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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Nouns and noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_and_verb_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_and_verb_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Verbs and verb phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_and_verb_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_and_adpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_and_adpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Case and adpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_and_adpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language spoken in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kholosi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan Province">Hormozgan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Anonby2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anonby2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Northwestern_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kholosi</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khol1241">khol1241</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a category on <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Kholosi_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Kholosi language">Kholosi language</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Kholosi</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken in two villages in southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> that was first described in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its current status, the language is considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. In 2008, it was only spoken in the neighboring villages of <a href="/wiki/Kholus" title="Kholus">Kholus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotav" title="Gotav">Gotav</a>. As it is located on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> and surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, it draws heavily from them.<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kholosi is definitively known to be an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> albeit with significant lexical borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> given its geographical location. At the lexical level, it seems to share vocabulary largely with the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are the source of other Indo-Aryan migrations to the Middle East such as <a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While no published phonology has been found on Kholosi, the following phonology has been constructed from examples provided in the sources below.<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rezaei_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rezaei-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anonby2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anonby2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>eː </td> <td> </td> <td>oː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td> </td> <td>ɑ ɑː </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kholosi also contains the diphthongs /ɑi, ɑw, ow/ and possibly others. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Labial </th> <th>Alveolar </th> <th>Postalveolar </th> <th>Retroflex </th> <th>Palatal </th> <th>Velar </th> <th>Glottal </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nasals </th> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>ɳ </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ* </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stops </th> <td>p b </td> <td>t d </td> <td>t͡ʃ d͡ʒ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>k ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fricatives </th> <td>f v </td> <td>s z </td> <td> </td> <td>ʂ </td> <td> </td> <td>x </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>Approximants </th> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Taps </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɽ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Trills </th> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note*</i>: The phonemes marked with an asterisk are assumed based on the structure of the attested phonemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anonby and Bahmani (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made some brief notes on Kholosi grammar, but so far no grammatical sketch nor a full grammar of the language has been documented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns_and_noun_phrases">Nouns and noun phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nouns and noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns have inherent <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and adjectives agree in gender with the head noun. Attributive <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> follow the head noun, unlike other Indo-Aryan languages. Numerals precede the head noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Rezaei_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rezaei-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs_and_verb_phrases">Verbs and verb phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbs and verb phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kholosi uses several <a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">light verbs</a> to form noun-verb compounds. This is a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>. </p><p>The adverb precedes the verb it modifies.<sup id="cite_ref-Rezaei_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rezaei-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_and_adpositions">Case and <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">adpositions</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Case and adpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kholosi has noun-suffixed <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> marker <i>-jo</i> which agrees with the gender of the possessor) as characteristic of Indo-Aryan languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kholosi is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verb-final&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verb-final (page does not exist)">verb-final</a> language with <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> word order.<sup id="cite_ref-Rezaei_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rezaei-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kholosi has roughly twice the number of Indo-Aryan terms in its basic lexicon than Iranian borrowings. The primary source of Iranian borrowings is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Larestani</a> and Bandari (in the same geographical area) also appear to have contributed vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-anonby_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>A high degree of similarity with Indo-Aryan languages</b> </p><p><i>Indo-Aryan vocabulary in Kholosi</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>guš</td> <td>kān</td> <td>kanu</td> <td>kan</td> <td>kān</td> <td>kan </td></tr> <tr> <td>stomach</td> <td>šekam</td> <td>pēt</td> <td>pēʈ</td> <td>pēʈ</td> <td>pētˤ</td> <td>per </td></tr> <tr> <td>throat</td> <td>galu</td> <td>nāɽi</td> <td>naɽī</td> <td>nəɽī</td> <td>qandī</td> <td>kerlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>neck</td> <td>gardan</td> <td>gēči</td> <td>ɠičī, ɠātō</td> <td>kand</td> <td>gər(ək)</td> <td>korr </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>xun</td> <td>rāt</td> <td>ratu</td> <td>rat</td> <td>rat</td> <td>rat </td></tr> <tr> <td>urine</td> <td>edrār, šāš</td> <td>meter</td> <td>muʈru</td> <td>mutar</td> <td>mutur</td> <td>muter </td></tr> <tr> <td>maternal uncle</td> <td>dāi</td> <td>momo</td> <td>māmo</td> <td>māmā</td> <td>mām</td> <td>kako </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>sag</td> <td>kotoro</td> <td>kutō</td> <td>kottrō</td> <td>snōta</td> <td>džukel </td></tr> <tr> <td>tail</td> <td>dom</td> <td>pēč</td> <td>pučʰu</td> <td>pučʰ(ɽi)</td> <td>panč(ək)</td> <td>porri </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake</td> <td>mār</td> <td>sap</td> <td>nā̃gu</td> <td>sap</td> <td>sap</td> <td>sap </td></tr> <tr> <td>meat</td> <td>gušt</td> <td>māz</td> <td>gūšt/mas</td> <td>gōs</td> <td>māsī</td> <td>mas </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg</td> <td>toxme morġ</td> <td>āɳo</td> <td>bēdō/ano</td> <td>īnō</td> <td>āna</td> <td>anro </td></tr> <tr> <td>dirt</td> <td>xāk</td> <td>māti</td> <td>miʈī/mati/dhur/dazu/mer</td> <td>maʈī</td> <td>dūl</td> <td>mel </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>āb</td> <td>puni</td> <td>pāɳī</td> <td>pāɳī</td> <td>pānī</td> <td>pani </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>bārān</td> <td>meh</td> <td>mīh̃ã</td> <td>βarsād</td> <td>wārsīnda</td> <td>brišind </td></tr> <tr> <td>old (thing)</td> <td>kohne</td> <td>peroɳo</td> <td>purāɳō, pōɽʰō, jhuni</td> <td>junō, purānō</td> <td>pnāra</td> <td>purano </td></tr> <tr> <td>heavy</td> <td>sangin</td> <td>gāwro</td> <td>ɠarō</td> <td>bʰāɽi</td> <td>grāna</td> <td>pharo </td></tr> <tr> <td>dry</td> <td>xošk</td> <td>sako</td> <td>suko</td> <td>sukō, sukelō</td> <td>—</td> <td>sukho </td></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td>syāh</td> <td>kāro</td> <td>kārō</td> <td>kārō</td> <td>qāla</td> <td>kalo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Kholosi Indo-Iranian vocabulary aligned with Indo-Aryan sound changes</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>dast</td> <td>hāt</td> <td>hatʰu</td> <td>hatʰ</td> <td>xašt</td> <td>vast </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>dandān</td> <td>dānd</td> <td>ᶑãndu</td> <td>dəndʰ</td> <td>dānd</td> <td>dand </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>māhi</td> <td>māči</td> <td>mačʰī</td> <td>məčʰī</td> <td>mačča</td> <td>mačho </td></tr> <tr> <td>star</td> <td>setāre</td> <td>taro</td> <td>tārō</td> <td>tārō</td> <td>yēldəz</td> <td>čerxaj </td></tr> <tr> <td>three</td> <td>seh</td> <td>tereda</td> <td>ʈī/tre</td> <td>trē</td> <td>trən</td> <td>trin </td></tr> <tr> <td>round</td> <td>gerd</td> <td>golāndo</td> <td>gōl</td> <td>gōl</td> <td>čōrm-</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>say</td> <td>goftan</td> <td>vetai</td> <td>čaβaɳ</td> <td>čōnũ</td> <td>ft-</td> <td>phen- </td></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>in</td> <td>he</td> <td>hī</td> <td>hī</td> <td>hā</td> <td>kado/a- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>A significant proportion of structures shared with neighbouring Iranian languages</b> </p><p><i>Iranian vocabulary in Kholosi</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>sar, kalle</td> <td>kallo</td> <td>matʰō</td> <td>matʰō</td> <td>sər</td> <td>šero </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>bini, damāġ</td> <td>domāġ</td> <td>naku</td> <td>pan</td> <td>nāk</td> <td>nakh </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td>ostoxān</td> <td>assaxān</td> <td>haɖō</td> <td>həɖ</td> <td>xar(ək)</td> <td>kokalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>barg</td> <td>barg</td> <td>panu</td> <td>pan</td> <td>kāġatˤ</td> <td>patrin </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td>riše</td> <td>rišo</td> <td>pāɽa</td> <td>mūɽ</td> <td>—</td> <td>drab </td></tr> <tr> <td>dust</td> <td>gard</td> <td>gard</td> <td>dʰuɽ</td> <td>rajj, dʰuɽ</td> <td>ġabare</td> <td>porrik </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud</td> <td>abr</td> <td>awr</td> <td>jʰuɽ, kakar</td> <td>βəɖar</td> <td>ġēm</td> <td>lučh </td></tr> <tr> <td>summer</td> <td>tābestān</td> <td>tābesān</td> <td>unahāɽo</td> <td>ūnārō</td> <td>awasār</td> <td>nilaj </td></tr> <tr> <td>winter</td> <td>zemestān</td> <td>zemesān</td> <td>siāro</td> <td>siyārō</td> <td>slāla</td> <td>jivend </td></tr> <tr> <td>iron</td> <td>āhan</td> <td>āhan</td> <td>lohu</td> <td>lō</td> <td>ḥadīd</td> <td>sastro </td></tr> <tr> <td>think</td> <td>fekr kard</td> <td>feker kai</td> <td>sōčaɳ</td> <td>sōčiɳũ</td> <td>fikr kar-</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Words illustrating the local character of Iranian vocabulary in Kholosi</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>scorpion</td> <td>aġrab</td> <td>akrab</td> <td>cf. Lārestani (Evaz), Keshmi akrab </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloud</td> <td>abr</td> <td>awr</td> <td>cf. Bushehri, Keshmi, S. Luri awr </td></tr> <tr> <td>sand</td> <td>šen, māse</td> <td>lamer</td> <td>cf. Lārestani (Lār) lamr </td></tr> <tr> <td>chicken</td> <td>morġ</td> <td>čūki</td> <td>cf. Lārestani (Lār) čikala </td></tr> <tr> <td>whistling</td> <td>sut</td> <td>fitak, sūt</td> <td>cf. Bandari (Bushehr) fike, Keshmi fištak </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lack of contrastive aspiration on stops in Kholosi</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kholosi_language#Aspirates_etc." title="Talk:Kholosi language">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>tall</td> <td>boland</td> <td>taɽgo</td> <td>ɖrigho</td> <td>lamō, dʰərgō</td> <td>dərga, drōnga</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin</td> <td>pust</td> <td>xāl</td> <td>kʰala, čamɽī</td> <td>čam, čamɽi</td> <td>qal</td> <td>morthi </td></tr> <tr> <td>cold</td> <td>sard</td> <td>tāzo</td> <td>tʰādʰō</td> <td>tʰādʰō</td> <td>sīlda</td> <td>tato </td></tr> <tr> <td>weave</td> <td>bāft</td> <td>sībai</td> <td>uɳaɳu</td> <td>sibʰīnũ</td> <td>sīw-</td> <td>khuv- </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>dast</td> <td>hāt</td> <td>hatʰu</td> <td>hatʰ</td> <td>xašt</td> <td>vast </td></tr> <tr> <td>tail</td> <td>dom</td> <td>pēč</td> <td>pučʰu</td> <td>pučʰ, pučʰ</td> <td>ɽipanč(ək)</td> <td>porri </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>māhi</td> <td>māči</td> <td>mačʰī</td> <td>məčʰī</td> <td>mačča</td> <td>mačho </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>A full fricative series in Kholosi</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>all</td> <td>hame</td> <td>sāf</td> <td>sabh <p>sabʰai </p> </td> <td>marē, mərē</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass</td> <td>alaf(/giyāh)</td> <td>xāz</td> <td>gāhu</td> <td>gā</td> <td>gās</td> <td>čar </td></tr> <tr> <td>ant</td> <td>murče</td> <td>moxoro</td> <td>makoɽo</td> <td>mākuɽō</td> <td>mōrī, mˤōri</td> <td>kiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>big</td> <td>bozorg</td> <td>vazzo</td> <td>Vaᶑō</td> <td>βaᶑō</td> <td>drōnga</td> <td>baro </td></tr> <tr> <td>near</td> <td>nazdik</td> <td>vāzo</td> <td>vējʰō</td> <td>bājūme</td> <td>čanč-</td> <td>paš- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lack of an implosive series in Kholosi</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>heavy</td> <td>sangin</td> <td>gāwro</td> <td>ɠarō</td> <td>bʰāɽi</td> <td>grāna</td> <td>pharo </td></tr> <tr> <td>neck</td> <td>gardan</td> <td>gēči</td> <td>ɠičī, ɠātō</td> <td>kand</td> <td>gər(ək)</td> <td>kerlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td>do</td> <td>bāro</td> <td>ɓa</td> <td>bə</td> <td>dī, dədī</td> <td>duj </td></tr> <tr> <td>buy</td> <td>xarid</td> <td>genai</td> <td>vathanu</td> <td>ɠəɳnũ</td> <td>pār-</td> <td>kin- </td></tr> <tr> <td>swell</td> <td>motavarrem šod</td> <td>sojo</td> <td>suʄaɳ</td> <td>soʄnũ</td> <td>—</td> <td>šuvľ- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Complex predicates in Kholosi</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>walk</td> <td>ġadam zad</td> <td>vāt viyo</td> <td>halaɳ</td> <td>halnũ</td> <td>raw-</td> <td>phir- </td></tr> <tr> <td>stand up</td> <td>boland šod</td> <td>bolan to</td> <td>bīhaɳ</td> <td>uʈʰinũ, ubʰotʰīnũ</td> <td>št-</td> <td>ašt- </td></tr> <tr> <td>lie down</td> <td>derāz kešid</td> <td>sɑ̄ to</td> <td>halaɳ</td> <td>halnũ</td> <td>—</td> <td>pašl- </td></tr> <tr> <td>fly</td> <td>parvāz kard</td> <td>pall kerɑmai</td> <td>uᶑraɳ, ūᶑaɳ</td> <td>uɖnũ</td> <td>fər-</td> <td>urn- </td></tr> <tr> <td>swim</td> <td>šenā kard</td> <td>šenow kai</td> <td>taraɳ</td> <td>βenjinũ, tar karīnũ</td> <td>—</td> <td>nan- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Distinctive structures in Kholosi</b> </p><p><i>Distinctive Kholosi vocabulary</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Persian</th> <th>Kholosi</th> <th>Sindhi</th> <th>Kutchi</th> <th>Domari</th> <th>Romani </th></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>mu</td> <td>lō</td> <td>βāra</td> <td>βāɽ</td> <td>wāl</td> <td>bal </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>dahān, dahan</td> <td>vāt</td> <td>muhũ, vat</td> <td>mō</td> <td>məh</td> <td>muj </td></tr> <tr> <td>knee</td> <td>zānu</td> <td>āɽak</td> <td>gōᶑō</td> <td>gū̃nʈʰō</td> <td>lūlək</td> <td>koč </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td>mard</td> <td>kozoro</td> <td>maɳʰū̃</td> <td>bʰāi māɽū, marad</td> <td>mnəs</td> <td>murš </td></tr> <tr> <td>child</td> <td>bače</td> <td>viyow</td> <td>ɓāru</td> <td>bačō</td> <td>qər, putr</td> <td>čhavo </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>sang</td> <td>rōxo</td> <td>paʈʰar</td> <td>paʈʰar, paʈʈʰar</td> <td>wāʈ</td> <td>barr </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td>āteš</td> <td>mangal</td> <td>bāhi</td> <td>ʈānɖʰō</td> <td>āg</td> <td>jag </td></tr> <tr> <td>small</td> <td>kuček</td> <td>nōko</td> <td>nanɖʰō</td> <td>nənɖʰo</td> <td>qətˤka</td> <td>cikno </td></tr> <tr> <td>full</td> <td>por</td> <td>dang</td> <td>bʰaryal</td> <td>bʰarelō, pūrō, saʄō</td> <td>bardˤa</td> <td>pherdo </td></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>yek</td> <td>poko</td> <td>hik</td> <td>akro</td> <td>yēka, yōka</td> <td>jekh </td></tr> <tr> <td>tie</td> <td>bastan</td> <td>pālai</td> <td>ɓadʰaɳ</td> <td>bandʰinũ</td> <td>—</td> <td>phand- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Anonby2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anonby2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anonby2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnonbyBahmani2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anonby, Erik; Bahmani, Hassan Mohebbi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/51233821/Anonby_MB_Kholosi_Academia.pdf">"Shipwrecked and Landlocked: A Description of Kholosi, an Indo-Aryan language of Southwest Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Iranian Linguistics</i>. Further Topics in Iranian Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+International+Conference+on+Iranian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Shipwrecked+and+Landlocked%3A+A+Description+of+Kholosi%2C+an+Indo-Aryan+language+of+Southwest+Iran&rft.volume=Further+Topics+in+Iranian+Linguistics&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anonby&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Bahmani%2C+Hassan+Mohebbi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F51233821%2FAnonby_MB_Kholosi_Academia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKholosi+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anonby-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anonby_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025848/http://bamling-research.de/data/2013-icil5/abstracts/Anonby_Mohebbi%20Bahmani_Shipwrecked%20and%20landlocked%20Discovery%20of%20an%20Indo-Aryan%20language%20in%20southwest%20Iran_ICIL5.pdf">"Shipwrecked and landlocked : Discovery of an Indo-Aryan language in southwest Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bamling-research.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bamling-research.de/data/2013-icil5/abstracts/Anonby_Mohebbi%20Bahmani_Shipwrecked%20and%20landlocked%20Discovery%20of%20an%20Indo-Aryan%20language%20in%20southwest%20Iran_ICIL5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bamling-research.de&rft.atitle=Shipwrecked+and+landlocked+%3A+Discovery+of+an+Indo-Aryan+language+in+southwest+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbamling-research.de%2Fdata%2F2013-icil5%2Fabstracts%2FAnonby_Mohebbi%2520Bahmani_Shipwrecked%2520and%2520landlocked%2520Discovery%2520of%2520an%2520Indo-Aryan%2520language%2520in%2520southwest%2520Iran_ICIL5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKholosi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rezaei-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rezaei_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rezaei_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rezaei_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rezaei_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahereh_Rezaei" class="citation web cs1">Tahereh Rezaei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microcontact.sites.uu.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/210/2020/01/HLS1-Rezaei.pdf">"First notes on the syntax of Kholosi as a heritage language in the south of Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+notes+on+the+syntax+of+Kholosi+as+a+heritage+language+in+the+south+of+Iran&rft.au=Tahereh+Rezaei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrocontact.sites.uu.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F210%2F2020%2F01%2FHLS1-Rezaei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKholosi+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholosi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nourzaei, Maryam. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1803752/FULLTEXT01.pdf">On orality and the sociolinguistic situation of the Kholosi community</a>." Orientalia Suecana 72 (2023): 47-68.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNourzaei2024" class="citation book cs1">Nourzaei, Maryam (2024). "Kholosi". In Charles G. Häberl (ed.). <i>Language Diversity in Iran: New Texts and Perspectives from Non-Iranian Languages</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 119–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110641578-005">10.1515/9783110641578-005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kholosi&rft.btitle=Language+Diversity+in+Iran%3A+New+Texts+and+Perspectives+from+Non-Iranian+Languages&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=119-162&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110641578-005&rft.aulast=Nourzaei&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKholosi+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" 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