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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struktuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Struktuur"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbitaali_pinnad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbitaali_pinnad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Orbitaali pinnad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbitaali_pinnad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbitaali_kuju" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbitaali_kuju"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Orbitaali kuju</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbitaali_kuju-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantarvud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantarvud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kvantarvud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantarvud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alakihid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alakihid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alakihid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alakihid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energiatasemed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aatomorbitaal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 64 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomorbitaal" title="Atoomorbitaal – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoomorbitaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مدار ذري – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدار ذري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atomico" title="Orbital atomico – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orbital atomico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B3micu" title="Orbital atómicu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orbital atómicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_orbital%C4%B1" title="Atom orbitalı – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atom orbitalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orbital atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orbital atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95" title="পারমাণবিক কক্ষক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারমাণবিক কক্ষক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA_k%C3%BAi-t%C5%8D" title="Goân-chú kúi-tō – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú kúi-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атамная арбіталь – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атамная арбіталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomska orbitala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомна орбитала – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомна орбитала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B2mic" title="Orbital atòmic – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orbital atòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атомла орбиталь – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атомла орбиталь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%C3%BD_orbital" title="Atomový orbital – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomový orbital" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atomig" title="Orbital atomig – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Orbital atomig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantemekanisk_atommodel" title="Kvantemekanisk atommodel – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvantemekanisk atommodel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomorbital" title="Atomorbital – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomorbital" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Ατομικό τροχιακό – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικό τροχιακό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atomic orbital" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B3mico" title="Orbital atómico – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orbital atómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbital atomiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="اوربیتال اتمی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوربیتال اتمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitale_atomique" title="Orbitale atomique – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orbitale atomique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B3mico" title="Orbital atómico – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orbital atómico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84" title="원자 궤도 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자 궤도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ատոմային օրբիտալ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմային օրբիտալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95" title="परमाणु कक्षक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु कक्षक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitale_atomico" title="Orbitale atomico – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orbitale atomico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="אורביטל אטומי – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורביטל אטומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitalis_atomica" title="Orbitalis atomica – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orbitalis atomica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_orbital%C4%97" title="Atomo orbitalė – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomo orbitalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска орбитала – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомска орбитала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD" title="ആറ്റോമിക ഓർബിറ്റൽ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആറ്റോമിക ഓർബിറ്റൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomaire_orbitaal" title="Atomaire orbitaal – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atomaire orbitaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="原子軌道 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子軌道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitala_atomica" title="Orbitala atomica – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orbitala atomica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_orbitali" title="Atom orbitali – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom orbitali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅਟਾਮਿਕ ਆਰਬੀਟਲ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਟਾਮਿਕ ਆਰਬੀਟਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایٹمی مدار – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹمی مدار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اتومي مدار – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتومي مدار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atomowy" title="Orbital atomowy – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orbital atomowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_at%C3%B4mico" title="Orbital atômico – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orbital atômico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atomic" title="Orbital atomic – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orbital atomic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атомная орбиталь – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомная орбиталь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic orbital" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%BD_orbit%C3%A1l" title="Atómový orbitál – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómový orbitál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atomska orbitala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска орбитала – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомска орбитала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomska orbitala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomiorbitaali" title="Atomiorbitaali – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomiorbitaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomorbital" title="Atomorbital – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atomorbital" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_orbital" title="Atomikong orbital – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomikong orbital" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="எலக்ட்ரான் சுற்றுவட்டப்பாதை – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலக்ட்ரான் சுற்றுவட்டப்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezzay_abelkam" title="Amezzay abelkam – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amezzay abelkam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="అటామిక్ ఆర్బిటాల్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అటామిక్ ఆర్బిటాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="ออร์บิทัลเชิงอะตอม – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออร์บิทัลเชิงอะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Orbital nguyên tử – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Orbital nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomik_orbital" title="Atomik orbital – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atomik orbital" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Атомна орбіталь – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атомна орбіталь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E5%9F%9F" title="原子軌域 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="原子軌域" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="原子轨道 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子轨道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" title="原子軌道 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子軌道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="原子轨道 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子轨道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53860#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/35px-Emblem-important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/53px-Emblem-important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/70px-Emblem-important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>ootab <a href="/wiki/Keeletoimetamine" title="Keeletoimetamine">keeletoimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Jaanuar 2024)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Kui oskad, siis palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit">artiklit keeleliselt parandada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Electron_orbitals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/450px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/675px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/900px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektroni</a> aatom- ja <a href="/wiki/Molekulaarorbitaal" title="Molekulaarorbitaal">molekulaarorbitaalid</a>. Orbitaalide kaart (<b>vasakul</b>) on reastatud energia suurenemise järgi (vt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madelungi_reegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madelungi reegel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Madelungi reegel</a>). <i>Märkus: Aatomorbitaalid on kolme <a href="/wiki/Muutuja" title="Muutuja">muutuja</a> <a href="/wiki/Funktsioon_(matemaatika)" title="Funktsioon (matemaatika)">funktsioonid</a> (kaks nurka ja kaugus <a href="/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum">tuumast</a> (r)). Need pildid kujutavad enam-vähem tõepäraselt orbitaali kaldenurka, kuid ei näita siiski täpset orbitaali kuju tervikuna.</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aatomorbitaal</b> (ingl <i>atomic orbital</i>) on ruumiosa, kus on suur tõenäosus <a href="/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom">aatomi</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> leida.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatiivselt nimetatakse aatomorbitaaliks elektroni <a href="/wiki/Lainefunktsioon" title="Lainefunktsioon">lainefunktsiooni</a>, mis kirjeldab selle elektroni asukohta aatomis.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elektroni lainefunktsioon on <a href="/wiki/Komplekssuurus" title="Komplekssuurus">komplekssuurus</a>, mis vahetut tähendust reaalses elus ei oma, kuid selle <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5en%C3%A4osustihedus" title="Tõenäosustihedus">interpreteerimine</a> võimaldab anda statistilise hinnangu elektroni paiknemisele tuuma ümber. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idee, et elektronid liiguvad orbiidilaadsetel <a href="/wiki/Trajektoor" title="Trajektoor">trajektooridel</a> aatomi sees, pakuti esimest korda välja 1904. aastal. Aastatel 1913–1926 arvati, et elektronid aatomis liiguvad ümber <a href="/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum">tuuma</a> nagu <a href="/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet">planeedid</a> ümber <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ike" title="Päike">Päikese</a>. Püüd selgitada elektronide käitumist nende "orbiidil" suunas teadlasi <a href="/wiki/Kvantmehaanika" title="Kvantmehaanika">kvantmehaanika</a> seaduspärasuste avastamisele. Kvantmehaanika ennustuste järgi saavad mikroskoopiliste objektide puhul oluliseks <a href="/wiki/Mateeria" title="Mateeria">mateeria</a> lainelised omadused, mille tulemusena on elektron aatomituuma ümber "laiali määritud", st sel puudub selge trajektoor. Seetõttu kasutatakse elektronide jaoks sõna <i>orbiit</i> asemel sõna <i>orbitaal</i>, vihjates elektroni liikumismustri väiksemale määratusele ja arvestades selle lainelist omadust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktuur">Struktuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Struktuur"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Struktuur" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbitaali_pinnad">Orbitaali pinnad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Orbitaali pinnad"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Orbitaali pinnad" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orbitaal näitab elektroni liikumisel tekkiva <a href="/wiki/Elektronpilv" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronpilv">elektronpilve</a> kuju. See kuju on lihtsustatud mudel ja selguse huvides tavaliselt näidatud lainefunktsiooni piirpinnana, ruumiosana, kus elektroni leidumise tõenäosus on suur, 90–95%. Tegelikult võib elektron asuda suuremas ruumiosas aga selle tõenäosus on väike. Elektron liigub põhiliselt vaid orbitaali määratud alas, kui pidada orbitaali all silmas vaid piirpinnaga määratud tinglikku osa. Väljapoole seda "orbitaali" üldistust satub ta üsna harva. Definitsiooni järgi asub elektron tuuma mõjuväljas olles alati aatomiorbitaalil (orbitaal on tegelikult pilve moodi ähmase äärealaga ruumiline kujund, mille kujutamine oleks oma ebamäärasuse tõttu väga ebaselge). Elektron ei saa aga asuda piirkonnas, kus lainefunktsiooni väärtus on null. Näiteks p-orbitaalide puhul võib vaadelda tasapinda, mis eristab orbitaali kahte poolt. Seda tasapinda nimetatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodaalpind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodaalpind (pole veel kirjutatud)">nodaalpinnaks</a> ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B5lmpind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sõlmpind (pole veel kirjutatud)">sõlmpinnaks</a>. Seda pinda aatomi tuuma kohal läbides muutub p-orbitaali lainefuntsiooni märk vastupidiseks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joonistel kujutatakse erineva märgiga lainefuntsiooni osad, mis eristuvad teineteisest sõlmpinnaga erinevate vävide või tumedusega. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbitaali_kuju">Orbitaali kuju</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Orbitaali kuju"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Orbitaali kuju" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kõik orbitaalid ei ole ühesuguse kujuga. s-orbitaal on sfäärilise kujuga, p-orbitaalil on kaks paisu teine teisel pool tuuma, d-orbitaalil on enamasti neli paisu, mille keskel paikneb tuum ja f-orbitaali korral on paisude paiknemine veel keerulisem. Orbitaalide (alamkihtide) nimed (s, p, d, f, g, ...) on saadud nende <a href="/wiki/Aatomspekter" class="mw-redirect" title="Aatomspekter">spektrijoontest</a>: <i>sharp</i> (terav), <i>principal</i> (põhiline), <i>diffuse</i> (hajunud), ja <i>fundamental</i> (fundamentaalne) ning üks ülejäänud (g) ja järgmised hüpoteetilised orbitaalid (i, j jne.) on juba nimetatud tähestiku järjekorras. Mõnikord on kasutatud ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnemoonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnemoonik (pole veel kirjutatud)">mnemoonikuid</a>: sfääriline ja perifeerne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvantarvud">Kvantarvud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kvantarvud"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Kvantarvud" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kvantmehaanika reeglite kohaselt on aatomorbitaalid (konkreetsed lainefunktsioonid ja nende omadused) määratud järgmiste <a href="/wiki/Kvantarv" title="Kvantarv">kvantarvudega</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peakvantarv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peakvantarv (pole veel kirjutatud)">peakvantarv</a> n, mille võimalikud väärtused on 1, 2, 3, ...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitaalkvantarv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbitaalkvantarv (pole veel kirjutatud)">orbitaalkvantarv</a> l, mille võimalikud väärtused on 0, 1, 2, ... , n-1. Orbitaalkvantarve tähistatakse ka sümbolitega s, p, d, f, ...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetkvantarv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetkvantarv (pole veel kirjutatud)">magnetkvantarv</a> m, mille võimalikud väärtused on -l, -(l-1), -(l-2), ... , 0, ... l-2, l-1, l</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinn" title="Spinn">spinn</a> s, millel on kaks võimalikku väärtust: +1/2, -1/2. Spinni väärtust väljendatakse ka sõnades "üles" ja "alla".</li></ol> <p>Kvantarvud n ja l määravad vastavalt <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">elektronkihi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Alamelektronkiht" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelektronkiht">alamelektronkihi</a>. Et elektroni energia sõltub peamiselt viimasest kahest kvantarvust, siis räägitakse aatomorbitaalidest tihti vaid nende kahe kvantarvu mõistes. Täpse aatomorbitaali määramisel tuleb siiski arvesse võtta ka magnetkvantarvu ja elektroni spinni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alakihid">Alakihid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Alakihid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Alakihid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohri_mudeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohri mudeli (pole veel kirjutatud)">Bohri mudeli</a> järgi jaotati aatomi <a href="/wiki/Elektronkate" title="Elektronkate">elektronkate</a> kihtideks. Tänapäevane aatomimudel annab elektronkatte ehitusest täpsema pildi. Selle järgi jaotatakse elektronkihid omakorda alakihtideks. Esimene (kõige sisemine) elektronkiht koosneb vaid ühest alakihist. Igal järgmisel elektronkihil on üks alakiht rohkem kui eelmisel. Alakihtide arv igas elektronkihis võrdub selle kihi järjekorranumbriga n. Iga alakihi tähises märgitakse kõigepealt elektronkihi number ja seejärel alakihi tüüp (mida märgitakse vastava tähega). </p><p>s-alakiht on iga elektronkihi esimene alakiht. See on kõige madalama energiaga alakiht vastavas <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">elektronkihis</a>. s-alakihis asub vaid üks kerakujuline s-orbitaal. p-alakiht järgneb s-alakihile alates teisest elektronkihist. Selle alakihi energia on veidi kõrgem kui s-alakihil. p-alakihis on 3 p-orbitaali. Need orbitaalid on piklikud, sarnanedes mõnevõrra hantlitega (sageli nimetataksegi neid hantlikujulisteks). p-orbitaalid paiknevad omavahel risti (on orienteeritud vastavalt piki x-, y- ja z-telge). d-alakiht tuleb juurde alates kolmandast elektronkihist. See on veel kõrgema energiaga kui eelmised alakihid. d-alakihis asub 5 d-orbitaali. Need on veel keerukama kujuga kui p-orbitaalid. Elektronkihtide ehituses valitseb seega kindel süsteem: </p> <ul><li>igas järgmises elektronkihis on üks alakiht rohkem;</li> <li>sama elektronkihi igas järgmises alakihis on 2 orbitaali rohkem kui eelmises.</li></ul> <p>s-alakihis on 1 orbitaal, p-alakihis on 3 orbitaali, d-alakihis on 5 orbitaali jne. Arvestades, et igale orbitaalile mahub kuni kaks elektroni, saame arvutada, mitu elektroni mahub igasse alakihti ja igasse kihti. Näiteks süsinik: C +6/ 2)4) Süsinikul on 4 paardumata elektroni, järelikult moodustab 4 sidet. Seega on süsinik neljavalentne. s ja p orbitaalid segunevad e hübridiseeruvad: sp3 hübridisatsioon (4 sp3-hübriidset orbitaali, mis on suunatud tetraeedri tippudesse (tetraeedriline süsinik, sidemete vaheline nurk ≈109°) sp2 hübridisatsioon (3 sp2-hübriidset orbitaali, mis on 120° nurga all ühel tasapinnal (tasapinnaline süsinik) ja 1 normaalne p-orbitaal) sp hübridisatsioon (2 sp-hübriidset orbitaali, mis asetsevad ühel sirgel (lineaarne süsinik) ja 2 normaalset p-orbitaali) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energiatasemed">Energiatasemed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Energiatasemed"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Energiatasemed" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erinevatel orbitaalidel on erinev astmeliselt muutuv <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum">Aatomituumale</a> lähemal on orbitaali energia kõige madalam, eemaldudes tuumast energia suureneb kvantide võrra. Üks orbitaal mahutab <a href="/wiki/Pauli_keeluprintsiip" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauli keeluprintsiip">Pauli keeluprintsiibi</a> tõttu kuni 2 elektroni. Kaks elektroni, mis asuvad samal orbitaalil, moodustavad elektronipaari. Elektronidel on lisaks negatiivsele laengule ka magnetilised omadused. Selleks, et elektronid saaksid moodustada elektronipaari, peavad nende magnetväljad olema vastassuunalised. Teisisõnu ühe paari moodustavad elektronid on erineva <a href="/wiki/Spinn" title="Spinn">spinniga</a>. Vastassuunaline magnetväli vähendab elektronide omavahelist tõukumist ühesuguse (negatiivse) laengu tõttu. </p><p>Iga elemendi korral on samasuguste orbitaalide energiad erinevad, kuna erinevatel elementidel on tuumas erinev arv prootoneid, mis elektronidega orbitaalil vastastikmõju tekitavad. Näiteks orbitaali 1s energia nivoo on igal elemendil isesugune (see asjaolu ilmnes ka <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> avastuses, kes karakteerse röntgenikiirguse järgi täpselt Mendelejevi perioodilisussüsteemi anomaaliaid selgitas ja korrastas, ning eksperimentaalselt kinnitas - aatomituumas peab olema midagi, mis sellist järkjärgulist muutust iga järgneva elemendi puhul loob. Hiljem selgus, et see osake on prooton, mis tuumas asub ja ühe keemilise elemendi teisest keemilisest elemendist eristab), samuti ka teiste orbitaalide energiad teises elektronkihis (2s2p) jne. </p><p>See, et iga keemilise elemendi samasugused orbitaalid on pisut erinevate energiatasemetega, avaldub ka igale elemendile omases <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joonspekter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joonspekter (pole veel kirjutatud)">joonspektris</a>. Näiteks <a href="/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium">heeliumi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesiniku</a> elektronid on põhiolekus samal aatomorbitaalil (1s) aga nende joonspektrid on erinevad, see tähendab, et ka põhiolekus orbitaali energianivoo, energiatase ei saa olla samasugune. Elementidele omased kindlad jooned joonspektris (nii neeldumis- kui ka kiirgumisjooned) oli ajalooliselt esimene tõsiasi, mis osutas mingile aatomite kindlapiirilisele sisemisele omadusele, mida klassikalise füüsika piirides selgitada ei saanud. 19. sajandi lõpuosas avastati suurepärane matemaatiline kirjeldus vesiniku joonspektri kohta - Balmeri seeria (mingi kindel struktuur vesiniku aatomis on aga miks, sellele küsimusele vastust polnud). 20. sajandi alguses oli <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohri</a> aatomimudel esimene, mis selliseid kindlaid olekuid aatomis teoreetiliselt selgitada püüdis. Hiljem selgus, et tema oletus aatomite diskreetse energiaga elektronidest oli õige, täpsustus ainult mõiste elektronide orbiitidest, millest said elektronide orbitaalid. Orbitaale sai kirjeldada <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dingeri_v%C3%B5rrand" title="Schrödingeri võrrand">Schrödingeri võrrandi</a> abil. See võimaldab kvantmehaanilise süsteemi osakese lainefunktsiooni täpselt kirjeldada. </p><p>Energiatasemete korduv muster elementide elektronkihis on<a href="/wiki/Perioodilisusseadus" title="Perioodilisusseadus"> perioodilisuse</a> alus. Iga uus periood algab s-orbitaaliga, mis on oluliselt kõrgema energiaga võrreldes eelmise perioodi <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Väärisgaas">väärisgaasi</a> viimase täitunud orbitaali energiaga. Kõik perioodid peale esimese lõppevad p-orbitaalide täitumisega. Üks elektronkiht moodustub lähedaste energiatega orbitaalidest. Järgmise elektronkihi s-orbitaal on eelmise kihi s-orbitaalist oluliselt suurema energiaga, sest sisemise kihi elektronid varjestavad tuumas olevate prootonite mõju. </p><p>Põhjus, miks enamik <a href="/wiki/Keemiliste_elementide_perioodilisustabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisustabel">perioodilisustabeli</a> keemilistest elementidest on <a href="/wiki/Metallid" title="Metallid">metallid</a>, on samuti seotud orbitaalide energiatasemetega. Kui esimestes perioodides on ülekaalus mittemetallid, siis alates 4. perioodist metallide arv suureneb ja suurenemine jätkub liikudes tabeli lõpuni. See tuleneb d- ja f-orbitaalide energiatasemetest, mis on madalamad ja täituvad enne kui perioodi lõpetavad p-orbitaalid. Täitumine on madaluse järjekorras. Elektronidega täitumist ergastamata aatomi elektronkattes juhivad energia miinimumi printsiip ja teisalt Pauli keeluprintsiip. See esimene printsiip on omane kõikidele füüsikalistele süsteemidele, sealhulgas ka aatomitele. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_printsiip" title="Aufbau printsiip">Aufbau printsiip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekulorbitaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekulorbitaal">Molekulorbitaal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Atkins,_Loretta_Jones2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Atkins, Loretta Jones (2012). <i>Keemia alused. Teekond teadmiste juurde. Neljas väljaanne</i>. Basingstoke, New York: W.H. FREEMAN & Co. Lk 949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keemia+alused.+Teekond+teadmiste+juurde.+Neljas+v%C3%A4ljaanne&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+New+York&rft.pages=949&rft.pub=W.H.+FREEMAN+%26+Co&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Peter+Atkins%2C+Loretta+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAatomorbitaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Atkins,_Loretta_Jones2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Atkins, Loretta Jones (2012). <i>Keemia alused. Teekond teadmiste juurde. Neljas väljaanne</i>. New York: W.H. FREEMAN & Co. Lk 149, 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keemia+alused.+Teekond+teadmiste+juurde.+Neljas+v%C3%A4ljaanne&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149%2C+155&rft.pub=W.H.+FREEMAN+%26+Co&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Peter+Atkins%2C+Loretta+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AAatomorbitaal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orgaaniline keemia : õpik kõrgkoolidele / Francis A. Carey, Robert M. Giuliano ; [tõlge eesti keelde Kristin Lippur ... jt. ; toimetaja Tõnis Kanger ; kaanekujundaja Tiia Eikholm ; kaanefoto: Heiti Paves], Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 2014 1296 lk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ester.ee/record=b3084143*est">http://www.ester.ee/record=b3084143*est</a> (vaata lk 4 ja 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rein-Karl_Loide" title="Rein-Karl Loide">Rein-Karl Loide</a>. Sissejuhatus kvantmehaanikasse : sissejuhatus kvantteooriasse. Kvantmehaanika alused. Kirjastus Avita, 2007; <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789985212820" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789985212820</a> (lk 79).</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&oldid=6566862">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&oldid=6566862</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Aatomif%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Kategooria:Aatomifüüsika">Aatomifüüsika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keemia" title="Kategooria:Keemia">Keemia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad_(jaanuar_2024)" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad (jaanuar 2024)">Keeletoimetamist ootavad (jaanuar 2024)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad">Keeletoimetamist ootavad</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 20:05, 24. jaanuar 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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