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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeochemical_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biogeochemical cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeochemical_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_Biogeochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_Biogeochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutionary Biogeochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_Biogeochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representative_books_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representative_books_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Representative books and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representative_books_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء جغرافية حيوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء جغرافية حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimya" title="Biogeokimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biogeokimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemi" title="Biogeokemi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biogeokemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemie" title="Biogeochemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biogeochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokeemia" title="Biogeokeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biogeokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιογεωχημεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιογεωχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemio" title="Biogeokemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biogeokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimika" title="Biogeokimika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biogeokimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زیست‌زمین‌شیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌زمین‌شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A9ochimie" title="Biogéochimie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biogéochimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생물지구화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물지구화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կենսաերկրաքիմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրաքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biogeokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochimica" title="Biogeochimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biogeochimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവഭൗമരസതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവഭൗമരസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk_d%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9-hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sĕng-ŭk dê-giù-huá-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk dê-giù-huá-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemie" title="Biogeochemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biogeochemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地球化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物地球化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimyo" title="Biogeokimyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biogeokimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemia" title="Biogeochemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biogeochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochimie" title="Biogeochimie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biogeochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemia" title="Biogeokemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biogeokemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemi" title="Biogeokemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biogeokemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ชีวธรณีเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวธรณีเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Биогеокимиё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биогеокимиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyojeokimya" title="Biyojeokimya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyojeokimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біогеохімія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біогеохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh địa hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh địa hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地球化学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物地球化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Biogeochemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Biogeochemistry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Biogeochemistry%22">"Biogeochemistry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Biogeochemistry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Biogeochemistry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Biogeochemistry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Biogeochemistry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Biogeochemistry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of chemical cycles of the earth that are either driven by or influence biological activity</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/260px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/390px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/520px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a>, founder of biogeochemistry</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biogeochemistry</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">scientific discipline</a> that involves the study of the <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>, the cycles of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and their interactions with and incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living things</a> transported through earth scale biological systems in space and time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus</a> cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biogeochemistry is a <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems science</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Greek">Early Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Greeks established the core idea of biogeochemistry that nature consists of cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th-19th_centuries">18th-19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th-19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agricultural interest in 18th-century soil chemistry led to better understanding of nutrients and their connection to biochemical processes. This relationship between the cycles of organic life and their chemical products was further expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Dumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Boussingault</a> in a 1844 paper that is considered an important milestone in the development of biogeochemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> first used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a></i> in 1802, and others continued to develop the concept throughout the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early climate research by scientists like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Joseph Fourier</a> began to link <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glaciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founder of modern biogeochemistry was <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> scientist whose 1926 book <i>The Biosphere</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a>, formulated a physics of the Earth as a living whole.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vernadsky distinguished three spheres, where a sphere was a concept similar to the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Phase-space" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-space">phase-space</a>. He observed that each sphere had its own laws of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, and that the higher spheres modified and dominated the lower: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">Abiotic</a> sphere – all the non-living energy and material processes</li> <li>Biosphere – the life processes that live within the abiotic sphere</li> <li>Nöesis or <a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a> – the sphere of human <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">cognitive process</a></li></ol> <p>Human activities (e.g., agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industry</a>) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere. In the contemporary environment, the amount of influence humans have on the other two spheres is comparable to a geological force (see <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>). </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemist</a> <a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a> is credited with outlining the broad scope and principles of this new field. More recently, the basic elements of the discipline of biogeochemistry were restated and popularized by the British scientist and writer, <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>, under the label of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_theory_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia theory (science)">Gaia Hypothesis</a></i>. Lovelock emphasized a concept that life processes regulate the Earth through <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> mechanisms to keep it habitable. The research of <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Schidlowski" title="Manfred Schidlowski">Manfred Schidlowski</a> was concerned with the biochemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Early Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeochemical_cycles">Biogeochemical cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biogeochemical cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/190px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/285px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/380px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">deep water cycle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Sequestration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">mycorrhizal fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests" title="Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests">Boreal forests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">human impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling" title="Lichens and nitrogen cycling">nitrogen and lichens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">Oxygen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">Calcium cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">Silica cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methane_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane cycle">Methane cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Other cycles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_cycle" title="Aluminum cycle">aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_cycle" title="Arsenic cycle">arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_cycle" title="Boron cycle">boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_cycle" title="Bromine cycle">bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_cycle" title="Cadmium cycle">cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_cycle" title="Chlorine cycle">chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_cycle" title="Chromium cycle">chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_cycle" title="Copper cycle">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_cycle" title="Fluorine cycle">fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cycle" title="Gold cycle">gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_cycle" title="Iodine cycle">iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_cycle" title="Lead cycle">lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_cycle" title="Lithium cycle">lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_cycle" title="Manganese cycle">manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone–oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vanadium_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vanadium Cycle">vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cycle" title="Zinc cycle">zinc</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogeochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cycling" title="Chemical cycling">chemical cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">Biosequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries#Biogeochemical" title="Planetary boundaries">Biogeochemical planetary boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_DAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC">DAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotraces" title="Geotraces">GEOTRACES</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMBER" title="IMBER">IMBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBM" title="NOBM">NOBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Ocean_Lower_Atmosphere_Study" title="Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study">SOLAS</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Category:Biogeochemical cycle">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar" title="Template:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a> are the pathways by which <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cycle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cycle">cycle</a> (are turned over or moved through) the <a href="/wiki/Biotic_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic components">biotic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> compartments of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The biotic compartment is the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and the abiotic compartments are the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. There are biogeochemical cycles for chemical elements, such as for <a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">sulfur</a>, as well as molecular cycles, such as for <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">silica</a>. There are also macroscopic cycles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">rock cycle</a>, and human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs). In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance can remain or be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequestered" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sequestered">sequestered</a> for a long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biogeochemistry research groups exist in many universities around the world. Since this is a highly <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines including: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">atmospheric sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">geomicrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil science</a>. These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>. </p><p>Many researchers investigate the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, as well as their <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a>. The cycles of <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trace_metal" title="Trace metal">trace metals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a>, are also studied. This research has obvious applications in the exploration of ore deposits and oil, and in the remediation of environmental pollution. </p><p>Some important research fields for biogeochemistry include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific model">modelling</a> of natural systems</li> <li>soil and water acidification recovery processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of surface waters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_change" title="Global change">global change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a></li> <li>biogeochemical prospecting for ore deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">soil chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical oceanography">chemical oceanography</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_Biogeochemistry">Evolutionary Biogeochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolutionary Biogeochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionary biogeochemistry is a branch of modern biogeochemistry that applies the study of biogeochemical cycles to the geologic history of the Earth. This field investigates the origin of biogeochemical cycles and how they have changed throughout the planet's history, specifically in relation to the evolution of life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Physical impacts of climate change">Physical impacts of climate change</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2020" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, William H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251"><i>Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change</i></a>. Emily S. Bernhardt (4th ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814609-5"><bdi>978-0-12-814609-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251">1183905251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogeochemistry+%3A+an+analysis+of+global+change&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183905251&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814609-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1183905251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorham1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gorham, Eville (1991-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002942">"Biogeochemistry: its origins and development"</a>. <i>Biogeochemistry</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 199–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00002942">10.1007/BF00002942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-515X">1573-515X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128563314">128563314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Biogeochemistry%3A+its+origins+and+development&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-239&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128563314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-515X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00002942&rft.aulast=Gorham&rft.aufirst=Eville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF00002942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bianchi, Thomas S. (2021-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-020-00708-0">"The evolution of biogeochemistry: revisited"</a>. <i>Biogeochemistry</i>. <b>154</b> (2): 141–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-020-00708-0">10.1007/s10533-020-00708-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-515X">1573-515X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227165026">227165026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+biogeochemistry%3A+revisited&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-181&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227165026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-515X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10533-020-00708-0&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10533-020-00708-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumasBoussingault1844" class="citation book cs1">Dumas, J.-B.; Boussingault, J. B. (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137099"><i>The chemical and physiological balance of organic nature; an essay</i></a> (The 3d ed., with new documents. ed.). London: H. Bailliere. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.137099">10.5962/bhl.title.137099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chemical+and+physiological+balance+of+organic+nature%3B+an+essay&rft.place=London&rft.edition=The+3d+ed.%2C+with+new+documents.&rft.pub=H.+Bailliere&rft.date=1844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.137099&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=J.-B.&rft.au=Boussingault%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F137099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bard, Edouard (2004-06-01). "Greenhouse effect and ice ages: historical perspective". <i>Comptes Rendus Geoscience</i>. <b>336</b> (7): 603–638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRGeo.336..603B">2004CRGeo.336..603B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2004.02.005">10.1016/j.crte.2004.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1631-0713">1631-0713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+effect+and+ice+ages%3A+historical+perspective&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=603-638&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.issn=1631-0713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crte.2004.02.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004CRGeo.336..603B&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry & the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907791-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-907791-36-0">0-907791-36-0</a> (originally published in Russian in 1924)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2020" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, William H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251"><i>Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change</i></a>. Emily S. Bernhardt (4th ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814609-5"><bdi>978-0-12-814609-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251">1183905251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogeochemistry+%3A+an+analysis+of+global+change&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183905251&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814609-5&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1183905251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Schidlowski" title="Manfred Schidlowski">Manfred Schidlowski</a>: <i>[?via%3Dihub Carbon isotopes as biochemical recorders of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history: Evolution of a concept]</i>. In: <a href="/wiki/Precambrian_Research" title="Precambrian Research">Precambrian Research</a>. Vol. 106, Issues 1-2, 1 February 2001, pages 117-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moses2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses, M. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/biogeochemical_cycles">Biogeochemical cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122221017/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycles">Archived</a> 2021-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth" title="Encyclopedia of Earth">Encyclopedia of Earth</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher M. R. (Ed.) (2019) <i>Environmental Biology</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/">3.2 Biogeochemical Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040314/https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/">Archived</a> 2021-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OpenStax. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">"Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0"</a>. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F4.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles">Biogeochemical Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040316/https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles">Archived</a> 2021-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>OpenStax</i>, 9 May 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">"Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0"</a>. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F4.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashkinHowarth2002" class="citation book cs1">Bashkin, Vladimir N.; Howarth, Robert W. (2002). <i>Modern biogeochemistry</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0992-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-0992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+biogeochemistry&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publ&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0992-1&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+N.&rft.au=Howarth%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representative_books_and_publications">Representative books and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Representative books and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry and the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907791-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-907791-36-0">0-907791-36-0</a> (originally published in Russian in 1924)</li> <li>Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-625155-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-625155-X">0-12-625155-X</a>.</li> <li>Schlesinger, W. H., 2005. Biogeochemistry. Vol. 8 in: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044642-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-044642-6">0-08-044642-6</a></li> <li>Vladimir N. Bashkin, 2002, Modern Biogeochemistry. Kluwer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0992-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0992-5">1-4020-0992-5</a>.</li> <li>Samuel S. Butcher et al. (Eds.), 1992, Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-147685-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-147685-5">0-12-147685-5</a>.</li> <li>Susan M. Libes, 1992, Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry. Wiley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-50946-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-50946-9">0-471-50946-9</a>.</li> <li>Dmitrii Malyuga, 1995, Biogeochemical Methods of Prospecting. Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-10682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-10682-8">978-0-306-10682-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/">[1]</a>. A journal published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenMcAlister2017" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, Jay T.; McAlister, Jason (2017). "Chapter 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (eds.). <i>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110434330-002">10.1515/9783110434330-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28731295">28731295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+Biogeochemistry+of+Lead.+Its+Release+to+the+Environment+and+Chemical+Speciation&rft.btitle=Lead%3A+Its+Effects+on+Environment+and+Health&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110434330-002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28731295&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Jay+T.&rft.au=McAlister%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiogeochemistry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woolman, T. A., & John, C. Y., 2013, An Analysis of the Use of Predictive Modeling with Business Intelligence Systems for Exploration of Precious Metals Using Biogeochemical Data. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research (IJBIR), 4(2), 39-53.v <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.igi-global.com/article/content/78275">[2]</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/west/home/geosciences?SGWID=4-10006-70-35757517-0"><i>Biogeochemistry</i></a>. A journal published by Springer.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113141704/http://www.treatiseongeochemistry.com/contents/vol8.html">Treatise on Geochemistry Volume 8. Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igbp.net/">International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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