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<li id="toc-Foreign_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foreign sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Slavic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_and_common_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_and_common_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview and common features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_and_common_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview and common features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_common_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_other_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_other_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and other influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_other_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_and_spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_and_spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>God and spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_and_spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology,_iconography,_temples_and_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology,_iconography,_temples_and_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cosmology, iconography, temples and rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology,_iconography,_temples_and_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amongst_the_South_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amongst_the_South_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Amongst the South Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amongst_the_South_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kievan_Rus'_official_religion_and_popular_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kievan_Rus'_official_religion_and_popular_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kievan Rus' official religion and popular cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kievan_Rus'_official_religion_and_popular_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianisation_of_the_East_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation_of_the_East_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Christianisation of the East Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation_of_the_East_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vladimir's_baptism,_popular_resistance_and_syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vladimir's_baptism,_popular_resistance_and_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Vladimir's baptism, popular resistance and syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vladimir's_baptism,_popular_resistance_and_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity_of_Slavic_religion_in_Russia_up_to_the_15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity_of_Slavic_religion_in_Russia_up_to_the_15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Continuity of Slavic religion in Russia up to the 15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity_of_Slavic_religion_in_Russia_up_to_the_15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunwise_Slavic_religion,_withershins_Christianity,_and_Old_Belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunwise_Slavic_religion,_withershins_Christianity,_and_Old_Belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Sunwise Slavic religion, withershins Christianity, and Old Belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunwise_Slavic_religion,_withershins_Christianity,_and_Old_Belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianisation_of_the_West_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianisation_of_the_West_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Christianisation of the West Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianisation_of_the_West_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Slavic folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Rodnovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Rodnovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modern Rodnovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Rodnovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstructed_calendar_of_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructed_calendar_of_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reconstructed calendar of celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructed_calendar_of_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Christian_art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Christian_art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on Christian art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Christian_art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavic paganism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وثنية سلافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثنية سلافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Славянскае язычніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славянскае язычніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Славянска религия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Славянска религия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavensko_paganstvo" title="Slavensko paganstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slavensko paganstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovansk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD" title="Slovanské náboženství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovanské náboženství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σλαβική μυθολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σλαβική μυθολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آیین اسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین اسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_slave" title="Paganisme slave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paganisme slave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovjerje" title="Starovjerje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starovjerje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme_Slavia" title="Paganisme Slavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paganisme Slavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_S%C5%82owian" title="Religia Słowian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia Słowian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Славянское язычество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Славянское язычество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizmi_sllav%C3%AB" title="Paganizmi sllavë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paganizmi sllavë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavic paganism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstvo_Slovanov" title="Náboženstvo Slovanov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Náboženstvo Slovanov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Стара словенска вера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стара словенска вера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaavilainen_mytologia" title="Slaavilainen mytologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slaavilainen mytologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Слов'янська релігія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слов'янська релігія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99" title="斯拉夫多神教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯拉夫多神教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_mythology&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slavic religion" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Slavic_religion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Slavic religion (disambiguation)">Slavic religion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg/220px-Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg/330px-Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg/440px-Steinrelief_Pfarrkirche_Altenkirchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A priest of <a href="/wiki/Svantevit" class="mw-redirect" title="Svantevit">Svantevit</a> depicted on a stone from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a>, now in the church of <a href="/wiki/Altenkirchen,_R%C3%BCgen" title="Altenkirchen, Rügen">Altenkirchen, Rügen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slavic paganism</b>, <b>Slavic mythology</b>, or <b>Slavic religion</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> beliefs, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> practices of the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> before <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of the Slavs">Christianisation</a>, which occurred at various stages between the 8th and the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, who likely settled in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> during the 6th–7th centuries AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bordering with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to the south, came under the sphere of influence of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> relatively early, beginning with the creation of writing systems for Slavic languages (first <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>) in 855 by the brothers <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> and the adoption of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> in 864 and 863 in <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> followed with the official adoption in 988 by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of Christianising the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> was more gradual and complicated compared to their eastern counterparts. The Moravians accepted Christianity as early as 831, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemian</a> dukes followed in 845, and the Slovaks accepted Christianity somewhere between the years 828 and 863,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first historical <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Polish</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a>, accepted it much later, in 966, around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> only came under the significant influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from the 12th century onwards. For the Polabian Slavs and the Sorbs, <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> went hand in hand with full or partial <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christianisation of the Slavic peoples was, however, a slow and—in many cases—superficial phenomenon, especially in what is today Russia. It was vigorous in western and central parts of what is today Ukraine, since they were closer to <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, the capital of Kievan Rus'. Even there, however, popular resistance led by <a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv"><i>volkhv</i>s</a>, pagan priests or shamans, recurred periodically for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular resistance to Christianity was also widespread in early Poland, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">pagan reaction</a>. </p><p>The West Slavs of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> tenaciously withstood Christianity until it was violently imposed on them through the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and East Slavs, rebellions broke out throughout the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian chroniclers reported that the Slavs regularly re-embraced their original religion (<i>relapsi sunt denuo ad paganismus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many elements of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> were officially incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Christianity">Slavic Christianity</a> (which manifested itself in the architecture of the Russian Church, icon painting, etc.),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the worship of Slavic gods has persisted in unofficial folk religion into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915–16Rudy19859Gasparini2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915–16Rudy19859Gasparini2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavs' resistance to Christianity gave rise to a "whimsical syncretism", which was called <i>dvoeverie</i>, "double faith", in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 20th century, Slavic folk religion has undergone an organised reinvention and reincorporation in the movement of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> (Rodnovery). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_sources">Foreign sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foreign sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first written sources on the religion of the ancient Slavs is the description of the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a> (6th century), who mentioned <a href="/wiki/Sacrifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifices">sacrifices</a> to the supreme <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">god-the thunderer of the Slavs</a>, river spirits ("nymphs") and others: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>, are not ruled by one person, but since ancient times they have lived in the people's rule (democracy), and therefore their happiness and unhappiness in life is considered a common cause. And in all other respects, both of these barbarian tribes have the same life and laws. They believe that one of the gods, the creator of lightning, is the lord over all, and bulls are sacrificed to him and other sacred rites are performed. They do not know fate and generally do not recognize that it has any power in relation to people, and when they are about to face death, whether they are seized by illness or in a dangerous situation in the war, they promise, if they are saved, to immediately sacrifice to God for their soul; having escaped death, they sacrifice what they promised, and they think that their salvation has been bought at the price of this sacrifice. They worship rivers, and nymphs, and all sorts of other deities, offer sacrifices to all of them and with the help of these sacrifices they also produce divination.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a>. The war with the Goths. Book VII (Book III of the War with the Goths)</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>, an Arab historian, geographer and traveler, equates the paganism of the Slavs and the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Rus'</a> with <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There was a decree of the capital of the Khazar khaganate, and there are seven judges in it, two of them from Muslims, two from the Khazars, who judge according to the law of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Taura</a>, two from the Christians there, who judge according to the law of <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Injil</a>, one of them from the Slavs, Russ and other pagans, he judges according to the law of paganism, that is, according to the law of reason.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>. Gold mines or placers of gems</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Western European authors of the 11th and 12th centuries gave detailed descriptions of the sanctuaries and cults of Redigost (<a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">Radegast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svarozhich" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarozhich">Svarozhich</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Rethra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svyatovit (Svetovid)</a> in Arkon (<a href="/wiki/Jaromarsburg" title="Jaromarsburg">Jaromarsburg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a> in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chernobog</a>, the sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Volyn%C4%9B" title="Volyně">Volyně</a>, etc. The identification of a number of Eastern European monuments with Slavic sanctuaries is a matter of dispute (<a href="/wiki/Peryn" title="Peryn">Peryn</a>, a complex near the site of the <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_idol" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbruch idol">Zbruch idol</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_sources">Slavic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slavic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main idea of paganism and mythology of the Slavs is given primarily by historical and documentary sources (<a href="/wiki/Letopis_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Letopis (genre)">letopises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Bygone_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Tale of Bygone Years">Tale of Bygone Years</a> under the year 980 contains a story about the sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, built by Vladimir Svyatoslavich, and the idols of pagan gods installed there are mentioned: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Vladimir began to reign alone in Kiev. And he placed idols on the hill outside the palace: <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a> in wood with a silver head and a gold moustache, and <a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a> <a href="/wiki/Dazhdbog" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazhdbog">Dazhdbog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stribog" title="Stribog">Stribog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a>. And they offered sacrifices and called them gods, and they took their sons and daughters to them and sacrificed them to the devils. And they profaned the earth with their sacrifices, and Rus’ and that hill were profaned by blood. But God the merciful, who does not wish the death of sinners, on that hill stands today the church of Saint Vasilij, as we will relate later. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style></p><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Old East Slavic original text</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> И нача къняжити Володимиръ въ Кыевѣ единъ, и постави кумиры на хълму, вънѣ двора теремьнаго: Перуна древяна, а главу его сьребряну, а усъ златъ, и Хърса, Дажьбога и Стрибога и Сѣмарьгла и Мокошь. И жьряху имъ, наричюще я богы, и привожаху сыны своя и дъщери, и жьряху бѣсомъ. И осквьрняху землю требами своими; и осквьрни ся кръвьми земля Русьская и хълмъ тъ. Нъ преблагыи Богъ не хотя съмьрти грѣшьникомъ, на томь хълмѣ нынѣ цьркы есть святаго Василия, якоже послѣди съкажемъ.</div></div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The text mentions the deities <a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a>. It is known that the idol of Veles stood in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> "under the mountain", probably on the <a href="/wiki/Podil" title="Podil">Kiev Podol</a>, in the lower part of the city, that is, in the trade and craft part of Kiev at the pier on the Pochain River. In the "Life of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a>" it is said that this idol was overthrown during the baptism of Kievan Rus in 988: "And Veles idol ... ordered to throw off the river in Pochaina".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Russian teachings against paganism can also serve as sources. In this genre, three of the most famous monuments are known: <i>The Word of St. Gregory about idols</i>, <i>The word of a certain Christ-lover and the punishment of the spiritual father (about submission and obedience)</i> and <i>The Walking of the Virgin in torment</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of original mythological texts, Slavic paganism can only be understood through secondary sources, such as archaeological findings and non-Slavic historical texts, which then have to be analyzed via the comparative method and subsequent reconstruction, a means used by many historians, including <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Anichkov" title="Evgeny Anichkov">Evgeny Anichkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Konstantinovich_Zelenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin">Dmitry Zelenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubor_Niederle" title="Lubor Niederle">Lubor Niederle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Łowmiański">Henryk Łowmiański</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gieysztor" title="Aleksander Gieysztor">Aleksander Gieysztor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Urba%C5%84czyk" title="Stanisław Urbańczyk">Stanisław Urbańczyk</a> and others. </p><p>Reconstruction, however, only gained momentum at the beginning of the 20th century, with Slavic sources being compared to sources on other Indo-European cultural traditions (Baltic, Iranian, German, etc.), where the works of <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vechaslav Ivanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a> are among the most prominent. </p><p>The richest sources for the study of Slavic paganism as a cultural model and the reconstruction of Ancient Slavic ideas remain the linguistic, ethnographic and folklore studies of Slavic traditions from the 19th and 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some of these studies are contested due to historical inaccuracies. Many traces of Slavic paganism are thought to be left in European toponymy, including the names of settlements, rivers, mountains, and villages, but ethnologists such as <a href="/wiki/Vitomir_Belaj" title="Vitomir Belaj">Vitomir Belaj</a> warn against hasty assumptions that the toponyms truly originate in pre-Christian mythological beliefs, with some potentially being derived from common vocabulary instead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twentieth-century scholars who pursued the study of ancient Slavic religion include <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>, among others. Rybakov is noted for his effort to re-examine medieval ecclesiastical texts, synthesizing his findings with archaeological data, comparative mythology, ethnography, and nineteenth-century folk practices. He also elaborated one of the most coherent pictures of ancient Slavic religion in his <i>Paganism of the Ancient Slavs</i> and other works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198916_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198916-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among earlier, nineteenth-century scholars there was <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a>, known for his study of <i>Fundamentals of a North Slavic and Wendish mythology</i>. </p><p>Historical documents about Slavic religion include the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, compiled in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> around 1111, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a></i> compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>. They contain detailed reports of the annihilation of the official Slavic religion of Kiev and Novgorod, and the subsequent "double faith". The <i>Primary Chronicle</i> also contains the authentic text of Rus'-Greek treatises (dated 945 and 971) with native pre-Christian oaths. From the eleventh century onwards, various Rus' writings were produced against<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Slavic_paganism#Dubious" title="Talk:Slavic paganism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the survival of Slavic religion, and Slavic gods were interpolated in the translations of foreign literary works, such as the <i>Malalas Chronicle</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Alexandreis" title="Alexandreis">Alexandreis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The West Slavs who dwelt in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> stubbornly resisted the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>, and the history of their resistance is written down in the eleventh- and twelfth-century <i>Latin Chronicles</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helmold" title="Helmold">Helmold</a>, three German clergymen, as well as in the twelfth-century biographies of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>' thirteenth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i>. These documents, together with minor German writings and the Icelandic <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a></i>, provide a detailed description of northwestern Slavic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religions of other Slavic populations are less well-documented as texts about them, such as the fifteenth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Polonorum_(1519)" title="Chronica Polonorum (1519)">Polish Chronicle</a></i>, were only produced later, after Christianisation, and contain a lot of sheer inventions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the times preceding Christianisation, however, some Greek and Roman chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in the sixth century, sparsely documented some Slavic concepts and practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_common_features">Overview and common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview and common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg/220px-Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg/330px-Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg/440px-Slavnost_svatovitova_na_rujane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>"The Celebration of Svantovit in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rujana</a>: When Gods Are at War, Art is the Salvation" (<i>Slavnost Svantovítova: Když jsou bohové ve válce, pak je umění spásou</i>)—<a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>, 1912. Pagan-themed painting part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slav_Epic" title="The Slav Epic">The Slav Epic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_other_influences">Origins and other influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins and other influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Slavic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Slavic religion">Deities of Slavic religion</a></div> <p>The linguistic unity and negligible dialectal differentiation of the Slavs until the end of the first millennium AD, as well as the lexical uniformity of religious vocabulary, witness a uniformity of early Slavic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the essence of early Slavdom was ethnoreligious before being ethnonational; that is to say, belonging to the Slavs was chiefly determined by conforming to certain beliefs and practices rather than by having a certain racial ancestry or being born in a certain place.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivanov and Toporov identified the Slavic religion as an outgrowth of a purported common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>, sharing strong similarities with other neighbouring belief systems such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211Rudy19854_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211Rudy19854-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local development of the ancient Slavic religion, especially in places like Russia, likely also included several influences from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>, which contributed to local ethnogenesis. Slavic (and Baltic) religion and mythology is considered more conservative and closer to the purported original Proto-Indo-European religion than other Indo-European derived traditions, due to the fact that, throughout the history of the Slavs, it remained a popular religion rather than being reworked and sophisticated by intellectual elites, as had happened to other Indo-European derived religious cultures. For this reason, Slavic religion is invaluable for understanding other Indo-European beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson198532_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson198532-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The affinity to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a> is evident in shared developments, including the elimination of the term for the supreme God of Heaven, *<i><a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyeus</a></i>, and its substitution by the term for "sky" (Slavic <i>Nebo</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the shift of the Indo-European descriptor of heavenly deities (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daeva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> <i>div</i>; <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>deiwos</i>, "celestial", similar to <i>Dyeus</i>) to the designation of evil entities, and the parallel designation of gods by the term meaning both "wealth" and its "giver" (Avestan <i><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">baga</a></i>, Slavic <i>bog</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854–5,_14–15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854–5,_14–15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the religious vocabulary of the Slavs, including <i>vera</i> (loosely translated as "faith", meaning "radiation of knowledge"), <i>svet</i> ("light"), <i>mir</i> ("peace", "agreement of parts", also meaning "world") and <i>rai</i> ("paradise"), is shared with <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Adrian Ivakhiv, the Indo-European element of Slavic religion may have included what <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> studied as the "<a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">trifunctional hypothesis</a>", that is to say a threefold conception of the social order, represented by the three castes of priests, warriors and farmers. According to <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, Slavic religion represented an unmistakable overlap of any purported Indo-European-originated themes with ancient religious themes dating back to time immemorial. The latter were particularly hardwearing in Slavic religion, represented by the widespread devotion to <i><a href="/wiki/Mat_Syra_Zemlya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mat Syra Zemlya">Mat Syra Zemlya</a></i>, the "Damp Mother Earth". Rybakov said the continuity and gradual complexification of Slavic religion started from devotion to life-giving forces (<i>bereginy</i>), ancestors and the supreme <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></i> ("Generation" itself), and developed into the "high mythology" of the official religion of the early <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211–212_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211–212-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_and_spirits">God and spirits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: God and spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As attested by <a href="/wiki/Helmold" title="Helmold">Helmold</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1120–1177) in his <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Slavorum" title="Chronica Slavorum">Chronica Slavorum</a></i>, the Slavs believed in a single heavenly God begetting all the lesser spirits governing nature, and worshipped it by their means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Helmold, "obeying the duties assigned to them, [the deities] have sprung from his [the supreme God's] blood and enjoy distinction in proportion to their nearness to the god of the gods".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rybakov's studies, wheel symbols such as the "thunder marks" (<i>gromovoi znak</i>) and the "six-petaled rose inside a circle" (e.g. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RozetaSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RozetaSymbol.svg/30px-RozetaSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RozetaSymbol.svg/45px-RozetaSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RozetaSymbol.svg/60px-RozetaSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>), which are quite common in Slavic folk crafts and which were still carved on edges and peaks of roofs in northern Russia in the nineteenth century, were symbols of the supreme life-giver Rod.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before its conceptualisation as Rod, Rybakov claims, this supreme God was known as <i>Deivos</i> (cognate with <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ziu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziu">Ziu</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dievas" title="Dievas">Dievas</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavs believed that from this God was preceded by a cosmic duality, represented by <i><a href="/wiki/Belobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Belobog">Belobog</a></i> ("White God") and <i><a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chernobog</a></i> ("Black God", also named <i>Tiarnoglofi</i>, "Black Head/Mind"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing the root of all the heavenly-masculine and the earthly-feminine deities, or the waxing light and waning light gods, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanuš1842151–183_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanuš1842151–183-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both categories, deities might be either <i>Razi</i>, "rede-givers", or <i>Zirnitra</i>, "wizards".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreuzerMone1822195–197_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreuzerMone1822195–197-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slavs perceived the world as inhabited by a variety of spirits, which they represented as persons and worshipped. These spirits included those of waters (<i>mavka</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">rusalka</a></i>), forests (<i>lisovyk</i>), fields (<i>polyovyk</i>), those of households (<i>domovoy</i>), those of illnesses, luck and human ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></i> is an important woodland spirit, believed to distribute food assigning preys to hunters, later regarded as a god of flocks and herds, and still worshipped in this function in early twentieth-century Russia. Many gods were regarded as the ancestors of individual kins (<i>rod</i> or <i>pleme</i>), and the idea of ancestrality was so important that Slavic religion may be epitomised as a "manism" (i.e. worship of ancestors), though the Slavs did not keep genealogical records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slavs also worshipped star-gods, including the moon (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i>Mesyats</i>) and the sun (<i>Solntse</i>), the former regarded as male and the latter as female. The moon-god was particularly important, regarded as the dispenser of abundance and health, worshipped through round dances, and in some traditions considered the progenitor of humanity. The belief in the moon-god was still very much alive in the nineteenth century, and peasants in the Ukrainian Carpathians openly affirmed that the moon is their god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Slavic deities are related to Baltic mythology: <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Velnias" class="mw-redirect" title="Velnias">Velnias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dievas" title="Dievas">Dievas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theobald_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theobald-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an evident continuity between the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>. They shared the same traditional deities, as attested, for instance, by the worship of <i>Zuarasiz</i> among the West Slavs, corresponding to <i>Svarožič</i> among the East Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967155_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967155-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the bright male deities were regarded as the hypostases, forms or phases in the year, of the active and masculine divine force personified by <i><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></i> ("Thunder").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855–6,_17–21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855–6,_17–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perun's name, from the Indo-European root *<i>per</i> or *<i>perk<sup>w</sup></i> ("to strike", "splinter"), signified both the splintering thunder and the splintered tree (especially the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name of this tree, <i>quercus</i>, comes from the same root), regarded as symbols of the irradiation of the force. This root also gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></i>, the Baltic <i><a href="/wiki/Perk%C5%ABnas" title="Perkūnas">Perkūnas</a></i>, the Albanian <span title="Albanian-language romanization"><i lang="sq-Latn">Perëndi</i></span> (now denoting "God" and "sky"), the Germanic <i>Fjörgynn</i> and the Greek <i>Keraunós</i> ("thunderbolt", rhymic form of *<i>Peraunós</i>, used as an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855–6,_17–21_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855–6,_17–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the exact same root comes the name of the Finnish deity <a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a>, which has a Balto-Slavic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Prĕgyni</i></span> or <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">peregyni</i></span>, despite being rendered as <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">bregynja</i></span> or <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">beregynja</i></span> (from <i>breg</i>, <i>bereg</i>, meaning "shore") and reinterpreted as female water spirits in modern Russian folklore, were rather spirits of trees and rivers related to Perun, as attested by various chronicles and highlighted by the root *<i>per</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson198520–21_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson198520–21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavic traditions preserved very ancient elements and intermingled with those of neighbouring European peoples. An exemplary case are the South Slavic still-living rain rituals of the couple <i>Perun</i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Perperuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Perperuna">Perperuna</a></i>, Lord and Lady Thunder, shared with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arumanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arumanians">Arumanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson198521–22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson198521–22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The West Slavs, especially those of the Baltic, prominently worshipped <i><a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svetovid</a></i> ("Lord of Power"), while the East Slavs prominently worshipped Perun himself, especially after Vladimir's 970s–980s reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various spirits were believed to manifest in certain places, which were revered as numinous and holy; they included springs, rivers, groves, rounded tops of hills and flat cliffs overlooking rivers. Calendrical rituals were attuned with the spirits, which were believed to have periods of waxing and waning throughout the year, determining the agrarian fertility cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology,_iconography,_temples_and_rites"><span id="Cosmology.2C_iconography.2C_temples_and_rites"></span>Cosmology, iconography, temples and rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosmology, iconography, temples and rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_creation_myth" title="Slavic creation myth">Slavic creation myth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Swiatowid_(cult_statue)%22,_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/220px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/330px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg/440px-%22Swiatowid_%28cult_statue%29%22%2C_Krak%C3%B3w_2013.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_Idol" title="Zbruch Idol">Zbruch Idol</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Krakow Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg/220px-Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg/330px-Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg/440px-Slavs_serving_their_Gods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Slavs serving their Gods, a 19th-century woodcut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski_-_Quack_Doctor_-_MNK_II-a-1161_-_National_Museum_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption><i>Znachor</i>, Slavonic <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">witch doctor</a>, depicted on a 1895 Polish painting by <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucjan_W%C4%99drychowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Lucjan Wędrychowski">Lucjan Wędrychowski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> of ancient Slavic religion, which is preserved in contemporary Slavic folk religion, is visualised as a three-tiered vertical structure, or "<a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a>", as is common in other Indo-European religions. At the top there is the heavenly plane, symbolised by birds, the sun and the moon; the middle plane is that of earthly humanity, symbolised by bees and men; at the bottom of the structure there is the netherworld, symbolised by snakes and beavers, and by the chthonic god <i><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Zbruch_Idol" title="Zbruch Idol">Zbruch Idol</a> found in western Ukraine (which was at first identified as a representation of Svetovid<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201462_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201462-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) represents this theo-cosmology: the three-layered effigy of the four major deities—<i>Perun</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lada_(mythology)" title="Lada (mythology)">Lada</a></i>—is constituted by a top level with four figures representing them, facing the four cardinal directions; a middle level with representations of a human ritual community (<i>khorovod</i>); and a bottom level with the representation of a three-headed chthonic god, Veles, who sustains the entire structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dynda" title="Jiří Dynda">Jiří Dynda</a> studied the figure of <i><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a></i> (literally "the Three-Headed One") and Svetovid, which are widely attested in archaeological testimonies, as the respectively three-headed and four-headed representations of the same <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a></i>, of the same supreme God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda2014''passim''_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda2014''passim''-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triglav itself was connected to the symbols of the tree and the mountain, which are other common symbols of the <i>axis mundi</i>, and in this quality he was a <i>summus deus</i> (a sum of all things), as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ebbo" title="Ebbo">Ebbo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 775–851).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201464_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201464-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Triglav represents the vertical interconnection of the three worlds, reflected by the three social functions studied by Dumézil: sacerdotal, martial and economic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201463_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201463-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebbo himself documented that the Triglav was seen as embodying the connection and mediation between Heaven, Earth and the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201460_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201460-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1040s–1080s) described the Triglav of <a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin</a> as <i>Neptunus triplicis naturae</i> (that is to say, "<a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> of the three natures/generations"), attesting the colours that were attributed to the three worlds, also studied by <a href="/wiki/Karel_Jarom%C3%ADr_Erben" title="Karel Jaromír Erben">Karel Jaromír Erben</a> (1811–1870): white for Heaven, green for Earth and black for the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201463_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201463-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also represents the three dimensions of time, mythologically rendered in the figure of a three-threaded rope. Triglav is Perun in the heavenly plane, Svetovid in the centre from which the horizontal four directions unfold, and Veles the <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">psychopomp</a> in the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201474–75_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201474–75-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svetovid is interpreted by Dynda as the incarnation of the <i>axis mundi</i> in the four dimensions of space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201475_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201475-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helmold" title="Helmold">Helmold</a> defined Svetovid as <i>deus deorum</i> ("god of all gods").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDynda201459,_note_9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynda201459,_note_9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside Triglav and Svetovid, other deities were also represented with many heads. This is attested by chroniclers who wrote about West Slavs, including <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160–1220). According to him, <i>Rugievit</i> in <a href="/wiki/Charenza" title="Charenza">Charenza</a> was represented with seven faces, which converged at the top in a single crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three-, four- or many-headed images, wooden or carved in stone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some covered in metal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which held drinking horns and were decorated with solar symbols and horses, were kept in temples, of which numerous archaeological remains have been found. </p><p>They were built on upraised platforms, frequently on hills,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also at the confluences of rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biographers of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a> (1060/1061–1139) inform that these temples were known as <span title="uncoded-language romanization"><i lang="mis-Latn">continae</i></span>, "dwellings", among West Slavs, testifying that they were regarded as the houses of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were wooden buildings with an inner cell with the god's statue, located in wider walled enclosures or fortifications; such fortifications might contain up to four <span title="uncoded-language romanization"><i lang="mis-Latn">continae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">continae</i></span> were owned by different kins, and used for the ritual banquets in honour of their own ancestor-gods. These ritual banquets are known variously, across Slavic countries, as <i>bratchina</i> (from <i>brat</i>, "brother"), <i>mol'ba</i> ("entreaty", "supplication") and <i>kanun</i> (short religious service) in Russia; <i>slava</i> ("glorification") in Serbia; <i>sobor</i> ("assembly") and <i>kurban</i> ("sacrifice") in Bulgaria. With Christianisation, the ancestor-gods were replaced with Christian patron saints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also existed holy places with no buildings, where the deity was believed to manifest in nature itself. Such locations were characterised by the combined presence of trees and springs, according to the description of one such sites in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> by Otto of Bamberg. A shrine of the same type in <a href="/wiki/Kobarid" title="Kobarid">Kobarid</a>, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, was stamped out in a "crusade" as recently as 1331.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156–157_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967156–157-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, common people were not allowed into the presence of the images of their gods, the sight of which was a privilege of the priests. Many of these images were seen and described only in the moment of their violent destruction at the hands of the Christian missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priests (<a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv"><i>volkhv</i>s</a>), who kept the temples and led rituals and festivals, enjoyed a great degree of prestige; they received tributes and shares of military booties by the kins' chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the stone idols of the northeastern Slavs looked like mushrooms, without a face and with a clearly distinguished hat. Moreover, such idols were made by hand through turning a boulder upside-down and giving it the shape of a mushroom. The medieval manuscript of the 11th–14th centuries "The Word of St. Gregory, Invented in Toltsekh" contains a direct indication that the Slavs worshiped such phallic idols. According to some researchers, such idols were dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a> or Veles (according to local old folklore, stone mushrooms are dedicated to Veles).<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gvw-rggu.narod.ru_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvw-rggu.narod.ru-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rostmuseum.ru_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rostmuseum.ru-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the fact that these idols had no face, they were not destroyed. According to the beliefs of the local population, such stone idols had healing properties, so they were regularly visited. On certain days, people brought gifts to them, and in order to receive healing from an illness, they had to sit on an idol. The stone mushroom was respected and protected. Disrespectful attitude towards this idol was not allowed. The keepers of traditions and rituals performed around the idol were elderly women, and the tradition was passed down through generations.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gvw-rggu.narod.ru_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvw-rggu.narod.ru-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rostmuseum.ru_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rostmuseum.ru-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also beliefs that such stone mushrooms provided fertility for the soil and people. Therefore, in some places, the worship of these idols persisted for centuries until the end of the 20th century (and even after being transferred to a museum, elements of the rituals are still performed). The dating of stone mushrooms is only approximate, most dating back to about 1000 AD. The stone mushroom idols are very similar to two Slavic stone idols from the northeastern regions: Sheksna idol (in Novgorod museum, Novgorod region, Russia) and Sebej idol (Sebej museum, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov region</a>, Russia). These Slavic idols have a face and a phallic shape. Their characteristic feature is a hat.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-gvw-rggu.narod.ru_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvw-rggu.narod.ru-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-rostmuseum.ru_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rostmuseum.ru-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient Slavic stone idol was discovered on the territory of the Nikolo-Babaevsky monastery (Nekrasovsky district) in 2020. An ancient pagan place that existed before the monastery and churches is mentioned in the ethnographic materials of Bogdanovich. In that place, on Babayki, the idol of the supreme heavenly god was worshiped. The discovered Babaevsky idol has a clear shape of a large mushroom, completely carved from a boulder. It is very similar to mushroom idols from the local cities of Ples and Myshkin. Based on morphological details, the multifaceted cult function of this idol is assumed—fertility not only for the land and forest, but also fertility for humans.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amongst_the_South_Slavs">Amongst the South Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amongst the South Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A form of the ancient, Slavic polytheistic religion was practised by the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> (including the Croats and Serbs) prior to Christianisation. They came into contact with Christianity during the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610-641), continued by Rome, and baptization process ended during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (867-886) by Byzantine missionaries of Constantinople <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kievan_Rus'_official_religion_and_popular_cults"><span id="Kievan_Rus.27_official_religion_and_popular_cults"></span>Kievan Rus' official religion and popular cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kievan Rus' official religion and popular cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg/220px-Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg/330px-Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg/440px-Czeko_potocka_ofiarawelesowi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>A Polish depiction of Veles from 1900 by A. Czeko-Potocka</figcaption></figure> <p>In 980 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19923_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19923-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, led by the Great Prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a>, there was an attempt to unify the various beliefs and priestly practices of Slavic religion in order to bind together the Slavic peoples in the growing centralised state. Vladimir canonised a number of deities, to whom he erected a temple on the hills of the capital <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213–214_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005213–214-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deities, recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, were five: <i><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></i>, <i>Xors Dazhbog</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Stribog</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a></i> and <i>Mokosh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other deities were worshipped by the common people, notably Veles who had a temple in the merchant's district of <a href="/wiki/Podil" title="Podil">Podil</a> of the capital itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913Ivakhiv2005214_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913Ivakhiv2005214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars, Vladimir's project consisted of a number of reforms that he had already started by the 970s, and which were aimed at preserving the traditions of the kins and making Kiev the spiritual centre of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19924_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19924-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perun was the god of thunder, law and war, symbolised by the oak and the <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> (or throwing stones), and identified with the Baltic <i>Perkunas</i>, the Germanic <i><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></i> and the Vedic <i><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></i> among others; his cult was practised not so much by commoners but mainly by the aristocracy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Veles was the god of horned livestock (<i>Skotibog</i>), of wealth and of the underworld. Perun and Veles symbolised an oppositional and yet complementary duality similar to that of the Vedic <i><a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></i>, an eternal struggle between heavenly and chthonic forces. Roman Jakobson himself identified Veles as the Vedic Varuna, god of oaths and of the world order. This belief in a cosmic duality was likely the reason that led to the exclusion of Veles from Vladimir's official temple in Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913–14Ivakhiv2005214_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913–14Ivakhiv2005214-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xors Dazhbog ("Radiant Giving-God") was the god of the life-bringing power of the sun. Stribog was identified by E. G. Kagarov as the god of wind, storm and dissension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mokosh, the only female deity in Vladimir's pantheon, is interpreted as meaning the "Wet" or "Moist" by Jakobson, identifying her with the Mat Syra Zemlya ("Damp Mother Earth") of later folk religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198914_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198914-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ivanits, written sources from the Middle Ages "leave no doubt whatsoever" that the common Slavic peoples continued to worship their indigenous deities and hold their rituals for centuries after Kievan Rus' official baptism into Christianity, and the lower clergy of the newly formed Orthodox Christian church often joined the celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198913-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high clergy repeatedly condemned, through official admonitions, the worship of <i>Rod</i> and the <i>Rozhanitsy</i> ("God and the Goddesses", or "Generation and the generatrixes") with offerings of bread, porridge, cheese and mead. Scholars of Russian religion define <i>Rod</i> as the "general power of birth and reproduction" and the <i>Rozhanitsy</i> as the "mistresses of individual destiny". Kagarov identified the later <i><a href="/wiki/Domovoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Domovoi">Domovoi</a></i>, the god of the household and kinship ancestry, as a specific manifestation of Rod. Other gods attested in medieval documents remain largely mysterious, for instance <i>Lada</i> and her sons <i>Lel</i> and <i>Polel</i>, who are often identified by scholars with the Greek gods <i><a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></i> and her twin sons <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux"><i>Castor</i> and <i>Pollux</i></a>. Other figures who in medieval documents are often presented as deities, such as <i>Kupala</i> and <i>Koliada</i>, were rather the personifications of the spirits of agrarian holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198914_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198914-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianisation_of_the_East_Slavs">Christianisation of the East Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christianisation of the East Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">Christianisation of Kievan Rus'</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fiery Chariot of the Word</i>—19th-century <a href="/wiki/Russian_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian icon">Russian icon</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a> ("Fiery Mary"), fire goddess sister of <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, and a glaring example of Slavic religious themes in Christianised fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in a mother goddess as receptacle of life, <i>Mat Syra Zemlya</i> ("Damp Mother Earth"), was preserved in Russian folk religion up to the 20th century, often disguised as the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915,_16_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915,_16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fiery "six-petaled roses" that surround the Ognyena are one of the variants of the whirling symbol of the supreme God (Rod).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vladimir's_baptism,_popular_resistance_and_syncretism"><span id="Vladimir.27s_baptism.2C_popular_resistance_and_syncretism"></span>Vladimir's baptism, popular resistance and syncretism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vladimir's baptism, popular resistance and syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 988, Vladimir of Kievan Rus' rejected Slavic religion and <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">he and his subjects were officially baptised</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. According to legend, Vladimir sent delegates to foreign states to determine what was the most convincing religion to be adopted by Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joyfulness and beauty were the primary characteristics of pre-Christian Slavic ceremonies, and the delegates sought something capable of matching these qualities. They were crestfallen by the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>, where they found "no joy ... but sorrow and great stench", and by <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>) where they found "many worship services, but nowhere ... beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19926_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19926-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who visited <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> were instead impressed by the arts and rituals of Byzantine Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, after the choice was made Vladimir commanded that the Slavic temple on the Kiev hills be destroyed and the effigies of the gods be burned or thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>. Slavic temples were destroyed throughout the lands of Kievan Rus' and Christian churches were built in their places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ivakhiv, Christianisation was stronger in what is today western and central Ukraine, lands close to the capital Kiev. Slavic religion persisted, however, especially in northernmost regions of Slavic settlement, in what is today the central part of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, such as the areas of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belozersk" title="Belozersk">Belozersk</a>. In the core regions of Christianisation themselves the common population remained attached to the <a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv"><i>volkhv</i>s</a>, the priests, who periodically, over centuries, led popular rebellions against the central power and the Christian church. Christianisation was a very slow process among the Slavs, and the official Christian church adopted a policy of co-opting pre-Christian elements into Slavic Christianity. Christian saints were identified with Slavic gods—for instance, the figure of Perun was overlapped with that of <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Saint Elias</a>, Veles was identified with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Blasius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a> became <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>—and Christian festivals were set on the same dates as pagan ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another feature of early Slavic Christianity was the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> literature, which became evident by the thirteenth century with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a> among the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>. South Slavic Bogomilism produced a large amount of apocryphal texts and their teachings later penetrated into Russia, and would have influenced later Slavic folk religion. Bernshtam tells of a "flood" of apocryphal literature in eleventh- to fifteenth-century Russia, which might not have been controlled by the still-weak Russian Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199239_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199239-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuity_of_Slavic_religion_in_Russia_up_to_the_15th_century">Continuity of Slavic religion in Russia up to the 15th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Continuity of Slavic religion in Russia up to the 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars have highlighted how the "conversion of Rus" took place no more than eight years after Vladimir's reform of Slavic religion in 980; according to them, Christianity in general did not have "any deep influence ... in the formation of the ideology, culture and social psychology of archaic societies" and the introduction of Christianity in Kiev "did not bring about a radical change in the consciousness of the society during the entire course of early Russian history". It was portrayed as a mass and conscious conversion only by half a century later, by the scribes of the Christian establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19923_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19923-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, the replacement of Slavic temples with Christian churches and the "baptism of Rus" has to be understood in continuity with the foregoing chain of reforms of Slavic religion launched by Vladimir, rather than as a breaking point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev199210_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev199210-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V. G. Vlasov quotes the respected scholar of Slavic religion E. V. Anichkov, who, regarding Russia's Christianisation, said:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199216_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199216-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Christianization of the countryside was the work, not of the eleventh and twelfth, but of the fifteenth and sixteenth or even seventeenth century.</p></blockquote> <p>According to Vlasov the ritual of baptism and mass conversion undergone by Vladimir in 988 was never repeated in the centuries to follow, and mastery of Christian teachings was never accomplished on the popular level even by the start of the twentieth century. According to him, a nominal, superficial identification with Christianity was possible with the superimposition of a Christianised agrarian calendar ("Christmas–Easter–Whitsunday") over the indigenous complex of festivals, "Koliada–Yarilo–Kupala". The analysis of the Christianised agrarian and ritual calendar, combined with data from popular astronomy, leads to determine that the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> associated with the Orthodox Church was adopted by Russian peasants between the sixteenth and seventeenth century. It was by this period that much of the Russian population became officially part of the Orthodox Church and therefore nominally Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199217_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199217-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred as an effect of a broader complex of phenomena which Russia underwent by the fifteenth century, that is to say radical changes towards a centralisation of state power, which involved urbanisation, bureaucratisation and the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> of the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the vast majority of the Russian population was not Christian back in the fifteenth century may possibly be evidenced by archaeology: according to Vlasov, mound (<i><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a></i>) burials, which do not reflect Christian norms, were "a universal phenomenon in Russia up to the fifteenth century", and persisted into the 1530s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218–19_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218–19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, chronicles from that period, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Chronicles" title="Pskov Chronicles">Pskov Chronicles</a></i>, and archaeological data collected by N. M. Nikolsky, testify that back in the fifteenth century there were still "no rural churches for the general use of the populace; churches existed only at the courts of boyars and princes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only by the sixteenth century that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> grew as a powerful, centralising institution taking the Catholic Church of Rome as a model, and the distinctiveness of a Slavic folk religion became evident. The church condemned "<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresies</a>" and tried to eradicate the "false half-pagan" folk religion of the common people, but these measures coming from the centres of church power were largely ineffective, and on the local level creative syntheses of folk religious rituals and holidays continued to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219–20Bernshtam199240_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219–20Bernshtam199240-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunwise_Slavic_religion,_withershins_Christianity,_and_Old_Belief"><span id="Sunwise_Slavic_religion.2C_withershins_Christianity.2C_and_Old_Belief"></span>Sunwise Slavic religion, withershins Christianity, and Old Belief</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sunwise Slavic religion, withershins Christianity, and Old Belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WalRhad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WalRhad.jpg/220px-WalRhad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WalRhad.jpg/330px-WalRhad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WalRhad.jpg/440px-WalRhad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1703" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed hipped-roofed Slavic temple at <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum" title="Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum">Groß Raden Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythologies" title="List of mythologies">Mythologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan mythology">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_mythology" title="English mythology">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_in_France" title="Mythology in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#Religion_and_mythology" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American</a> <ul><li>Algonquian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a></li> <li>Californian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A1_mythology" title="Chaná mythology">Chaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li>Pacific Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plains Indians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puebloan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamancan_mythology" title="Talamancan mythology">Talamancan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_religion" title="Proto-Uralic religion">Proto-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian mythology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_mythology" title="Talysh mythology">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_mythology" title="Tibetan mythology">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="West African religion">West African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" title="List of creation myths">Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_feral_children" title="List of fictional feral children">Feral children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Floods</a></li> <li>Heroes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culture_heroes" title="List of culture heroes">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_heroes" title="List of folk heroes">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_pairs" title="List of mythological pairs">Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythology_books_and_sources" title="List of mythology books and sources">Sources</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_by_type" title="List of legendary creatures by type">Type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_in_mythology" title="Twins in mythology">Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Epics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-mythology" title="Pseudo-mythology">Pseudo-mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mythology" title="Template:Mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mythology" title="Template talk:Mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the incorporation of the Russian population into Christianity became substantial in the middle of the sixteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church absorbed further elements of pre-Christian and popular tradition and underwent a transformation of its architecture, with the adoption of the hipped roof which was traditionally associated with pre-Christian Slavic temples. The most significant change, however, was the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">sunwise</a>—or clockwise—direction in Christian ritual procession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity is characterised by <a href="/wiki/Withershins" class="mw-redirect" title="Withershins">withershins</a> ritual movement, that is to say, movement against the course of the sun. This was also the case in Slavic Christianity before the sixteenth century. Sunwise movements are instead characteristic of Slavic religion, evident in the <i>khorovod</i>, ritual circle-dance, which magically favours the development of things. Withershins movement was employed in popular rituals, too, though only in those occasions when it was considered worthwhile to act against the course of nature, in order to alter the state of affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon of Moscow</a> launched his reform of the Orthodox Church in 1656, he restored the withershins ritual movement. This was among the changes that led to a schism (<i><a href="/wiki/Raskol" class="mw-redirect" title="Raskol">raskol</a></i>) within Russian Orthodoxy, between those who accepted the reforms and the Old Believers, who preserved instead the "ancient piety" derived from indigenous Slavic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of Russians and ethnic minorities converted to the movement of the Old Believers, in the broadest meaning of the term—including a variety of folk religions—pointed out by Bernshtam, and these Old Believers were a significant part of the settlers of broader European Russia and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> throughout the second half of the seventeenth century, which saw the expansion of the Russian state in these regions. Old Believers were distinguished by their cohesion, literacy and initiative, and constantly emerging new religious sects tended to identify themselves with the movement. This posed a great hitch to the Russian Orthodox Church's project of thorough Christianisation of the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199240_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199240-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veletskaya highlighted how the Old Believers have preserved <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavic</a> pagan ideas and practices such as the veneration of fire as a channel to the divine world, the symbolism of the colour red, the search for a "glorious death", and more in general the holistic vision of a divine cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeletskaya1992''passim''_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeletskaya1992''passim''-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianisation_of_the_West_Slavs">Christianisation of the West Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christianisation of the West Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Christianisation of Poland through the Czech–Polish alliance represented a conscious choice on the part of Polish rulers to ally themselves with the Czech state rather than the German one. The Moravian cultural influence played a significant role in the spread of Christianity onto the Polish lands and the subsequent adoption of that religion. Christianity arrived around the late 9th century, most likely around the time when the <a href="/wiki/Vistulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistulan">Vistulan</a> tribe encountered the Christian rite in dealings with their neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> (Bohemian) state. The "Baptism of Poland" refers to the ceremony when the first ruler of the Polish state, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a> and much of his court, converted to Christianity on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> of 14 April 966.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eleventh century, Slavic pagan culture was "still in full working order" among the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>. Christianity <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">faced popular opposition</a>, including an uprising in the 1030s (particularly intense in the years of 1035–1037).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the twelfth century, however, under the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> was forcefully imposed through the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>, and temples and images of Slavic religion were violently destroyed. West Slavic populations held out vigorously against Christianisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous instances of popular resistance occurred at the temple-stronghold of Svetovid at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Cape Arkona</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rugia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugia">Rugia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple at Arkona had a squared groundplan, with an inner hall sustained by four pillars which contained Svetovid's statue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967158_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967158-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter had four heads, shown beardless and cleanshaven after the Rugian fashion. In its right hand the statue held a horn of precious metal, which was used for divination during the yearly great festival of the god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni196798_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni196798-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1168, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arkona" title="Siege of Arkona">Arkona surrendered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> troops of <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">King Valdemar I</a>, and the bishop <a href="/wiki/Absalon" title="Absalon">Absalon</a> led the destruction of the temple of Svetovid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_folk_religion">Slavic folk religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Slavic folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk Orthodoxy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/220px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/330px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG/440px-Maslenitsa_in_Belgorod_2015_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Burning the straw effigy of <a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> holiday, in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnography in late-nineteenth-century Ukraine documented a "thorough synthesis of pagan and Christian elements" in Slavic folk religion, a system often called "double belief" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i>dvoeverie</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <i>dvovirya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bernshtam, <i>dvoeverie</i> is still used to this day in scholarly works to define Slavic folk religion, which is seen by certain scholars as having preserved much of pre-Christian Slavic religion, "poorly and transparently" covered by a Christianity that may be easily "stripped away" to reveal more or less "pure" patterns of the original faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> there has been a new wave of scholarly debate on the subjects of Slavic folk religion and <i>dvoeverie</i>. A. E. Musin, an academic and deacon of the Russian Orthodox Church, published an article about the "problem of double belief" as recently as 1991. In this article he divides scholars between those who say that Russian Orthodoxy adapted to entrenched indigenous faith, continuing the Soviet idea of an "undefeated paganism", and those who say that Russian Orthodoxy is an out-and-out syncretic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock2007110_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock2007110-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernshtam challenges dualistic notions of <i>dvoeverie</i> and proposes interpreting broader Slavic religiosity as a <i>mnogoverie</i> ("multifaith") continuum, in which a higher layer of Orthodox Christian officialdom is alternated with a variety of "Old Beliefs" among the various strata of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ivanits, nineteenth- and twentieth-century Slavic folk religion's central concern was fertility, propitiated with rites celebrating death and resurrection. Scholars of Slavic religion who focused on nineteenth-century folk religion were often led to mistakes such as the interpretation of <i>Rod</i> and <i>Rozhanitsy</i> as figures of a merely ancestral cult; however, in medieval documents Rod is equated with the ancient Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, representing a broader concept of natural generativity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in the holiness of <i>Mat Syra Zemlya</i> ("Damp Mother Earth") is another feature that has persisted into modern Slavic folk religion; up to the twentieth century, Russian peasants practiced a variety of rituals devoted to her and confessed their sins to her in the absence of a priest. Ivanits also reports that in the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">region of Vladimir</a> old people practiced a ritual asking Earth's forgiveness before their death. A number of scholars attributed the Russians' particular devotion to the <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i>, the "Mother of God", to this still powerful pre-Christian substratum of devotion to a great <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivanits attributes the tenacity of synthetic Slavic folk religion to an exceptionality of Slavs and of Russia in particular, compared to other European countries; "the Russian case is extreme", she says, because Russia—especially the vastness of rural Russia—neither lived the intellectual upheavals of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, which severely weakened folk spirituality in the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavic folk religious festivals and rites reflect the times of the ancient pagan calendar. For instance, the Christmas period is marked by the rites of <i><a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a></i>, characterised by the element of fire, processions and ritual drama, offerings of food and drink to the ancestors. Spring and summer rites are characterised by fire- and water-related imagery spinning around the figures of the gods <i><a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a></i>. The switching of seasonal spirits is celebrated through the interaction of effigies of these spirits and the elements which symbolise the coming season, such as by burning, drowning or setting the effigies onto water, and the "rolling of burning wheels of straw down into rivers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Rodnovery">Modern Rodnovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern Rodnovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_neopaganism" title="Category:Slavic neopaganism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolovrat"><img alt="Kolovrat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg/80px-Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg/120px-Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg/160px-Red_Rodnover_kolovrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Theology and cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Belobog">Belobog</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chernobog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prav-Yav-Nav" title="Prav-Yav-Nav">Prav-Yav-Nav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svetovid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Slavic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Slavic religion">Clusters of deities</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_identity_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Native Faith's identity and political philosophy">Identity and political philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_and_Christianity" title="Slavic Native Faith and Christianity">Slavic Native Faith and Christianity</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Core denominations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentism">Authentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhovism" title="Bazhovism">Bazhovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandybaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandybaism">Kandybaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levashovism" title="Levashovism">Levashovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic-Hill_Rodnovery" title="Slavic-Hill Rodnovery">Slavic-Hill Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">Sylenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vseyasvetnaya_Gramota" title="Vseyasvetnaya Gramota">Vseyasvetnaya Gramota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Not strictly related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagovery">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_Party_%22Unity%22" title="Conceptual Party "Unity"">Dead Water</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Calendars and holidays</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">Volkhv</a> priesthood</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Slavic Native Faith's organisations">Religious organisations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Polish_Church" title="Native Polish Church">Native Polish Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praskozorje" title="Praskozorje">Praskozorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnover_Confederation" title="Rodnover Confederation">Rodnover Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodzima_Wiara" title="Rodzima Wiara">Rodzima Wiara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pagan_Communities_of_Siberia%E2%80%93Siberian_Veche" title="Commonwealth of Pagan Communities of Siberia–Siberian Veche">Siberian Veche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Slavic_Native_Belief_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities">Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spread</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Poland" title="Slavic Native Faith in Poland">in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Russia" title="Slavic Native Faith in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Ukraine" title="Slavic Native Faith in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical Slavic religion</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-Building" title="God-Building">God-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Template:Slavic Native Faith"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Template talk:Slavic Native Faith"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic Native Faith"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a></div> <p>Since the early twentieth century there has been a reinvention and reinstitutionalisation of "Slavic religion" in the so-called movement of "Rodnovery", literally "Slavic Native Faith". The movement draws from ancient Slavic folk religion, often combining it with philosophical underpinnings taken from other religions, mainly <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aitamurto2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitamurto2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Some Rodnover groups focus almost exclusively on folk religions and the worship of gods at the right times of the year, while others have developed a scriptural core, represented by writings purported to be centuries-old documents such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Veles" title="Book of Veles">Book of Veles</a></i>; writings which elaborate powerful national mythologemes such as the <i>Maha Vira</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sylenkoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylenkoism">Sylenkoism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005217_ff_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005217_ff-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and esoteric writings such as the <i>Slavo-Aryan Vedas</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aitamurto2016_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitamurto2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructed_calendar_of_celebrations">Reconstructed calendar of celebrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reconstructed calendar of celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic calendar</a></div> <p>Linda J. Ivanits reconstructed a basic calendar of the celebrations of the most important Slavic gods among <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a>'s studies on ancient agricultural calendars, especially a fourth-century one from an area around <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Festival </th> <th>Date (Julian or Gregorian) </th> <th>Deity celebrated </th> <th>Overlapped Christian festival or figure </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yuletide</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a>) </td> <td>Winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> </td> <td>Rod – first half<br />Veles – second half </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Komoeditsa </td> <td>Spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> </td> <td>Veles </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Day of Young Shoots</b> </td> <td>May 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Saints <a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Semik</b> </td> <td>June 4 </td> <td>Yarilo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green week</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rusalnaya Week</b> </td> <td>June 17–23 </td> <td>Simargl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Kupala Night</a></b> / <b>Kupalo</b> </td> <td>June 24 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Festival of Perun</b> </td> <td>July 20 </td> <td>Rod—Perun </td> <td>Saint <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Harvest festivals</b> </td> <td>July 24 / September 9 </td> <td>Rodzanica—Rodzanicy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a> (August 6) / Birthday of the Mother of God (September 8) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Festival of Mokosh</b> </td> <td>October 28 </td> <td>Mokosh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraskevi_of_Iconium" title="Paraskevi of Iconium">Saint Paraskeva's Friday</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Christian_art_and_architecture">Influence on Christian art and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence on Christian art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/270px-%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/405px-%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/540px-%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vereshchagin" title="Vasily Vereshchagin">Vasily Vereshchagin</a>. "Interior view of the wooden church of Peter and Paul in <a href="/wiki/Kondratovskaya" title="Kondratovskaya">Puchug</a>". 1894</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Architecture of Kievan Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg/270px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg/405px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg/540px-%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_Brewer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Brewer" title="Henry Charles Brewer">Henry Charles Brewer</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Assumption Cathedral</a> of the Moscow Kremlin"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Old Russian architecture of churches originates from the pre-Christian Slavic <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">zodchestvo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">зодчество</i> - construction/architecture). This pagan style had a great influence on the entire architecture of ancient Russia, including the structure and decoration of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">churches</a> and the art of <a href="/wiki/Icon_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon painting">icon painting</a>. </p><p>On this occasion, the researcher <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grekov" title="Boris Grekov">Boris Grekov</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Neither in Byzantium nor in the West can you find temples with a large number of domes. This is a purely old Russian phenomenon, a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">wooden architecture</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Boris_Grekov" title="Boris Grekov">Boris Grekov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grekov_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grekov-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The peculiarity of ancient Russian architecture was also manifested in the appearance of the domes themselves, the most famous of which is the <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion dome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grekov_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grekov-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Замалеев, Александр Фазлаевич">Alexander Zamaleev</a> suggests that the orientation of ancient Russian architects on pagan foundations is explained primarily by the difference in building materials: in Byzantium, the construction of temples was carried out from stone and marble, while in ancient Russia wooden architecture prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamaleev_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamaleev-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This choice of material also led to the emergence of many architectural trends, including the so-called "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Шатровые храмы">tent architecture</a>". The earliest wooden churches in shape and plan were a square or oblong quadrangle with a tower-shaped dome planted on it, similar to those that were placed in ancient Russian fortresses. Above the dome, under the cross, another chapter was being built, resembling an onion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside and inside the temples were decorated with various carvings, often in the traditions of the pagan style. Later, this tradition was transferred to the stone church architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinctive feature of the Old Russian architectural thinking was the attraction to high-rise composition. This was manifested not only in the creation of tower-like churches (moreover, the "polydoming" and pyramidal composition, which was absent in the Byzantine culture, was highly appreciated), but also in the choice of a high place for religious buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamaleev_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamaleev-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most often, the vaults in the Old Russian churches are represented in the form of "<a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik_architecture" title="Kokoshnik architecture">kokoshniks</a>" (semicircular vaults with a protruding sharp middle) and "<a href="/wiki/Zakomara" title="Zakomara">zakomara</a>" (semicircular protruding end of the outer section of the wall).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Christianity had an impact on the Old Russian funeral rites: corpse-burning was replaced with burial. However, among the common population, there is a memory of triangular mounds piled up over the burned body of the deceased. Later, this custom developed into the construction of a "roof" over the cross, the so-called "golubets". </p><p>This style gained immense popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, thereby reviving in the form of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Neo-Russian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnovery">Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture" title="Outline of Slavic history and culture">Outline of Slavic history and culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Dvořák, in the upper right section of <i>The Celebration of Svantovit</i>, identifies a group of priests. The figure of a priest with his arms stretched out prays for the future of the Slavs, both in times of peace (represented by the young man to his left) and in times of war (the man with a sword to the priest's right).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19853_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobson1985">Jakobson 1985</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 26–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005214_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snm.sk/?current-exhibitions-4&clanok=saints-cyril-and-methodius-patrons-of-europe-the-earliest-evidence-of-christianity-in-slovakia">"Saints Cyril and Methodius Patrons of Europe. The Earliest Evidence of Christianity in Slovakia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saints+Cyril+and+Methodius+Patrons+of+Europe.+The+Earliest+Evidence+of+Christianity+in+Slovakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snm.sk%2F%3Fcurrent-exhibitions-4%26clanok%3Dsaints-cyril-and-methodius-patrons-of-europe-the-earliest-evidence-of-christianity-in-slovakia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967154_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1967">Pettazzoni 1967</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadovanovič2013" class="citation book cs1">Radovanovič, Bojana (2013). "The Typology of Slavic Settlements in Central Europe in the Middle Ages". In Rudić, Srđan (ed.). <i>The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries CE)</i>. Belgrade, Serbia: Historical Institute (Istorijski institut). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431044" title="Special:BookSources/9788677431044"><bdi>9788677431044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Typology+of+Slavic+Settlements+in+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Slavs%3A+Studies+of+the+East%2C+West+and+South+Slavs%3A+Civitas%2C+Oppidas%2C+Villas+and+Archeological+Evidence+%287th+to+11th+Centuries+CE%29&rft.place=Belgrade%2C+Serbia&rft.pub=Historical+Institute+%28Istorijski+institut%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788677431044&rft.aulast=Radovanovi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Bojana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915–16Rudy19859Gasparini2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915–16Rudy19859Gasparini2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFRudy1985">Rudy 1985</a>, p. 9<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFRudy1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGasparini2013">Gasparini 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3625013">Slavs</a> / Ilya Gavritukhin, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrukhin" title="Vladimir Petrukhin">Vladimir Petrukhin</a>. // Saint-Germain World 1679-Social security [Electronic resource]. - 2015. - pp. 388-389 — - (<a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> : [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yuri Osipov; 2004-2017, vol. 30) — - ISBN 978-5-85270-367-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Krivosheev. The religion of the Eastern Slavs on the eve of the baptism of Russia. Leningrad: Znanie, 1988. - 32 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.grsu.by/slav_miphol/pr_1.html">Teachings against paganism.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavic antiquities: An ethnolinguistic dictionary: in 5 volumes / under the general ed. Nikita Tolstoy // Paganism (the author of the article is Svetlana Mikhailovna Tolstaya). Moscow, 2012. Vol. 5: С (Сказка) - Я (Ящерица). - pp. 616-619 — - ISBN 978-5-7133-1380-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelaj2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belaj, Vitomir (2009-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/45118">"Poganski bogovi i njihovi kršćanski supstituti"</a>. <i>Studia ethnologica Croatica</i> (in Croatian). <b>21</b> (1): 169–197. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1330-3627">1330-3627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+ethnologica+Croatica&rft.atitle=Poganski+bogovi+i+njihovi+kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski+supstituti&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-197&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.issn=1330-3627&rft.aulast=Belaj&rft.aufirst=Vitomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F45118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198916-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198916_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dvořák, "The Slav Epic". In: Brabcová-Orlíková, Jana; Dvořák, Anna. <i>Alphonse Mucha—The Spirit of Art Nouveau</i>. Art Services International, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300074190" title="Special:BookSources/0300074190">0300074190</a>. p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobson1985">Jakobson 1985</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGąssowski2002" class="citation book cs1">Gąssowski, Jerzy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5693979">"Early Slavs: Nation or Religion?"</a>. In Pohl, Walter; Diesenberger, Maximilian (eds.). <i>Integration und Herrschaft: ethnische Identitäten und soziale Organisation im Frühmittelalter</i>. Wien: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783700130406" title="Special:BookSources/9783700130406"><bdi>9783700130406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Slavs%3A+Nation+or+Religion%3F&rft.btitle=Integration+und+Herrschaft%3A+ethnische+Identit%C3%A4ten+und+soziale+Organisation+im+Fr%C3%BChmittelalter&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783700130406&rft.aulast=G%C4%85ssowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5693979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211Rudy19854-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211Rudy19854_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, p. 211; <a href="#CITEREFRudy1985">Rudy 1985</a>, p. 4<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnm error: no target: CITEREFRudy1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson198532-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson198532_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobson1985">Jakobson 1985</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854–5,_14–15-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19854–5,_14–15_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobson1985">Jakobson 1985</a>, pp. 4–5, 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobson19855_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobson1985">Jakobson 1985</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211–212-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005211–212_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2013_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasparini2013">Gasparini 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198917_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanuš1842151–183-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanuš1842151–183_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanuš1842">Hanuš 1842</a>, pp. 151–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreuzerMone1822195–197-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreuzerMone1822195–197_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreuzerMone1822">Creuzer & Mone 1822</a>, pp. 195–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005212_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theobald-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theobald_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikhail Theobald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/item/706869">Lithuanian-pagan essays</a>. - Ladoga-100, 1890. 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New York: Philosophical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ognyena+Maria&rft.btitle=Slavonic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span> p. 905</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915,_16-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915,_16_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, pp. 15, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19926-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev19926_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev1992">Froianov, Dvornichenko & Krivosheev 1992</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199239-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199239_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev199210-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev199210_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev1992">Froianov, Dvornichenko & Krivosheev 1992</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199216-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199216_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199217-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199217_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218–19-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199218–19_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219–20Bernshtam199240-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199219–20Bernshtam199240_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, pp. 19–20; <a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199224-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199224_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlasov199225_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlasov1992">Vlasov 1992</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199240-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199240_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeletskaya1992''passim''-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeletskaya1992''passim''_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeletskaya1992">Veletskaya 1992</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53"><i>God's playground : a history of Poland : in two volumes</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231128169" title="Special:BookSources/0231128169"><bdi>0231128169</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57754186">57754186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+playground+%3A+a+history+of+Poland+%3A+in+two+volumes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57754186&rft.isbn=0231128169&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKłoczowski2000" class="citation book cs1">Kłoczowski, Jerzy (2000). <i>A history of Polish Christianity</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521364299" title="Special:BookSources/0521364299"><bdi>0521364299</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42812968">42812968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Polish+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42812968&rft.isbn=0521364299&rft.aulast=K%C5%82oczowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Davies (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/57"><i>God's playground : a history of Poland : in two volumes</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231128169" title="Special:BookSources/0231128169"><bdi>0231128169</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57754186">57754186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+playground+%3A+a+history+of+Poland+%3A+in+two+volumes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57754186&rft.isbn=0231128169&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967158-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1967158_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1967">Pettazzoni 1967</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni196798-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni196798_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1967">Pettazzoni 1967</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199235_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock2007110-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock2007110_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2007">Rock 2007</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernshtam199244_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernshtam1992">Bernshtam 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits198915_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanits19893_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvanits1989">Ivanits 1989</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aitamurto2016-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aitamurto2016_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aitamurto2016_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2016" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). <i>Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472460271" title="Special:BookSources/9781472460271"><bdi>9781472460271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%2C+Traditionalism%2C+Nationalism%3A+Narratives+of+Russian+Rodnoverie&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781472460271&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005217_ff-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvakhiv2005217_ff_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvakhiv2005">Ivakhiv 2005</a>, pp. 217 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grekov-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grekov_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grekov_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Grekov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=123408&p=1">Kievan Rus</a>. Moscow, 2006. Page 485. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91678-075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91678-075-8">978-5-91678-075-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamaleev-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamaleev_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamaleev_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Zamaleev" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Замалеев, Александр Фазлаевич">Alexander Zamaleev</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (2005). <i>History of Russian culture</i> (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Official Publishing House of Saint Petersburg University. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-288-03632-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-288-03632-2"><bdi>5-288-03632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Russian+culture&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Official+Publishing+House+of+Saint+Petersburg+University.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-288-03632-2&rft.au=Alexander+Zamaleev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Wagner. Sculpture of Ancient Russia. 12th century. Bogolyubovo, Moscow, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evgeny Kirichenko. Russian style. - Moscow: BuksMart, 2020. - S. 11-15. - 580 p. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-907043-52-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-907043-52-7">978-5-907043-52-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Moscow. Monuments of Architecture, 18th - the first third of 19th century", Moscow, Iskusstvo, 1975, p.331</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreuzerMone1822" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Creuzer" title="Georg Friedrich Creuzer">Creuzer, Georg Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mone" title="Franz Mone">Mone, Franz Joseph</a> (1822). <i>Geschichte des Heidentums im nördlichen Europa</i>. Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker (in German). Vol. 1. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487402741" title="Special:BookSources/9783487402741"><bdi>9783487402741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Heidentums+im+n%C3%B6rdlichen+Europa&rft.series=Symbolik+und+Mythologie+der+alten+V%C3%B6lker&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1822&rft.isbn=9783487402741&rft.aulast=Creuzer&rft.aufirst=Georg+Friedrich&rft.au=Mone%2C+Franz+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernshtam1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bernshtam, T. A. (1992). "Russian Folk Culture and Folk Religion". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 34–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563240393" title="Special:BookSources/9781563240393"><bdi>9781563240393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Folk+Culture+and+Folk+Religion&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=34-47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563240393&rft.aulast=Bernshtam&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynda2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Dynda" title="Jiří Dynda">Dynda, Jiří</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495">"The Three-Headed One at the Crossroad: A Comparative Study of the Slavic God Triglav"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_Mythologica_Slavica" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia Mythologica Slavica">Studia Mythologica Slavica</a></i>. <b>17</b>. Institute of Slovenian Ethnology: 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495">10.3986/sms.v17i0.1495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1408-6271">1408-6271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Mythologica+Slavica&rft.atitle=The+Three-Headed+One+at+the+Crossroad%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Slavic+God+Triglav&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=57-82&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3986%2Fsms.v17i0.1495&rft.issn=1408-6271&rft.aulast=Dynda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3986%252Fsms.v17i0.1495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V.A. (1991). <i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472081497" title="Special:BookSources/0472081497"><bdi>0472081497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0472081497&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroianovDvornichenkoKrivosheev1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Froianov, I. Ia.; Dvornichenko, A. Iu.; Krivosheev, Iu. V. (1992). "The Introduction of Christianity in Russia and the Pagan Traditions". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 3–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563240393" title="Special:BookSources/9781563240393"><bdi>9781563240393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Christianity+in+Russia+and+the+Pagan+Traditions&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=3-15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563240393&rft.aulast=Froianov&rft.aufirst=I.+Ia.&rft.au=Dvornichenko%2C+A.+Iu.&rft.au=Krivosheev%2C+Iu.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparini2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gasparini, Evel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-religion">"Slavic religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavic+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=Evel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSlavic-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanuš1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanuš, Ignác Jan (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002357992g;view=1up;seq=7"><i>Die Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus im weitesten, den altpreußisch-lithauischen Mythus mitumfaßenden Sinne. Nach Quellen bearbeitet, sammt der Literatur der slawisch-preußisch-lithauischen Archäologie und Mythologie</i></a> (in German). J. Millikowski.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wissenschaft+des+Slawischen+Mythus+im+weitesten%2C+den+altpreu%C3%9Fisch-lithauischen+Mythus+mitumfa%C3%9Fenden+Sinne.+Nach+Quellen+bearbeitet%2C+sammt+der+Literatur+der+slawisch-preu%C3%9Fisch-lithauischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Mythologie&rft.pub=J.+Millikowski&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Hanu%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951002357992g%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvakhiv2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ivakhiv, Adrian (2005). "The Revival of Ukrainian Native Faith". In Michael F. Strmiska (ed.). <i>Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 209–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851096084" title="Special:BookSources/9781851096084"><bdi>9781851096084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Ukrainian+Native+Faith&rft.btitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=209-239&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851096084&rft.aulast=Ivakhiv&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanits1989" class="citation book cs1">Ivanits, Linda J. (1989). <i>Russian Folk Belief</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765630889" title="Special:BookSources/9780765630889"><bdi>9780765630889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Folk+Belief&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780765630889&rft.aulast=Ivanits&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettazzoni1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Pettazzoni" title="Raffaele Pettazzoni">Pettazzoni, Raffaele</a> (1967). "West Slav Paganism". <i>Essays on the History of Religions</i>. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Slav+Paganism&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pettazzoni&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson, Roman</a> (1985). <i>Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and Philology, 1972–1982</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110855463" title="Special:BookSources/9783110855463"><bdi>9783110855463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Comparative+Mythology%3A+Studies+in+Linguistics+and+Philology%2C+1972%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9783110855463&rft.aulast=Jakobson&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock2007" class="citation book cs1">Rock, Stella (2007). <i>Popular Religion in Russia: 'Double Belief' and the Making of an Academic Myth</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134369782" title="Special:BookSources/9781134369782"><bdi>9781134369782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+in+Russia%3A+%27Double+Belief%27+and+the+Making+of+an+Academic+Myth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134369782&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeletskaya1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veletskaya, N. N. (1992). "Forms of Transformation of Pagan Symbolism in the Old Believer Tradition". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam and Radzai Ronald (ed.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 48–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563240393" title="Special:BookSources/9781563240393"><bdi>9781563240393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forms+of+Transformation+of+Pagan+Symbolism+in+the+Old+Believer+Tradition&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=48-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563240393&rft.aulast=Veletskaya&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasov1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vlasov, V. G. (1992). "The Christianization of Russian Peasants". In Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam; Radzai Ronald (eds.). <i>Russian Traditional Culture: Religion, Gender and Customary Law</i>. Routledge. pp. 16–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563240393" title="Special:BookSources/9781563240393"><bdi>9781563240393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christianization+of+Russian+Peasants&rft.btitle=Russian+Traditional+Culture%3A+Religion%2C+Gender+and+Customary+Law&rft.pages=16-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781563240393&rft.aulast=Vlasov&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1971" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1971). <i>The Slavs</i>. New York: Preager Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Preager+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoroško1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Garoshka" title="Leo Garoshka">Horoško, Leo</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/1/2/article-p68_2.xml">"A Guide to Byelorussian Mythology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies" title="The Journal of Belarusian Studies">Journal of Belarusian Studies</a></i>. <b>I</b> (II): 68–79<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Belarusian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Byelorussian+Mythology&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=68-79&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Horo%C5%A1ko&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbela%2F1%2F2%2Farticle-p68_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngemann1824" class="citation book cs1">Ingemann, B. S. (1824). <i>Grundtræk til En Nord-Slavisk og Vendisk Gudelære</i>. Copenhagen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundtr%C3%A6k+til+En+Nord-Slavisk+og+Vendisk+Gudel%C3%A6re&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Ingemann&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybakov1981" class="citation book cs1">Rybakov, Boris (1981). <i>Iazychestvo drevnykh slavian</i> [<i>Paganism of the Ancient Slavs</i>]. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iazychestvo+drevnykh+slavian&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Rybakov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybakov1987" class="citation book cs1">Rybakov, Boris (1987). <i>Iazychestvo drevnei Rusi</i> [<i>Paganism of Ancient Rus</i>]. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iazychestvo+drevnei+Rusi&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rybakov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Patrice Lajoye (ed.), <i>New researches on the religion and mythology of the Pagan Slavs</i>, Lisieux, Lingva, 2019</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotarev2023" class="citation book cs1">Kotarev, Oleg (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/105248833/Introduction_to_the_Slavic_pagan_pantheon_The_names_of_deities_that_the_ancient_Slavs_actually_revered">"Introduction to the Slavic pagan pantheon. The names of deities that the ancient Slavs actually revered"</a>. In Patrice Lajoye; Stamatis Zochios (eds.). <i>New researches on the religion and mythology of the Pagan Slavs</i>. Vol. 2. France: Éditions Lingva. pp. 5–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Slavic+pagan+pantheon.+The+names+of+deities+that+the+ancient+Slavs+actually+revered&rft.btitle=New+researches+on+the+religion+and+mythology+of+the+Pagan+Slavs&rft.place=France&rft.pages=5-46&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Lingva&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kotarev&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F105248833%2FIntroduction_to_the_Slavic_pagan_pantheon_The_names_of_deities_that_the_ancient_Slavs_actually_revered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavic+paganism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_paganism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavic_folk_religion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slavic folk religion">Slavic folk religion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/"><i>Studia Mythologica Slavica</i></a>, journal of the Institute of Slovenian Ethnology.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Slovak)</span> a book about old Slavic mythology - HOSTINSKÝ, Peter Záboj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalna.kniznica.info/s/sXWaR3lJkG"><i>Stará vieronauka slovenská : Vek 1:kniha 1</i></a>. [1. vyd.] Pešť: Minerva, 1871. 122 p. - available online at <a href="/wiki/University_Library_in_Bratislava_Digital_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library in Bratislava Digital Library">ULB's Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_mythology_and_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_mythology" title="Template:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_mythology" title="Template talk:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_mythology_and_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic mythology and religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernobog_and_Belobog" title="Chernobog and Belobog">Chernobog and Belobog</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernoglav" title="Chernoglav">Chernoglav</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana" title="Devana">Devana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyi_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyi (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Дый">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diviya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diviya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Diviya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Дивия">ru</a>; <a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diviya" class="extiw" title="uz:Diviya">uz</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresnik_(deity)" title="Kresnik (deity)">Kresnik</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lada (goddess)">Lada mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morana_(goddess)" title="Morana (goddess)">Morana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizamar" title="Pizamar">Pizamar</a><sup>H</sup><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennil" title="Hennil">Hennil</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi_(mythology)" title="Kyi (mythology)">Kyi</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lel_and_Polel" title="Lel and Polel">Lel and Polel</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_(mythology)" title="Niya (mythology)">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podaga" title="Podaga">Podaga</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porenut" title="Porenut">Porenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porevit" title="Porevit">Porevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prove_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prove (mythology)">Prove</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Прове">ru</a>]</span> or Prone<sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">Radegast</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiaevit" title="Rugiaevit">Rugiaevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereplut" title="Pereplut">Pereplut</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Perperuna">Perperuna</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stribog" title="Stribog">Stribog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogoda (page does not exist)">Pogoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Погода (мифология)">ru</a>; <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_v%C4%9Btru_u_Slovan%C5%AF" class="extiw" title="cs:Kult větru u Slovanů">cs</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogoda" class="extiw" title="fr:Dogoda">fr</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelu_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelu (mythology) (page does not exist)">Zelu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelu" class="extiw" title="cs:Zelu">cs</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarozhits" title="Svarozhits">Svarozhits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetovit" title="Svetovit">Svetovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarovit" title="Yarovit">Yarovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva_(mythology)" title="Živa (mythology)">Zhiva</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywie" class="mw-redirect" title="Żywie">Żywie</a><sup>H</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dola_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola (mythology)">Dola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karna_and_Zhelya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karna and Zhelya (page does not exist)">Karna and Zhelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Карна и Желя">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Zemlya" title="Mat Zemlya">Mat Zemlya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_pseudo-deities" title="List of Slavic pseudo-deities">Pseudo-deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chislobog" title="Chislobog">Chislobog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chur_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chur (mythology) (page does not exist)">Chur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Чур">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дана (славянская мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzidzileyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzidzileyla">Dzidzileyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flins_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flins (mythology)">Flins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krodo" title="Krodo">Krodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(mythology)" title="Lada (mythology)">Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Lelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Леля">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogvizd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogvizd (page does not exist)">Pogvizd</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Позвизд">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troyan_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troyan (mythology) (page does not exist)">Troyan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Троян (мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voloska" title="Voloska">Voloska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesza" title="Jesza">Yesha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priesthood and cult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedmak" title="Vedmak">Vedmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">Volkhv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhrets" title="Zhrets">Zhrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_shamanism" title="Slavic shamanism">Shamanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">Legendary heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alyosha_Popovich" title="Alyosha Popovich">Alyosha Popovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burislav" title="Burislav">Burislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Kantakouzene" title="Irene Kantakouzene">Damned Jerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erzelez_Alija" class="mw-redirect" title="Đerzelez Alija">Đerzelez Alija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrynya_Nikitich" title="Dobrynya Nikitich">Dobrynya Nikitich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Husein Gradaščević">Dragon of Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrnjica_Brothers" title="Hrnjica Brothers">Hrnjica Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets" title="Ilya Muromets">Ilya Muromets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Ivan Kosančić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tsarevich" title="Ivan Tsarevich">Ivan Tsarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech, Czech, and Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e" title="Libuše">Libuše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikula_Selyaninovich" title="Mikula Selyaninovich">Mikula Selyaninovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Gojsali%C4%87" title="Mila Gojsalić">Mila Gojsalić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Toplica" title="Milan Toplica">Milan Toplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misizla" title="Misizla">Misizla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustay-Bey_of_Lika" title="Mustay-Bey of Lika">Mustay-Bey of Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_the_Tanner" title="Nikita the Tanner">Nikita the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko" title="Sadko">Sadko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_the_Robber" title="Nightingale the Robber">Solovey-Razboynik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyatogor" title="Svyatogor">Svyatogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_the_Beautiful" title="Vasilisa the Beautiful">Vasilisa the Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Svyatoslavich" title="Volga Svyatoslavich">Volga Svyatoslavich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Legendary creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unquiet dead</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drekavac" title="Drekavac">Drekavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavka" title="Mavka">Mavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upi%C3%B3r" title="Upiór">Upiór</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolotnik" title="Bolotnik">Bolotnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornflower_Wraith" title="Cornflower Wraith">Cornflower Wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorovoy" title="Dvorovoy">Dvorovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Midday" title="Lady Midday">Lady Midday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boruta_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boruta (mythology)">Boruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mistress_of_the_Copper_Mountain" title="The Mistress of the Copper Mountain">Mistress of the Copper Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubin_(ghost)" title="Shubin (ghost)">Shubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_water_spirits" title="Slavic water spirits">Water spirits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(demon)" title="Ala (demon)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkonost" title="Alkonost">Alkonost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babay_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Babay (Slavic folklore)">Babay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1_%C4%8Celik" title="Baš Čelik">Baš Čelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauk_(mythology)" title="Bauk (mythology)">Bauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berehynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Berehynia">Berehynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bies" title="Bies">Bies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arab_(mythology)" title="Black Arab (mythology)">Black Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%99dnica_(Slavic_demoness)" title="Błędnica (Slavic demoness)">Błędnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blud" title="Blud">Blud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boginki" class="mw-redirect" title="Boginki">Boginki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukavac" title="Bukavac">Bukavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernava" title="Chernava">Chernava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuhaister" title="Chuhaister">Chuhaister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cikavac" title="Cikavac">Cikavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chort" title="Chort">Chort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cuma" title="Čuma">Čuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukljan" title="Dukljan">Dukljan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziwo%C5%BCona" title="Dziwożona">Dziwożona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">Fern flower</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chervona_Ruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chervona Ruta">Chervona Ruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Firebird (Slavic folklore)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagana" title="Gagana">Gagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamayun" title="Gamayun">Gamayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrik" title="Indrik">Indrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispolin" title="Ispolin">Ispolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshchei" title="Koshchei">Koshchei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krsnik_(vampire_hunter)" title="Krsnik (vampire hunter)">Krsnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likhoradka" title="Likhoradka">Likhoradka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meduza_(Russian_folklore)" title="Meduza (Russian folklore)">Meduza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molfar" title="Molfar">Molfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Nav (Slavic folklore)">Nav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocnitsa" title="Nocnitsa">Nocnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82anetnik" title="Płanetnik">Płanetnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povitrulya" title="Povitrulya">Povitrulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoglav" title="Psoglav">Psoglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%B3g" title="Raróg">Raróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmans" title="Rahmans">Rahmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raskovnik" title="Raskovnik">Raskovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">Samodiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirin" title="Sirin">Sirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishiga" title="Shishiga">Shishiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrzak" title="Skrzak">Skrzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzyga" title="Strzyga">Strzyga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuha%C4%87" title="Stuhać">Stuhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stricha" title="Stricha">Stricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudice_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudice (mythology)">Sudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintilini%C4%87" title="Tintilinić">Tintilinić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topielec" title="Topielec">Topielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_(mythology)" title="Ved (mythology)">Ved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zduha%C4%87" title="Zduhać">Zduhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Zmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Marta" title="Baba Marta">Baba Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_(mythology)" title="German (mythology)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodola_and_Perperuna" title="Dodola and Perperuna">Dodola and Perperuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(deity)" title="Kostroma (deity)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarilo">Jarilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alatyr_(mythology)" title="Alatyr (mythology)">Alatyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyan" title="Buyan">Buyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraway_Tsardom" title="Faraway Tsardom">Faraway Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oponskoye_Kingdom" title="Oponskoye Kingdom">Oponskoye Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitezh" title="Kitezh">Kitezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukomorye" title="Lukomorye">Lukomorye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriy" title="Iriy">Vyraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_of_Perun" title="Axe of Perun">Axe of Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Kladenets" title="Sword Kladenets">Sword Kladenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_creation_myth" title="Slavic creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">Serbian folk astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folklore" title="Serbian folklore">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish folklore (page does not exist)">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosniak epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">Bylina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Russian fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Ukrainian fairy tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a> (830s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a> (960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (1120s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Egg decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folk_cults_(also_including_Ossetian)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk cults (also including Ossetian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_of_Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraskeva of Iconium">Paraskeva of Iconium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the Prophet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uacilla" title="Uacilla">Uacilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">Saint Anastasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Vlasius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbettyr" title="Donbettyr">Donbettyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">Saint Theodore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutyr" title="Tutyr">Tutyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsat_(mythology)" title="Apsat (mythology)">Apsat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivalist organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-Building" title="God-Building">God-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentism">Authentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhovism" title="Bazhovism">Bazhovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandybaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandybaism">Kandybaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levashovism" title="Levashovism">Levashovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic-Hill_Rodnovery" title="Slavic-Hill Rodnovery">Slavic-Hill Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">Sylenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vseyasvetnaya_Gramota" title="Vseyasvetnaya Gramota">Vseyasvetnaya Gramota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagovery">Russian Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_fantasy" title="Slavic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Slavic_mythology" title="List of films based on Slavic mythology">Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Veles" title="Book of Veles">Book of Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Notes:</b> <sup>H</sup> historicity of the deity is dubious; <sup>F</sup> functions of the deity are unclear.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_religions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_religions" title="Template:History of religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_religions" title="Template talk:History of religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">List of religions and spiritual traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="History of the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rastafari" title="History of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintoism#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#History" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Origins" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal; line-height:1.4em; padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Thought" title="History of New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic religion">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Illyro-thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Evolution of morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Evolutionary origin of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theology" title="History of theology">History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a><br /> (existing and <br />extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a 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