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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taking_of_the_Bay'ah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taking_of_the_Bay'ah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taking of the <i>Bay'ah</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taking_of_the_Bay'ah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>His claim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-claim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_religious_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_religious_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reaction of religious scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_religious_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Journey to Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenge_to_opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenge_to_opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Challenge to opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenge_to_opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sun_and_Moon_eclipse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sun_and_Moon_eclipse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Sun and Moon eclipse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sun_and_Moon_eclipse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Revealed_Sermon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revealed_Sermon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>The Revealed Sermon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revealed_Sermon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenge_to_John_Alexander_Dowie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenge_to_John_Alexander_Dowie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Challenge to John Alexander Dowie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenge_to_John_Alexander_Dowie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_the_Agapemonites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_the_Agapemonites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Encounter with the Agapemonites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_the_Agapemonites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Last journey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and children subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غلام أحمد القادياني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلام أحمد القادياني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirz%C9%99_Qulam_%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_Qadiyani" title="Mirzə Qulam Əhməd Qadiyani – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mirzə Qulam Əhməd Qadiyani" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6" title="মির্জা গোলাম আহমদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মির্জা গোলাম আহমদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Gul%C3%A1m_Ahmad" title="Mirza Gulám Ahmad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mirza Gulám Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="میرزا غلام احمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میرزا غلام احمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABrz%C4%81_Gul%C4%81m_Ahmad" title="Mīrzā Gulām Ahmad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mīrzā Gulām Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%90_%EA%B5%B4%EB%9E%8C_%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C" title="미르자 굴람 아흐마드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미르자 굴람 아흐마드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6" title="गुलाम अहमद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुलाम अहमद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90_%D7%A2%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מירזא ע'ולאם אחמד אל-קאדיאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מירזא ע'ולאם אחמד אל-קאדיאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D2%92%D2%B1%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мырза Ғұләм Ахмед – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мырза Ғұләм Ахмед" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AErza_%E1%BA%8Culam_Ehmed" title="Mîrza Ẍulam Ehmed – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîrza Ẍulam Ehmed" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="മിർസ ഗുലാം അഹമദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിർസ ഗുലാം അഹമദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="غلام احمد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غلام احمد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89" title="ミルザ・グラーム・アハマド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミルザ・グラーム・アハマド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%98%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6" title="ମୀର୍ଜା ଘୁଲାମ ଅହମ୍ମଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୀର୍ଜା ଘୁଲାମ ଅହମ୍ମଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzo_G%CA%BBulom_Ahmad" title="Mirzo Gʻulom Ahmad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mirzo Gʻulom Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਮਿਰਜ਼ਾ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ ਅਹਿਮਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਰਜ਼ਾ ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ ਅਹਿਮਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="مرزا غلام احمد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرزا غلام احمد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Gulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Gulam Ahmad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mirza Gulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мирза Гулам Ахмад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирза Гулам Ахмад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Gulam_Ahmed" title="Mirza Gulam Ahmed – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mirza Gulam Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="மிர்சா குலாம் அகமது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிர்சா குலாம் அகமது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Gul%C3%A2m_Ahmed" title="Mirza Gulâm Ahmed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mirza Gulâm Ahmed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мірза Гулам Ахмад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мірза Гулам Ахмад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="مرزا غلام احمد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرزا غلام احمد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7" title="米尔扎·古拉姆·艾哈迈德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米尔扎·古拉姆·艾哈迈德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7" title="米尔扎·古拉姆·艾哈迈德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米尔扎·古拉姆·艾哈迈德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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style="display:none">Indian religious leader and founder of the Ahmadiyya community (1835–1908)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mīrzā Ghulām Aḥmad <br /><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">مرزا غلام أحمد</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_(c._1897).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/220px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/330px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/440px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ahmad, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1897</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-02-13</span>)</span>13 February 1835<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur" title="Gurdaspur">Gurdaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 1908<span style="display:none">(1908-05-26)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Hurmat Bibi</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1852)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Jahan_Begum" title="Nusrat Jahan Begum">Nusrat Jahan Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1884)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mirza Sultan Ahmad</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mirza Fazal Ahmad</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Bashir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Bashir Ahmad">Mirza Bashir Ahmad</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mirza Sharif Ahmad</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mirza Mubarak Ahmad</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mubarika Begum</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Amatul Naseer Begum </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Amatul Hafeez Begum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Islam<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya movement in Islam</a>. He claimed to have been divinely appointed as the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdī</a></i>—which is the metaphorical <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">second-coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> (<i>mathīl-iʿIsā</i>), in fulfillment of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic prophecies regarding the end times</a>, as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></i> (centennial reviver) of the 14th <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic century</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya" title="Category:Ahmadiyya">a series</a> on</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/175px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/263px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/350px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Beliefs and practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six articles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">Bay'ah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Distinct views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Days of remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Foundational texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">sciences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(creed)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(exegesis)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(law)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography"><i>Rūhānī Khazā᾽in</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer-e-Kabeer"><i>Tafsīr-e-Kabīr</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqaiq_al-furqan" title="Haqaiq al-furqan"><i>Haqā'iq al-Furqān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religions" title="Review of Religions">Review of Religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fazl_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fazl (newspaper)"><i>Al Fazl</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Sunrise" title="The Muslim Sunrise">The Muslim Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revelation,_Rationality,_Knowledge_%26_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth">Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Organizational structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Caliphs:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya#The_Consultative_Council" title="Ahmadiyya">Majlis al-Shura </a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajna_Ima%27illah" title="Lajna Ima'illah">Lajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuddam-ul_Ahmadiyya" title="Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya">Khuddām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarullah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Ansarullah (Ahmadiyya)">Ansār</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalsa_Salana" title="Jalsa Salana">Jalsa Salana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures" title="List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International">MTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London" title="Fazl Mosque, London">Fazl Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Tilford" title="Mubarak Mosque, Tilford">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Aqsa Mosque, Qadian">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret-ul-Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaret-ul-Masih">Minaret-ul-Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Mubarak Mosque, Qadian">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rabwah" title="Rabwah">Rabwah</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Rabwah" title="Aqsa Mosque, Rabwah">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_by_country" title="Ahmadiyya by country">Ahmadiyya by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_and_other_faiths" title="Ahmadiyya and other faiths">Ahmadiyya and other faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis" title="List of Ahmadis">List of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_First" title="Humanity First">Humanity First</a> (NGO Charity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a> (Tomb of Jesus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Mari_da_Ashtan" title="Mai Mari da Ashtan">Mai Mari da Ashtan</a> (Tomb of Mary)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmadiyya" title="Template talk:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Born to a family with aristocratic roots in <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>, rural <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, Ahmad emerged as a writer and debater for <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. When he was just over forty years of age, his father died and around that time he claimed that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> began to communicate with him. In 1889, he took a <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">pledge of allegiance</a> from forty of his supporters at <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a> and formed a community of followers upon what he claimed was divine instruction, stipulating <a href="/wiki/Ten_Conditions_of_Bai%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Conditions of Bai'at">ten conditions of initiation</a>, an event that marks the establishment of the Ahmadiyya movement. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">absolute oneness</a> of God, the revival of Islam through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and the global propagation of Islam in its pristine form. As opposed to the Christian and mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards the end of time, Ahmad asserted that he had in fact survived crucifixion and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">died a natural death</a>. He traveled extensively across the Punjab preaching his religious ideas and rallied support by combining a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well as considerable hostility particularly from the Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></i>. He is known to have engaged in numerous public debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists. </p><p>Ahmad was a prolific author and wrote <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">more than ninety books</a> on various religious, theological and moral subjects between the publication of the first volume of <i><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya</a></i> (The Proofs of Ahmadiyya, his first major work) in 1880 and his death in May 1908. Many of his writings bear a <a href="/wiki/Polemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemical">polemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apologetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologetic">apologetic</a> tone in favour of Islam, seeking to establish its superiority as a religion through rational argumentation, often by articulating his own interpretations of Islamic teachings. He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the permissibility of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">military Jihad</a> under circumstances prevailing in the present age. By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>, the Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and had built a dynamic religious organisation with an executive body and its own printing press. After his death he was succeeded by his close companion <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">Hakīm Noor-ud-Dīn</a> who assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate"><i>Khalīfatul Masīh</i></a> (successor of the Messiah). </p><p>Although Ahmad is revered by Ahmadi Muslims as the promised Messiah and Imām Mahdi, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> nevertheless remains the central figure in Ahmadiyya Islam. Ahmad's claim to be a subordinate (<i>ummati</i>) <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">prophet <i>within</i> Islam</a> has remained a central point of controversy between his followers and mainstream Muslims, who believe Muhammad to be the last prophet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage_and_family">Lineage and family</h2></div> <p>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hadi_Beg" title="Mirza Hadi Beg">Mirza Hadi Beg</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201521_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201521-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1530, Mirza Hadi Beg migrated from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) along with an entourage of two hundred people consisting of his family, servants and followers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apnaorg.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnaorg.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201522_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling through <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, they finally settled in the Punjab, India, where Mirza Hadi founded the town known today as <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201522_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201522-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his distant relative. The family were all known as Mughals within the British governmental records of India probably due to the high positions it occupied within the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and their courts. Mirza Hadi Beg was granted a <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">Jagir</a> of several hundred villages and was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> (judge) of Qadian and the surrounding district. The descendants of Mirza Hadi are said to have held important positions within the Mughal Empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian.<sup id="cite_ref-apnaorg.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnaorg.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div> <p>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born on 13 February 1835 in <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>, Punjab, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1801–1839</span>). The surviving child of twins born to an affluent Mughal family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned to read the Arabic text of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and studied basic Arabic grammar and the Persian language from a teacher named Fazil-e-Illahi. At the age of 10, he learned from a teacher named Fazl Ahmad. Again at the age of 17 or 18, he learnt from a teacher named Gul Ali Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he also studied some works on medicine from his father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza, who was a physician. Ahmad's father, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Murtaza" title="Mirza Ghulam Murtaza">Mirza Ghulam Murtaza</a>, was a local chieftain (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ra%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra'is">ra'is</a></i></span>) who served in the Sikh Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201523_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201523-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1864 to 1868, upon his father's wishes, Ahmad worked as a clerk in <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, where he would come into contact with Christian missionaries with whom he frequently engaged in debate. After 1868, he returned to Qadian, as per his father's wishes, where he was entrusted to look after some estate affairs. During all this time, Ahmad was known as a social recluse because he would spend most of his time in seclusion studying religious books and praying in the local mosque. As time passed, he began to engage more with the Christian missionaries, particularly in defending Islam against their criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would often confront them in public debates, especially the ones based in the town of <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, certain leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> held discussion and debate with Ahmad about the truthfulness of Islam and asked for a sign to prove that Islam was a living religion. In order to dedicate special prayers for this purpose and so as to seek further divine guidance, Ahmad travelled to <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a> upon what he claimed was divine instruction. Here, he spent forty days in seclusion, a practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chilla_(retreat)" title="Chilla (retreat)">chilla-nashini</a></i>. He travelled accompanied by three companions to the small two-storied house of one of his followers and was left alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Jumu'ah</a> (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taking_of_the_Bay'ah"><span id="Taking_of_the_Bay.27ah"></span>Taking of the <i>Bay'ah</i></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten_Conditions_of_Bai%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Conditions of Bai'at">Ten Conditions of Bai'at</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg/350px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg/525px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg/700px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (seated centre) with some of his companions at <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1899</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ahmad claimed divine appointment as a reformer as early as 1882 but did not take any pledge of allegiance or initiation. In December 1888, Ahmad announced that God had ordained that his followers should enter into a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a></i></span> with him and pledge their allegiance to him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1889, he published a pamphlet in which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-alislam.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alislam.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201538–39_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201538–39-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March 1889, he founded the Ahmadiyya community by taking a pledge from forty followers.<sup id="cite_ref-alislam.org_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alislam.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal method of joining the Ahmadiyya movement included joining hands and reciting a pledge, although physical contact was not always necessary. This method of allegiance continued for the rest of his life and after his death by his <a href="/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">successors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="His_claim">His claim</h3></div> <p>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed that he was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Promised Messiah</a> and Mahdi. He claimed to be the fulfilment of various prophecies found in world religions regarding the second coming of their founders. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's followers say that he never claimed to be the same physical Jesus who lived nineteen centuries earlier. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed that Jesus died a natural death,<sup id="cite_ref-ShaeferCohen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShaeferCohen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contradiction to the traditional Muslim view of Jesus' physical ascension to heaven and the traditional Christian belief of Jesus' crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-tadhkirah_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadhkirah-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed in his books that there was a general decay of Islamic life and a dire need of a messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that, just as Jesus had appeared in the 14th century after <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, the promised messiah, i.e. the Mahdi, must also appear in the 14th century after Muhammad. </p><p>In <i>Tazkiratush-Shahadatain</i>, he wrote about the fulfillment of various prophecies. In it, he enumerated a variety of prophecies and descriptions from both the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> relating to the advent of the Mahdi and the descriptions of his age, which he ascribed to himself and his age. These include assertions that he was physically described in the Hadith and manifested various other signs; some of them being wider in scope, such as focusing on world events coming to certain points, certain conditions within the Muslim community, and varied social, political, economic, and physical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-claim">Post-claim</h3></div> <p>In time, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim of being the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddid</a></i></span> (reformer) of his era became more explicit.<sup id="cite_ref-founder_ch4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founder_ch4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201542_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201542-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his most well-known and praised<sup id="cite_ref-critical_study_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-critical_study-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> works, <i><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a voluminous work, he claimed to be the Messiah of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-founder_ch4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founder_ch4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims have maintained that Jesus will return in the flesh during the last age.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, by contrast, asserted that Jesus had in fact survived crucifixion and died of old age much later in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, where he had migrated. According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to a spiritual leader and not a military leader in the person of Jesus Christ as is believed by many Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this proclamation, he also rejected the idea of armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad_(Ahmadiyya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihad (Ahmadiyya)">Jihad</a> and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are not present in this age, which requires defending Islam by the pen and tongue but not with the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003174–175_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003174–175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-overview_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote two books named <i>Tuhfa-e-Qaiseriya</i> and <i>Sitara-e-Qaiseriya</i> in which he invited Queen Victoria to embrace Islam and forsake Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_of_religious_scholars">Reaction of religious scholars</h3></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">religious scholars</a> turned against him, and he was often branded as a heretic, but many <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">religious scholars</a> praised him like <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Sir Syed Ahmed Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad</a> among many others who praised him for his defense of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. After his death, opponents accused him of working for the British government due to the termination of armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, since his claims of being the Mahdi were made around the same time as the Mahdi of Sudan (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>). </p><p>Following his claim to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> (decree) of disbelief against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, declaring him a <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a> (disbeliever), a deceiver, and a liar. The decree permitted killing him and his followers. It was taken all around India and was signed by some two hundred religious scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some years later, a prominent Muslim leader and scholar, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a>, was to travel to the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Mecca and Madina. He compiled these opinions in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Husamul_Haramain" title="Husamul Haramain">Husamul Haramain</a></i> (The Sword of the Two Holy Mosques)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in it, Ahmad was again labelled an apostate. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that Ahmad's beliefs were blasphemous and tantamount to apostasy and that he must be punished by imprisonment and, if necessary, by execution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Delhi">Journey to Delhi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid,_Delhi,_watercolour,_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg/220px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg/330px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg/440px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi%2C_watercolour%2C_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Jama Masjid, Delhi, 1852, <a href="/wiki/William_Carpenter_(painter)" title="William Carpenter (painter)">William Carpenter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ahmad went to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, which was at the time considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders, in 1891, with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to engage in a public debate with him regarding the life and death of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a> (Jesus), particularly Maulana <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> (1805–1901), who was a leading religious scholar. He also proposed three conditions that were essential for such a debate: that there should be a police presence to maintain peace, the debate should be in written form (for the purpose of recording what was said), and that the debate should be on the subject of the death of Jesus. </p><p>Eventually, it was settled, and Ahmad travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve of his followers, where some 5,000 people were gathered. Before the debate started, there was a discussion on the conditions, which led to the conclusion that the debate should not be upon the death of Jesus, but upon the claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He explained that his claim could only be discussed after the death of Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered by many to be living and the one who will descend to Earth himself. Only when this belief was refuted could his claim to be the Messiah be discussed. </p><p>Upon this, there was a clamour among the crowds, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was informed that the other party alleged that he was at odds with Islamic beliefs and was a disbeliever; therefore, it was not proper to debate with him unless he clarified his beliefs. Ahmad wrote his beliefs on a piece of paper and had it read aloud, but due to the clamour among the people, it could not be heard. Seeing that the crowd was drifting out of control and that violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave orders to disperse the audience, and the debate did not take place. A few days later, however, a written debate did take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, which was later published. </p><p>Ahmad is known to have travelled extensively across Northern India during this period of his life and to have held various debates with influential religious leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-life_of_ahmad_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life_of_ahmad-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenge_to_opponents">Challenge to opponents</h3></div> <p>Ahmad published a book called <i>The Heavenly Decree</i>, in which he challenged his opponents to a "spiritual duel" in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim or not would be settled by God based on the four criteria laid out in the Qur'an, namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, that he will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, that most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will exceed others in understanding novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sun_and_Moon_eclipse">The Sun and Moon eclipse</h3></div> <p>After announcing his claim to be the Messiah and Mahdi, his opponents demanded that he should produce the "heavenly sign" detailed in the tradition attributed to the 7th-century Imam <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Muhammad bin Ali, in which a certain sign is stated about the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For our Mahdi, there are two signs which have never happened since the earth and the heavens were created, i.e., the moon will be eclipsed on the first of the possible nights in the month of Ramadhan and the sun will be eclipsed in the middle of the possible days of the month of Ramadhan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dar Qutni Vol. 1, page 188<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ahmadis maintain that this prophecy was fulfilled in 1894 and again in 1895, about three years after Ahmad proclaimed himself to be the Promised Mahdi and Messiah, with the lunar and solar eclipse during the month of Ramadhan, according to the Ahmadiyya interpretation of the prophecy. Ahmad declared that this was a sign of his truth and was in fulfillment of the tradition or prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-eclipses_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eclipses-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eclipses being a sign of the Mahdi are also mentioned specifically in the Letters of Rabbani by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scientific historical records indicate these eclipses occurred at the following dates: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Eclipse </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td>Partial lunar eclipse </td> <td>1894 March 21 2pm UT (7pm)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hybrid solar eclipse </td> <td>1894 April 6 4am-7am UT (9am-11am)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total lunar eclipse </td> <td>1895 March 11 03:39 UT<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Partial solar eclipse </td> <td>1895 March 23, 10:10 UT<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</h3></div> <p>In 1897, a Christian missionary, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Clark" title="Henry Martyn Clark">Henry Martyn Clark</a>, filed a lawsuit of attempted murder against Ahmad at the court of District Magistrate Captain <a href="/wiki/Montagu_William_Douglas" title="Montagu William Douglas">Montagu William Douglas</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>. The charge laid against him was that he hired a man by the name of Abdul Hameed to assassinate Clark. However, he was not detained by the police and was declared innocent by the then-magistrate Captain Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-murder_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murder-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawsuit_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawsuit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revealed_Sermon">The Revealed Sermon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Revealed_Sermon" title="The Revealed Sermon">The Revealed Sermon</a></div> <p>In 1900, on the occasion of the festival of <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Adha">Eid ul-Adha</a>, he is said to have delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic expounding the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice. This episode is celebrated as one of the important events of the history of Ahmadiyya. The sermon was simultaneously written down by two of his companions and came to be known as the <i>Khutba Ilhamiyya</i>, the revealed or inspired sermon. Ahmadiyya literature states that during this sermon, there was a change in his voice, he appeared as if in a <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>, in the grip of an unseen hand, and as if a voice from the unknown had made him its mouthpiece. After the sermon ended, Ahmad fell into <a href="/wiki/Sujud#Sajdah_of_thankfulness" title="Sujud">prostration</a>, followed by the rest of the congregation, as a sign of gratitude towards God.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad wrote later: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth and I did not know whether it was I who was speaking or an angel was speaking through my tongue. The sentences were just being uttered and every sentence was a sign of God for me.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Haqeeqatul-Wahi<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenge_to_John_Alexander_Dowie">Challenge to John Alexander Dowie</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg/220px-John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg/330px-John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/John_Alexander_Dowie_in_his_robes_as_Elijah_the_Restorer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">Alexander Dowie</a> in his robes as "Elijah the Restorer."</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899, Scottish-born American clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Dowie" title="John Alexander Dowie">John Alexander Dowie</a> laid claim to be the forerunner of the second coming of Christ. Ahmad exchanged a series of letters with him between 1903 and 1907. Ahmad challenged him to a prayer duel, where both would call upon God to expose the other as a false prophet. Ahmad stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The best way to determine whether Dowie's God is true or ours, is that Mr. Dowie should stop making prophecies about the destruction of all Muslims. Instead he should keep me alone in his mind and pray that if one of us is fabricating a lie, he should die before the other.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ghulam Ahmad<sup id="cite_ref-history_30_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history_30-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Dowie declined the challenge,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the "silly Mohammedan Messiah".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ahmad prophesied: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though he may try hard as he can to fly from death which awaits him, yet his flight from such a contest will be nothing less than death to him; and calamity will certainly overtake his Zion, for he must bear the consequences either of the acceptance of the challenge or its refusal. He will depart this life with great sorrow and torment during my lifetime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>The challenge of "prayer duel" was made by Mirza in September 1902. The <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i> states that after having been deposed during a revolt in which his own family was involved, Dowie endeavoured to recover his authority via the law courts without success and that he may have been a victim of some form of mania, as he suffered from hallucinations during his last illness.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dowie died before Mirza, in March 1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_the_Agapemonites">Encounter with the Agapemonites</h3></div> <p>In September 1902 the Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Hugh_Smyth-Pigott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hugh Smyth-Pigott">John Hugh Smyth-Pigott</a> (1852-1927) proclaimed himself the Messiah and also claimed to be God while preaching in the Church known as "The Ark of the Covenant" in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Clapton" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Clapton">Clapton</a> in London. This church was originally built by the <a href="/wiki/Agapemonites" title="Agapemonites">Agapemonites</a>, a religious movement founded by the Anglican priest <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry James Prince">Henry James Prince</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-claptonpond_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-claptonpond-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote to Smyth-Pigott, informing him that such a blasphemous proposition did not behove man, and that in the future he should abstain from making such claims, or he would be destroyed. This message was sent in November 1902. Newspapers in America and Europe published Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's notification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite this prophecy, Smyth-Piggot continued to claim divinity both before and after Mirza Ghulam's death in 1908, as reported by various contemporary newspapers at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_journey">Last journey</h3></div> <p>Towards the end of 1907 and early 1908, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have received numerous revelations informing him of his imminent death. In April 1908, he travelled to Lahore with his family and companions. Here, he gave many lectures. A banquet was arranged for dignitaries where Ahmad, upon request, spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and speaking in refutation of objections raised against his person; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. He completed writing his last work, entitled <i>Message of Peace</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a day before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p>Ahmad was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), when, on 26 May 1908, he died from dysentery.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had previously claimed that an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> had told him that he would be buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>, the Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_with_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_with_son.jpg/220px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_with_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_with_son.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad with his son, Mirza Sharif Ahmad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirza Ghulam Ahmad married twice. His first wife was his maternal cousin Hurmat Bibi.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, they separated and lived separately for a long time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3></div> <p>With his first wife, Hurmat Bibi, he had two sons: </p> <ol><li>Mirza Sultan Ahmad (1853 – 2 July 1931)</li> <li>Mirza Fazal Ahmad (1855 – 1904)</li></ol> <p>With his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Jahan_Begum" title="Nusrat Jahan Begum">Nusrat Jahan Begum</a>, he had ten children, five of whom died in infancy: </p> <ol><li>Ismat (15 April 1886 – July 1891)</li> <li>Bashir (7 August 1887 – 4 November 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad</a> (12 January 1889 – 8 November 1965)</li> <li>Shaukat (1891 – 1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Bashir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Bashir Ahmad">Mirza Bashir Ahmad</a> (20 April 1893 – 2 September 1963)</li> <li>Mirza Sharif Ahmad (24 May 1895 – 26 December 1961)</li> <li>(Nawab) Mubarika Begum (2 March 1897 – 23 May 1977)</li> <li>Mubarik (14 June 1899 – 16 September 1907)</li> <li>Amtul Naseer (28 January 1903 – 3 December 1903)</li> <li>(Nawab) Amtul Hafeez Begum (25 June 1904 – 6 May 1987)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Ahmadiyya Caliphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></div> <p>Although Mirza Ghulam Ahmad aroused much opposition particularly from Muslim leaders owing to his messianic claims, opinion of him was not entirely negative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan20156_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20156-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many leading Muslim scholars, theologians and prominent journalists who were his contemporaries or had come into contact with him, had, despite differing with him in matters of belief, praised his personal character and acclaimed his works in the cause of Islam and the manner of his argumentation against proclaimants of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teachings that Jesus survived crucifixion, migrating towards the east in search of the Israelite tribes that had settled there and that he <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">died a natural death</a> upon earth, as propounded by Ahmad, have been a source of ongoing friction with the Christian church since they challenge the core beliefs of Christianity and would nullify the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Vicarious_atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicarious atonement">vicarious atonement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, the two principal tenets of Christianity. Western scholars and historians have acknowledged this fact as one of the features of Ahmad's legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad was the first to propose a <i>post-crucifixion</i> journey to India for Jesus and the first—other than the local people<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201547_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201547-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—to identify the <a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a> shrine in Kashmir as the tomb of Jesus. These ideas have been further expanded upon since his death in light of subsequent findings, both by Ahmadis and individuals independent of the Ahmadiyya movement.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the views remain controversial having been dismissed by some while being supported by others. <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">Anthropological</a> research tends to corroborate a link between the tribes of Israel and the peoples of south/central Asia, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites">Pashtuns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Kashmiri_descent_from_lost_tribes_of_Israel" title="Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel">people of Kashmir</a> – as suggested by Ahmad in his book <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_India_(book)" title="Jesus in India (book)"><i>Jesus in India</i></a> (and by others) – while findings from genetic evidence seem to remain equivocal.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus' survival of crucifixion and his natural death have become an important element of Ahmadi belief and Ahmadis have published extensively on this topic. </p><p>A number of modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to the idea of Jihad as fundamentally a peaceful religious endeavour rather than <i>chiefly</i> (or unconditionally) a militaristic struggle, in accordance with Ahmad's standpoint on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars have opined that Jesus has died (Ahmad's assertion) or have expressed their own confusion on this matter,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not changed. </p><p>One of the main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is Ahmad's use of the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">nabi</a></i> ("prophet") and <i>rasul</i> ("messenger") when referring to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003132_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003132-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most non-Ahmadi Muslims consider <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to be the last of the prophets<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believe that Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Finality_of_Prophethood" class="mw-redirect" title="Finality of Prophethood">Finality of Prophethood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His followers fall into two factions in this regard. The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>, which comprises by far the majority of Ahmadis, believes that Ahmad's prophetic status does not in any way infringe the finality of Muhammad's prophethood – to which it is wholly subservient and from which it is inseparable – and is in accordance with scriptural prophecies concerning the advent of the Messiah in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group is currently headed by Ahmad's fifth caliph, or successor, carrying the title of <a href="/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">Khalifatul Masih</a>, an institution believed to have been established soon after his death. The <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a>, which comprises a small fraction of all Ahmadis and believes in an allegorical understanding of these terms with reference to Ahmad, formed in 1914 when a number of prominent Ahmadis seceded from the main body soon after the election of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">Mirza Mahmud Ahmad</a> as the second caliph. This group is administered by a body of people called the <i>Anjuman Ishaat-e-Islam</i> ("Movement for the Propagation of Islam"), headed by an <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003147–153_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003147–153-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement initiated by Ahmad,<sup id="cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> missionary activity widespread in 19th-century India, and is viewed by its adherents as embodying the promised latter day revival of Islam, has since grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme under the leadership of its caliphate. Although it has expanded to over 200 countries and territories of the world, numbering an estimated 10 to 20 million,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahmadi_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmadi-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has received a largely negative (often hostile) response from mainstream Muslims who view Ahmad as a false messiah and his teachings as heretical, particularly the teaching that he was a prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003132_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003132-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is the only state that specifically requires every Pakistani Muslim to denigrate Ahmad as an impostor and his followers as non-Muslims when applying for a passport or a national ID card.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hanif_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanif-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Ahmadiyya Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">List of founders of religious traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Prophets" title="Seal of the Prophets">Seal of the Prophets</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مرزا غلام احمد</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Upal_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upal_2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUpal2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (2021). "The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 637–657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_034">10.1163/9789004435544_034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Genetics+of+the+A%E1%B8%A5madiyya+Muslim+Jam%C4%81%CA%BFat&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=637-657&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_034&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Upal&rft.aufirst=M.+Afzal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korbel-Preckel_2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korbel-Preckel_2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorbelPreckel2016" class="citation book cs1">Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426">"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)"</a>. In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (eds.). <i>Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism</i>. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 426–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004329003_034">10.1163/9789004329003_034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghul%C4%81m+A%E1%B8%A5mad+al-Q%C4%81diy%C4%81n%C4%AB%3A+The+Messiah+of+the+Christians%E2%80%94Peace+upon+Him%E2%80%94in+India+%28India%2C+1908%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=426-442&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004329003_034&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32511-1&rft.aulast=Korbel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Preckel%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201521-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201521_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8wDAAAAMAAJ&q=mirza+ghulam+ahmad+samarkand">"Faith and Thought"</a> Vol. <b>37</b>. The Victoria Institute, Great Britain. Original from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Hadhrat-Ahmad-20080514MN.pdf">Hadhrat Ahmad</a> by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apnaorg.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apnaorg.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apnaorg.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnaorg.com/books/punjab-chiefs/index.html">"Complete Book: Chiefs of Punjab by Lepel Griffin"</a>. <i>apnaorg.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apnaorg.com&rft.atitle=Complete+Book%3A+Chiefs+of+Punjab+by+Lepel+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fpunjab-chiefs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201522-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201522_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201522_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Basharat (2008). <i>The Great Reformer: Biography of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (Volume 1)</i>. AAIIL Inc USA. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913321980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913321980"><bdi>978-0913321980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Reformer%3A+Biography+of+Hazrat+Mirza+Ghulam+Ahmad+of+Qadian+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=AAIIL+Inc+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0913321980&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Basharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDard2008" class="citation book cs1">Dard, Abdur Rahim (2008). <i>Life of Ahmad</i>. United Kingdom: Islam International Publications Ltd. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-977-5"><bdi>978-1-85372-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Ahmad&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Islam+International+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85372-977-5&rft.aulast=Dard&rft.aufirst=Abdur+Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Nicholas H. A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107057359"><i>Far from the Caliph's Gaze: Being Ahmadi Muslim in the Holy City of Qadian</i></a>. Ithaca. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1571-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-1571-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107057359">1107057359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+from+the+Caliph%27s+Gaze%3A+Being+Ahmadi+Muslim+in+the+Holy+City+of+Qadian&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107057359&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1571-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1107057359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Hadhrat-Ahmad-20080514MN.pdf"><i>Hadhrat Ahmad</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Athens, Ohio: Islam International Publications. 1998. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45764230">45764230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadhrat+Ahmad&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Islam+International+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45764230&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FHadhrat-Ahmad-20080514MN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201523-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201523_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad-20080411MN.pdf">http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad-20080411MN.pdf</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/guidedone/?page=91">Ahmad, the Guided One</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000177.html">Musleh Mau'ood, Khalifatul Masih II, in the Eyes of Non-Ahmadies</a>, The Ahmadiyya Gazette, February 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yohanan Friedmann. <i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background</i> Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 140. "Like Muḥammad, he [Ghulam Ahmad] was then forty years of age; he was privileged in the beginning with a "good dream" (<i>ru'yā ṣāliḥa</i>), shown to him as "the break of dawn" (<i>mithl falaq al-ṣubḥ</i>). And when Ghulām Aḥmad's father died, Allāh revealed to him the <i>Sūrat al-Ḍuḥā</i>, which speaks of Allāh's help to Muḥammad when he was a destitute orphan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Ross Valentine. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=islamic+reform">Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice</a></i> Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 42. "Following the death of his father in 1876 Ahmad claimed to receive visions and revelations. 'In short', he declared, 'about forty years of my life were spent under the care of my revered father. Just as he was taken from the world, I started receiving Divine revelations with great intensity'. Having commenced receiving revelations at roughly the same age as the prophet Muhammad himself, Ahmad described his experiences in similar terms to the revelations received by the Prophet."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis J. Hammann.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/introduction/intro-louis-hammann.html">"Ahmaddiyyat - An Introduction"</a> Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [online], 1985 "It was not, however, until his 41st year (1876) that Hazrat Ahmad began to receive the revelations that would lead him eventually to the conviction that in his person the advent of the Mahdi was fulfilled."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alislam.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alislam.org_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alislam.org_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/10.html">"Ten Conditions of Baiat"</a>. Alislam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Conditions+of+Baiat&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fahmadiyya%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127184453/http://www.alislam.org/apps/cob/webapp/">"The Ten Conditions of Bai'at"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/apps/cob/webapp/">the original</a> on 27 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Conditions+of+Bai%27at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fapps%2Fcob%2Fwebapp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Friedmann" title="Yohanan Friedmann">Friedmann</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Movement: A Historical Survey</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X" title="Special:BookSources/965-264-014-X">965-264-014-X</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201538–39-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201538–39_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history_10-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_10_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/10.html">"A Brief History of Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam – Founding of Ahmadiyya Jamaat"</a>. Alislam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Ahmadiyya+Movement+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+Founding+of+Ahmadiyya+Jamaat&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fahmadiyya%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShaeferCohen-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShaeferCohen_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäferCohen1998" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter; Cohen, Mark R. (1998). <i>Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco</i>. Leiden/Princeton: Brill/Princeton UP. pp. 306–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11037-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11037-2"><bdi>90-04-11037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Millennium%3A+Messianic+Expectations+from+the+Bible+to+Waco&rft.place=Leiden%2FPrinceton&rft.pages=306-7&rft.pub=Brill%2FPrinceton+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11037-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tadhkirah-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tadhkirah_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Tadhkirah.pdf">"Tadhkirah"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tadhkirah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FTadhkirah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102194813/http://www.alislam.org/books/victoryofislam/VICTORY%20OF%20ISLAM.pdf">"Fatah-Islam (1890)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/books/victoryofislam/VICTORY%20OF%20ISLAM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fatah-Islam+%281890%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fbooks%2Fvictoryofislam%2FVICTORY%2520OF%2520ISLAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UNvF3JcnK0C&q=elucidation+of+objectives"><i>Tawdhi-i-Marām (1891)</i></a>. Islam International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853727429" title="Special:BookSources/9781853727429"><bdi>9781853727429</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tawdhi-i-Mar%C4%81m+%281891%29&rft.pub=Islam+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781853727429&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Hazrat+Mirza+Ghulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UNvF3JcnK0C%26q%3Delucidation%2Bof%2Bobjectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Izāla-i-Auhām (1891).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/claim.html">Tazkiratush-Shahadatain</a>, p. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-founder_ch4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-founder_ch4_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-founder_ch4_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmadiyya.org/books/f-ahm-mv/ch4.htm">"The Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement"</a>, by Maulana Muhammad Ali, Chapter 4: Mahdi and Messiah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201542-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201542_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/books/3in1/chap2/index.html">"Chapter Two – Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad"</a>. Alislam.org. 24 June 1904<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+Two+%E2%80%93+Claims+of+Hadhrat+Ahmad&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft.date=1904-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fbooks%2F3in1%2Fchap2%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid", from the "Call of Islam", by <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Muhammad Ali">Maulana Muhammad Ali</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-critical_study-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-critical_study_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irshad.org/brochures/criticalstudy.php">"Qadianism – A Critical Study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227230808/http://www.irshad.org/brochures/criticalstudy.php">Archived</a> 27 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/articles/introducing-books-promised-messiah/">"Introducing the Books of the Promised Messiah (as)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Books+of+the+Promised+Messiah+%28as%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Farticles%2Fintroducing-books-promised-messiah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Hidden-Treasures-of-Islam.pdf">"An Introduction to the Hidden Treasures of Islam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Hidden+Treasures+of+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FHidden-Treasures-of-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicperspectives.com/ReturnOfJesus.htm">Islamic View of the Coming/Return of Jesus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923170110/http://www.islamicperspectives.com/ReturnOfJesus.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Dr. Ahmad Shafaat, 2003, Islamic Perspectives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yohanan Friedmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous"><i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background</i></a> Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 121. "The affinity between the two can also be shown in the framework of Ghulām Aḥmad's prophetology. Muḥammad and Moses were similar to each other because they initiated the two prophetic chains; Jesus and Ghulām Aḥmad complete the divine scheme of things by terminating them. They must therefore also be similar. They resemble each other both in the circumstances of their appearance and in the nature of their prophetic mission. Both appeared when their respective communities were subject to foreign rule: the Jews under the Romans, and the Indian Muslims under the British. The religious conditions prevailing in their communities were also similar. The Jews were described in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (1:7) as "those who earned [divine] wrath" (<i>al-maghḍūb 'alayhim</i>) by their lack of religiosity and by rejecting the message of Jesus. Most Muslims of Ghulām Aḥmad's time can be described in similar terms: their spirituality is lost, and only rituals remain of their religion. Furthermore, they rejected Ghulām Aḥmad in the same way that the Jews had rejected Jesus. In addition to these similar circumstances, Ghulām Aḥmad's message resembles that of Jesus in two important characteristics: he does not advocate <i>jihād</i>, and does not bring a new law, but strives rather to implement the <i>sharī'a</i> promulgated by his predecessor in the prophetic office. And to make the affinity between the two chains total, Ghulām Aḥmad is spiritually greater than Jesus in the same way that Muḥammad was greater than Moses."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Essence-4.pdf">"The Essence of Islam, Vol. IV, p. 33"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+p.+33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FEssence-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/Jihad-Brochure.pdf">"Jihad Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Farticles%2FJihad-Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003174–175-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedmann2003174–175_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedmann2003">Friedmann 2003</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-overview_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/introduction/">"Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, An Overview"</a>. Alislam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadiyya+Muslim+Community%2C+An+Overview&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208195442/http://www.alislam.org/books/invitation/arg7.html">"Argument 7: Defeat of Enemies"</a>. Alislam.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/books/invitation/arg7.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argument+7%3A+Defeat+of+Enemies&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fbooks%2Finvitation%2Farg7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127221039/http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/english/Hussam_ul_Harmain.pdf">"Hussam ul Harmain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alahazratnetwork.org/english/Hussam_ul_Harmain.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hussam+ul+Harmain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alahazratnetwork.org%2Fenglish%2FHussam_ul_Harmain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life_of_ahmad-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-life_of_ahmad_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad-20080411MN.pdf">"Life of Ahmad, Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+Ahmad%2C+Founder+of+the+Ahmadiyya+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FLife-of-Ahmad-20080411MN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/TheHeavenlyDecree.pdf">"The Heavenly Decree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heavenly+Decree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2FTheHeavenlyDecree.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/15.html">"A Brief History of Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam – Sign of the Eclipses"</a>. Alislam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Ahmadiyya+Movement+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+Sign+of+the+Eclipses&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fahmadiyya%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000202.html">"Hadith on Imam Mahdi"</a>. <i>alislam.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>In Dar Qutni, the sign of the appearance of the Imam Mahdi is given in the following Hadith: 'For our Mahdi, there are two signs which have never happened since the earth and the heavens were created, i.e., the moon will be eclipsed on the first of the possible nights in the month of Ramadhan and the sun will be eclipsed in the middle of the possible days of the month of Ramadhan.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alislam.org&rft.atitle=Hadith+on+Imam+Mahdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Flinks%2F00000202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eclipses-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eclipses_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/library/articles/new/TruthAboutEclipses.html">"The Truth About Eclipses"</a>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Islam International Publications Ltd. pp. 177–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85372-597-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85372-597-8"><bdi>1-85372-597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmad+the+Guided+One&rft.pages=177-193&rft.pub=Islam+International+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85372-597-8&rft.au=Ian+Adamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Fguidedone%2Findex.htm%3Fpage%3D177%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawsuit-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawsuit_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/18.html">"Lawsuit by Dr.Clark"</a>. 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Valentine, Islam and Ahmadiyya Jama'at, Foundation Books, 2008, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogD.html#dowie1">"Dictionary of Australian Biography: John Alexander Dowie"</a>. Gutenberg.net.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Ahmadiyya+Movement+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+His+Last+Journey&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft.date=1908-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fahmadiyya%2F31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000082.html">"Re-Institution of Khilafat"</a>. Alislam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-Institution+of+Khilafat&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Flinks%2F00000082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/ahmadiyya-history/spiritual-challenge-mubahala-maulvi-sanaullah-amritsari/">"A Spiritual Challenge – Mubahala with Maulvi Sanaullah Amritsari"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Spiritual+Challenge+%E2%80%93+Mubahala+with+Maulvi+Sanaullah+Amritsari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fahmadiyya-history%2Fspiritual-challenge-mubahala-maulvi-sanaullah-amritsari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/27.html">"His Last Testament"</a>. Al Islam<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Last+Testament&rft.pub=Al+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fahmadiyya%2F27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross. <i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice</i>. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%CA%BBat%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.pages=41&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=islamic+reform"><i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%CA%BBat%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ78O1mjX2tMC%26q%3Dislamic%2Breform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180023/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512">"H.H. 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"At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect. He claimed that he was the messiah of the Jewish and Muslim tradition; the figure known as Jesus of Nazareth had not died on the cross but survived to die in Kashmir."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yohanan Friedmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous"><i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background</i></a> Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 114. "He [Ghulam Ahmad] realized the centrality of the crucifixion and of the doctrine of vicarious atonement in the Christian dogma, and understood that his attack on these two was an attack on the innermost core of Christianity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kambiz_GhaneaBassiri" title="Kambiz GhaneaBassiri">Kambiz GhaneaBassiri</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsLCx2VmcwC"><i>A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order</i></a> Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 208. "Ghulam Ahmad denied the historicity of Jesus' crucifixion and claimed that Jesus had fled to India where he died a natural death in Kashmir. In this way, he sought to neutralize Christian soteriologies of Christ and to demonstrate the superior rationality of Islam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan201547-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan201547_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2015">Khan 2015</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/jesus/">"Jesus – A Humble Prophet of God"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+%E2%80%93+A+Humble+Prophet+of+God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fjesus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reviewofreligions.org/date/2015/05/">"May 2015"</a>. <i>The Review of Religions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Religions&rft.atitle=May+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewofreligions.org%2Fdate%2F2015%2F05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahir_IjazQamar_Ijaz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tahir Ijaz & Qamar Ijaz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/sunrise/sunrise2003-4.pdf">"Jesus in India: A Review of the World Literature (1899-1999)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Muslim Sunrise</i> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+Sunrise&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+India%3A+A+Review+of+the+World+Literature+%281899-1999%29&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Tahir+Ijaz&rft.au=Qamar+Ijaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fsunrise%2Fsunrise2003-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyJerusalem2010" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Rory; Jerusalem (16 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/israel-lost-tribes-pashtun">"Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel"</a>. <i>The Observer</i> – via The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Pashtun+clue+to+lost+tribes+of+Israel&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F17%2Fisrael-lost-tribes-pashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://css.ethz.ch/en/services.html">"Resources"</a>. <i>css.ethz.ch</i>. 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=css.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=Resources&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcss.ethz.ch%2Fen%2Fservices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reviewofreligions.org/6107/the-lost-tribes-of-israel-in-india-a-genetic-perspective/">"The Lost Tribes of Israel in India – A Genetic Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Review of Religions">The Review of Religions</a> (CAL). 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Continuum. pp. 146–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7739-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-7739-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Jesus+Christ+in+Islam%3A+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=146-8&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7739-1&rft.aulast=Leirvik&rft.aufirst=Oddbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzd_I2AFswwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahniser2008" class="citation book cs1">Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvzXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity</i></a>. Orbis Books. pp. 61–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-807-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-807-2"><bdi>978-1-57075-807-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+and+Death+of+Jesus+in+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.pages=61-2&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-807-2&rft.aulast=Zahniser&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvzXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoubOmar2010" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Mahmoud; Omar, Irfan A. 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Logos Press. pp. 172–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-197-5"><bdi>978-81-7268-197-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+View+Of+Christianity%3A+Essays+on+Dialogue+by+Mahmoud+Ayoub&rft.pages=172-3&rft.pub=Logos+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7268-197-5&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft.au=Omar%2C+Irfan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmRvZOOc5hEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/faith/downloads/rp/Did%20Jesus%20Die%20on%20the%20Cross-English.pdf">Did Jesus Die on the Cross? The History of Reflection on the End of His Earthly Life in Sunni Tafsir Literature</a>, Joseph L. Cumming Yale University. May 2001, pp. 26–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/septitl2y4.html">The Second Coming of Jesus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165205/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/septitl2y4.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Renaissance – Monthly Islamic Journal</a>, 14(9), September 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslahi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amin_Ahsan_Islahi" title="Amin Ahsan Islahi">Islahi, Amin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tadabbur-i-Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadabbur-i-Qur'an"><i>Tadabbur-i-Qur'an</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>: Faran Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60341215">60341215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tadabbur-i-Qur%27an&rft.place=Lahore&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Faran+Foundation&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60341215&rft.aulast=Islahi&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span> Vol. 2, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/holyprophet/">"The Holy Prophet: The Messenger of Allah and the Seal of Prophets"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%27at%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.pages=56-7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781850659167&rft.au=Simon+Ross+Valentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdRth02Q6nAC%26q%3Dsplit%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315022054/http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html">"Major Branches of Religions"</a>. Adherents.com. 28 October 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Branches+of+Religions&rft.pub=Adherents.com&rft.date=2005-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fadh_branches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmadi-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ahmadi_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8"><i>Breach of Faith</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breach+of+Faith&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyi8ONIe1fv4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_DeVriesDon_BakerDan_Overmyer2011" class="citation book cs1">Larry DeVries; Don Baker & Dan Overmyer (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72"><i>Asian Religions in British Columbia</i></a>. University of Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1662-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-1662-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Religions+in+British+Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5&rft.au=Larry+DeVries&rft.au=Don+Baker&rft.au=Dan+Overmyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgtgGhMUgIUC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Infobase. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.au=Juan+Eduardo+Campo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/">"Ahmadiyya Muslims"</a>. pbs.org. 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadiyya+Muslims&rft.pub=pbs.org&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Freligionandethics%2F2012%2F01%2F20%2Fjanuary-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims%2F10124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocelyne_Cesari2014" class="citation book cs1">Jocelyne Cesari (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thgmAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>The Awakening of Muslim Democracy</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04418-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04418-0"><bdi>978-1-107-04418-0</bdi></a>. <q>When applying for a passport, every Pakistani Muslim must sign a statement deriding Ahmad and denouncing his followers as non-Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+of+Muslim+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04418-0&rft.au=Jocelyne+Cesari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthgmAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanif-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hanif_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanif2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif" title="Mohammed Hanif">Hanif, Mohammed</a> (16 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8744092.stm">"Why Pakistan's Ahmadi community is officially detested"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Pakistan%27s+Ahmadi+community+is+officially+detested&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft.aulast=Hanif&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F8744092.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous"><i>Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566252-0"><bdi>0-19-566252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy+Continuous%3A+Aspects+of+Ahmadi+Religious+Thought+and+Its+Medieval+Background&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-566252-0&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv8EAAAACAAJ%26q%3DProphecy%2BContinuous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ"><i>From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01529-7"><bdi>978-0-253-01529-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sufism+to+Ahmadiyya%3A+A+Muslim+Minority+Movement+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01529-7&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Adil+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2DxBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Essence of Islam</i>, Islam International Publications, Ltd.; 2nd edition (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85372-765-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85372-765-2">1-85372-765-2</a></li> <li>Iain Adamson: <i>Ahmad, The Guided One</i>, Islam International Publications, 1990, revised 1991.</li> <li><i>Jesus in India</i>, Ahmadiyya Muslim Foreign Mission Department, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-723-8">978-1-85372-723-8</a>; Original <i>Masih Hindustan Mein</i>, Oriental & Religious Publications Ltd., Rabwah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/books/jesus-in-india/index.html">Online</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorbelPreckel2016" class="citation book cs1">Korbel, Jonathan; Preckel, Claudia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426">"Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)"</a>. In Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Reichmuth, Stefan</a> (eds.). <i>Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism</i>. Numen Book Series. Vol. 154. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 426–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004329003_034">10.1163/9789004329003_034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32511-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32511-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghul%C4%81m+A%E1%B8%A5mad+al-Q%C4%81diy%C4%81n%C4%AB%3A+The+Messiah+of+the+Christians%E2%80%94Peace+upon+Him%E2%80%94in+India+%28India%2C+1908%29&rft.btitle=Religious+Dynamics+under+the+Impact+of+Imperialism+and+Colonialism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=426-442&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004329003_034&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32511-1&rft.aulast=Korbel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Preckel%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtY6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirza+Ghulam+Ahmad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>S. R. Valentine, 'Islam & the Ahmadiyya Jama'at', Hurst & Co, London/New York, 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" 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style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Beliefs and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)#The_six_articles_of_faith" title="Iman (Islam)">Six articles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Distinct views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Writings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_the_Teachings_of_Islam" title="The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam">The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_India_(book)" title="Jesus in India (book)">Jesus in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor-ul-Haq_(book)" title="Noor-ul-Haq (book)">Noor-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_of_Islam" title="Victory of Islam">Victory of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer-e-Kabeer">Tafseer-e-Kabeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate#List_of_Ahmadiyya_Caliphs" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Successors of the Messiah:</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalsa_Salana" title="Jalsa Salana">Jalsa Salana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures" title="List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International">MTA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_First" title="Humanity First">Humanity First</a> (International Aid Charity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #000000;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_by_country" title="Ahmadiyya by country">Ahmadiyya by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_and_other_faiths" title="Ahmadiyya and other faiths">Ahmadiyya and other faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis" title="List of Ahmadis">List of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_XX" title="Ordinance XX">Ordinance XX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080782911">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184324467">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100160685">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13434/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx4vdgXdGwH9764xwpyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119095734">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039298">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006220968">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12119002p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12119002p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35680869">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20050413002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX889284">Spain</a></span></li><li><span 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1039779">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119095734">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aḥmad, G̱ẖulām (1839-1908) احمد, غلام"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074536214">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xs87bj">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/chor">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad&oldid=1257831247">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad&oldid=1257831247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Category:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1835_births" title="Category:1835 births">1835 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1908_deaths" title="Category:1908 deaths">1908 deaths</a></li><li><a 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