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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Opone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Opone – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Opone" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Οπώνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπώνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opone" title="Opone – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opone" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opone" title="Opone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opone" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient proto-Somali trading center</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical city. For the modern city, see <a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a>.</div> <table class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin-left: inherit; background:#DEB887; text-align:center; font-size: medium;">Ancient<br /><b>Opone</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="."><img alt="." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/250px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/375px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/500px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Location</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>City-state existed:</b> </td> <td>1st millennium BC–500 AD </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Opone</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀπώνη ἐμπόριον</span>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporium</a> located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. It is primarily known for its trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a>, and the states of <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historic port has been identified with the city of <a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a> through archaeological remains.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that it corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> as known by the ancient Egyptians during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_trade">History and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime history of Somalia</a></div><p>Opone, like other city-states such as <a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a>, came into existence with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobian</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pottery found in Oponean <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> date back to the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> that flourished between the 16th and 11th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its major periods of activity were during the 1st century BC and the 3rd to the 5th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opone was mentioned by an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> merchant in the 1st century AD <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i>. The town is featured in the ancient document's thirteenth entry, which in part states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And then, after sailing four hundred <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_weights_and_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek weights and measures">stadia</a> along a promontory, toward which place the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a> also draws you, there is another market-town called Opone, into which the same things are imported as those already mentioned, and in it, the greatest quantity of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> is produced, (the arebo and moto), and a great quantity of <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoiseshell material">tortoiseshell</a>, better than that found elsewhere.</p></blockquote> <p>Opone served as a port of call for merchants from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataea">Nabataea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it sat at a strategic location along the coastal route from the <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mochan</a> trading center of Azania to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Merchants from as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> passed through the city, exchanging spices, silks, and other goods, before departing south for Azania or north to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> that spanned the length of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>'s rim. As early as 50 AD, it was well known as a center for the <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> trade, along with the barter of <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, exotic <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">animal skins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_remains">Archaeological remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> pottery has been recovered from the site by an <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> team from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chittick" title="Neville Chittick">Neville Chittick</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>, initiated the British-Somali expedition where he and his <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> colleagues encountered remains of ancient <a href="/wiki/Drystone_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Drystone wall">drystone walls</a>, houses with <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a>, and the location of the old <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Periplus of Erythraean Sea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuch1924" class="citation book cs1">Buch, Maganlal Amritlal (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGlMAAAAMAAJ"><i>Economic Life in Ancient India: A Systematic Survey</i></a>. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Life+in+Ancient+India%3A+A+Systematic+Survey&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Buch&rft.aufirst=Maganlal+Amritlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGlMAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdron2017" class="citation book cs1">Valdron, D. G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z14EAAAQBAJ&q=trading+post+Opone+"><i>Dawn of Cthulhu: Strange Realities, Volume 1</i></a>. Fossil Cove Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9879061-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9879061-5-1"><bdi>978-0-9879061-5-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+Cthulhu%3A+Strange+Realities%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Fossil+Cove+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9879061-5-1&rft.aulast=Valdron&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Z14EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrading%2Bpost%2BOpone%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2008" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&q=Opone+hafun+"><i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75196-1"><bdi>978-0-470-75196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-470-75196-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HKDtlPuM2oC%26q%3DOpone%2Bhafun%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/punt/">"Punt"</a>. <i>Ancient History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Punt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpunt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlückigerHanbury2014" class="citation book cs1">Flückiger, Friedrich August; Hanbury, Daniel (2014-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTTeAgAAQBAJ&q=opone+punt&pg=PA136"><i>Pharmacographia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108069304" title="Special:BookSources/9781108069304"><bdi>9781108069304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacographia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.isbn=9781108069304&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCckiger&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft.au=Hanbury%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTTeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dopone%2Bpunt%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich"><i>In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247246" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247246"><bdi>9780520247246</bdi></a>. <q>opone punt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Myths+%26+Heroes%3A+Exploring+Four+Epic+Legends+of+the+World&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247246&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmythsh00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8JZAAAAYAAJ&q=avalit%C3%A6&pg=PA107"><i>The Chautauquan: organ of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle</i></a>. Chautauqua Press. 1881. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chautauquan%3A+organ+of+the+Chautauqua+Literary+and+Scientific+Circle&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Chautauqua+Press&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8JZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Davalit%25C3%25A6%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlönen2024" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi (2024-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9PwEAAAQBAJ&q=Macrobians+Opone+"><i>The Horn Engaging the Gulf: Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3515-3"><bdi>978-0-7556-3515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horn+Engaging+the+Gulf%3A+Economic+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft+in+Regional+Relations&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-3515-3&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9PwEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMacrobians%2BOpone%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus1794" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus, Flavius</a> (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-ZBAQAAMAAJ&q=Opone+avalit%C3%A6"><i>The Whole Genuine and Complete Works of Flavius Josephus ...</i></a> William Durell. p. 687.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Genuine+and+Complete+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus+...&rft.pages=687&rft.pub=William+Durell&rft.date=1794&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-ZBAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DOpone%2Bavalit%25C3%25A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition 1975, Neville Chittick pg 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawRobert_Jameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Robert Jameson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=opone+tombs&pg=PA264"><i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. Wiley. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Robert+Jameson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26q%3Dopone%2Btombs%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1609404120">"Steam Workshop::Gedemo Opone City-State"</a>. <i>steamcommunity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=steamcommunity.com&rft.atitle=Steam+Workshop%3A%3AGedemo+Opone+City-State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fsharedfiles%2Ffiledetails%2F%3Fid%3D1609404120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opone&oldid=1254044978">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opone&oldid=1254044978</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Somalia" title="Category:Ancient Somalia">Ancient Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City-states" title="Category:City-states">City-states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Category:Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime history of Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan" title="Category:University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_geography_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa">Ancient Greek geography of East Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_of_Punt" title="Category:Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 04:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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