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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kattak_birthdate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kattak_birthdate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Kattak birthdate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kattak_birthdate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Family and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odysseys_(Udasis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odysseys_(Udasis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Odysseys (<i>Udasis</i>)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odysseys_(Udasis)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Odysseys (<i>Udasis</i>) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odysseys_(Udasis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posthumous biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teachings and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In the Bahá'í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Bon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Bon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Tibetan Buddhism and Bon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Bon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ahmadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_visited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_visited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Places visited</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_visited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places visited subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_visited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uttarakhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uttarakhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Uttarakhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uttarakhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andhra_Pradesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andhra_Pradesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Andhra Pradesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andhra_Pradesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bihar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Bihar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Gujarat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haryana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haryana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Haryana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haryana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Jammu and Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikkim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikkim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Sikkim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikkim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.11</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.12</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.13</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.14</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.15</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.16</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.17</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guru Nanak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak_Dev" title="Nanak Dev – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="الغورو ناناك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغورو ناناك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Nanak_Dev" title="Gurú Nanak Dev – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gurú Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Նանագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նանագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95" title="গুৰু নানক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুৰু নানক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Nanak_Dev_Ji" title="Gurú Nanak Dev Ji – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gurú Nanak Dev Ji" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak_Dev" title="Nanak Dev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95" title="গুরু নানক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরু নানক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_Ji" title="Guru Nanak Dev Ji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev Ji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_N%C3%A1nak" title="Guru Nának – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guru Nának" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak_Dev" title="Nanak Dev – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9D%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B2" title="Γκουρού Νάνακ Ντεβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρού Νάνακ Ντεβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Nanak_Dev_Ji" title="Gurú Nanak Dev Ji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurú Nanak Dev Ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="گورو نانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورو نانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%A5%B4%C2%B7%E9%82%A3%E9%82%A3%E5%BA%AB%C2%B7%E7%AD%94%E5%A4%AB" title="固奴·那那庫·答夫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="固奴·那那庫·答夫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95" title="ગુરુનાનક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુરુનાનક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A3%A8_%EB%82%98%EB%82%98%ED%81%AC" title="구루 나나크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구루 나나크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="गुरु नानक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरु नानक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruo_Nanak" title="Guruo Nanak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guruo Nanak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak_Dev" title="Nanak Dev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7" title="נאנאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאנאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುರುನಾನಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರುನಾನಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="გურუ ნანაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გურუ ნანაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%97%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8F_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8E%DA%A9" title="گٗروُ نانَک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گٗروُ نانَک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_N%C4%81naks_D%C4%93vs" title="Guru Nānaks Dēvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Guru Nānaks Dēvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakas" title="Nanakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nanakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1nak_guru" title="Nának guru – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nának guru" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="गुरु नानक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुरु नानक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BB_Nanak" title="Gurû Nanak – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gurû Nanak" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുരു നാനാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരു നാനാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="गुरू नानकदेव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरू नानकदेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="جورو ناناك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورو ناناك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeroe_Nanak" title="Goeroe Nanak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goeroe Nanak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="गुरु नानक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरु नानक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="गुरु नानक देव – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुरु नानक देव" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AF" title="グル・ナーナク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グル・ナーナク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_N%C3%A1nak" title="Guru Nának – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guru Nának" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_N%C3%A1nak" title="Guru Nának – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guru Nának" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95" title="ଗୁରୁ ନାନକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୁରୁ ନାନକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95" title="ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="گرو نانک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرو نانک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="گرو نانک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گرو نانک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="गुरु नानक देव – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरु नानक देव" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="گرو نانک – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گرو نانک" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA" title="گرو نانڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گرو نانڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_N%C4%81nak" title="Guru Nānak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guru Nānak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="குரு நானக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரு நானக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="గురునానక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురునానక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="คุรุนานัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุรุนานัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak" title="Nanak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nanak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Нанак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нанак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="گرو نانک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرو نانک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guru Nanak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%E9%82%A3%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B" title="古鲁那纳克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古鲁那纳克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" title="Guru Nanak Dev – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Guru Nanak Dev" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B" title="納那克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納那克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AD%AF%E9%82%A3%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B" title="古魯那納克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古魯那納克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="View the 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder and first guru of Sikhism (1469–1539)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC600; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Guru Nanak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mural painting of Guru Nanak from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg/220px-Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg/330px-Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg/440px-Mural_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">19th-century <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> painting from <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal" title="Gurdwara Baba Atal">Gurdwara Baba Atal</a> depicting Nanak</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nanak</div><br />15 April 1469 (<a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Katak Pooranmashi</a>, according to Sikh tradition)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198449-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1539<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1539-09-23</span>)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a>, Kartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mata_Sulakhni" title="Mata Sulakhni">Mata Sulakhani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lakhmi_Das" title="Lakhmi Das">Lakhmi Das</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Kalu" title="Mehta Kalu">Mehta Kalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mata_Tripta" title="Mata Tripta">Mata Tripta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li>Writing <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li>Writing <a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Sohila" title="Kirtan Sohila">Kirtan Sohila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">First Master<br /><i>Peer Balagdaan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanakachryaya</i> (in Sri Lanka)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanak Lama</i> (in Tibet)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanak Rishi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">in Nepal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanak Peer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">in Iraq</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Vali Hindi</i> (in Saudi Arabia)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanak Vali</i> (in Egypt)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Nanak Kadamdar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Russia" title="Sikhism in Russia">in Russia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Baba Foosa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">in China</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg/150px-Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg/225px-Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg/300px-Pothi_written_by_Guru_Nanak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based in</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>–1539</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikhism and other religions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gurū Nānak</b> (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539; <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[gʊɾuː<span class="wrap"> </span>naːnəkᵊ]</a></span>, <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/62\/Guru_Nanak_Dev.ogg\/Guru_Nanak_Dev.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Guru Nanak Dev.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Guru_Nanak_Dev.ogg/Guru_Nanak_Dev.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev.ogg" title="File:Guru Nanak Dev.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), also known as <b><span title="Punjabi-language text"><i lang="pa">Bābā Nānak</i></span></b> ('Father Nānak'),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/63|lvii]]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/63|lvii]]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian spiritual teacher, mystic and poet, who is regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and is the first of the ten <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Gurus</a>. </p><p>Nanak is said to have travelled far and wide across <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> teaching people the message of <i><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ੴ</span></span>, 'One God'), who dwells in every one of his creations and constitutes the eternal Truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayer198814_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayer198814-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this concept, he would set up a unique <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, social, and political platform based on equality, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidhu200926_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidhu200926-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhorana1991214_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhorana1991214-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasoon2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasoon2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanak's words are registered in the form of 974 poetic <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">shabda</a></i>, in the holy religious scripture of Sikhism, the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, with some of the major prayers being the <i><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><i lang="pa">jap</i></span>, 'to recite'; <i>ji</i> and <i>sahib</i> are suffixes signifying respect); the <i><a href="/wiki/Asa_di_Var" title="Asa di Var">Asa di Var</a></i> ('Ballad of Hope'); and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sidh_Gosti" title="Sidh Gosti">Sidh Gosht</a></i> ('Discussion with the <a href="/wiki/Siddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhas">Siddhas</a>'). It is part of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> religious belief that the spirit of Nanak's <span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanctity#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanctity">sanctity</a></span>, divinity, and religious authority had descended upon each of the nine subsequent Gurus when the Guruship was devolved on to them. His birthday is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a>, annually across India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg/200px-The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg/300px-The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg/400px-The_Entrance_of_Janam_Asthan-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Gurdwara Janam Asthan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>, Pakistan, commemorates the site where Nanak is believed to have been born.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a></div> <p>Nanak was born on 15 April 1469 at Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī village (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, Pakistan) in the <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200612–13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200612–13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19986_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although according to one tradition, he was born in the Indian month of <a href="/wiki/Kartik_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik (month)">Kārtik</a> or November, known as <a href="/wiki/Kattak" title="Kattak">Kattak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198449-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born into the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> clan like all of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a>. Specifically, Guru Nanak was a Bedi <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a>. </p><p>Most <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">janamsakhis</a></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ</span></span>, 'birth stories'), or traditional biographies of Nanak, mention that he was born on the third day of the <a href="/wiki/Shukla_paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukla paksha">bright lunar fortnight</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisakha">Baisakh</a> month (April) of <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Samvat</a> 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198449-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis#Editions" title="Janamsakhis">Puratan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Editions) has been deleted. (2024-07-18)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></i> ('traditional' or 'ancient') <i>janamsakhi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis#The_Miharban_Janam-sakhi" title="Janamsakhis"><i>Miharban</i> <i>janamsakhi</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis#Bhai_Mani_Singh’s_Janamsakhi" title="Janamsakhis">Gyan-ratanavali</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Bhai Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi) has been deleted. (2024-07-18)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a>, and the <i>Vilayat Vali janamsakhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198450_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written 1718, also attributed to Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it instead says Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh records state that Nanak died on the 10th day of the <a href="/wiki/Ashvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvin">Asauj</a> month of Samvat 1596 (22 September 1539 CE), at the age of 70 years, 5 months, and 7 days. This further suggests that he was born in the month of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakh" title="Vaisakh">Vaisakh</a> (April), not <a href="/wiki/Kattak" title="Kattak">Kattak</a> (November).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198454_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198454-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kattak_birthdate">Kattak birthdate</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_Guru_Nanak,_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_(life_stories)_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg/220px-Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg/330px-Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg/440px-Birth_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_painting_from_an_1830%27s_Janamsakhi_%28life_stories%29_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Birth of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In as late as 1815, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, the festival commemorating Nanak's birthday was held in April at the place of his birth, known by then as <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198450_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the anniversary of Nanak's birth—the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Gurpurab</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gur</a></i> + <span title="Punjabi-language text"><i lang="pa">purab</i></span>, 'celebration')—subsequently came to be celebrated on the full moon day of the Kattak month in November. The earliest record of such a celebration in Nankana Sahib is from 1868 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198452_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198452-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be several reasons for the adoption of the Kattak birthdate by the Sikh community. For one, it may have been the date of Nanak's enlightenment or "spiritual birth" in 1496, as suggested by the <i><a href="/wiki/Dabestan-e_Mazaheb" title="Dabestan-e Mazaheb">Dabestan-e Mazaheb</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of the sources that support the Katak birthday incident: </p><p>The Bala Janamasakhi supports the Kattak birth tradition. It is the only Janamsakhi that does. <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Bala" title="Bhai Bala">Bhai Bala</a> is said to have obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was born on a date corresponding to 20 October 1469 CE. However, this janamsakhi was written by Handalis—a sect of Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known as Handal—attempting to depict the founder as superior to Nanak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198450–51_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198450–51-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a superstition prevailing in contemporary <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>, a child born in the Kattak month was believed to be weak and unlucky, hence why the work states that Nanak was born in that month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198450–51_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198450–51-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>, having written on a full-moon-day of the Kattak month several decades after Nanak's death, mentions that Nanak had "obtained omniscience" on the same day, and it was now the author's turn to "get divine light."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198453–54_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198453–54-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to eyewitness Sikh chronicles, known as <a href="/wiki/Bhat_Vahis" title="Bhat Vahis">Bhatt Vahis</a>, Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurbilas Patashahi 6 written 1718<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meham Parkash written in 1776 also says Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning genealogy of the ten emperors, written in 1769,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurpurnali written in 1727 and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar written in 1716 both mention Guru Nanank being born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanak Chandrodaya Sanskrit Janamsakhi from 1797 and Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak by Sant Das Chibber from the 18th century both mention Guru Nanak being born on the full moon of katak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gurpur Parkash Granth written by Sant Ren Singh based on a granth written by <a href="/wiki/Binod_Singh" title="Binod Singh">Binod Singh</a> states Guru Nanak was born on the full moon of Katak.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Arthur Macauliffe</a> (1909), a Hindu festival held in the 19th century on <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> attracted a large number of Sikhs. The Sikh community leader <a href="/wiki/Gyani" title="Gyani">Giani</a> Sant Singh did not like this, thus starting a festival at the Sikh shrine of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> on the same day, presenting it as the birth anniversary celebration of Guru Nanak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/90|lxxiv]]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/90|lxxiv]]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macauliffe also notes that Vaisakh (March–April) already saw a number of important festivals—such as <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>—therefore people would be busy in agricultural activities after the <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> of Baisakhi. Therefore, holding Nanak's birth anniversary celebrations immediately after Vaisakhi would have resulted in thin attendance, and therefore, smaller donations for the Sikh shrines. On the other hand, by the Kattak full moon day, the major Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> was already over, and the peasants—who had surplus cash from crop sales—were able to donate generously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198451–52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198451–52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h3></div> <p>Nanak's parents, father Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to <a href="/wiki/Mehta_Kalu" title="Mehta Kalu">Mehta Kalu</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and mother <a href="/wiki/Mata_Tripta" title="Mata Tripta">Mata Tripta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESGPC:_Guru_Nanak_Sahib_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESGPC:_Guru_Nanak_Sahib-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were both <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Khatris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Khatris">Hindu Khatris</a> and employed as merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha2009a125_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha2009a125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod200986_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod200986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, in particular, was the local <a href="/wiki/Village_accountant" title="Village accountant"><i>patwari</i></a> (accountant) for crop revenue in the village of <a href="/wiki/Talwandi" title="Talwandi">Talwandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENankana:_Rai_Bular_Bhatti_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENankana:_Rai_Bular_Bhatti-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak's paternal grandfather was named Shiv Ram Bedi and his great-grandfather was Ram Narayan Bedi.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> traditions, the birth and early years of Nanak's life were marked with many events that demonstrated that Nanak had been blessed with divine grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries on his life give details of his blossoming awareness from a young age. For instance, at the age of five, Nanak is said to have voiced interest in divine subjects. At age seven, his father enrolled him at the village school, as per custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable lore recounts that, as a child, Nanak astonished his teacher by describing the implicit symbolism of the <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">first letter of the alphabet</a>, resembling the mathematical version of one, as denoting the unity or oneness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham185337–38_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham185337–38-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stories of his childhood refer to strange and miraculous events about Nanak, such as the one witnessed by <a href="/wiki/Rai_Bular_Bhatti" title="Rai Bular Bhatti">Rai Bular</a>, in which the sleeping child's head was shaded from the harsh sunlight by, in one account, by the stationary shadow of a tree<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or, in another, by a venomous cobra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198418_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198418-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg/220px-Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg/330px-Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg/440px-Kartarpur_Guru_Nanak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartar_Pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartar Pur">Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartar Pur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Narowal" title="Narowal">Narowal</a>, Pakistan, marks the site where Guru Nanak is said to have died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Nanaki" title="Bebe Nanaki">Nanaki</a>, Nanak's only sister, was five years older than him. In 1475, she married and moved to <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jai Ram, Nanaki's husband, was employed at a <i>modikhana</i> (a storehouse for revenues collected in non-cash form), in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Khan_Lodi" title="Daulat Khan Lodi">Daulat Khan</a>, at which Ram would help Nanak get a job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak moved to Sultanpur, and started working at the modikhana around the age of 16.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a young man,<sup id="cite_ref-Macauliffe-marriage_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macauliffe-marriage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak married <a href="/wiki/Mata_Sulakhni" title="Mata Sulakhni">Sulakhani</a>, daughter of Mūl Chand (aka Mula)<sup id="cite_ref-Macauliffe-marriage2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macauliffe-marriage2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grewal-p6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal-p6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chando Raṇi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were married on 24 September 1487, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe200419_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe200419-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would go on to have two sons, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakhmi_Das" title="Lakhmi Das">Lakhmi Chand</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or Lakhmi Das).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumpp1877_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumpp1877-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak lived in Sultanpur until c. 1500,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be a formative time for him, as the <i>puratan</i> <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis"><i>janamsakhi</i></a> suggests, and in his numerous allusions to governmental structure in his hymns, most likely gained at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailssikhs00coleage9_9]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailssikhs00coleage9_9]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Hindus and Muslims disputing over the final rites of Guru Nanak. 19th century fresco from <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal" title="Gurdwara Baba Atal">Gurdwara Baba Atal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the age of 55, Nanak settled in <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a>, living there until his death in September 1539. During this period, he went on short journeys to the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> centre of Achal, and the Sufi centres of <a href="/wiki/Pakpattan" title="Pakpattan">Pakpattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>. By the time of his death, Nanak had acquired several followers in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a>, although it is hard to estimate their number based on the extant historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19988_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19988-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The followers of Nanak were called <i>Kartārīs</i> (meaning 'the people who belonged to the village of Kartarpur') by others.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as the successor <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>, renaming him as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru <i>Angad</i></a>, meaning "one's very own" or "part of you". Shortly after proclaiming his successor, Nanak died on 22 September 1539 in <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a>, at the age of 70. According to Sikh <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>, his body was never found. When the quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged at the sheet covering his body, they found instead a heap of flowers—and so Nanak’s simple faith would, in course of time, flower into a religion, beset by its own contradictions and customary practices.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg/220px-SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg/330px-SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg/440px-SriGuruNanak%27sTravels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The four Udasis and other locations visited by Guru Nanak</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/220px-A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/330px-A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/440px-A_Sikh_Monument_in_Rohtas_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The abandoned <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara_Chowa_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara Chowa Sahib">Gurudwara Chowa Sahib</a>, located near the <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, commemorates the site where Guru Nanak is popularly believed to have created a water-spring during one of his <i>udasis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghKapur2004174_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghKapur2004174-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PunjaSahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PunjaSahib.jpg/220px-PunjaSahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PunjaSahib.jpg/330px-PunjaSahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PunjaSahib.jpg/440px-PunjaSahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Guru Nanak's handprint is believed to be preserved on a boulder at the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Panja_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Panja Sahib">Gurdwara Panja Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Abdal" title="Hasan Abdal">Hasan Abdal</a>, Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin from 1747 CE depicting Guru Nanak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg/199px-Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg/299px-Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg/399px-Coin_from_Vikram_Samvat_1804_%3D_1747_A.D_depicting_Guru_Nanak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>Coin from 1747 CE depicting Guru Nanak with his two disciples, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a> and Bhai Bala waving a <i>chaur</i> (fly-whisk) as a mark of respect.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odysseys_(Udasis)"><span id="Odysseys_.28Udasis.29"></span>Odysseys (<i>Udasis</i>)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a>, a religious sect of ascetics founded by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a>, Guru Nanak's son.</div> <p>During first quarter of the 16th century, Nanak went on long <i>udasiya</i> ('journeys') for spiritual pursuits. A verse authored by him states that he visited several places in "<i>nau-khand</i>" ('the nine regions of the earth'), presumably the major Hindu and Muslim pilgrimage centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern accounts state that he visited <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, starting in 1496 at age 27, when he left his family for a thirty-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilgeer2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilgeer2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohal2011125,_note_1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohal2011125,_note_1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claims include Nanak's visit to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Sumeru</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Indian mythology</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Achal Batala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, where he would debate religious ideas with opposing groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories became widely popular in the 19th and 20th century, and exist in many versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1508, Nanak visited the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet region">Sylhet region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>janamsakhis</i> suggest that Nanak visited the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> in 1510–11 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarg2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarg2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Baghdad inscription remains the basis of writing by Indian scholars that Guru Nanak journeyed in the Middle East, with some claiming he visited <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulati2008316–319_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulati2008316–319-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes">Disputes</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> details are a subject of dispute, with modern scholarship questioning the details and authenticity of many claims. For example, Callewaert and Snell (1994) state that early Sikh texts do not contain such stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From when the travel stories first appear in hagiographic accounts of Guru Nanak, centuries after his death, they continue to become more sophisticated as time goes on, with the late phase <i>Puratan</i> version describing four missionary journeys, which differ from the <i>Miharban</i> version.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen199541–2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen199541–2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the stories about Guru Nanak's extensive travels first appear in the 19th-century <i>Puratan</i> janamsakhi, though even this version does not mention Nanak's travel to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such embellishments and insertion of new stories, according to Callewaert and Snell (1993), closely parallel claims of miracles by <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Islamic <i>pirs</i></a> found in Sufi <i><a href="/wiki/Tadhkirah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tadhkirah (disambiguation)">tadhkirahs</a></i> of the same era, giving reason to believe that these legends may have been written in a competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod200742–44_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod200742–44-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199426–7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source of dispute has been the Baghdad stone, bearing an inscription<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in a Turkish script. Some interpret the inscription as saying <i>Baba Nanak Fakir</i> was there in 1511–1512; others read it as saying 1521–1522 (and that he lived in the Middle East for 11 years away from his family). Others, particularly Western scholars, argue that the stone inscription is from the 19th century and the stone is not a reliable evidence that Nanak visited Baghdad in early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage197916–21_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage197916–21-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, beyond the stone, no evidence or mention of his journey in the Middle East has been found in any other Middle Eastern textual or <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphical</a> records. Claims have been asserted of additional inscriptions, but no one has been able to locate and verify them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2004127–31_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2004127–31-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Novel claims about his travels, as well as claims such as his body vanishing after his death, are also found in later versions and these are similar to the miracle stories in Sufi literature about their <i>pirs</i>. Other direct and indirect borrowings in the Sikh <i>janamsakhis</i> relating to legends around his journeys are from <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Hindu epics</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">puranas</a>,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka stories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberoi199455_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberoi199455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199427–30_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaertSnell199427–30-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg/220px-Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg/330px-Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg/440px-Bhai_Mani_Singh%27s_Janamsakhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a>'s <i>Janamsakhi</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_biographies">Posthumous biographies</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Guru_Nanak" title="Special:EditPage/Guru Nanak">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest biographical sources on Nanak's life recognised today are the <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">janamsakhis</a></i> ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances of his birth in extended detail. </p><p><i>Gyan-ratanavali</i> is the janamsakhi attributed to <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is a comma missing here? (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who was approached by some Sikhs with a request that he should prepare an authentic account of Nanak's life. As such, it is said that Bhai Mani Singh wrote his story with the express intention of correcting <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> accounts of Nanak. </p><p>One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Bala" title="Bhai Bala">Bhai Bala</a>, a close companion of Nanak. However, the writing style and language employed have left scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Arthur Macauliffe</a>, certain that they were composed after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe2004_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to such scholars, there are good reasons to doubt the claim that the author was a close companion of Guru Nanak and accompanied him on many of his travels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>, a scribe of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, also wrote about Nanak's life in his <i>vars</i> ('odes'), which were compiled some time after Nanak's life, though are less detailed than the janamsakhis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings_and_legacy">Teachings and legacy</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/260px-Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/390px-Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/520px-Fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> of Guru Nanak from Baoli Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindwal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nanak's teachings can be found in the Sikh scripture <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, as a collection of verses recorded in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are three competing theories on Nanak's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair2013131–34_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair2013131–34-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, according to Cole and Sambhi (1995, 1997), based on the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi19959–12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi19959–12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that Nanak's teachings and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> were revelations from God, and not a social protest movement, nor an attempt to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi199771_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi199771-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The second theory states that Nanak was a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>, not a prophet. According to Singha (2009):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha2009a104_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha2009a104-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> or the concept of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> hood. But it has a pivotal concept of Guru. He is not an incarnation of God, not even a prophet. He is an illumined soul.</p></blockquote> <p>The third theory is that Guru Nanak is the incarnation of God. This has been supported by many Sikhs including <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vir_Singh_(writer)" title="Vir Singh (writer)">Bhai Vir Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavi_Santokh_Singh" title="Kavi Santokh Singh">Santhok Singh</a> and is supported by the Guru Granth Sahib.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bhai Gurdas says:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ। </p><p> The Guru and God are one; He is the true master and the whole world craves for Him.</p></blockquote> <p>Additionally, in the Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥ </p><p> O Nanak, serve the Guru, the Lord Incarnate; the Blessed Vision of His Darshan is profitable, and in the end, you shall not be called to account. ||2||</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> says:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥ </p><p> The Guru is God, and God is the Guru, O Nanak; there is no difference between the two, O Siblings of Destiny. ||4||1||8||</p></blockquote> <p>The hagiographical <i>Janamsakhis</i> were not written by Nanak, but by later followers without regard for historical accuracy, containing numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh20112–8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20112–8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sikhism, the term <i>revelation</i>, as Cole and Sambhi clarify, is not limited to the teachings of Nanak. Rather, they include all <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Gurus</a>, as well as the words of men and women from Nanak's past, present, and future, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh <a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"><i>bhagats</i></a> (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi199546,_52–3,_95–6,_159_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi199546,_52–3,_95–6,_159-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adi-Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi-Granth">Adi Granth</a> and successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, suggests Mandair (2013), that Sikhism is "not about hearing voices from God, but it is about changing the nature of the human mind, and anyone can achieve direct experience and spiritual perfection at any time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair2013131–34_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair2013131–34-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak emphasised that all human beings can have direct access to God without rituals or priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC:_Religions2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of man as elaborated by Nanak, states Mandair (2009), refines and negates the "<a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> concept of self/God," where "monotheism becomes almost redundant in the movement and crossings of love."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair2009372–73_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair2009372–73-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of man, taught the Sikh Gurus, is to end all dualities of "self and other, I and not-I," attaining the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of daily life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandair2009372–73_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandair2009372–73-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasised <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> ('love', 'devotion', or 'worship'), and taught that the spiritual life and secular householder life are intertwined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayarSandhu2007106_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayarSandhu2007106-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sikh perspective, the everyday world is part of an infinite reality, where increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant participation in the everyday world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaur2004530_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur2004530-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarwha2006205_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarwha2006205-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through popular tradition, Nanak's teaching is understood to be practised in three ways:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2009139–40_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2009139–40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Shhako</a></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ</span></span>, 'share & consume'): Share with others, help those who are in need, so you may eat together;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></i> ('work honestly'): Earn an honest living, without exploitation or fraud; and</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ</span></span>, 'recite His name'): Meditate on God's name, so to feel His presence and control the <a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">five thieves</a> of the human personality.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <p>Nanak is the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailssikhs00coleage9_9–10]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailssikhs00coleage9_9–10]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenoColino2010207_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenoColino2010207-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator; unity of all humankind; engaging in <a href="/wiki/Selfless_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfless service">selfless service</a>, striving for social justice for the <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_da_bhala" title="Sarbat da bhala">benefit and prosperity of all</a>; and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalsi200741–50_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalsi200741–50-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1995200_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1995200-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeece20044_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeece20044-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as the supreme authority of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and is considered the final and perpetual guru of Sikhism. As the first guru of Sikhism, Nanak contributed a total of 974 <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> to the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleMandair2013xviii–xix_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleMandair2013xviii–xix-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians,_circa_1680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg/220px-Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg/330px-Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg/440px-Miniature_painting_of_Guru_Nanak_listening_to_musicians%2C_circa_1680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Miniature painting of Guru Nanak listening to musicians, circa 1680</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's message was divinely revealed, as his own words in <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> state that his teachings are as he has received them from the Creator Himself. The critical event of his life in <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur</a>, in which he returned after three days with enlightenment, also supports this belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198212,_18_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198212,_18-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many modern historians give weight to his teachings' linkage with the pre-existing <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)"><i>sant</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a></i> of Hindu/Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenech2014_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenech2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars state that in its origins, Nanak and Sikhism were influenced by the <i>nirguni</i> ('formless God') tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in medieval India.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1–2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1–2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some historians do not see evidence of Sikhism as simply an extension of the Bhakti movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha2009b8_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha2009b8-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal199828–_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal199828–-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some views of Bhakti saints <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingha2009b8_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingha2009b8-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPruthi2004202–03_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPruthi2004202–03-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The roots of the Sikh tradition are perhaps in the <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sant</a>-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Bhakti tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fenech (2014) suggests that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenech2014_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenech2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> and the secondary canon, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i> and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bahá'í_Faith"><span id="In_the_Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_Faith"></span>In the Bahá'í Faith</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith in India</a></div><p> In a letter, dated 27 October 1985, to the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly" title="Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a> stated that Nanak was endowed with a "saintly character" and that he was:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarwal1996_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarwal1996-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>...inspired to reconcile the religions of Hinduism and Islám, the followers of which religions had been in violent conflict.... The Bahá'ís thus view Guru Nanak as a 'saint of the highest order'.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hinduism">In Hinduism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg/220px-Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg/330px-Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg/440px-Mural_of_Guru_Nanak_from_Sui_Simbli_temple_in_Jammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption>Mural of Guru Nanak from a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nanak is highly influential amongst <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a>, the majority of whom follow <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a> teachings. <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Bon">In Tibetan Buddhism and Bon</h2></div> <p>Trilochan Singh claims that, for centuries, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> have been making pilgrimages to the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar to pay homage to Guru Nanak's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 338">: 338 </span></sup> However, Tibetans seem to have confused Nanak with the visit of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> centuries earlier, and have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of reverence (believing the essence of both figures is one and the same) or mistaken chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tibetan scholar <a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a>, many Tibetans believe Guru Nanak was an incarnation of Padmasambhava.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon Tibetans</a> made pilgrimages to the Golden Temple in Amritsar, however they revered the site for different reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1930 and 1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to India for a second time, visiting the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> during this visit.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 or 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked around the Golden Temple while making offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Temple as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a>: <i>Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> Khyung-sprul returned to the Golden Temple in Amritsar for another time during his third and final visit to India in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p><p>Several years later after the 1930–31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bonpo</a> monk by the name of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (<i>rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal</i>) visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:<sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Their principal <i>gshen</i> is the Subduing <i>gshen</i> with the 'bird-horns'. His secret name is Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative and Absolute Truth. He holds in his hand the Sword of Wisdom . . . At this holy place the oceanic assembly of the tutelary gods and buddhas . . . gather like clouds"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg/220px-Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg/330px-Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg/440px-Guru_Nanak_wearing_robe_with_Perso-Arabic_inscriptions_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>19th century painting depicting Guru Nanak wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Sikh_chola" title="Sikh chola">chola</a></i> (robe) with Perso-Arabic inscriptions</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a> consider Guru Nanak to have been a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> saint and that Sikhism derived from Sufism.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe Guru Nanak sought to educate Muslims about the "real teachings" of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1895, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> defended Nanak from the accusations that had been made by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samajist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a>, and asserted that Nanak was a Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being a Muslim is supported by a <i><a href="/wiki/Sikh_chola" title="Sikh chola">chola</a></i> inscribed with <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Quranic verses</a> that is attributed to having been belonging to him.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> movie was released in 2015 named <i><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shah_Fakir" title="Nanak Shah Fakir">Nanak Shah Fakir</a></i>, which is based on the life of Nanak, directed by Sartaj Singh Pannu<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allegory:_A_Tapestry_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_Travels" title="Allegory: A Tapestry of Guru Nanak's Travels">Allegory: A Tapestry of Guru Nanak's Travels</a></i> is a 2021–22 docuseries about Nanak's travels in nine different countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_visited">Places visited</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Guru_Nanak" title="Special:EditPage/Guru Nanak">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guru+Nanak%22">"Guru Nanak"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guru+Nanak%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guru+Nanak%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guru+Nanak%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guru+Nanak%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guru+Nanak%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurudwara_Reetha_Sahib" title="Gurudwara Reetha Sahib">Gurudwara Reetha Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champawat" title="Champawat">Champawat, Uttrakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakmatta" title="Nanakmatta">Nanakmatta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andhra_Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurudwara Pehli Patshahi <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur, Andhra Pradesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bihar">Bihar</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Sheetal Kund – <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi">Delhi</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Nanak_Piao" title="Gurdwara Nanak Piao">Gurdwara Nanak Piao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Majnu Ka Tila, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gujarat">Gujarat</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurdwara Pehli Patshahi, <a href="/wiki/Lakhpat" title="Lakhpat">Lakhpat, Gujarat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haryana">Haryana</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jammu_and_Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Parbat" title="Hari Parbat">Hari Parbat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjab">Punjab</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurudwara Shri Ber Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Hatt Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Kothri Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Guru Ka Bagh, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Sant Ghat, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Antaryamta, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Baba_Nanak" title="Dera Baba Nanak">Dera Baba Nanak</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Manji Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Kiratpur_Sahib" title="Kiratpur Sahib">Kiratpur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Achal Batala</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikkim">Sikkim</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurudwara Nanak Lama, <a href="/wiki/Chungthang" title="Chungthang">Chungthang, Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar Lake</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odisha">Odisha</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurdwara Guru Nanak Datan Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack, Odisha</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Bauli Math Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri, Odisha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Pakistan" title="Kartarpur, Pakistan">Kartarpur</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Sacha Sauda, <a href="/wiki/Farooqabad" title="Farooqabad">Farooqabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Sultanpur Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Rori_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Rori Sahib">Gurdwara Rori Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Beri_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Beri Sahib">Gurdwara Beri Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Panja_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Panja Sahib">Gurdwara Panja Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Abdal" title="Hasan Abdal">Hasan Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurudwara_Chowa_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara Chowa Sahib">Gurudwara Chowa Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Fort" title="Rohtas Fort">Rohtas Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narowal" title="Narowal">Narowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhu_Chak" title="Dudhu Chak">Dudhu Chak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Nanak_Shahi" title="Gurdwara Nanak Shahi">Gurdwara Nanak Shahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurduara Baba Nanak Dev Ji, <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></li> <li>Chashma Sahib Patshahi Pahili, <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurudwara Pehli Patshahi, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Nanak_Shrine" title="Baba Nanak Shrine">Baba Nanak Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3></div> <ul><li>Gurudwara Pehli Patshahi <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a></li> <li>Koti, now known as <a href="/wiki/Kotikawatta" title="Kotikawatta">Kotikawatta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg/220px-Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg/330px-Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Janamsakhi_manuscript_painting_with_the_caption_%22Guru_Nanak_in_Mecca_-_%27Turn_my_feet_in_the_direction_where_God_is_not.%27_%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhi</a> manuscript painting with the caption "Guru Nanak in Mecca - 'Turn my feet in the direction where God is not.' "</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/35px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/47px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sikhism" title="Portal:Sikhism">Sikhism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehabad,_Punjab" title="Fatehabad, Punjab">Fatehabad, Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Guru_Nanak_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev">List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Nanaki" title="Bebe Nanaki">Bebe Nanaki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Macauliffe-marriage-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macauliffe-marriage_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macauliffe (1909) notes that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis#Bhai_Mani_Singh’s_Janamsakhi" title="Janamsakhis"><i>janamsakhi of Mani Singh</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Bhai Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi) has been deleted. (2024-07-18)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>, Nanak was married at the age of 14, not 18. "It is related in the Janamsakhi which bears the name of Mani Singh, that Nanak was married at the age of fourteen" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/114" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 1.djvu/114">p. 18</a>) Subsequent janamsakhis, however, claim that Nanak was married later, after he moved to Sultanpur (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/125" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 1.djvu/125">p. 29</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macauliffe-marriage2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macauliffe-marriage2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He was betrothed to Sulakhani, daughter of Mula, a resident of Batala in the present district of Gurdaspur." (Macauliffe 1909, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sikh_Religion/Volume_1/Life_of_Guru_Nanak#19" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Sikh Religion/Volume 1/Life of Guru Nanak">p.19</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal-p6-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal-p6_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As a young man Nanak was married to Sulakhni, a daughter of Mula, a native of the newly founded town of <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a> who had come there from his village, Pakho dī Randhawi, on the left bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>. Mula belonged to the subcaste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chona_(caste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chona (caste) (page does not exist)">Chona</a> which was less important than even the subcaste <a href="/wiki/Bedi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedi clan">Bedi</a>.". (<a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trumpp (1877) transliterates the names of Nanak's children from the <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis#Editions" title="Janamsakhis"><i>Colebrooke</i> <i>janamsakhi</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Editions) has been deleted. (2024-07-18)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> as "<i>Sirī-čand</i>" and "<i>Lakhmī-dās</i>", rather than "<i>Lakhmī-čand</i>" (pp. <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/page/n17" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/page/n17">iii</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/page/n21" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/page/n21">viii</a>). Macauliffe (1909, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/125" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 1.djvu/125">p. 29</a>) also gives their names as Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India." (<a href="#CITEREFMcLeod2019">McLeod 2019</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1–2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1–2_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Historically, Sikh religion derives from this <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">nirguni</a> current of bhakti religion." (<a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1995">Lorenzen 1995</a>, pp. 1–2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant <i><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">parampara</a></i> in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India." (<a href="#CITEREFFenech2014">Fenech 2014</a>, p. 35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies in the same breadth as the Sikh tradition, let alone trace elements of their tradition to this chronological and ideological point, <b>despite the fact</b> that the Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> and the secondary canon, the <i>Dasam Granth</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors." (<a href="#CITEREFFenech2014">Fenech 2014</a>, p. 36)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various appellations are connected to Nanak's father, some of them are: 'Mehta Kalu', 'Kalu Rai', 'Kalu Chand', 'Kalian Rai', and 'Kalian Chand'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padmasambhava is alternatively known as 'Guru Rinpoche'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta198449-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta198449_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta1984">Gupta 1984</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation news cs1">Service, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/booklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%E2%80%99s-teachings-released-859755">"Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released"</a>. <i>Tribuneindia News Service</i>. <q>Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Booklet+on+Guru+Nanak+Dev%27s+teachings+released&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fludhiana%2Fbooklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%25E2%2580%2599s-teachings-released-859755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak%3A+550th+birth+anniversary+of+Sikhism%27s+founder%3A+Phoenix+Art+Museum%2C+The+Khanuja+Family+Sikh+Art+Gallery%2C+17+August+2019%E2%80%9329+March+2020&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210494526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Janet (2 October 2019). "Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020". <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2019.1685641">10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210494526">210494526</a>.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeSambhi1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailssikhs00coleage9_9]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeSambhi1978">Cole & Sambhi 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/age/9">9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal19988-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewal19988_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrewal1998">Grewal 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Pashaura (3 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656">"Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth"</a>. <i>Sikh Formations</i>. <b>17</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17448727.2021.1873656">10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-8727">1744-8727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234146387">234146387</a>. <q>Unsurprisingly, Guru Nanak's followers were frequently referred to as Kartārīs, the people who belonged to the village of Kartarpur (Singh 2006, 106 & 129, n. 4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Formations&rft.atitle=Ideological+basis+in+the+formation+of+the+Shiromani+Gurdwara+Prabandhak+Committee+and+the+Shiromani+Akali+Dal%3A+exploring+the+concept+of+Guru-Panth&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234146387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1744-8727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2021.1873656&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F17448727.2021.1873656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.ucla.edu/religions/gurus-saints/guru-nanak/">"Guru Nanak"</a>. <i>MANAS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MANAS&rft.atitle=Guru+Nanak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.ucla.edu%2Freligions%2Fgurus-saints%2Fguru-nanak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghKapur2004174-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghKapur2004174_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinghKapur2004">Singh & Kapur 2004</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilgeer2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilgeer2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDilgeer2008">Dilgeer 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Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566892-6"><bdi>978-0-19-566892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+and+Sikhism%3A+Comprising+Guru+Nanak+and+the+Sikh+Religion%2C+Early+Sikh+Tradition%2C+The+Evolution+of+the+Sikh+Community%2C+Who+is+a+Sikh%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566892-6&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhV5AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2007" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. 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McGill Queen University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9087-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-9087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+and+Unity+in+Federal+Countries&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=McGill+Queen+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9087-8&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Colino%2C+C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5lpveRnSxEC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayarSandhu2007" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamal Elizabeth; Sandhu, Jaswinder Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC"><i>The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogi's</i></a>. New York: State University of New York Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socially+Involved+Renunciate+%E2%80%93+Guru+Nanaks+Discourse+to+Nath+Yogi%27s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Elizabeth&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Jaswinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTfKwGV6mBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasoon2007" class="citation book cs1">Prasoon, Shrikant (2007). <i>Knowing Guru Nanak</i>. 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New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4"><bdi>978-81-7141-879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E03&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-879-4&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarwal1996" class="citation book cs1">Sarwal, Anil (1996). 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Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>. pp. 12, 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-817304067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-817304067-2"><bdi>978-817304067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley+Lectures+on+Sikhism&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=12%2C+18&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-817304067-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harbans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1984" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kartar (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKMUnfLZLEC"><i>Life Story Of Nanak</i></a>. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-162-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-162-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Story+Of+Nanak&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-162-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kartar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhKMUnfLZLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2006). <i>The Illustrated History of the Sikhs</i>. India: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-567747-1"><bdi>0-19-567747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-567747-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghKapur2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kirapala; Kapur, Prithipala (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKXXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Choha+Baba+Nanak%22"><i>Janamsakhi tradition: an analytical study</i></a>. Singh Brothers. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172053116" title="Special:BookSources/9788172053116"><bdi>9788172053116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Janamsakhi+tradition%3A+an+analytical+study&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Singh+Brothers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788172053116&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kirapala&rft.au=Kapur%2C+Prithipala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKXXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Choha%2BBaba%2BNanak%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2011). <i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184885321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-184885321-8"><bdi>978-184885321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-184885321-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2009a" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2009a) [First published 2000]. <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. New Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2009b" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2009b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/welcome.jsp?action=search&type=isbn&term=8170102456"><i>Sikhism: A Complete Introduction</i></a>. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Complete+Introduction&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-245-8&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.blackwell.co.uk%2Fjsp%2Fwelcome.jsp%3Faction%3Dsearch%26type%3Disbn%26term%3D8170102456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeece2004" class="citation book cs1">Teece, Geoff (2004). <i>Sikhism: Religion in Focus</i>. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0"><bdi>978-1-58340-469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+Religion+in+Focus&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-469-0&rft.aulast=Teece&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumpp1877" class="citation book cs1">Trumpp, Ernest (1877). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.69690/">Adi Granth, or The Holy Scriptures Of The Sikhs; translated from the original Gurmukhī</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">W. H. Allen & Co.</a> and N. Trübner – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adi+Granth%2C+or+The+Holy+Scriptures+Of+The+Sikhs%3B+translated+from+the+original+Gurmukh%C4%AB&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.+and+N.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Trumpp&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_Singh" title="Sahib Singh">Singh, Sahib</a>. <i>Guru Nanak Dev and His Teachings</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghVirdi1969" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Shamsher; Virdi, Narendra Singh (1969). <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Guru_Nanak_Through_Pictures" title="Life of Guru Nanak Through Pictures">Life of Guru Nanak Through Pictures</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Phulan_Rani" title="Phulan Rani">Phulan Rani</a>. Modern Sahit Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Guru+Nanak+Through+Pictures&rft.pub=Modern+Sahit+Academy&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Shamsher&rft.au=Virdi%2C+Narendra+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Nanak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Guru_Nanak" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">—</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Guru</a> </b><br />20 August 1507 – 7 September 1539 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" title="Baba Farid">Baba Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" 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