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<p>Blokeerija: <a href="/wiki/Kasutaja:Jon_Kolbert" title="Kasutaja:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. Põhjus: <i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. </p> <ul><li>Blokeeringu algusaeg: 27. august 2023, kell 17:12</li> <li>Blokeeringu aegumistähtaeg: 27. august 2028, kell 17:12</li></ul> <p>Sinu praegune IP-aadress on 8.222.208.146. Blokeeritud vahemik on 8.222.128.0/17. </p><p>Palun lisa kõik need andmed igale järelepärimisele, mida kavatsed teha. Kui usud, et sind on blokeeritud ekslikult, leiad lisateavet ja juhised <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">avatud prokside keelamist</a> puudutavast globaalsest reeglistikust. </p> Muul juhul <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">postita palun blokeeringu arutamiseks palve</a>, mis metavikis üle vaadatakse. Saad ka saata <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stjuuarditele</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>-süsteemi aadressile <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> kirja, millele on lisatud kõik ülaltoodud üksikasjad.</div></div><hr /> <p>Saad vaadata ja kopeerida selle lehekülje lähteteksti. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="et" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== Energiatasemed == Erinevatel orbitaalidel on erinev astmeliselt muutuv [[energia]]. [[Aatomituum]]ale lähemal on orbitaali energia kõige madalam, eemaldudes tuumast energia suureneb kvantide võrra. Üks orbitaal mahutab [[Pauli keeluprintsiip|Pauli keeluprintsiibi]] tõttu kuni 2 elektroni. Kaks elektroni, mis asuvad samal orbitaalil, moodustavad elektronipaari. Elektronidel on lisaks negatiivsele laengule ka magnetilised omadused. Selleks, et elektronid saaksid moodustada elektronipaari, peavad nende magnetväljad olema vastassuunalised. Teisisõnu ühe paari moodustavad elektronid on erineva [[spinn]]iga. Vastassuunaline magnetväli vähendab elektronide omavahelist tõukumist ühesuguse (negatiivse) laengu tõttu. Iga elemendi korral on samasuguste orbitaalide energiad erinevad, kuna erinevatel elementidel on tuumas erinev arv prootoneid, mis elektronidega orbitaalil vastastikmõju tekitavad. Näiteks orbitaali 1s energia nivoo on igal elemendil isesugune (see asjaolu ilmnes ka [[Henry Moseley]] avastuses, kes karakteerse röntgenikiirguse järgi täpselt Mendelejevi perioodilisussüsteemi anomaaliaid selgitas ja korrastas, ning eksperimentaalselt kinnitas - aatomituumas peab olema midagi, mis sellist järkjärgulist muutust iga järgneva elemendi puhul loob. Hiljem selgus, et see osake on prooton, mis tuumas asub ja ühe keemilise elemendi teisest keemilisest elemendist eristab), samuti ka teiste orbitaalide energiad teises elektronkihis (2s2p) jne. See, et iga keemilise elemendi samasugused orbitaalid on pisut erinevate energiatasemetega, avaldub ka igale elemendile omases [[joonspekter|joonspektris]]. Näiteks [[heelium]]i ja [[vesinik]]u elektronid on põhiolekus samal aatomorbitaalil (1s) aga nende joonspektrid on erinevad, see tähendab, et ka põhiolekus orbitaali energianivoo, energiatase ei saa olla samasugune. Elementidele omased kindlad jooned joonspektris (nii neeldumis- kui ka kiirgumisjooned) oli ajalooliselt esimene tõsiasi, mis osutas mingile aatomite kindlapiirilisele sisemisele omadusele, mida klassikalise füüsika piirides selgitada ei saanud. 19. sajandi lõpuosas avastati suurepärane matemaatiline kirjeldus vesiniku joonspektri kohta - Balmeri seeria (mingi kindel struktuur vesiniku aatomis on aga miks, sellele küsimusele vastust polnud). 20. sajandi alguses oli [[Niels Bohr|Bohri]] aatomimudel esimene, mis selliseid kindlaid olekuid aatomis teoreetiliselt selgitada püüdis. Hiljem selgus, et tema oletus aatomite diskreetse energiaga elektronidest oli õige, täpsustus ainult mõiste elektronide orbiitidest, millest said elektronide orbitaalid. Orbitaale sai kirjeldada [[Schrödingeri võrrand]]i abil. See võimaldab kvantmehaanilise süsteemi osakese lainefunktsiooni täpselt kirjeldada. Energiatasemete korduv muster elementide elektronkihis on[[perioodilisusseadus| perioodilisuse]] alus. Iga uus periood algab s-orbitaaliga, mis on oluliselt kõrgema energiaga võrreldes eelmise perioodi [[väärisgaas]]i viimase täitunud orbitaali energiaga. Kõik perioodid peale esimese lõppevad p-orbitaalide täitumisega. Üks elektronkiht moodustub lähedaste energiatega orbitaalidest. Järgmise elektronkihi s-orbitaal on eelmise kihi s-orbitaalist oluliselt suurema energiaga, sest sisemise kihi elektronid varjestavad tuumas olevate prootonite mõju. Põhjus, miks enamik [[Keemiliste elementide perioodilisustabel|perioodilisustabeli]] keemilistest elementidest on [[metallid]], on samuti seotud orbitaalide energiatasemetega. Kui esimestes perioodides on ülekaalus mittemetallid, siis alates 4. perioodist metallide arv suureneb ja suurenemine jätkub liikudes tabeli lõpuni. See tuleneb d- ja f-orbitaalide energiatasemetest, mis on madalamad ja täituvad enne kui perioodi lõpetavad p-orbitaalid. Täitumine on madaluse järjekorras. Elektronidega täitumist ergastamata aatomi elektronkattes juhivad energia miinimumi printsiip ja teisalt Pauli keeluprintsiip. See esimene printsiip on omane kõikidele füüsikalistele süsteemidele, sealhulgas ka aatomitele. <ref>[[Rein-Karl Loide]]. Sissejuhatus kvantmehaanikasse : sissejuhatus kvantteooriasse. Kvantmehaanika alused. Kirjastus Avita, 2007; ISBN 9789985212820 (lk 79).</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Naase lehele <a href="/wiki/Aatomorbitaal" title="Aatomorbitaal">Aatomorbitaal</a></p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatomorbitaal">https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatomorbitaal</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Andmekaitsepõhimõtted</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Tiitelandmed">Tiitelandmed</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:%C3%9Cldine_lahti%C3%BCtlus">Lahtiütlused</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Käitumisjuhis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Arendajad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/et.wikipedia.org">Arvandmed</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Küpsiste avaldus</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//et.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aatomorbitaal&action=edit&section=7&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobiilivaade</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-lqzq6","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":758,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-lqzq6","timestamp":"20241204023020","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>