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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhedhabheda_(Dvaitadvait)_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bhedhabheda (Dvaitadvait) Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhedhabheda_(Dvaitadvait)_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvaita_Darshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvaita_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dvaita Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvaita_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishishtadvaita_Darshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishishtadvaita_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vishishtadvaita Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishishtadvaita_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuddhadvaita_Darshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuddhadvaita_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Shuddhadvaita Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuddhadvaita_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acintya_Bheda_Abheda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acintya_Bheda_Abheda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Acintya Bheda Abheda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acintya_Bheda_Abheda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Akshar-Purushottam Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_other_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_other_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Similarities with other Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similarities_with_other_Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similarities with other Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_other_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samkhya-Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samkhya-Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Samkhya-Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samkhya-Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nyaya_Darshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyaya_Darshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nyaya Darshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyaya_Darshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Jiva</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="جيفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="জীব (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীব (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Джива – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джива" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jiva" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiva" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جیوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva_(sanskrit)" title="Jiva (sanskrit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiva (sanskrit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_(%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="जीव (हिन्दू धर्म) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव (हिन्दू धर्म)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%ABva" title="Jīva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jīva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5" title="ಜೀವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEyva" title="Džyva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džyva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzs%C3%ADva" title="Dzsíva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsíva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAiwa" title="Dźiwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźiwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Джива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jiva" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Џива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90iva" title="Điva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Điva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jiwa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="ஜீவாத்மா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜீவாத்மா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Җива – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җива" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Джива – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джива" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E8%80%85" title="命者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="命者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q282492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jiva_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jiva (disambiguation)">Jiva (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metaphysical entity believed to be imbued with a life force</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><i><b>Jiva</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">जीव</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jīva</i></span></b>), also referred as <i><b>Jivātman</b>,</i> is a living being or any entity imbued with a life force in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word itself originates from the Sanskrit verb-root <i>jīv</i>, which translates as 'to breathe' or 'to live'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>jiva</i>, as a metaphysical entity, has been described in various scriptures such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. Each subschool of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> describes the role of the <i>jiva</i> with the other metaphysical entities in varying capacities. The closest translation into English and Abrahamic philosophies would be the <i><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>.</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Described_in_the_scriptures">Described in the scriptures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Described in the scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common metaphysical entity discussed in the scriptures (such as the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishad and Vachanamrut) in the seven schools of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> is the <i>jiva</i> or <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)"><i>atman</i></a>: the soul or self.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhagavad_Gita">Bhagavad Gita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bhagavad Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 2 of the Bhagavad Gita contains verses describing the <i>jiva</i>. For example, the <i>jiva</i> is described as eternal and indestructible in chapter 2, verse 20: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>न जायते म्रियते वा कदाचिन् </p><p>नायं भूत्वा भविता वा न भूयः । </p><p>अजो नित्यः शाश्वतोऽयं पुराणो </p><p>न हन्यते हन्यमाने शरीरे </p><p> "The soul is unborn and eternal, everlasting and primeval. It is not slain by the slaying of the body."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita 2.20, "<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>बालाग्रशतभागस्य शतधा कल्पितस्य च । भागो जीवः स विज्ञेयः स चानन्त्याय कल्पते ॥ ९ ॥<a class="external autonumber" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत्/पञ्चमः_अध्यायः">[1]</a> </p> <dl><dd>"If the tip of the hair were to be divided in to one hundred parts and each part was divided into 100 more parts, that would be the dimension of the Jiva (soul)". Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad (5.9)</dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> compares the <i>jiva</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a></i> to two friendly birds sitting on the same tree: </p><p>समाने वृक्षे पुरुषो निमग्नोऽनीशया शोचति मुह्यमानः । जुष्टं यदा पश्यत्यन्यमीशमस्य महिमानमिति वीतशोकः ॥ ७ ॥<a class="external autonumber" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत्/चतुर्थः_अध्यायः">[2]</a> </p> <dl><dd>"Two birds sitting in the tree (the body). One bird, the jiva is enjoying the fruits of the tree and the other the Paramatma is watching the jiva." Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad (4.7)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vachanamrut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> has described the nature of the <i>jiva</i> in his discourse in <a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a> Jetalpur 2: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The jiva is uncuttable, unpiercable, immortal, formed of consciousness, and the size of an atom. You may also ask, 'Where does the jiva reside?' Well, it resides within the space of the heart, and while staying there, it performs different functions. From there, when it wants to see, it does so through the eyes; when it wants to hear sounds, it does so through the ears; it smells all types of smells through the nose; it tastes through the tongue; and through the skin, it experiences the pleasures of all sensations. In addition, it thinks through the mind, contemplates through the citta [one of the inner faculties] and forms convictions through the intelligence [buddhi]. In this manner, through the ten senses and the four inner faculties, it perceives all of the sense-objects [i.e objects of sensorial perception'. It pervades the entire body from head to toe, yet is distinct from it. Such is the nature of the jiva.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vachanamrut Jetalpur 2, :<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vedanta">Vedanta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vedanta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Vedanta is one of the six schools (<a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana"><i>darshanam</i></a>) of Hindu philosophy, and it contains subschools that have derived their beliefs from <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">the Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. The aforementioned three scriptures are commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthantrayi</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Darshan">Advaita Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advaita Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita (non-dualist) Darshan</a> posits the existence of only one entity, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. It considers all distinctions ultimately false since differentiation requires more than one entity. Those distinctions empirically perceived, along with those expounded in the <a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a>, are accounted for within this school by the recognition of a relative reality (<i>vyavaharik satta).</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> One such distinction is that between <i>jivas</i>, or souls, and Brahman. Understood through the paradigm of relative reality, <i>jivas</i> are cloaked by <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">maya—avidya</a></i>, or ignorance—a state in which they are not able to realize their oneness with Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 189">: 189 </span></sup> Within Advaita philosophy, the nature of the Jiva is described using three theories or metaphors: <i>Pratibimba</i>-<i>vāda</i> (theory of reflection)<i>, Avaccheda-vāda</i> (theory of limitation)<i>, and Ābhāsa-vāda</i> (theory of appearance).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Pratibimba-vāda</i>, the <i>jiva</i> consists of a reflection of the <i>atman</i>, and the mirror on which the reflection occurs is ignorance (<i>avidya</i>). This metaphor clarifies that the <i>atman</i> and <i>jiva</i> are not distinct, even though they appear to be so, just as one's reflection in the mirror appears to be distinct from oneself but is actually identical with one. <i>Avaccheda-vāda</i> denies that consciousness can be reflected, and instead understands the <i>jiva</i> as a limitation (<i>upadhi</i>) of the <i>atman</i>. It is limited and appears to be separated from other selves because of ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhedhabheda_(Dvaitadvait)_Darshan"><span id="Bhedhabheda_.28Dvaitadvait.29_Darshan"></span>Bhedhabheda (Dvaitadvait) Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bhedhabheda (Dvaitadvait) Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedhabheda Darshan</a>, founded by Nimbarka, maintains that <i>jivas</i> are at once distinct and part of Brahman, a middle ground of sorts between the extremes of Advaita, utter oneness, and Dvaita, utter distinctness.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notion of difference yet non-difference is commonly depicted through an analogy: just as rays originate from the sun but are spatio-temporally distinct from it, so too <i>jivas</i> are parts of the whole that is Brahman. Another analogy given is that of sparks emitted from a fire. The sparks, composed of same substance as fire, are non-different (<i>abheda</i>) from the fire. They are also different (<i>bheda</i>), located in different place from the fire from which they originated. Yet another analogy given is of ocean and its waves, which shows that even though the bhedabheda darshan entails that Brahman has parts and <i>jivas</i> are part of Brahman, this does not mean <i>jivas</i> lessen its perfection, just as the waves of the ocean do not lessen the amount of water present in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dvaita_Darshan">Dvaita Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dvaita Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded by <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita (dualist) Darshan</a> rejects the Advaita (non-dualist) notion of one ultimate reality. It propounds a duality of five kinds, the most fundamental of which is that between <i>jivas</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></i>. A <i>jiva</i> is differentiated from God or <i>Ishvara</i> due to the <i>jiva’s</i> dependence on <i>Ishvara</i>; this state is an indication of eternal, ontological distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique to this school is the idea of a hierarchy of souls, evocative of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. Within the system, some souls are inherently and eternally destined for liberation, others for hell and still others for migration through the cycle of birth and death.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> It is in this cycle where jivas have the opportunity to perform positive or negative deeds (<a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmas</a>), and make spiritual efforts to break free of it, known as liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vishishtadvaita_Darshan">Vishishtadvaita Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vishishtadvaita Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita Darshan</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, maintains an ontological distinction between <i>jivas</i> and God. However, unlike in the Dvaita Darshan, the distinction is qualified. The <i>jiva</i> still remains dependent on God for its qualities and volition.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeWill_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeWill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234">: 234 </span></sup> Ramanuja uses the doctrine of the body and the soul (<i>sarira</i> and <i>sariri</i>) to explain the relationship between God and the <i>jivas</i>. The <i>jivas</i> constitutes the body of God, and God is the soul of the <i>jivas</i>. Using this doctrine, Ramanuja is able to maintain an ontological distinction between God and the <i>jivas</i>, while still demonstrating their qualified non-duality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishishtadvaita holds, like other <i>darshanas</i>, that the self is <i>chetan</i>, a conscious being that is made up of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeWill_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeWill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> The school offers many rebuttals against the Advaita conception, one of which addresses the way in which Advaita's <i>jiva</i>, Brahman, may be in a state of ignorance. The Vishishtadvaita Darshan argues that if ignorance is not a quality of Brahman, then the notion of non-duality is contradicted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramanuja compares the consciousness of the jiva, as an atman, to the relationship between a lamp and the light it emits:<sup id="cite_ref-dasti_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The one luminous substance exists as light and as the possessor of light....possesses luminosity, because it illuminates both its own form and that of others. But it behaves as a quality of that luminous substance....In this same way, the self has the form of consciousness but also has the quality of consciousness</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Melkote vol. 1: 89, 90, <sup id="cite_ref-dasti_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235–236">: 235–236 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Unlike other schools, Vishishtadvaita philosophy proposes that moksha (liberation) is not just the end of <a href="/wiki/Punarjanman" title="Punarjanman">transmigration</a>, but also a sense of bliss and joy found in the contemplation of God and living a life of devotion, as a result of which God will aid in granting <i>moksha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shuddhadvaita_Darshan">Shuddhadvaita Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shuddhadvaita Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddadvaita Darshan</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabhacharya</a>, has a concept of "nitya-sambandha" which means eternal relationship between <i>jiva</i> and <i>Brahman</i> (Parabrahman). The <i>jiva's</i> inherent nature is divine, pure, and spiritual. The <i>jiva's</i> ultimate purpose is to engage in a loving devotion to Krishna (Supreme Brahman), and liberation is attained through divine grace and the acceptance of the <i>jiva's</i> loving surrender to Krishna. Vallabhacharya uses an analogy between fire and its sparks, where jivas are sparks emerging from God's fire, tiny yet sharing the same essence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acintya_Bheda_Abheda">Acintya Bheda Abheda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acintya Bheda Abheda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya Bheda Abheda</a>, proposed by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, maintains that <i>jiva</i> and <i>Brahman</i> are same (<i>abheda</i>) and different (<i>bheda</i>) and the relationship is inconceivable in thought (<i>acintya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-dasti_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a>, one of the main scholars in the Caitanya Vaisnava school, offers a definition of the self that shares many characteristics of other schools but is distinctly aligned with the Bhedhabhedha position that the <i>jiva</i> is a part of <i>Brahman:</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Furthermore, it has the intrinsic characteristics of being an apprehender, agent and qualitative experiencer, and by its own nature and at all times it is an inherent part of indwelling Lord.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jiva Goswami, <sup id="cite_ref-dasti_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasti-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">: 287 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>The philosophy proposed by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu accepts that the jiva is aware and possesses distinct qualities. It is neither god, human or animal, and is separate from the senses and mind. It is unchanging, possessing consciousness and bliss, and pervades the body. Whilst the body and mind require a jiva to function, the jiva's awareness and existence is not dependant on anything. Goswami also describes that "there is a different <i>self</i> in each body, each one an inherent part of the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan">Akshar-Purushottam Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Akshar-Purushottam Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshar-Purushottam Darshan">Akshar-Purushottam Darshan</a>, the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> as interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/BAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="BAPS">BAPS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centers around the existence of five eternal realities, as stated in two of Swaminarayan’s sermons documented in the <a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a>, Gadhada 1.7 and Gadhada 3.10: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Puruṣottama Bhagavān</i>, <i>Akṣarabrahman</i>, <i>māyā</i>, <i>īśvara</i> and <i>jīva</i> – these five entities are eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-Vachan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vachan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From all the Vedas, Purāṇas, Itihāsa and Smṛti scriptures, I have gleaned the principle that <i>jīva</i>, <i>māyā</i>, <i>īśvara</i>, <i>Brahman</i> and <i>Parameśvara</i> are all eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-Vachan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vachan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>jiva</i> is defined as a distinct, individual soul, i.e., a finite sentient being. <i>Jivas</i> are bound by <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">maya</a></i>, which hides their true self, which is characterized by eternal existence, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and bliss. There are an infinite number of <i>jivas</i>. They are extremely subtle, indivisible, unpierceable, ageless and immortal. While residing within the heart, a <i>jiva</i> pervades the entire body by its capacity to know (<i>gnānshakti</i>), making it animate. It is the form of knowledge (<i>gnānswarūp</i>) as well as the knower (<i>gnātā</i>). The <i>jiva</i> is the performer of virtuous and immoral actions (<a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmas</a>) and experiences the fruits of these actions. It has been eternally bound by <i>maya</i>; as a result, it roams within the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">cycle of birth and death</a>. Birth is when a <i>jiva</i> acquires a new body, and death is when it departs from its body. Just as one abandons one's old clothes and wears new ones, the <i>jiva</i> renounces its old body and acquires a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_with_other_Schools">Similarities with other Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Similarities with other Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samkhya-Yoga">Samkhya-Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Samkhya-Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are important similarities between the jiva and the <i><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Puruṣa">puruṣa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>. The most visible similarity is that both the <i>jiva</i> and <i>puruṣa</i> are part of a dualism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like Samkhya's dualism between <i>puruṣa</i> and <i>prakriti</i>, there is a similar dualism between the <i>jiva</i> and <i>ajiva</i> in Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Both the <i>jiva</i> and <i>puruṣa</i> are also said to be numerous.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhyakarika</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since birth, death, and the instruments of life are allotted severally; since occupations are not at once universal; and since qualities affect variously; multitude of souls (puruṣa) is demonstrated</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(Samkhya karika Verse 18) ·</cite></div></blockquote><p>Relatedly, each <i>jiva</i> is, just like a <i>puruṣa</i> in Samkhya, qualitatively distinct from another <i>jiva</i> so that each can be termed their "own self".<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nyaya_Darshan">Nyaya Darshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nyaya Darshan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school of philosophy also shares similarities to the Vedanta schools, in that there is the belief that the jiva is eternal, experiences the fruits of its good and bad deeds (<a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>), and undergoes <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>. However unlike other schools where the jiva is the source of consciousness, in the Nyaya school, consciousness is an attribute that only occurs when a jiva associates with a mind. Furthermore, Nyaya schools believe liberation to be a complete absence of suffering, rather than a state of bliss and happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gyvas" class="extiw" title="wikt:gyvas">Gyvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva (Jainism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Hall (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqzkqnETEVYC"><i>Plants as Persons: A Philosophical Botany</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3430-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3430-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-3430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+as+Persons%3A+A+Philosophical+Botany&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3430-8&rft.au=Matthew+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqzkqnETEVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParamtattvadas,_Sadhu2017" class="citation book cs1">Paramtattvadas, Sadhu (17 August 2017). <i>An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107158672" title="Special:BookSources/9781107158672"><bdi>9781107158672</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/964861190">964861190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hindu+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F964861190&rft.isbn=9781107158672&rft.au=Paramtattvadas%2C+Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0422-jihmita.jpg">"Cologne Scan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Scan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmonier%2Fserveimg.pl%3Ffile%3D%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0422-jihmita.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_W._J.,_1951-2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W. 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Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992275-8"><bdi>978-0-19-992275-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852227561">852227561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+will%2C+agency%2C+and+selfhood+in+Indian+philosophy&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852227561&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992275-8&rft.aulast=Dasti&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.%2C+Bryant%2C+Edwin+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F852227561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishishtadvaita">"Vishishtadvaita | Hindu philosophy | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thomson Press (India). pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0576-5"><bdi>978-81-215-0576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhakti+Sect+of+Vallabh%C4%81c%C4%81rya&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Thomson+Press+%28India%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0576-5&rft.aulast=Barz&rft.aufirst=Richard+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdXiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAksharananddasBhadreshdas2016" class="citation book cs1">Aksharananddas, Sadhu; Bhadreshdas, Sadhu (1 April 2016). <i>Swaminarayan's Brahmajnana as Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0011">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199086573" title="Special:BookSources/9780199086573"><bdi>9780199086573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swaminarayan%27s+Brahmajnana+as+Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463749.003.0011&rft.isbn=9780199086573&rft.aulast=Aksharananddas&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rft.au=Bhadreshdas%2C+Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vachan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vachan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vachan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSahajānanda,_Swami,_1781-18302014" class="citation book cs1">Sahajānanda, Swami, 1781-1830 (2014). <i>The Vachanāmrut : spiritual discourses of Bhagwān Swāminārāyan</i>. Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha. (First ed.). Ahmedabad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175264311" title="Special:BookSources/9788175264311"><bdi>9788175264311</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/820357402">820357402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vachan%C4%81mrut+%3A+spiritual+discourses+of+Bhagw%C4%81n+Sw%C4%81min%C4%81r%C4%81yan&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F820357402&rft.isbn=9788175264311&rft.au=Sahaj%C4%81nanda%2C+Swami%2C+1781-1830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/jain/">"Jain Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jain+Philosophy+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fjain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGier1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq199535160">"Ahimsa, the Self, and Postmodernism"</a>. <i>International Philosophical Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq199535160">10.5840/ipq199535160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-0365">0019-0365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Ahimsa%2C+the+Self%2C+and+Postmodernism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq199535160&rft.issn=0019-0365&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5840%2Fipq199535160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColebrooke1887" class="citation book cs1">Colebrooke, Henry Thomas (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/61647186"><i>The Sānkhya kārika : or, Memorial verses on the Sānkhya philosophy</i></a>. Chatterjea. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61647186">61647186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+S%C4%81nkhya+k%C4%81rika+%3A+or%2C+Memorial+verses+on+the+S%C4%81nkhya+philosophy&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Chatterjea&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61647186&rft.aulast=Colebrooke&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F61647186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMokerjee1997" class="citation book cs1">Mokerjee, Satkari (1997). <i>The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. pp. Chapter 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807372" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807372"><bdi>978-8120807372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Philosophy+of+Universal+Flux&rft.pages=Chapter+8&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8120807372&rft.aulast=Mokerjee&rft.aufirst=Satkari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiva&oldid=1269692761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiva&oldid=1269692761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Jain philosophical concepts">Jain philosophical concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">Hindu philosophical concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Souls" title="Category:Souls">Souls</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2016">Use dmy dates from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2016">Use Indian English from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 January 2025, at 22:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>23 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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