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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="الأكاديمية الوطنية للطب (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأكاديمية الوطنية للطب (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальная акадэмія медыцыны ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальная акадэмія медыцыны ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="National Academy of Medicine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Academy of Medicine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Meditsiiniakadeemia" title="USA Meditsiiniakadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="USA Meditsiiniakadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Medicina_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Academia Nacional de Medicina (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia Nacional de Medicina (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Nacia_Akademio_de_Medicino" title="Usona Nacia Akademio de Medicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Nacia Akademio de Medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_de_m%C3%A9decine_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Académie nationale de médecine (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Académie nationale de médecine (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Academy of Medicine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="האקדמיה הלאומית לרפואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האקדמיה הלאומית לרפואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="الاكاديميه الوطنيه للطب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاكاديميه الوطنيه للطب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="全米医学アカデミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全米医学アカデミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Nacional_de_Medicina_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Academia Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ئەکادیمیای نەتەوەییی پزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکادیمیای نەتەوەییی پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Academy of Medicine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" title="Institute of Medicine – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Institute of Medicine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_T%C4%B1p_Akademisi" title="Ulusal Tıp Akademisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Tıp Akademisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家医学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国国家医学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4352382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Academy_of_Medicine&params=38.8968_N_77.0194_W_dim:100"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.8968°N 77.0194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.8968; -77.0194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American medical society</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Institute of Medicine (disambiguation)">Institute of Medicine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Academy_of_Medicine&params=38.8968_N_77.0194_W_dim:100"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.8968°N 77.0194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.8968; -77.0194</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Academy of Medicine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Institute of Medicine logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png/220px-National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png/330px-National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png/440px-National_Academy_of_Medicine_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1970<span class="noprint">; 54 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970</span>)</span> (as 'Institute of Medicine')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dzau" title="Victor Dzau">Victor Dzau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nam.edu">nam<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Institute of Medicine</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Academy of Medicine</b> (<b>NAM</b>), known as the <b>Institute of Medicine</b> (<b>IoM</b>) until 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">non-governmental organization</a>. The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (NAS), <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (NAE), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a> (NASEM). </p><p>Operating outside the framework of the U.S. federal government, it relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and other experts, operating under a formal <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-review</a> system. As a <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a>, the organization annually elects new members with the help of its current members; the election is based on the members' distinguished and continuing achievements in a relevant field as well as for their willingness to participate actively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institute was founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> as the Institute of Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_NAM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_NAM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28, 2015, NAS membership voted in favor of reconstituting the membership of the IOM as a new National Academy of Medicine and establishing a new division on health and medicine within the NRC that has the program activities of the IOM at its core. These changes took effect on July 1, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Academies attempt to obtain authoritative, objective, and scientifically balanced answers to difficult questions of national importance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists—leading national and international experts—who serve without compensation. Committees are chosen to assure the requisite expertise and avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by committee undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Dzau" title="Victor Dzau">Victor Dzau</a> is President and Chairman of the Council. His six-year term began on July 1, 2014. The Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer is <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_McGinnis" title="J. Michael McGinnis">J. Michael McGinnis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The majority of studies and other activities are requested and funded by the federal government. Private industry, foundations, and state and local governments also initiate studies, as does the academy itself. Reports are made available online for free by the publishing arm of the United States National Academies, the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>, in multiple formats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The academy is both an honorific membership organization and a policy research organization. Its members, elected on the basis of their professional achievement and commitment to service, serve without compensation in the conduct of studies and other activities on matters of significance to health. Election to active membership is both an honor and a commitment to serve in Institute affairs. The bylaws specify that no more than 80 new members shall be elected annually, including 10 from outside the United States. The announcement of newly elected members occurs at the Annual Meeting in October. As of October 20, 2015, the number of regular members plus international and emeritus members is 2,012.<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_NAM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_NAM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusual diversity of talent among NAM members is assured by the charter stipulation that at least one-quarter be selected from outside the health professions, from such fields as the natural, social, and behavioral sciences, as well as law, administration, engineering, and the humanities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> called the NAM (then called the IOM) the United States' "most esteemed and authoritative adviser on issues of health and medicine, and its reports can transform medical thinking around the world".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NAM_Perspectives"><i>NAM Perspectives</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NAM Perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NAM publishes a weekly periodical, <i>NAM Perspectives</i>, described as "a venue for leading health, medical, science, and policy experts to reflect on issues and opportunities important to the advancement of the NAM's mission". Papers present evidence-based descriptions and individual viewpoints on strategies and priorities, and must be accessible to a broad audience.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarnat_Prize" title="Sarnat Prize">Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health</a> (Sarnat Prize) was established in 1992 and is awarded annually by the Academy to recognize individuals, groups, or organizations for outstanding achievement in improving mental health. It is accompanied by a medal and $20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members,_past_and_present"><span id="Notable_members.2C_past_and_present"></span>Notable members, past and present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable members, past and present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Amos" title="Harold Amos">Harold Amos</a>, microbiologist and professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Andrews_(biologist)" title="Nancy Andrews (biologist)">Nancy Andrews</a>, Dean of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Duke University School of Medicine">Duke University School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Baccarelli" title="Andrea Baccarelli">Andrea Baccarelli</a>, Professor and Chair of Environmental Health Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and President of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, biologist and winner of 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for co-discovery of <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Flatley_Brennan" title="Patricia Flatley Brennan">Patricia Flatley Brennan</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_N._Brown" title="Emery N. Brown">Emery N. Brown</a>, statistician, neuroscientist, and anesthesiologist, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_of_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology">Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namandj%C3%A9_Bumpus" title="Namandjé Bumpus">Namandjé Bumpus</a>, pharmacologist and the Chief Scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Butte" title="Atul Butte">Atul Butte</a>, pediatrician and scientist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Califf" title="Robert Califf">Robert Califf</a>, cardiologist, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> Deputy Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a>, columnist and retired American neurosurgeon, former director of pediatric neurosurgery at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cerami" title="Anthony Cerami">Anthony Cerami</a>, pioneering medical researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_S._Charney" title="Dennis S. Charney">Dennis S. Charney</a>, dean of the <a href="/wiki/Icahn_School_of_Medicine_at_Mount_Sinai" title="Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai School of Medicine</a> in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cleaveland" title="Sarah Cleaveland">Sarah Cleaveland</a>, veterinary epidemiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Plummer_Cobb" title="Jewel Plummer Cobb">Jewel Plummer Cobb</a>, cell biologist and President of <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University, Fullerton</a>, 1981–90</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins_(geneticist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Collins (geneticist)">Francis Collins</a>, geneticist, leader in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> and Director of <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collins_(bioengineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Collins (bioengineer)">Jim Collins</a>, synthetic biology pioneer and <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur</a> genius</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Cosgrove" title="Toby Cosgrove">Toby Cosgrove</a>, cardiothoracic surgeon, inventor, and CEO, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Daly_(scientist)" title="Mark Daly (scientist)">Mark Daly</a>, statistician and human geneticist, professor of genetics at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Davis" title="Kenneth L. Davis">Kenneth L. Davis</a>, author, medical researcher and CEO of Mount Sinai Medical Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> Lienhard Award for Decades of Work Improving Public Health and Leadership in Shaping COVID-19 Pandemic Response</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Glantz" title="Stanton Glantz">Stanton A. Glantz</a>, Professor of Medicine (UCSF) and prominent tobacco control researcher and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Glick" title="Shimon Glick">Shimon Glick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben Gurion University</a>, endocrinology, internal medicine, medical education and medical ethics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farshid_Guilak" title="Farshid Guilak">Farshid Guilak</a>, Biomedical engineering and orthopaedic researcher, <a href="/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children" title="Shriners Hospitals for Children">Shriners Hospitals for Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamburg" title="Margaret Hamburg">Margaret Hamburg</a>, commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hawn" title="Mary Hawn">Mary Hawn</a>, chair of surgery at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a>, microbiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Huttenlocher" title="Anna Huttenlocher">Anna Huttenlocher</a>, a rheumatologist and cell biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ho (scientist)">David Ho</a>, a pioneer in the use of <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">protease inhibitors</a> in treating <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>-infected patients</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a>, winner of the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jaffe_(epidemiologist)" title="Harold Jaffe (epidemiologist)">Harold Jaffe</a>, physician, epidemiologist, and early HIV/AIDS researcher<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kellermann" title="Arthur Kellermann">Arthur Kellermann</a>, professor and founding chairman of the department of Emergency Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kleber" title="Herbert Kleber">Herbert Kleber</a>, professor of psychiatry, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Landrigan" title="Philip J. Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</a>, pediatrician and children's environmental health advocate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Lieberman" title="Jeffrey Lieberman">Jeffrey Lieberman</a>, chair of psychiatry, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>; president, <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Leibel" title="Rudolph Leibel">Rudolph Leibel</a>, MD, professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leptin_receptor" title="Leptin receptor">leptin receptor</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_H._Lichtenstein" title="Alice H. Lichtenstein">Alice H. Lichtenstein</a>, senior scientist and director of Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Human_Nutrition_Research_Center_on_Aging" title="Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging">Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging</a>, professor at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Lindquist" title="Susan Lindquist">Susan Lindquist</a>, a molecular biologist and former Director of the <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Markel" title="Howard Markel">Howard Markel</a>, George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonna_Mazet" title="Jonna Mazet">Jonna Mazet</a>, professor of epidemiology at <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine">UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine</a> and executive director of the <a href="/wiki/One_Health_Institute" title="One Health Institute">One Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" title="Maclyn McCarty">Maclyn McCarty</a>, youngest member of the research team responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment" title="Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment">Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherilyn_S._McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherilyn S. McCoy">Sherilyn S. McCoy</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon Products</a> and former Vice Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Medzhitov" title="Ruslan Medzhitov">Ruslan Medzhitov</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Immunobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunobiology">immunobiology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, co-discoverer of human <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll-like receptors">Toll-like receptors</a> (TLRs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._Meltzer" title="David O. Meltzer">David O. Meltzer</a>, Professor of Medicine and health economist at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a>, recipient of the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for discovery of impact of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_J._Morrison" title="Sean J. Morrison">Sean J. Morrison</a>, stem cell biologist and director of the Children's Medical Center Research Institute at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">UT Southwestern Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Needleman" title="Herbert Needleman">Herbert Needleman</a>, pediatrician and psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Nathan" title="Carl F. Nathan">Carl F. Nathan</a>, Professor of Immunology and Microbial <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medicine" title="Weill Cornell Medicine">Weill Cornell Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a>, 37th Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._Peppas" title="Nicholas A. Peppas">Nicholas A. Peppas</a>, pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">biomaterials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">drug delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Ranney" title="Megan Ranney">Megan Ranney</a>, emergency physician, deputy dean of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">Brown University School of Public Health</a>, public health leader and communicator<sup id="cite_ref-NAM20221017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAM20221017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Redlich" title="Frederick Redlich">Frederick Redlich</a>, dean of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a> from 1967 to 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a>, winner of the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rotimi" title="Charles Rotimi">Charles Rotimi</a>, epidemiologist and Chief & Senior Investigator at the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, economist and director of <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute" title="The Earth Institute">The Earth Institute</a> at Columbia University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Savitz" title="David A. Savitz">David A. Savitz</a>, director of the Disease Prevention and Public Health Institute at the Mount Sinai Medical Center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Smith_(physician)" title="Richard A. Smith (physician)">Richard A. Smith</a>, physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a>, former president of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Verghese" title="Abraham Verghese">Abraham Verghese</a>, novelist and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wakefield" title="Mary Wakefield">Mary Wakefield</a>, appointed administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration" title="Health Resources and Services Administration">Health Resources and Services Administration</a> (HRSA) by President Barack Obama in February 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C._Wallace" title="Douglas C. Wallace">Douglas C. Wallace</a>, geneticist and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">human mitochondrial genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weed" title="Lawrence Weed">Lawrence Weed</a>, creator of the problem-oriented <a href="/wiki/Medical_record" title="Medical record">medical record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Weinbaum" title="Sheldon Weinbaum">Sheldon Weinbaum</a>, biomedical engineer, <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">biofluid</a> mechanician and Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Weston_(physician)" title="Ben Weston (physician)">Ben Weston</a>, Chief Health Policy Advisor for <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee County">Milwaukee County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_Wildenthal" title="Kern Wildenthal">Kern Wildenthal</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical School">University of Texas Southwestern Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a>, sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Zerhouni" title="Elias Zerhouni">Elias Zerhouni</a>, former executive vice-dean of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a> and director of the National Institutes of Health under <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="List of members of the National Academy of Medicine">List of members of the National Academy of Medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150428172603/http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/IOM-to-become-NAM-Press-Release.aspx">"Institute of Medicine to Become National Academy of Medicine"</a>. 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Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1422352434" title="Special:BookSources/978-1422352434"><bdi>978-1422352434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Hunger&rft.btitle=The+Hungry+Gene%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Obesity+Industry&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1422352434&rft.au=Shell+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAM20221017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAM20221017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017193246/https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-2022/">"National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members"</a>. <i>National Academy of Medicine</i>. October 17, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-2022/">the original</a> on October 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=National+Academy+of+Medicine+Elects+100+New+Members&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnam.edu%2Fnational-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Academy+of+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/staff/Charles-N-Rotimi-PhD">"Charles N. Rotimi, Ph.D. | NHGRI"</a>. <i>www.genome.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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