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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grekiska_antiken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grekiska_antiken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grekiska antiken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grekiska_antiken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1700-1800-talen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700-1800-talen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1700-1800-talen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700-1800-talen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900-talet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900-talet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1900-talet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900-talet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogeokemiska_kretslopp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeokemiska_kretslopp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biogeokemiska kretslopp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeokemiska_kretslopp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forskning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forskning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forskning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forskning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionär_biogeokemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionär_biogeokemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutionär biogeokemi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionär_biogeokemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vidare läsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidare_läsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biogeokemi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 36 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء جغرافية حيوية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء جغرافية حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimya" title="Biogeokimya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biogeokimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemi" title="Biogeokemi – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biogeokemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemie" title="Biogeochemie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biogeochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokeemia" title="Biogeokeemia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biogeokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιογεωχημεία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιογεωχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biogeochemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemio" title="Biogeokemio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biogeokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimika" title="Biogeokimika – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biogeokimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زیست‌زمین‌شیمی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌زمین‌شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biog%C3%A9ochimie" title="Biogéochimie – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biogéochimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생물지구화학 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물지구화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կենսաերկրաքիմիա – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրաքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biogeokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochimica" title="Biogeochimica – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biogeochimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവഭൗമരസതന്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവഭൗമരസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk_d%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9-hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sĕng-ŭk dê-giù-huá-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk dê-giù-huá-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemie" title="Biogeochemie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biogeochemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地球化学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物地球化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokimyo" title="Biogeokimyo – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biogeokimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemia" title="Biogeochemia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biogeochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Biogeoquímica – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biogeoquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochimie" title="Biogeochimie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biogeochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биогеохимия – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биогеохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeokemia" title="Biogeokemia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biogeokemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ชีวธรณีเคมี – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวธรณีเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Биогеокимиё – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биогеокимиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyojeokimya" title="Biyojeokimya – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyojeokimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біогеохімія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біогеохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh địa hóa học – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh địa hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地球化学 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物地球化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Biogeokemi</b> är <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskapen</a> om <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geokemi" title="Geokemi">geokemiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">kemiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik">fysikaliska</a> processer som styr de <a href="/wiki/Grund%C3%A4mne" title="Grundämne">kemiska grundämnenas</a> och föreningarnas flöden i naturen. Huvudfokus inom biogeokemin är att studera flöden, <a href="/wiki/Biogeokemiskt_kretslopp" title="Biogeokemiskt kretslopp">biogeokemiska kretslopp</a>, av kemiska grundämnen i och mellan olika delar av jordens beståndsdelar: <a href="/wiki/Biosf%C3%A4r" title="Biosfär">biosfären</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A4ren" title="Hydrosfären">hydrosfären</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4ren" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfären">atmosfären</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryosf%C3%A4ren" title="Kryosfären">kryosfären</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedosf%C3%A4ren" title="Pedosfären">pedosfären</a> och <a href="/wiki/Litosf%C3%A4r" title="Litosfär">litosfären</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vnb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vnb-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I synnerhet är biogeokemi studiet av cykler av kemiska element som <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kol</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A4ve" title="Kväve">kväve</a>, och deras interaktioner med och införlivande i levande objekt som transporteras genom biologiska system i jordskala i rum och tid. Fältet fokuserar på kemiska kretslopp som antingen drivs av eller påverkar biologisk aktivitet. Särskild vikt läggs vid studiet av kol-, kväve-, <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syre</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a>-, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn">järn</a>- och <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforcykler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biogeokemi är en systemvetenskap som är nära besläktad med systemekologi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grekiska_antiken">Grekiska antiken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grekiska antiken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grekiska antiken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidiga greker etablerade kärntanken med biogeokemi att naturen består av cykler.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700-1800-talen">1700-1800-talen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: 1700-1800-talen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: 1700-1800-talen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jordbruksintresset av 1700-talets <a href="/wiki/Markkemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Markkemi">markkemi</a> ledde till bättre förståelse för <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rings%C3%A4mne" title="Näringsämne">näringsämnen</a> och deras koppling till biokemiska processer. Detta förhållande mellan kretsloppen av organiskt liv och deras kemiska produkter utökades ytterligare av <i><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Dumas</a> och <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Boussingault</a></i> i en uppsats från 1844 som anses vara en viktig milstolpe i utvecklingen av biogeokemi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Baptiste Lamarck använde först termen biosfär 1802, och andra fortsatte att utveckla konceptet under hela 1800-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidig klimatforskning av forskare som Charles Lyell, John Tyndall och Joseph Fourier började koppla samman glaciation, väderpåverkan och klimat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900-talet">1900-talet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: 1900-talet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: 1900-talet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/300px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/450px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg/600px-1934-V_I_Vernadsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadskij" title="Vladimir Vernadskij">Vladimir Vernadskij</a>, grundare av biogeokemin</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Grundaren av modern biogeokemi var <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadskij" title="Vladimir Vernadskij">Vladimir Vernadskij</a>, en rysk och ukrainsk vetenskapsman vars bok <i>The Biosphere </i>från 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enligt Mendeleevs tradition, formulerade en fysik om jorden som en levande helhet.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vernadsky särskiljde tre sfärer, där en sfär var ett begrepp som liknar begreppet ett fasrum. Han observerade att varje sfär hade sina egna utvecklingslagar och att de högre sfärerna modifierade och dominerade de lägre: </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abiotisk_sf%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abiotisk sfär [inte skriven än]">Abiotisk sfär</a> – alla icke-levande energi- och materialprocesser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosf%C3%A4r" title="Biosfär">Biosfär</a> – de livsprocesser som lever inom den abiotiska sfären</li> <li>Nöesis eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noosf%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noosfär [inte skriven än]">noosfär</a> – den mänskliga kognitiva processens sfär</li></ol> <p>Mänskliga aktiviteter (till exempel <a href="/wiki/Jordbruk" title="Jordbruk">jordbruk</a> och industri) förändrar biosfären och den abiotiska sfären. I den samtida miljön är mängden inflytande människor har på de andra två sfärerna jämförbar med en geologisk kraft (se <a href="/wiki/Antropocen" title="Antropocen">Antropocen</a>). Den amerikanske limnologen och geokemisten G. Evelyn Hutchinson har tillskrivets beskrivningen av den breda omfattningen och principerna för detta nya område. På senare tid har de grundläggande delarna av disciplinen biogeokemi omformulerats och populariserats av den brittiske vetenskapsmannen och författaren, <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>, under etiketten <a href="/wiki/Gaiateori" title="Gaiateori"> Gaia Hypothesis</a>. Lovelock betonar ett koncept om att livsprocesser reglerar jorden genom återkopplingsmekanismer för att hålla den beboelig. Manfred Schidlowskis forskning handlade om den tidiga jordens biokemi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeokemiska_kretslopp">Biogeokemiska kretslopp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biogeokemiska kretslopp" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biogeokemiska kretslopp"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biogeokemiska kretslopp är de vägar genom vilka kemiska ämnen cirkulerar (vänds eller förs genom) de biotiska och abiotiska avdelningarna på jorden. Den biotiska avdelningen är biosfären och de abiotiska avdelningarna är <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfär">atmosfären</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A4ren" title="Hydrosfären">hydrosfären</a> och <a href="/wiki/Litosf%C3%A4r" title="Litosfär">litosfären</a>. Det finns biogeokemiska kretslopp för kemiska grundämnen, som <a href="/wiki/Kalcium" title="Kalcium">kalcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kol</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4te" title="Väte">väte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvicksilver" title="Kvicksilver">kvicksilver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A4ve" title="Kväve">kväve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selen" title="Selen">selen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn">järn</a> och <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a>, såväl som molekylära cykler, som för <a href="/wiki/Vatten" title="Vatten">vatten</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kiseldioxid" title="Kiseldioxid">kiseldioxid</a>. Det finns också makroskopiska cykler, som stencykeln, och mänskliga inducerade cykler för syntetiska föreningar som <a href="/wiki/Polyklorerade_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerade bifenyler">polyklorerade bifenyler</a> (PCB). I vissa cykler finns det reservoarer där ett ämne kan förbli eller bindas under en lång tid.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses2012-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskning">Forskning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Forskning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Forskning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forskningsgrupper för biogeokemi finns på många universitet runt om i världen. Eftersom detta är ett mycket tvärvetenskapligt område är dessa belägna inom ett brett spektrum av värddiscipliner som atmosfärsvetenskap, <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologi</a>, geomikrobiologi, <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B6kemi" title="Miljökemi">miljökemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanografi" title="Oceanografi">oceanografi</a> och markvetenskap. Dessa är ofta indelade i större discipliner som geovetenskap och miljövetenskap. Många forskare undersöker de biogeokemiska kretsloppen för kemiska grundämnen som kol, syre, kväve, fosfor och svavel, samt deras stabila isotoper. Spårelementens kretslopp, som spårmetaller och <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklider</a>, studeras också. Denna forskning har uppenbara tillämpningar vid prospektering av malmfyndigheter och olja, och vid sanering av miljöföroreningar. </p><p>Några viktiga forskningsområden för biogeokemi är: </p> <ul><li>modellering av naturliga system</li> <li>återvinningsprocesser för jord- och vattenförsurning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrofiering" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrofiering">eutrofiering</a> av ytvatten</li> <li>kolbindning</li> <li>miljösanering</li> <li>global förändring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimatf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ndring" title="Klimatförändring">klimatförändringar</a></li> <li>biogeokemisk prospektering efter malmfyndigheter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markkemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Markkemi">markkemi</a></li> <li>kemisk oceanografi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionär_biogeokemi"><span id="Evolution.C3.A4r_biogeokemi"></span>Evolutionär biogeokemi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Evolutionär biogeokemi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Evolutionär biogeokemi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionär biogeokemi är en gren av modern biogeokemi som tillämpar studiet av biogeokemiska cykler på jordens geologiska historia. Detta fält undersöker ursprunget till biogeokemiska cykler och hur de har förändrats genom planetens historia, särskilt i relation till livets utveckling.<sup id="cite_ref-vnb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vnb-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surt_regn" title="Surt regn">Surt regn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kols%C3%A4nka" title="Kolsänka">Kolsänka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geokemi" title="Geokemi">Geokemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiateori" title="Gaiateori">Gaiateori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ljder_av_den_globala_uppv%C3%A4rmningen" title="Följder av den globala uppvärmningen">Följder av den globala uppvärmningen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Engelskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogeochemistry&oldid=1187554397">30 november 2023</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vnb-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-vnb_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vnb_1-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBashkin2002">Bashkin, Vladimir, N. (2002) (på Engelska). <i><span>Modern Biogeochemistry</span></i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-4020-0992-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-4020-0992-5">ISBN 1-4020-0992-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Biogeochemistry&rft.aulast=Bashkin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir%2C+N.&rft.au=Bashkin%2C+Vladimir%2C+N.&rft.date=2002&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.isbn=1-4020-0992-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whs-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-whs_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whs_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSchlesinger2020">Schlesinger, William H. (2020). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251">Biogeochemistry : an analysis of global change</a></i>. Emily S. Bernhardt (4th). London. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-12-814609-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-12-814609-5">ISBN 978-0-12-814609-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251">1183905251</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1183905251</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogeochemistry+%3A+an+analysis+of+global+change&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+William+H.&rft.date=2020&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=London&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1183905251&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814609-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1183905251&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFGorham1991">Gorham, Eville (1991-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002942">”Biogeochemistry: its origins and development”</a> (på engelska). <i>Biogeochemistry</i> 13 (3): sid. 199–239. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00002942">10.1007/BF00002942</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1573-515X">1573-515X</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002942">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002942</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biogeochemistry%3A+its+origins+and+development&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.aulast=Gorham&rft.aufirst=Eville&rft.au=Gorham%2C+Eville&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B199%E2%80%93239&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00002942&rft.issn=1573-515X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF00002942&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBianchi2021">Bianchi, Thomas S. (2021-06-01). ”The evolution of biogeochemistry: revisited” (på engelska). <i>Biogeochemistry</i> 154 (2): sid. 141–181. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-020-00708-0">10.1007/s10533-020-00708-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1573-515X">1573-515X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+biogeochemistry%3A+revisited&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+Thomas+S.&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B141%E2%80%93181&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10533-020-00708-0&rft.issn=1573-515X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDumasBoussingault1844">Dumas, J.-B.; Boussingault, J. B. (1844). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137099">The chemical and physiological balance of organic nature; an essay</a></i> (The 3d ed., with new documents.). London: H. Bailliere. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.137099">10.5962/bhl.title.137099</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137099">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137099</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chemical+and+physiological+balance+of+organic+nature%3B+an+essay&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=J.-B.&rft.au=Dumas%2C+J.-B.&rft.au=Boussingault%2C+J.+B.&rft.date=1844&rft.edition=The+3d+ed.%2C+with+new+documents.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Bailliere&rft_id=info:doi/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.137099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F137099&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBard2004">Bard, Edouard (2004-06-01). ”Greenhouse effect and ice ages: historical perspective” (på engelska). <i>Comptes Rendus Geoscience</i> 336 (7): sid. 603–638. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2004.02.005">10.1016/j.crte.2004.02.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1631-0713">1631-0713</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRGeo.336..603B">2004CRGeo.336..603B</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+effect+and+ice+ages%3A+historical+perspective&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Geoscience&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft.au=Bard%2C+Edouard&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B603%E2%80%93638&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.crte.2004.02.005&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004CRGeo.336..603B&rft.issn=1631-0713&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry & the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-907791-36-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-907791-36-0">ISBN 0-907791-36-0</a> (originally published in Russian in 1924)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schidlowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Schidlowski [inte skriven än]">Manfred Schidlowski</a>: <i>[?via%3Dihub Carbon isotopes as biochemical recorders of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history: Evolution of a concept]</i>. In: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precambrian_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precambrian Research [inte skriven än]">Precambrian Research</a>. Vol. 106, Issues 1-2, 1 February 2001, pages 117-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses2012-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Moses2012_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Moses, M. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/biogeochemical_cycles">Biogeochemical cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122221017/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycles">Arkiverad</a> 2021-11-22. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Earth [inte skriven än]">Encyclopedia of Earth</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Fisher M. R. (Ed.) (2019) <i>Environmental Biology</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/">3.2 Biogeochemical Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040314/https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/3-2-biogeochemical-cycles/">Arkiverad</a> 2021-09-27, OpenStax. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">”Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0”</a>. <i><span>Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft.atitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F4.0%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles">Biogeochemical Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040316/https://cnx.org/contents/ZdFkREJc@7/Biogeochemical-Cycles">Arkiverad</a> 2021-09-27, <i>OpenStax</i>, 9 May 2019. <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">”Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0”</a>. <i><span>Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft.atitle=Creative+Commons+%E2%80%94+Attribution+4.0+International+%E2%80%94+CC+BY+4.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F4.0%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2007, Essays on Geochemistry and the Biosphere, tr. Olga Barash, Santa Fe, NM, Synergetic Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-907791-36-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-907791-36-0">ISBN 0-907791-36-0</a> (originally published in Russian in 1924)</li> <li>Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-12-625155-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-12-625155-X">ISBN 0-12-625155-X</a>.</li> <li>Schlesinger, W. H., 2005. Biogeochemistry. Vol. 8 in: Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-08-044642-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-08-044642-6">ISBN 0-08-044642-6</a></li> <li>Vladimir N. Bashkin, 2002, Modern Biogeochemistry. Kluwer, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-4020-0992-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-4020-0992-5">ISBN 1-4020-0992-5</a>.</li> <li>Samuel S. Butcher et al. (Eds.), 1992, Global Biogeochemical Cycles. Academic, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-12-147685-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-12-147685-5">ISBN 0-12-147685-5</a>.</li> <li>Susan M. Libes, 1992, Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry. Wiley, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-471-50946-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-471-50946-9">ISBN 0-471-50946-9</a>.</li> <li>Dmitrii Malyuga, 1995, Biogeochemical Methods of Prospecting. Springer, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-306-10682-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-306-10682-8">ISBN 978-0-306-10682-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.agu.org/journals/gb/">[1]</a>. A journal published by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Geophysical_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Geophysical Union [inte skriven än]">American Geophysical Union</a>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCullenMcAlister2017">Cullen, Jay T.; McAlister, Jason (2017). ”Chapter 2. Biogeochemistry of Lead. Its Release to the Environment and Chemical Speciation”. i Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O.. <i><span>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</span></i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. "17". de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110434330-002">10.1515/9783110434330-002</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2.+Biogeochemistry+of+Lead.+Its+Release+to+the+Environment+and+Chemical+Speciation&rft.atitle=Lead%3A+Its+Effects+on+Environment+and+Health&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Jay+T.&rft.au=Cullen%2C+Jay+T.&rft.au=McAlister%2C+Jason&rft.date=2017&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.volume=17&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft_id=info:doi/10.1515%2F9783110434330-002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Biogeokemi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Woolman, T. A., & John, C. Y., 2013, An Analysis of the Use of Predictive Modeling with Business Intelligence Systems for Exploration of Precious Metals Using Biogeochemical Data. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research (IJBIR), 4(2), 39-53.v <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.igi-global.com/article/content/78275">[2]</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/west/home/geosciences?SGWID=4-10006-70-35757517-0"><i>Biogeochemistry</i></a>. A journal published by Springer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biogeokemi&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biogeochemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biogeochemistry">biogeokemi</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113141704/http://www.treatiseongeochemistry.com/contents/vol8.html">Treatise on Geochemistry Volume 8. 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