advaita+and+Neo-Vedanta&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-791-43904-3&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Andrew+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fuller, C. J. (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hirst, J. S. (2005). "A Questioning Approach: Learning from Shankara's Pedagogic Techniques". Contemporary Education Dialogue. 2 (2): 137–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097318490500200202">10.1177/097318490500200202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Education+Dialogue&rft.atitle=A+Questioning+Approach%3A+Learning+from+Shankara%27s+Pedagogic+Techniques&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-169&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097318490500200202&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628221923/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27155.htm">"Śaṁkara's Arguments against the Buddhists"</a>. Philosophy East and West. 3 (4): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397287">10.2307/1397287</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397287">1397287</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27155.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%81kara%27s+Arguments+against+the+Buddhists&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397287%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ingalls&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Few27155.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Hajime (1990) [1950]. A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part One. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Vedanta+Philosophy.+Part+One&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Hajime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> (Reprint)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Navone, J. J. (1956). "Sankara and the Vedic Tradition". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 17 (2): 248–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2104222">10.2307/2104222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2104222">2104222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Sankara+and+the+Vedic+Tradition&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-255&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2104222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2104222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Navone&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453"><bdi>978-0195070453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070453&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pandey, S. L. (2000). "Pre-Sankara Advaita". In Chattopadhyana (ed.). History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Sankara+Advaita&rft.btitle=History+of+Science%2C+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Indian+Civilization&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Centre+for+Studies+in+Civilizations&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Reigle, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theosophycanada.com/files/fohat-fall-2001.pdf">"The Original Sankaracarya"</a> (PDF). Fohat. 5 (3): 57–60, 70–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fohat&rft.atitle=The+Original+Sankaracarya&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-60%2C+70-71&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Reigle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theosophycanada.com%2Ffiles%2Ffohat-fall-2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">Rukmani, T.S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1295">"Dr. Richard de Smet and Sankara's Advaita"</a>. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1295">10.7825/2164-6279.1295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Dr.+Richard+de+Smet+and+Sankara%27s+Advaita&rft.volume=16&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1295&rft.aulast=Rukmani&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sankaracharya (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CompleteWorksOfSriSankaracharyaIn20Volumes1910Edition">The Works of Sri Sankaracharya</a>. Srirangam: Sri Vani Vilas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Sri+Sankaracharya&rft.place=Srirangam&rft.pub=Sri+Vani+Vilas+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Sankaracharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCompleteWorksOfSriSankaracharyaIn20Volumes1910Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"> 20 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Whaling, Frank (1979). "Śankara and Buddhism". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 7 (1): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02561251">10.1007/BF02561251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361">23440361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=%C5%9Aankara+and+Buddhism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02561251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23440361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whaling&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdi+Shankara" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Adi Shankara at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adi_Shankara" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Adi Shankara">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara" class="extiw" title="q:Adi Shankara">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Adi_Shankara" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Adi Shankara">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180967" class="extiw" title="d:Q180967">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sankaracharya.org/biography_of_sankara.php">Traditional biography of Shankara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Adi+Shankara%22+OR+%22Adi+Shankaracharya%22+OR+%22Shankara+Bhagavatpada%22+OR+Sankaracharya+OR+Śaṅkarācārya+OR+%22Śaṅkara+Bhagavatpāda%22+OR+%22Śaṅkara+Bhagavatpādācārya%22%29">Works by or about Adi Shankara</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17043">Works by Adi Shankara</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38496">Works by Adi Shankara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sankaracharya.org/index.php">Works by Adi Shankara</a> at sankaracharya.org</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;">Religious titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Bhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_of_Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a> ?–820 (<a href="/wiki/Videha-mukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Videha-mukti">videha-mukti</a>) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureshwaracharya</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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