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Denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_Denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of Denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_Denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Six_generic_types_(McDaniel)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_generic_types_(McDaniel)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Six generic types (McDaniel)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_generic_types_(McDaniel)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sampradaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Number of adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shaivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shaktism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smartism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Smartism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Overlap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suryaism_/_Saurism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suryaism_/_Saurism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Suryaism / Saurism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suryaism_/_Saurism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganapatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganapatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ganapatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganapatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Indonesian Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrautism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrautism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shrautism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrautism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaumaram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaumaram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Kaumaram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaumaram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dattatreya_Sampradaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dattatreya_Sampradaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Dattatreya Sampradaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dattatreya_Sampradaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sant_Mat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sant_Mat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Sant Mat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sant_Mat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newer_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newer_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Newer movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newer_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarnaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarnaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Sarnaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarnaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiratism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiratism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Kiratism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiratism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related denominations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_denominations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related denominations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalash_and_Nuristani_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalash_and_Nuristani_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kalash and Nuristani religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalash_and_Nuristani_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Sant_Mat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Sant_Mat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Contemporary Sant Mat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Sant_Mat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_Vedism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_Vedism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Slavic Vedism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_Vedism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-denominational_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-denominational_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cross-denominational influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cross-denominational_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cross-denominational influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cross-denominational_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atman_Jnana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_Jnana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Atman Jnana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_Jnana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bhakti movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Philosophical schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Yoga varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu denominations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طوائف هندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوائف هندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হিন্দু সম্প্রদায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু সম্প্রদায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="हिंदू संप्रदाय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominaciones_en_el_hinduismo" title="Denominaciones en el hinduismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Denominaciones en el hinduismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EA%B5%90_%EC%A2%85%ED%8C%8C" title="힌두교 종파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두교 종파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="हिंदू संप्रदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिंदू संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಪಂಥಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಪಂಥಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="हिंदू संप्रदाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="हिन्दु सम्प्रदाय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हिन्दू विभाजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दू विभाजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="ヒンドゥー教の宗派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥー教の宗派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हिन्दू विभाजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हिन्दू विभाजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Направления индуизма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Направления индуизма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Hindu denominations</b>, <i><b><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradayas</a></b></i>, <b>traditions</b>, <b>movements</b>, and <b>sects</b> are traditions and sub-traditions within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-lancenelson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>sampradaya</i> is used for branches with a particular founder-<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> with a particular philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many practising Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular denomination or tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner199473_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199473-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four major traditions are, however, used in scholarly studies: <i><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lancenelson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sometimes referred to as the denominations of Hinduism, and they differ in the primary deity at the centre of each tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-sskumar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sskumar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable feature of Hindu denominations is that they do not deny other concepts of the divine or deity, and often celebrate the other as <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheistic</a> equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denominations of Hinduism, states <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Lipner</a>, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practising more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Hinduism contains many denominations and philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">shared textual resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">pilgrimage to sacred sites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Questioning_authority" title="Hinduism">questioning of authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a>. This word <i>Hindu</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>Sindhu</i>, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". It was used as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'Hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: <i>Sindhu</i>)". Hindus are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> collectively as <i>Hindus</i> until about mid 20th century. Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Hinduism" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be <a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Hinduism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism#Traditional_religions" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism#Hinduism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism#Hinduism" title="Monism">monistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner20098Quote:_"(...)_one_need_not_be_religious_in_the_minimal_sense_described_to_be_accepted_as_a_Hindu_by_Hindus,_or_describe_oneself_perfectly_validly_as_Hindu._One_may_be_polytheistic_or_monotheistic,_monistic_or_pantheistic,_even_an_agnostic,_humanist_or_atheist,_and_still_be_considered_a_Hindu."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner20098Quote:_"(...)_one_need_not_be_religious_in_the_minimal_sense_described_to_be_accepted_as_a_Hindu_by_Hindus,_or_describe_oneself_perfectly_validly_as_Hindu._One_may_be_polytheistic_or_monotheistic,_monistic_or_pantheistic,_even_an_agnostic,_humanist_or_atheist,_and_still_be_considered_a_Hindu."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_Denominations">Overview of Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview of Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Of the historical division into six <a href="/wiki/Darsanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Darsanas">darsanas</a> (philosophies), two schools, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, are currently the most prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classified by primary deity or deities, four major Hinduism modern currents are <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (Shakti) and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smartism</a> (five deities treated as same).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_154_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_154-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deity-centered denominations feature a synthesis of various <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">philosophies</a> such as Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta, as well as shared spiritual concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, ethical precepts such as <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, texts (<a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Agamas), ritual grammar and rites of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200917–18,_81–82,_183–201,_206–215,_330–331,_371–375_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200917–18,_81–82,_183–201,_206–215,_330–331,_371–375-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_generic_types_(McDaniel)"><span id="Six_generic_types_.28McDaniel.29"></span>Six generic types (McDaniel)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Six generic types (McDaniel)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McDaniel (2007) distinguishes six generic types of Hinduism, in an attempt to accommodate a variety of views on a rather complex subject:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Hinduism">Folk Hinduism</a>, based on local traditions and cults of local <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and extending back to prehistoric times, or at least prior to written <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrauta">Shrauta</a> or "Vedic" Hinduism as practised by traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shrauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrauta">Shrautins</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> Hinduism, including <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a>), based on the philosophical approach of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yogic</a> Hinduism, especially the sect based on the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">"Dharmic"</a> Hinduism or "daily morality", based on <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> and upon societal norms such as <a href="/wiki/Viv%C4%81ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivāha">Vivāha</a> (Hindu marriage customs).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> or devotionalist practices</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sampradaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, a <i>sampradaya</i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sampradāya</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009398_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009398-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are teaching traditions with autonomous practices and monastic centers, with a guru lineage, with ideas developed and transmitted, redefined and reviewed by each successive generation of followers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009375–377,_397–398_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009375–377,_397–398-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particular <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> lineage is called <i><a href="/wiki/Parampara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parampara">parampara</a></i>. By receiving <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha (initiation)</a> into the <i>parampara</i> of a living guru, one belongs to its proper <i>sampradaya</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_adherents">Number of adherents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Number of adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, the Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-flood200shakti_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flood200shakti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denominations of Hinduism, states <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a>, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses <a href="/wiki/Henotheism#Hinduism" title="Henotheism">polycentrically</a>, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati (such as Durga, Radha, Sita and others) and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200940–41,_302–315,_371–375_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200940–41,_302–315,_371–375-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in the different traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252 million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30 million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million or 2.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, according to Jones and Ryan, Shaivism is the largest tradition of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Demographics of major traditions within Hinduism (World Religion Database, as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tradition </th> <th scope="col">Followers </th> <th scope="col">% of the Hindu population </th> <th scope="col">% of the world population </th> <th scope="col">Follower dynamics </th> <th scope="col">World dynamics </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> </td> <td align="center">640,806,845 </td> <td align="center">67.6 </td> <td align="center">9.3 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> </td> <td align="center">252,200,000 </td> <td align="center">26.6 </td> <td align="center">3.7 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> </td> <td align="center">30,000,000 </td> <td align="center">3.2 </td> <td align="center">0.4 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Stable </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Declining </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Hinduism</a> </td> <td align="center">20,300,000 </td> <td align="center">2.1 </td> <td align="center">0.3 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform Hinduism</a> </td> <td align="center">5,200,000 </td> <td align="center">0.5 </td> <td align="center">0.1 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cumulative </th> <th>948,575,000 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>13.8 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Growing </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_denominations">Main denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna,_Kottangal_padayani.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG/220px-Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG/330px-Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG/440px-Krishna%2C_Kottangal_padayani.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Vaishnavism focuses on Vishnu or one of his avatars, such as Krishna above</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> is a devotional stream of Hinduism, which worships the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as the Supreme Lord (<a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>). As well as Vishnu himself, followers of the denomination also worship Vishnu's ten incarnations (the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most-worshipped incarnations of Vishnu are Krishna (especially within <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> as the Supreme)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rama, whose stories are told in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, respectively. The adherents of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic and devoted to meditative practice and ecstatic chanting.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaishnavism is characterised by diverse adherence to a number of saints, temples, and scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vishnuism" title="Historical Vishnuism">Historical Vishnuism</a> are known the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasa</a> traditions. </p><p>The major living Vaishnava <i>sampradayas</i> include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> (Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya or Sri Sampradaya) is associated with the worship of the divine couple <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana" title="Lakshmi Narayana">Lakshmi-Narayana</a>. Adherents of this tradition subscribe to the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>. The principal <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharyas</a> of this tradition are <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanuja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedanta Desikan">Vedanta Desika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_and_Tenkalai_denominations" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a>, "the northern school", based on the teachings of Vedanta Desika,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_and_Tenkalai_denominations" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a>, "the southern school", based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>, the Tamil poet-saints of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>, belonged to and are revered in this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a> (Ramayat Sampradaya or the Ramavat Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of the Advaita scholar <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>. This is the largest monastic group within Hinduism and in Asia, and these Vaishnava monks are known as <i>Ramanandis</i>, <i>Vairagis</i> or <i>Bairagis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2008317–330_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2008317–330-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>. The term "Brahma" (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> deity) refers to the Supreme Being, Vishnu, who is revered as the Para-Brahman in this Sampradaya. Its modern form is <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadh_Vaishnavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadh Vaishnavism">Sadh Vaishnavism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> (Chaitanya Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>: <ul><li>Brahmanic traditional lineages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana">Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a> reform lineages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math" title="Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a></li> <li>Sri Caitanya Sangha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vaisnava_Association" title="World Vaisnava Association">World Vaisnava Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_Vaishnavism" title="Manipuri Vaishnavism">Manipuri Vaishnavism</a>, a regional form of Gaudiya Vaishnavism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> (Kumara Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>. This tradition is associated with <a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a>. The principal acharya is <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a> tradition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a> Sampradaya adheres to teaching of prominent bhakti saints of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> like <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jnaneshwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Changadeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muktabai" title="Muktabai">Muktabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gora_Kumbhar" title="Gora Kumbhar">Gora Kumbhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savata_Mali" title="Savata Mali">Savata Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narahari_Sonar" title="Narahari Sonar">Narahari Sonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_Nhavi" title="Sena Nhavi">Sena Nhavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanhopatra" title="Kanhopatra">Kanhopatra</a>. The Warkari Sampradaya promotes the worship of god <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>, a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradya</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Sahajanand Swami</a>, otherwise known as Swaminarayan. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha" title="Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha">Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha</a> (BAPS)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Minor and regional Vaishnavite schools and the principal <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharyas</a> connected with them are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmikism</a>, linked to sage <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> (Asomiya Vaishnavism), adheres to the teachings of Srimanta <a href="/wiki/Sankaradeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankaradeva">Sankaradeva</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampradaya</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Prabhu_Jagadbandhu" title="Prabhu Jagadbandhu">Prabhu Jagadbandu</a>, who is considered to be the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> panth, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Sarvajna Shri Chakradhara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odia</a> Vaishnavism (<a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a>), the regional cult of the god <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> as abstract form of Krishna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami Sampradaya</a>), adheres to the teachings of Devachandra Maharaj.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabh Sampradaya</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a>, emphasizes on the devotion of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> as the supreme being.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a> Sampradaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnoi_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnoi Panth">Bishnoi Panth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaivism">Shaivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shaivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg/220px-Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg/330px-Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg/440px-Murudeshwar_Shiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Shaivism focuses on Shiva</figcaption></figure> <p>Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worship <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the supreme god, both <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>. Shaivism embraces at the same time <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a>. To Shaivites, Shiva is both with and without form; he is the Supreme Dancer, <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>; and is <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>, without beginning or end. Shiva is sometimes depicted as the fierce god <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>. Saivists are more attracted to <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> than devotees of other Hindu sects and may be found wandering India with <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ashen</a> faces, performing self-purification rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with Shiva within.<sup id="cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major schools of Shaivism include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a> and his disciplinic lineage, including <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra_marga" title="Mantra marga">Mantra marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinath_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Adinath Sampradaya">Adinath Sampradaya</a> (Siddha Siddhanta), adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Lakulisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakulisa">Lakulisa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiva_Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>, adheres to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Tirumular" title="Tirumular">Tirumular</a>/Sundaranatha (<a href="/wiki/Nandinatha_Sampradaya" title="Nandinatha Sampradaya">Nandinatha Sampradaya</a>, the monistic school) or of Meykandadeva (Meykandar Sampradaya, the dualistic school).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a>, adheres to the teachings of Nilakantha (Srikantha) and <a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Appayya Dikshitar">Appayya Dikshitar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a></li></ul> <p>Other branches: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veerashaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaivism">Veerashaivism</a> is a distinct Shaivite tradition in India, established in the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Basavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Basavanna">Basavanna</a>. It makes several departures from mainstream <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and propounds <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monism</a> through worship centered on <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a> or <i>Ishtalinga</i>. It also rejects the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Aaiyyanism</i> is a religion claiming to be a form of pure Dravidian Hinduism and identifying as a Shaivite branch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaktism">Shaktism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shaktism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg/280px-3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg/420px-3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg/560px-3_Shaktism_goddesses_Devi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Shaktism is a Goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism. From left: <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>/<a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shaktas worship the Mother Goddess as <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, in different forms. These forms may include <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>/<a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>. The branch of Hinduism that worships the goddess, known as Devi, is called <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>. Followers of Shaktism recognize <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> as the supreme power of the universe. Devi is often depicted as <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> (the consort of Shiva) or as <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (the consort of Vishnu). She is also depicted in other manifestations, such as the protective <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> or the violent <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. Shaktism is closely related with Tantric Hinduism, which teaches rituals and practices for purification of the mind and body.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal sacrifice of cockerels, goats and to a lesser extent water buffaloes is practiced by Shakta devotees, mainly at temples of goddesses such as Bhavani or Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main traditions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikula</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a> of the Caribbean</li></ul> <p>The Goddess-centric traditions within Kashmir Shaivism are <a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartism">Smartism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Smartism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg/180px-Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg/270px-Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg/360px-Aum_Om_gold_circle_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Om</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta tradition</a></div> <p>Smartas treat all deities as the same, and their temples include five deities (Pancopasana) or <a href="/wiki/Panchadevata" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchadevata">Panchadevata</a> as personal <i>saguna</i> (divine with form) manifestation of the <i>nirguna</i> (divine without form) Absolute, the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. The choice of the nature of God is up to the individual worshiper since different manifestations of God are held to be equivalent. It is nonsectarian as it encourages the worship of any personal god along with others such as Ganesha, Shiva, Shakti, Vishnu, Surya.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Smarta Tradition accepts two concepts of Brahman, which are the <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">saguna brahman</a></i> – the Brahman with attributes, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">nirguna brahman</a></i> – the Brahman without attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>nirguna Brahman</i> is the unchanging Reality, however, the <i>saguna Brahman</i> is posited as a means to realizing this <i>nirguna Brahman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-williamw_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamw-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this tradition, the concept of the <i>saguna Brahman</i> is considered to be a useful symbolism and means for those who are still on their spiritual journey. However, the saguna concept is abandoned by the fully enlightened once they realize the identity of their own soul with that of the <i>nirguna Brahman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-williamw_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamw-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Smarta may choose any <i>saguna</i> deity (<i>istadevata</i>) such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Surya, Ganesha or any other, and this is viewed in Smarta Tradition as an interim step towards meditating on Om and true nature of supreme reality, thereby realizing the <i>nirguna</i> Brahman and its equivalence to one's own Atman, as in <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200229–30_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200229–30-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement is credited to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>, who is regarded as the greatest teacher<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reformer of the Smarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2006166_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2006166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hiltebeitel, Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived <i>smarta</i> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a> in Karnataka, believed by its members to have been founded by Shankara, is still the centre of the Smarta sect for its followers. Smartas follow 4 other major Mathas namely, <a href="/wiki/Kanchi_Kamakoti_Peetham" title="Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham">Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Math" title="Govardhan Math">Puri Govardan Math</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka_Sharada_Peetham" title="Dwarka Sharada Peetham">Dwaraka Sharada Peetham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jyotir_Math" title="Jyotir Math">Jyotir Muth</a>. All Mathas are headed by Sankaracharyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanmata" title="Shanmata">Shanmata</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a>, also known as <i>Pancha Devi Deva Puja</i> is a system of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)"><i>puja</i></a> (worship) within the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlap">Overlap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overlap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Halbfass states that, although traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> may be regarded as "self-contained religious constellations",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a degree of interaction and reference between the "theoreticians and literary representatives"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of each tradition which indicates the presence of "a wider sense of identity, a sense of coherence in a shared context and of inclusion in a common framework and horizon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common to find Hindus revering Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti, and celebrating festivals related to them at different times of the year. Temples often feature more than one of them, and Hinduism is better understood as polycentric theosophy that leaves the choice of deity and ideas to the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key concepts and practises of the four major denominations of Hinduism can be compared as below: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of four major traditions of Hinduism </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Shaiva Traditions</th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Vaishnava Traditions</th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Shakti Traditions</th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Smarta Traditions </th> <th style="background: #ffcc99;">Srauta Traditions</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scriptural authority</td> <td>Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas</td> <td>Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads </td> <td>Vedas</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme deity</td> <td>God Shiva</td> <td>God Vishnu</td> <td>Goddess Devi</td> <td>None </td> <td>None</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creator</td> <td>Shiva</td> <td>Vishnu</td> <td>Devi</td> <td>Brahman principle </td> <td>Brahman principle</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></td> <td>Major</td> <td>Key concept</td> <td>Significant</td> <td>Minor </td> <td>Minor</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laiengavatar_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laiengavatar-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Monastic</a> life</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends </td> <td>Accepts (with exceptions)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rituals, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></td> <td>Affirms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Affirms</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> and Vegetarianism</td> <td>Recommends,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optional</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional</td> <td>Affirms except for sacrificial occasions </td> <td>Affirms except for sacrificial occasions</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms </td> <td>Affirms</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metaphysics</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Soul, Self)</td> <td>Brahman (Vishnu), Atman</td> <td>Brahman (Devi), Atman</td> <td>Brahman, Atman </td> <td>Brahman, Atman, <p>Karma, Dharma </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a>)</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony<br />4. Self-evident<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Comparison and analogy<br />4. Postulation, derivation<br />5. Negative/cognitive proof<br />6. Reliable testimony </td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Comparison and analogy<br />4. Postulation, derivation<br />5. Negative/cognitive proof<br />6. Reliable testimony</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy</td> <td>Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita</td> <td>Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita</td> <td>Shakti-advaita</td> <td>Advaita </td> <td>Purva Mimamsa</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salvation<br />(<a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a>)</td> <td>Jivanmukta,<br /><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Charya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Videhamukti, Yoga,<br />champions householder life</td> <td>Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga</td> <td>Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga,<br />champions monastic life </td> <td>Videhamukti, Yoga, <p>Dharmic Karma, champions householder life||<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_denominations">Other denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suryaism_/_Saurism"><span id="Suryaism_.2F_Saurism"></span>Suryaism / Saurism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suryaism / Saurism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Saura (Hinduism)</a></div> <p>The Suryaites or Sauras are followers of a Hindu denomination that started in Vedic tradition, and worship <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> as the main visible form of the <a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a>. The Saura tradition was influential in South Asia, particularly in the west, north and other regions, with numerous Surya idols and temples built between 800 and 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> was built in the mid 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the iconoclasm of Islamic invasions and Hindu–Muslim wars, the temples dedicated to Sun-god were among those desecrated, images smashed and the resident priests of Saura tradition were killed, states André Wink.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Surya tradition of Hinduism declined in the 12th and 13th century CE and today remains as a very small movement except in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sun worship has continued to be a dominant practice in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a> Puja which is considered the primary festival of importance in these regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ganapatism">Ganapatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ganapatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></div> <p>Ganapatism is a Hindu denomination in which <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> is worshipped as the main form of the <a href="/wiki/Saguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguna Brahman">Saguna Brahman</a>. This sect was widespread and influential in the past and has remained important in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_Hinduism">Indonesian Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesian Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></div> <p>Hinduism dominated the island of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> until the late 16th century, when a vast majority of the population converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese people</a> who formed a majority on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, retained this form of Hinduism over the centuries. Theologically, Balinese or Indonesian Hinduism is closer to Shaivism than to other major sects of Hinduism. The adherents consider <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a> the supreme god, and all other gods as his manifestations. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu Dharma">Agama Hindu Dharma</a>", the endonymous <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> name for "Indonesian Hinduism" can also refer to the traditional practices in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and other places in Indonesia, where people have started to identify and accept their <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">agamas</a> as Hinduism or Hindu worship has been revived. The revival of Hinduism in Indonesia has given rise to a national organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Parisada_Hindu_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisada Hindu Dharma">Parisada Hindu Dharma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrautism">Shrautism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shrautism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></div> <p>Shrauta communities are very rare in India, the most well known being the ultra-orthodox <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> Brahmins of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. They follow the "Purva-Mimamsa" (earlier portion of Vedas) in contrast to Vedanta followed by other Brahmins. They place importance on the performance of Vedic Sacrifice (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>). The Nambudiri Brahmins are famous for their preservation of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Somayaagam</a>, Agnicayana rituals which have vanished in other parts of India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kaumaram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a> is a sect of Hindus, especially found in South India and Sri Lanka where <a href="/wiki/Karttikeya" class="mw-redirect" title="Karttikeya">Kartikeya</a> is worshipped as the Supreme God. The worshippers of Kartikeya are called Kaumaras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dattatreya_Sampradaya">Dattatreya Sampradaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dattatreya Sampradaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya Upanishad</a></div> <p>Dattatreya Sampradaya is a Hindu denomination associated with the worship of <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> as the supreme god. This denomination found in Indian states like <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>. Dattatreya is often considered as an avatara of three Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>. Main traditions linked with Dattatreya Sampradaya are: </p> <ul><li>Gurucharitra tradition - This tradition is named after the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> text <a href="/wiki/Gurucharitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurucharitra">Gurucharitra</a> and it is based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Nrusinha Saraswati</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sripada_Sri_Vallabha" title="Sripada Sri Vallabha">Shripada Shrivallabha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition is widespread in <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> region.</li> <li>Avadhuta Tradition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sant_Mat">Sant Mat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sant Mat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></div> <p>The Sant Mat was a group of reformer <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">poet-sants</a> and their adherents within Hinduism during the 14th–17th centuries who had desire for <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> and non-ritualistic spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>'s affiliation with Vaishnavite <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a> and certain aspects of the creed, the Sant Mat is sometimes seen as part of Vaishnavism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its living traditions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal#Dadupanth" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadupanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidassia religion">Ravidassia religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadh" title="Sadh">Sadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi Sampradaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Panth">Nanak Panth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newer_movements">Newer movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Newer movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a></div> <p>The Hindu <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> that arose in the 19th to 20th century include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar1915_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar1915-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda movement">Ananda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200733–34_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200733–34-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200729–30_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200729–30-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200730–31_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200730–31-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200745–46_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200745–46-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200747–48_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200747–48-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200789–91_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200789–91-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200792–93_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200792–93-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007109–110_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007109–110-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007121_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007121-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007200–201_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007200–201-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Foundation">Hanuman Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007178_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007178-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007183–184_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007183–184-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007185–188_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007185–188-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharat_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007361–362_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007361–362-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagran_Manch" title="Hindu Jagran Manch">Hindu Jagran Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007492–493_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007492–493-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga Centers</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007248–249_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007248–249-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200726–27_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200726–27-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachala_Saraswata_Sangha" title="Nilachala Saraswata Sangha">Nilachala Saraswata Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Oneness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a> (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007483–484_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007483–484-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007389–390_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007389–390-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Philosophy_and_Economic_Science" title="School of Philosophy and Economic Science">School of Philosophy and Economic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007392–394_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007392–394-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shirdi Sai Baba movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200731–33_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200731–33-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Yoga" title="Siddha Yoga">Siddha Yoga</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007108,_431_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007108,_431-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga_Vedanta_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres">Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007408_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007408-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200752–54_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200752–54-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a> Centres<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007110–11_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007110–11-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007351_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007351-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Society of Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyay_Parivar" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadhyay Parivar">Swadhyay Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007451–452_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007451–452-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virat_Hindustan_Sangam" title="Virat Hindustan Sangam">Virat Hindustan Sangam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sarnaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></div> <p><b>Sarna</b> are sacred groves in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religious">Indian religious</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> region in the states of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of these rituals primarily belong to the <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baiga_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiga tribe">Baiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_people" title="Ho people">Ho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to local belief, a <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%81madevat%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Grāmadevatā"><i>Gram deoti</i></a> or village deity resides in the sarna, where sacrifice is offered twice a year. Their belief system is called "Sarnaism", "Sarna Dharma" or "Religion of the Holy Woods".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiratism">Kiratism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kiratism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kiratism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratism">Kiratism</a></div> <p>The practice is also known as <i>Kirat Veda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kirat-Ko Veda</i><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Kirat Ko Ved</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, such as Tom Woodhatch, it is shamanism, animistic religion or blend of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worshiping</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yuma_Sammang" title="Yuma Sammang">Yuma Sammang</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tagera_Ningwaphumang" title="Tagera Ningwaphumang">Tagera Ningwaphumang</a> and Paruhang/Sumnima),<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shaivism.<sup id="cite_ref-p._535_Nepal_By_Tom_Woodhatch_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._535_Nepal_By_Tom_Woodhatch-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_denominations">Related denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Related denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalash_and_Nuristani_religion">Kalash and Nuristani religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kalash and Nuristani religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash people</a></div> <p>The Indo-Aryan <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash people</a> in Pakistan traditionally practice an indigenous religion which some authors characterise as an archaic form of ancient Indo-Aryan religion.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> until the late 19th century had followed a religion which was described as a form of ancient Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan2014_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2014-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BarringtonKendrick2006_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarringtonKendrick2006-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeissMaurer2012_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeissMaurer2012-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Sant_Mat">Contemporary Sant Mat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contemporary Sant Mat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a>.</div> <p>The contemporary Sant Mat is a 19th-century origin movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383–384_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383–384-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars are divided as to whether to call Radha Soami a 1) <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a>-derived or 2) Hindu–Sikh-synthesed or 3) independent version of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a> as new universal religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Zoccarelli_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoccarelli-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami_Satsang_Beas" title="Radha Soami Satsang Beas">Radha Soami Satsang Beas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami_Satsang_Sabha" title="Radha Soami Satsang Sabha">Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Swami_Satsang,_Dinod" title="Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod">Radha Swami Satsang Dinod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh#Ruhani_Satsang" title="Kirpal Singh">Ruhani Satsang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a>-influenced<sup id="cite_ref-Zoccarelli_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoccarelli-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Teachings_of_the_Masters" title="Ancient Teachings of the Masters">Ancient Teachings of the Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Sacha_Sauda" title="Dera Sacha Sauda">Dera Sacha Sauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elan_Vital_(organization)" title="Elan Vital (organization)">Elan Vital</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavta_Mandir" title="Manavta Mandir">Manavta Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Spiritual_Inner_Awareness" title="Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness">Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Spirituality" title="Science of Spirituality">Science of Spirituality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawan_Kirpal_Ruhani_Mission" title="Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission">Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_Vedism">Slavic Vedism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slavic Vedism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></div> <p>Slavic, Russian, Peterburgian Vedism or simply Vedism<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religionip.ru_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religionip.ru-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are terms used to describe one of the earliest branch of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> ("Rodnovery")—contemporary indigenous development of <a href="/wiki/Vedism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedism">Vedic</a> forms of religion in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, especially of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>'s communities, other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic countries">Slavic countries</a>, and generally all the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>. The word "Vedism" comes from the verb "to know" (<i>vedatʼ</i>)—a semantic root which is shared in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> languages alike.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavic Vedism involves the worship of Vedic gods, characterised by its use of indigenous Slavic rituals and Slavic names for the deities, distinguishing from other groups which have maintained a stronger bond with modern Hinduism, although <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> groups often identify themselves as "Vedic" too. Also some syncretic groups within Slavic Native Faith (Slavic Neopaganism) use the term "Vedism".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-denominational_influences">Cross-denominational influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cross-denominational influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atman_Jnana">Atman Jnana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Atman Jnana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></div> <p>Jñāna is a Sanskrit word that means <i>knowledge</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Vedas</a> it means true knowledge, that (<a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">atman</a>) is identical with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. It is also referred to as <b><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atma</a> Jnana</b> which is frequently translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_movement">Bhakti movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bhakti movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></div> <p>The Bhakti movement was a <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> devotional trend that originated in the seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Tamil</a> south India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-schomer_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schomer-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It swept over east and north India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-schomer_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schomer-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lorenzen_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhakti movement regionally developed as Hindu denominations around different gods and goddesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> (Shiva), <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (Shakti goddesses), and <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lancenelson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancenelson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sskumar_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sskumar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from <a href="/wiki/Theistic_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theistic dualism">theistic dualism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> to absolute <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-schomer_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schomer-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scriptures of the Bhakti movement include the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-karen26_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karen26-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the legacy of the Alvars, five <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> philosophical traditions (sampradayas) has developed at the later stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittal2004_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittal2004-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_schools">Philosophical schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Philosophical schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hindu philosophy is traditionally divided into six <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">āstika</i></span></i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">आस्तिक</span> "orthodox") schools of thought,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">darśanam</i></span></i> (दर्शनम्, "view"), which accept the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as the supreme revealed scriptures. The schools are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">non theistic</a> and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">matter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a>, a school emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">contemplation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">liberation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">logic</a>, explores <a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">sources of knowledge</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Empiricist" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiricist">empiricist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mim%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimāṃsā">Mimāṃsā</a>, an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan' (knowledge) 'Kanda' (section).</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81stika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāstika">nāstika</a>/heterodox schools are (in chronological order): </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cārvāka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li></ol> <p>However, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval philosophers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyāraṇya</a> classified <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> into sixteen schools, where schools belonging to <a href="/wiki/Saiva" title="Saiva">Shaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rasesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasesvara">Raseśvara</a> thought are included with others, and the three <a href="/wiki/Vedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedantic">Vedantic</a> schools <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (which had emerged as distinct schools by then) are classified separately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMādhava_Āchārya1882xii_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMādhava_Āchārya1882xii-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hindu history</a>, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a> "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mimamsa, it was obsolete by the later Middle Ages and modern times, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922–1955_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922–1955-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1927_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1927-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar-Purushottam_Darshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshar-Purushottam Darshan">Akshar-Purushottam Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul> <p>Nyaya survived into the 17th century as <i>Navya Nyaya</i> "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_varieties">Yoga varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Yoga varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kripalu Yoga">Kripalu Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja yoga">Raja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Yoga" title="Siddha Yoga">Siddha Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Yoga">Tantric Yoga</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2008_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2008-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonGoldberg2014_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonGoldberg2014-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_denominations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyipoloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmata" title="Shanmata">Shanmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">List of Hindu organisations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_B%C3%B6htlingk" title="Otto von Böhtlingk">Böhtlingk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>, entry <i>Sampradaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lancenelson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancenelson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lance Nelson (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814658567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814658567">978-0814658567</a>, pages 562–563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009377,_398_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 377, 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner199473-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner199473_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWerner1994">Werner 1994</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandarkar1913_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhandarkar1913">Bhandarkar 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d._5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattwanandan.d.">Tattwananda n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_134,_155–161,_167–168_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sskumar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sskumar_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">SS Kumar (2010), Bhakti — the Yoga of Love, LIT Verlag Münster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3643501301" title="Special:BookSources/978-3643501301">978-3643501301</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Lundskow2008" class="citation book cs1">George Lundskow (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5AV1AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sociology of Religion: A Substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach</i></a>. Sage Publ. pp. 252–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-4518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-4518-8"><bdi>978-1-4522-4518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Religion%3A+A+Substantive+and+Transdisciplinary+Approach&rft.pages=252-253&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-4518-8&rft.au=George+Lundskow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5AV1AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 371–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier20111–15_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrazier2011">Frazier 2011</a>, pp. 1–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner20098Quote:_"(...)_one_need_not_be_religious_in_the_minimal_sense_described_to_be_accepted_as_a_Hindu_by_Hindus,_or_describe_oneself_perfectly_validly_as_Hindu._One_may_be_polytheistic_or_monotheistic,_monistic_or_pantheistic,_even_an_agnostic,_humanist_or_atheist,_and_still_be_considered_a_Hindu."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner20098Quote:_"(...)_one_need_not_be_religious_in_the_minimal_sense_described_to_be_accepted_as_a_Hindu_by_Hindus,_or_describe_oneself_perfectly_validly_as_Hindu._One_may_be_polytheistic_or_monotheistic,_monistic_or_pantheistic,_even_an_agnostic,_humanist_or_atheist,_and_still_be_considered_a_Hindu."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, p. 8, Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester Kurtz (ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123695031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123695031">978-0123695031</a>, Academic Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MK Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hinduism</a>, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Clarke2011" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Clarke (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIvHQc0-rwgC"><i>Development and Religion: Theology and Practice</i></a>. Edward Elgar. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857930736" title="Special:BookSources/9780857930736"><bdi>9780857930736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Religion%3A+Theology+and+Practice&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857930736&rft.au=Matthew+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIvHQc0-rwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_154-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996113,_154_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 113, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200917–18,_81–82,_183–201,_206–215,_330–331,_371–375-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200917–18,_81–82,_183–201,_206–215,_330–331,_371–375_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 17–18, 81–82, 183–201, 206–215, 330–331, 371–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. McDaniel <i>Hinduism</i>, in John Corrigan, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion</i>, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517021-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517021-0">0-19-517021-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1965-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1965_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApte1965">Apte 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009398-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009398_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009375–377,_397–398-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009375–377,_397–398_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 375–377, 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">The global religious landscape: Hindus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209012719/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Research (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood200shakti-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flood200shakti_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Flood2008" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Flood, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner200940–41,_302–315,_371–375-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner200940–41,_302–315,_371–375_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 40–41, 302–315, 371–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC&q=Table+1.19"><i>The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32303-8"><bdi>978-1-118-32303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+Demography&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32303-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M&rft.au=Grim%2C+Brian+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAzizViY30EC%26q%3DTable%2B1.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007474_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+Global+Religious+Populations&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F47%2F04706745%2F0470674547-196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandekar1987_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandekar1987">Dandekar 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubois-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubois2007" class="citation book cs1">Dubois (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4zMY2qURR-8C&q=hindu+sects&pg=PA111"><i>Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies</i></a>. Cosimo. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602063365" title="Special:BookSources/9781602063365"><bdi>9781602063365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Manners%2C+Customs+and+Ceremonies&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.isbn=9781602063365&rft.au=Dubois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4zMY2qURR-8C%26q%3Dhindu%2Bsects%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Himalaya_Academy-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Himalaya_Academy_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">"HimalayanAcademy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HimalayanAcademy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanacademy.com%2Freadlearn%2Fbasics%2Ffour-sects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETattwanandan.d.13–68_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTattwanandan.d.">Tattwananda n.d.</a>, pp. 13–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2020" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Omesh K. (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8rTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454"><i>History of Ancient India Revisited, A Vedic-Puranic View</i></a>. BlueRose Publishers. p. 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India+Revisited%2C+A+Vedic-Puranic+View.&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=BlueRose+Publishers&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Omesh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8rTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2011" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA853"><i>The First Spring: The Golden Age of India</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 853. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08478-4"><bdi>978-0-670-08478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Spring%3A+The+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pages=853&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08478-4&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte1sqTzTxD8C%26pg%3DPA853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791467084" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791467084">978-0791467084</a>, pages 165–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931804">978-0823931804</a>, pages 553–554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2008317–330-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2008317–330_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb2008">Lamb 2008</a>, pp. 317–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._K._Ramanujan1973" class="citation book cs1">A. K. Ramanujan, ed. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama"><i>Speaking of Śiva</i></a></span>. UNESCO. Indian translation series. Penguin classics. Religion and mythology. Penguin India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044270-0"><bdi>978-0-14-044270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+%C5%9Aiva&rft.series=UNESCO.+Indian+translation+series.+Penguin+classics.+Religion+and+mythology&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Penguin+India&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044270-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakingofiva0000rama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342355/Lingayat">Lingayat</a>." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Jul. 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller_Christopher_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7823.html">"4"</a>. <i>The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India</i> (Revised and Expanded ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=The+camphor+flame%3A+popular+Hinduism+and+society+in+India&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.au=Fuller+Christopher+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Fuller2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Fuller, C. (26 July 2004). "4 Sacrifice". <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India [Paperback]</i> (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12048-X"><bdi>0-691-12048-X</bdi></a>. <q>Animal sacrifice is still practiced widely and is an important ritual in popular Hinduism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+Sacrifice&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India+%5BPaperback%5D&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft.isbn=0-691-12048-X&rft.aulast=J.+Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambachan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rambachan, Anantanand (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1250">"Heirarchies [sic] in the Nature of God? Questioning the "Saguna-Nirguna" Distinction in Advaita Vedanta"</a>. <i>Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies</i>. <b>14</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1250">10.7825/2164-6279.1250</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Heirarchies+%5Bsic%5D+in+the+Nature+of+God%3F+Questioning+the+%22Saguna-Nirguna%22+Distinction+in+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1250&rft.aulast=Rambachan&rft.aufirst=Anantanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamw-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamw_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamw_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wainwright (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/">Concepts of God</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Stanford University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200229–30-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200229–30_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger19991017_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger1999">Doniger 1999</a>, p. 1017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopular_Prakashan200052_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopular_Prakashan2000">Popular Prakashan 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2006166-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2006166_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2006">Rosen 2006</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2002_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2002">Hiltebeitel 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühnemann2003" class="citation book cs1">Bühnemann, Gudrun (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60"><i>Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions</i></a>. BRILL Academic. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004129023" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004129023"><bdi>978-9004129023</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandalas+and+Yantras+in+the+Hindu+Traditions&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9004129023&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChnemann&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQf2m8VaC_oC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalbfass199115_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony1999p33-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony1999p33_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC"><i>Hindu Spirituality</i></a>. Gregorian Press. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonda1970">Gonda 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Partridge (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction to World Religions</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.au=Christopher+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanjukta Gupta (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC"><i>Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 65–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7"><bdi>978-1-134-15774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+Vedanta+and+Vaisnavism%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Madhusudana+Sarasvati&rft.pages=65-71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15774-7&rft.au=Sanjukta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AFxluCHsoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laiengavatar-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laiengavatar_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008" class="citation book cs1">Lai Ah Eng (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C"><i>Religious Diversity in Singapore</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5"><bdi>978-981-230-754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Singapore&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-754-5&rft.au=Lai+Ah+Eng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MmNaNebFD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavamony2002p63-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhavamony2002p63_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC"><i>Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1"><bdi>90-420-1510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Christian+Dialogue%3A+Theological+Soundings+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-420-1510-1&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoUxxH4fPwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812692983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812692983">978-0812692983</a>, p. 332 with note 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1992). <i>The Samnyasa Upanisads</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195070453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195070453"><bdi>978-0195070453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads&rft.pages=4-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195070453&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 162–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html">"Shaivas"</a>. <i>Overview Of World Religions</i>. Philtar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overview+Of+World+Religions&rft.atitle=Shaivas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fdevot%2Fshaiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunavalli2007" class="citation book cs1">Munavalli, Somashekar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074912/http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf"><i>Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingayat+Dharma+%28Veerashaiva+Religion%29&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Veerashaiva+Samaja+of+North+America&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Munavalli&rft.aufirst=Somashekar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsna.org%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Flingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrem_Prakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Prem Prakash (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC"><i>The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras</i></a>. Inner Traditions. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Spiritual+Devotion%3A+A+Modern+Translation+of+the+Narada+Bhakti+Sutras&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-664-4&rft.au=Prem+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoA7BLTFoOicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". <i>The Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2). Oxford University Press: 101–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028">10.1093/jhs/hit028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Hindu+Cultures&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-113&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_KemmererAnthony_J._Nocella2011" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Kemmerer; Anthony J. Nocella (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC"><i>Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions</i></a>. Lantern. pp. 27–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9"><bdi>978-1-59056-281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+to+Compassion%3A+Reflections+on+Animal+Advocacy+from+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=27-36&rft.pub=Lantern&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-281-9&rft.au=Lisa+Kemmerer&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Nocella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLq70lgRwlRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998" class="citation book cs1">Frederick J. Simoons (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC"><i>Plants of Life, Plants of Death</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7"><bdi>978-0-299-15904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+Life%2C+Plants+of+Death&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15904-7&rft.au=Frederick+J.+Simoons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEUAbrBoeBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Sivaraman1973" class="citation book cs1">K. Sivaraman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C"><i>Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 336–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1771-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1771-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1771-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Aaivism+in+Philosophical+Perspective&rft.pages=336-340&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1771-5&rft.au=K.+Sivaraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1blW4-yY20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, pp. 245-248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">Matthew James Clark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages Into an Order</i></a>. Brill. pp. 177–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81m%C4%AB-sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81s%C4%ABs%3A+The+Integration+of+Ascetic+Lineages+Into+an+Order&rft.pages=177-225&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15211-3&rft.au=Matthew+James+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3DXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurleyHurley2012" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0983784728"><i>Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path</i></a>. Maithuna Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983784722" title="Special:BookSources/9780983784722"><bdi>9780983784722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra%2C+Yoga+of+Ecstasy%3A+the+Sadhaka%27s+Guide+to+Kundalinin+and+the+Left-Hand+Path&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Maithuna+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780983784722&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0983784728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Skoog_1996_63–84,_236–239_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Skoog1996" class="citation book cs1">Kim Skoog (1996). 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SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2706-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-2706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Liberation+in+Hindu+Thought&rft.pages=63-84%2C+236-239&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2706-4&rft.au=Kim+Skoog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU1EZjyLbxYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008" class="citation book cs1">Rajendra Prasad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC"><i>A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals</i></a>. Concept. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5"><bdi>978-81-8069-544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conceptual-analytic+Study+of+Classical+Indian+Philosophy+of+Morals&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-544-5&rft.au=Rajendra+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5Hk8EkmQBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2002" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC"><i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8"><bdi>0-391-04173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04173-8&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsha_Kalia1982" class="citation book cs1">Asha Kalia (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC"><i>Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th-12th Centuries A.D.</i></a> Abhinav Publications. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02558-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02558-5"><bdi>978-0-391-02558-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Osian+Temples%3A+Socio-economic+and+Religious+Life+in+India%2C+8th-12th+Centuries+A.D.&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02558-5&rft.au=Asha+Kalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3n-sycLo3XQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinbarr_Barry_Flood2009" class="citation book cs1">Finbarr Barry Flood (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12594-7&rft.au=Finbarr+Barry+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLNE_li8C10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink1997" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC"><i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 327–329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1"><bdi>90-04-10236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+Conquest+%3A+11th%E2%80%9313th+Centuries&rft.pages=327-329&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10236-1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinbarr_Barry_Flood2009" class="citation book cs1">Finbarr Barry Flood (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu–Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 123–124, 154–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=123-124%2C+154-156&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12594-7&rft.au=Finbarr+Barry+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLNE_li8C10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonJacobsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James; Jacobsen, Knut A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDGFFNYvrokC"><i>Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+And+Practice+of+Yoga%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Gerald+James+Larson&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14757-7&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDGFFNYvrokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA61"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Vol. A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura & Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar1915-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarquhar1915_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarquhar1915">Farquhar 1915</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200733–34-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200733–34_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200729–30-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200729–30_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200730–31-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200730–31_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200745–46-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200745–46_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007121-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007121_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007200–201-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007200–201_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007178-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007178_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007183–184-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007183–184_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007185–188-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007185–188_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 185–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007361–362-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007361–362_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007492–493-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007492–493_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 492–493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007248–249-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007248–249_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200726–27-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200726–27_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007483–484-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007483–484_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 483–484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007389–390-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007389–390_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007392–394-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007392–394_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 392–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200731–33-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200731–33_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007108,_431-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007108,_431_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 108, 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007408-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007408_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200752–54-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan200752–54_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007110–11-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007110–11_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 110–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007351-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007351_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007451–452-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007451–452_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 451–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/religion/religious-complexity-in-northeastern-south-asia">"Religious Complexity in Northeastern South Asia"</a>. <i>GeoCurrents</i>. 29 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeoCurrents&rft.atitle=Religious+Complexity+in+Northeastern+South+Asia&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocurrents.info%2Fcultural-geography%2Freligion%2Freligious-complexity-in-northeastern-south-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2012">Minahan 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 56 <i>Kiratese at a Glance</i> By Gopal Man Tandukar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. xxv <i>A Grammar of Limbu</i> By Geordefine sungge van Driem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Problems of Modern Indian Literature</i> by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 323 <i>Kiratas in Ancient India</i> By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._535_Nepal_By_Tom_Woodhatch-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p._535_Nepal_By_Tom_Woodhatch_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 535 <i>Nepal</i> By Tom Woodhatch</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael, Witzel</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf">"Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.). <i>The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual</i>. Groningen: Forsten. pp. 581–636.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalash+Religion+%28extract+from+%27The+%E1%B9%9Agvedic+Religious+System+and+its+Central+Asian+and+Hindukush+Antecedents%27%29&rft.btitle=The+Vedas%3A+Texts%2C+Language+and+Ritual&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pages=581-636&rft.pub=Forsten&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Witzel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2FKalashaReligion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA357"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <q>The Kalasha ... religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash... However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/world/peshawar-hc-orders-government-to-include-kalash-religion-in-census-4599722/">"Peshawar HC orders government to include Kalash religion in census"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 4 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Peshawar+HC+orders+government+to+include+Kalash+religion+in+census&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fpeshawar-hc-orders-government-to-include-kalash-religion-in-census-4599722%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2014-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2014_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). <i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690188" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690188"><bdi>9781610690188</bdi></a>. <q>Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called <i>imr'o</i> or <i>imra</i> by the Nuristani tribes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.isbn=9781610690188&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarringtonKendrick2006-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarringtonKendrick2006_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarringtonKendrickSchlagintweit2006" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Nicholas; Kendrick, Joseph T.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (18 April 2006). <i>A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland</i>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111755" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111755"><bdi>9781845111755</bdi></a>. <q>Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Passage+to+Nuristan%3A+Exploring+the+Mysterious+Afghan+Hinterland&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.isbn=9781845111755&rft.aulast=Barrington&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Kendrick%2C+Joseph+T.&rft.au=Schlagintweit%2C+Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeissMaurer2012-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WeissMaurer2012_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissMaurer2012" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Mitch; Maurer, Kevin (31 December 2012). <i>No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan</i>. Berkley Caliber. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425253403" title="Special:BookSources/9780425253403"><bdi>9780425253403</bdi></a>. <q>Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Way+Out%3A+A+Story+of+Valor+in+the+Mountains+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Berkley+Caliber&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.isbn=9780425253403&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383–384-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2007383–384_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesRyan2007">Jones & Ryan 2007</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zoccarelli-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zoccarelli_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zoccarelli_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoccarelli2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zoccarelli, Pierluigi (2006). "Radhasoami movements". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Clarke" title="Peter B. Clarke">Clarke, Peter B.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements</i>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 507–509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-26707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radhasoami+movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=507-509&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6&rft.aulast=Zoccarelli&rft.aufirst=Pierluigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael F. Strmiska. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a></i>. ABC-CLIO, 2005. p. 222: "In addition to Ukrainian Paganism, Russian and Pan-Slavic varieties of Paganism and "Slavic Vedism" can also be found in Ukraine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religionip.ru-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religionip.ru_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portal "Religion and Law". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionip.ru/news/monastyr-sobranie-tayn-ili-divya-loka-vtoroe-prishestvie-induizma-v-rossii">Монастырь «Собрание тайн» или «Дивья лока»: второе пришествие индуизма в России?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602224155/http://religionip.ru/news/monastyr-sobranie-tayn-ili-divya-loka-vtoroe-prishestvie-induizma-v-rossii">Archived</a> 2 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2013-04-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2016" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). <i>Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie</i>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472460271" title="Special:BookSources/9781472460271"><bdi>9781472460271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%2C+Traditionalism%2C+Nationalism%3A+Narratives+of+Russian+Rodnoverie&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781472460271&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation</i>. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2010. p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schomer-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schomer_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schomer_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schomer_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802773" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802773">978-8120802773</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzen-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Lorenzen" class="mw-redirect" title="David N. Lorenzen">Lorenzen, David N.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC"><i>Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action</i></a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Religion+in+North+India%3A+Community+Identity+and+Political+Action&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpSxJg_ehnIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti">Bhakti</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">The Four Denomination of Hinduism</a> Himalayan Academy (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Novetzke (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25691067">Bhakti and Its Public</a>, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, page 255–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Robinson (2005), Interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita and Images of the Hindu Tradition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415346719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415346719">978-0415346719</a>, pages 28–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karen26-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karen26_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, pages 26–32, 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittal2004-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mittal2004_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittal,_S._G._R._Thursby2006" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, S. G. R. Thursby (2006). <i>Religions of South Asia: An Introduction</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+South+Asia%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Mittal%2C+S.+G.+R.+Thursby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see:(<a href="#CITEREFMādhava_Āchārya1882">Mādhava Āchārya 1882</a>)(<a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1922–1955">Dasgupta 1922–1955</a>, Vol. 1)(<a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1927">Radhakrishnan 1927</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMādhava_Āchārya1882xii-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMādhava_Āchārya1882xii_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMādhava_Āchārya1882">Mādhava Āchārya 1882</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922–1955-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta1922–1955_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1922–1955">Dasgupta 1922–1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1927-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnan1927_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan1927">Radhakrishnan 1927</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2008-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2008_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb2008">Lamb 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingletonGoldberg2014-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingletonGoldberg2014_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingletonGoldberg2014">Singleton & Goldberg 2014</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApte1965" class="citation book cs1">Apte, Vaman S. (1965). <i>The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0300-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0300-0"><bdi>81-208-0300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+English-Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=81-208-0300-0&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Vaman+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._G._Bhandarkar" title="R. G. Bhandarkar">Bhandarkar, R. G.</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems</i></a>. Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, 3.6. Strassburg: Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%2C+%C5%9Aaivism+and+Minor+Religious+Systems&rft.place=Strassburg&rft.series=Grundriss+der+indo-arischen+Philologie+und+Altertumskunde%2C+3.6&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandekar1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Narayan_Dandekar" title="Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar">Dandekar, R. N.</a> (1987) [Rev. ed. 2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2">"Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion: 16 Volume Set</i>. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+16+Volume+Set&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Dandekar&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1922–1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Surendranath</a> (1922–1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/history-indian-philosophy-vol-i"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Vol. 1–5. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922%2F1955&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianculture.gov.in%2Freports-proceedings%2Fhistory-indian-philosophy-vol-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96713">Vol. 1</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57593">Vol. 2</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57392">Vol. 3</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231099">Vol. 4</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyVol5/page/n1/mode/2up">Vol. 5.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; et al., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Springfield, Ca: Merriam-Webster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877790440" title="Special:BookSources/9780877790440"><bdi>9780877790440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Ca&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780877790440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1915" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, John Nicol (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm00farquoft"><i>Modern religious movements in India</i></a>. New York: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+religious+movements+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=John+Nicol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernreligiousm00farquoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2011). <i>The Continuum companion to Hindu studies</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Gonda, Jan</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ"><i>Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8"><bdi>978-1-4742-8080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visnuism+and+Sivaism%3A+A+Comparison&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HGXjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass1991" class="citation cs2">Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fImMZMqNIC"><i>Tradition and Reflection</i></a>, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791403617" title="Special:BookSources/9780791403617"><bdi>9780791403617</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Reflection&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780791403617&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fImMZMqNIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Hardy, Friedhelm E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism">"Kṛṣṇaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion: 16 Volume Set</i>. Vol. 8. New York: MacMillan. pp. 387–392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3"><bdi>978-0-02897-135-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87aism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+16+Volume+Set&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=387-392&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02897-135-3&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fkrsnaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Hinduism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</i></a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1762-5"><bdi>0-7007-1762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-40&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1762-5&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, W. J. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250"><i>A Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861025-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001%2Facref-9780198610250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott1998" class="citation cs2">Knott, Kim (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC"><i>Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191606458" title="Special:BookSources/9780191606458"><bdi>9780191606458</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780191606458&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp4kzNzII3zAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2008" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Ramdas (2008). <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7"><bdi>978-0-415-45677-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45677-7&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMādhava_Āchārya1882" class="citation book cs1">Mādhava Āchārya (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell"><i>The Sarva-Darśana-Saṃgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy</i></a>. Trübner's Oriental Series. Translated by E.B. Cowell and A.E. Gough. London: Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarva-Dar%C5%9Bana-Sa%E1%B9%83graha+or+Review+of+the+Different+Systems+of+Hindu+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.series=Tr%C3%BCbner%27s+Oriental+Series&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1882&rft.au=M%C4%81dhava+%C4%80ch%C4%81rya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FSarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Axel_Michaels" title="Axel Michaels">Michaels, Axel</a> (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An encyclopedia</i>. Ethnic Groups of the World. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+encyclopedia&rft.series=Ethnic+Groups+of+the+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopular_Prakashan2000" class="citation book cs1">Popular Prakashan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=smarta+shankara"><i>Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.au=Popular+Prakashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPP7O3nb3g0C%26q%3Dsmarta%2Bshankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2"><i>Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Rosen" title="Steven J. Rosen">Rosen, Steven</a> (2006), <i>Essential Hinduism</i>, Westport: Praeger Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praeger+Publ.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonGoldberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen, eds. (2014). <i>Gurus of modern yoga</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993871-1"><bdi>978-0-19-993871-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861692270">861692270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurus+of+modern+yoga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861692270&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993871-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattwanandan.d." class="citation book cs1">Tattwananda, Swami (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128453"><i>Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship</i></a>. Calcutta: Nirmalendra Bikash Sen Gupta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Nirmalendra+Bikash+Sen+Gupta&rft.aulast=Tattwananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.128453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Werner, Karel</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ"><i>A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a> (1997 rev. ed.). Surrey: Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1049-3"><bdi>0-7007-1049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Surrey&rft.edition=1997+rev.&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7007-1049-3&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvuQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_denominations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism"><i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbrill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+denominations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects">Overview of the four divisions of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615194002/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1200.htm">Description of four denominations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_reform_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template talk:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_reform_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Reform movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda movement">Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Anandamayee Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda#Organizations_founded" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Foundation">Hanuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyashodhak_Samaj" title="Satyashodhak Samaj">Satyashodhak Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li> <li>Shirdi Sai Baba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyaya_Movement" title="Swadhyaya Movement">Swadhyay Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" title="Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi" title="Ghar Wapsi">Ghar Wapsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> and <br /> revivalist writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gururaj_Ananda_Yogi" title="Gururaj Ananda Yogi">Ananda Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anukulchandra_Chakravarty" title="Anukulchandra Chakravarty">Anukulchandra Chakravarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Maa" title="Boro Maa">Boro Maa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Mata" title="Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Hariharananda Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhguru" title="Sadhguru">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Kalki Bhagawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj" title="Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba" title="Neem Karoli Baba">Neem Karoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li>Ram Chandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Sen, K. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Tagore, D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Vaswani" title="Sadhu Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vipulananda" title="Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_revivalists" title="Category:Hindu revivalists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence of Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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128.860 1 Template:Hinduism_small"," 6.68% 107.965 3 Template:IAST"," 6.57% 106.137 3 Template:Transliteration"," 6.57% 106.058 12 Template:ISBN"," 4.86% 78.534 12 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.994","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18805460,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._K._Ramanujan1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAitamurto2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndré_Wink1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndré_Wink2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApte1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsha_Kalia1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarringtonKendrickSchlagintweit2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhandarkar1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBühnemann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandekar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1922–1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubois2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarquhar1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinbarr_Barry_Flood2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederick_J._Simoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller_Christopher_John2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Lundskow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfass1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurleyHurley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Fuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Sivaraman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Skoog1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai_Ah_Eng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonJacobsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_KemmererAnthony_J._Nocella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Clarke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_James_Clark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittal,_S._G._R._Thursby2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunavalli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMādhava_Āchārya1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopular_Prakashan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrem_Prakash1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajendra_Prasad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRambachan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghFenech2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingletonGoldberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwanandan.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissMaurer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoccarelli2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Denominations\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 11,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu reform movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism_small\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Increase\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 84,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Steady\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-t7d2j","timestamp":"20241128173443","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hindu denominations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_denominations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1318257","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1318257","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-12T20:51:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T17:44:26Z","headline":"sects within Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>