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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Плаваща атомна електрическа централа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плаваща атомна електрическа централа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisches_schwimmendes_Kernkraftwerk" title="Russisches schwimmendes Kernkraftwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisches schwimmendes Kernkraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuv_tuumaelektrijaam" title="Ujuv tuumaelektrijaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ujuv tuumaelektrijaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nuclear_flotante_rusa" title="Central nuclear flotante rusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Central nuclear flotante rusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیروگاه هسته‌ای شناور روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه هسته‌ای شناور روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_nucl%C3%A9aire_flottante_russe" title="Centrale nucléaire flottante russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centrale nucléaire flottante russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_plutaju%C4%87a_nuklearna_elektrana" title="Ruska plutajuća nuklearna elektrana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska plutajuća nuklearna elektrana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of ship</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg/300px-Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg/450px-Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg/600px-Floating_Nuclear_Power_Plant_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span><div>Model of the Project 20870 (back) with a desalination unit (front)</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Class overview</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builders</td><td><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Operators</td><td><a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Built</td><td>2007-2018</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>19 December 2019-present</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Planned</td><td>at least 7</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Building</td><td>3</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Active</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power station">Nuclear power station</a> <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>21,500 tonnes</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>144.4 m (474 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>30 m (98 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Height</td><td>10 m (33 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draught</td><td>5.6 m (18 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>none</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Crew</td><td>69</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>2 modified <a href="/wiki/KLT-40S" class="mw-redirect" title="KLT-40S">KLT-40S</a> nuclear reactors (icebreaker type) producing 70 MW electric or 300 MW heat power</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Floating nuclear power stations</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'floating <a href="/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined heat and power">combined heat and power</a> (CHP) low-power nuclear power plant') are vessels designed by <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/State_corporation_(Russia)" title="State corporation (Russia)">state-owned</a> nuclear energy corporation. They are self-contained, low-capacity, <a href="/wiki/Floating_nuclear_power_plant" title="Floating nuclear power plant">floating nuclear power plants</a>. Rosatom plans to mass-produce the stations at <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> facilities and then tow them to ports near locations that require electricity. </p><p>The work on such a concept dates back to the <a href="/wiki/MH-1A" title="MH-1A">MH-1A</a> in the United States, which was built in the 1960s into the hull of a World War II <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Ship">Liberty Ship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-maritime-executive-20190316_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritime-executive-20190316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was followed on much later in 2022 when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> funded a three-year research study of offshore floating nuclear power generation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rosatom project is the first floating nuclear power plant intended for mass production. The initial plan was to manufacture at least seven of the vessels by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-vzglyad_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vzglyad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September 2019, Russia’s first-floating nuclear power plant, <i><a href="/wiki/Akademik_Lomonosov" title="Akademik Lomonosov">Akademik Lomonosov</a></i>, arrived to its permanent location in the <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started operation on 19 December 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akademik_Lomonosov" title="Akademik Lomonosov">Akademik Lomonosov</a></div> <p>The project for a floating nuclear power station began in 2000, when the Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (<a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a>) chose <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> as the construction site, <a href="/wiki/Sevmash" title="Sevmash">Sevmash</a> was appointed as general contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-sevmash_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevmash-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the first power station, the <i><a href="/wiki/Akademik_Lomonosov" title="Akademik Lomonosov">Akademik Lomonosov</a></i>, started on 15 April 2007 at the Sevmash Submarine-Building Plant in Severodvinsk. In August 2008 construction works were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, which is also responsible for the construction of future vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Akademik Lomonosov</i> was launched on 1 July 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-spt010710_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spt010710-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at an estimated cost of 6 billion rubles (232 m$).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 construction of a second vessel starting in 2019 was announced by Russia's state nuclear corporation Rosatom.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 July 2021 Rosatom signed an agreement with GDK Baimskaya LLC for energy delivery for Baimskaya copper mining operations. Rosatom suggests delivering up to three new floating power plants (with fourth being in reserve), all using the latest <a href="/wiki/RITM-200" title="RITM-200">RITM-200M</a> 55 MWe reactors, currently serving on <a href="/wiki/Project_22220_icebreaker" title="Project 22220 icebreaker">Project 22220 icebreakers</a>. These are to be docked at Cape Nagloynyn, Chaunskaya Bay port and connected to the Baimskaya mine by 400 km long 110 kV line through Bilibino. According to Rosatom, production of the first new reactors by <a href="/wiki/Atomenergomash" title="Atomenergomash">Atomenergomash</a> has already started.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn-20210727_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn-20210727-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2022, construction of the first hull started in China, planned to be delivered to Russia in 2023 for installation of reactors and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-nei-20220901_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nei-20220901-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 2021 Rosatom announced that these four new floating plants will carry a new, slightly improved version of RITM-200 cores, named RITM-200S, currently in development. TVEL has been charged with development of new fuel assemblies for its improved core.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each barge will produce 106 MWe of power.<sup id="cite_ref-nei-20220901_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nei-20220901-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_characteristics">Technical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The floating nuclear power station is a non-self propelled vessel. It has length of 144.4 metres (474 ft), width of 30 metres (98 ft), height of 10 metres (33 ft), and draught of 5.6 metres (18 ft). The vessel has a displacement of 21,500 tonnes and a crew of 69 people.<sup id="cite_ref-sevmash_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevmash-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnn050407_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn050407-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each vessel of this type has two modified <a href="/wiki/KLT-40" class="mw-redirect" title="KLT-40">KLT-40</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">naval propulsion reactors</a> together providing up to 70 MW of electricity or 300 MW of heat, or cogeneration of electricity and heat for <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>, enough for a city with a population of 200,000 people. Because of its ability to float and be assembled in extreme weather conditions, it can provide heat and power to areas that do not have easy access to these amenities because of their geographic location. It could also be modified as a <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant producing 240,000 cubic meters of fresh water a day.<sup id="cite_ref-rian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller modification of the plant can be fitted with two ABV-6M reactors with the electrical power around 18 MWe (megawatts of electricity).<sup id="cite_ref-wnn301007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn301007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The much larger <a href="/wiki/VBER-300" title="VBER-300">VBER-300</a> 917 MW thermal or 325 MWe<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the slightly larger RITM-200 55 MWe reactors have both been considered as a potential energy source for these floating nuclear power stations.<sup id="cite_ref-world-nuclear_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-nuclear-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station also incorporates a floating unit (FPU), waterworks, guaranteeing solid establishment, separation FPU and transmitting created power and heat on the banks, inland offices for accepting and transmitting the produced power to outside systems for circulation to purchasers.<sup id="cite_ref-elec_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elec-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary goal of the venture is to give increasing energy needs of the area, effective energy investigation and advancement of gold and rest of the different fields in Chaun-Bilibino energy arrangement of the industrial group, guaranteeing adjustment of taxes for electric and heat energy for the populace and modern customers, and the making of a solid energy base for monetary and social improvement of the locale. <sup id="cite_ref-elec_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elec-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contractors">Contractors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contractors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hull and sections of vessels are built by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and Wison (Nantong) Heavy Industry in China.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reactors are designed by <a href="/wiki/OKBM_Afrikantov" title="OKBM Afrikantov">OKBM Afrikantov</a> and assembled by Nizhniy Novgorod Research and Development Institute Atomenergoproekt (both part of <a href="/wiki/Atomenergoprom" title="Atomenergoprom">Atomenergoprom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sevmash_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevmash-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnn-0708094_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn-0708094-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reactor vessels are produced by <a href="/wiki/Izhorskiye_Zavody" title="Izhorskiye Zavody">Izhorskiye Zavody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn-0708094_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn-0708094-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Turbine_Plant" title="Kaluga Turbine Plant">Kaluga Turbine Plant</a> supplies the turbo-generators.<sup id="cite_ref-sevmash_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sevmash-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fueling">Fueling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fueling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The floating power stations need to be refueled every three years while saving up to 200,000 metric tons of coal and 100,000 tons of fuel oil a year. The reactors are supposed to have a lifespan of 40 years. Every 12 years, the whole plant will be towed home and overhauled at the wharf where it was constructed. The manufacturer will arrange for the disposal of the nuclear waste and maintenance is provided by the infrastructure of the Russian nuclear industry. Thus, virtually no radiation traces are expected at the place where the power station produced its energy.<sup id="cite_ref-rian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mn_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The safety systems of the KLT-40S are designed according to the reactor design itself, physical successive systems of protection and containment, self-activating active and passive safety systems, self-diagnostic automatic systems, reliable diagnostics relating to equipment and systems status, and provisioned methods regarding accident control. Additionally, the safety systems on board operate independently of the plant’s power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental groups and citizens are concerned that floating plants will be more vulnerable to accidents, natural disasters specific to oceans, and terrorism than land-based stations. They point to a history of naval and nuclear accidents in Russia and the former Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> of 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-float_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-float-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia does have 50 years of experience operating a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> that are also used for scientific and Arctic tourism expeditions. However earlier incidents (<a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a>, 1957, and Taymyr, 2011) involving radioactive leaking from such vessels also contribute to safety concerns for FNPPs. Commercialization of floating nuclear power plants in the United States have failed due to high costs and safety concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental concerns around the health and safety of the project have arisen. Radioactive steam may be produced, negatively impacting people living nearby. Earthquake activity is common in the area and there are fears that a tsunami wave could damage the facility and release radioactive substances and waste. Being on the water exposes it to natural forces, according to environmental groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both coastal and floating nuclear powerplants may result in similar consequences for the ocean environments. Although the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawall</a> could provide an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reef</a> that is an advantageous environment for some marine life forms, there are potential negative effects on animal and plant life near-shore (for coastal plants) or further offshore (with deep-water floating plants). Intrusion of marine organisms into power station systems during water <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(hydrodynamics)" title="Entrainment (hydrodynamics)">entrainment</a> could reduce species variety and number of individual organisms. The thermal impact of water discharge from stations may permanently change the area's <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>, with, for example, cooler-water species unable to maintain populations, and non-local, warmer-water species, colonizing the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While power plants may instigate such environmental transformations, the thermal plumes caused by the warmed-water discharge are narrow, so their effect is geographically restricted. Winter shutdown of the plant may result in <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">fish kills</a> from the thermal shock. However, this can be mitigated in stations with multiple units, by avoiding simultaneous shutdowns. By sequentially turning off only one unit at a time, the water temperature variation is minimized.<sup id="cite_ref-atom_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atom-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These problems are shared by all <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">thermal power plants</a>. </p><p>The breakwater will constitute an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> of appreciable size.<sup id="cite_ref-atom_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atom-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floating nuclear power stations are planned to be used mainly in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. Five of these are planned to be used by <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> for offshore oil and gas field development and for operations on the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamal_Peninsula" title="Yamal Peninsula">Yamal</a> peninsulas.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other locations include <a href="/wiki/Dudinka" title="Dudinka">Dudinka</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilyuchinsk" title="Vilyuchinsk">Vilyuchinsk</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pevek" title="Pevek">Pevek</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rian_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Rosatom signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> to build a floating plant for its northern parts, using smaller ABV reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Rosatom, 15 countries, including China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria, Sudan, Namibia, Cape Verde, and Argentina, have shown interest in hiring such a device.<sup id="cite_ref-vzglyad_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vzglyad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnn110808_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn110808-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that 75% of the world's population live within 100 miles of a port city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/floating-nuclear-plant-sturgis-dismantled">"Floating Nuclear Plant Sturgis Dismantled"</a>. <i>The Maritime Executive</i>. 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=Floating+Nuclear+Plant+Sturgis+Dismantled&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Ffloating-nuclear-plant-sturgis-dismantled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsus-begins-study-of-floating-nuclear-plants-9969565">"US begins study of floating nuclear plants"</a>. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+begins+study+of+floating+nuclear+plants&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neimagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsus-begins-study-of-floating-nuclear-plants-9969565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vzglyad-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vzglyad_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vzglyad_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vz.ru/news/2007/4/15/77501.html">"Россия построит серию плавучих АЭС (<i>Russia will build series of floating NPS</i>)"</a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%28Russia+will+build+series+of+floating+NPS%29&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vz.ru%2Fnews%2F2007%2F4%2F15%2F77501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nuclear-floating-idUSKBN1VZ0CY">"Russia's first sea-borne nuclear power plant arrives to its base"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 14 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+first+sea-borne+nuclear+power+plant+arrives+to+its+base&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-nuclear-floating-idUSKBN1VZ0CY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Russia-connects-floating-plant-to-grid">"Russia connects floating plant to grid"</a>. <i>World Nuclear News</i>. 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Nuclear+News&rft.atitle=Russia+connects+floating+plant+to+grid&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear-news.org%2FArticles%2FRussia-connects-floating-plant-to-grid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sevmash-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sevmash_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevmash_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevmash_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sevmash_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sevmash.ru/?id=2899&lg=en">"Floating power generating plant of nuclear station of small capacity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sevmash" title="Sevmash">Sevmash</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2004), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencross.ch/pdf/gc_fnpp_book.pdf">Floating Nuclear Power Plants in Russia: A Threat to the Arctic, World Oceans and Non-Proliferation</a></i>. Green Cross Russia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-technology.com/projects/akademik-lomonosov-nuclear-co-generation-russia/">Akademik Lomonosov Floating Nuclear Co-generation Plant</a>, Russian Federation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1978" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Marlowe J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1805&context=cwilj">"Floating Nuclear Plants: A 'Reasonable Use' of the High Seas?"</a>. <i>California Western International Law Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 191–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Western+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Floating+Nuclear+Plants%3A+A+%27Reasonable+Use%27+of+the+High+Seas%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-227&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Marlowe+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1805%26context%3Dcwilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-technology.com/features/featureinfinite-heat-sink-us-floating-nuclear-design-makes-a-splash-4317446/">"Infinite heat sink: US floating nuclear design makes a splash"</a>. <i>Power Technology</i>. 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Power+Technology&rft.atitle=Infinite+heat+sink%3A+US+floating+nuclear+design+makes+a+splash&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.power-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatureinfinite-heat-sink-us-floating-nuclear-design-makes-a-splash-4317446%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+floating+nuclear+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_nuclear_power_markets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ddf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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nuclear power markets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_nuclear_power_markets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging nuclear power markets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_nuclear_power_markets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">markets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Partnerships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Global_Nuclear_Energy_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Nuclear Energy Partnership">Global Nuclear Energy Partnership</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-U.S._civilian_nuclear_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement">United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Nuclear_Plant" title="Next Generation Nuclear Plant">Next Generation Nuclear Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Specialized plant designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%26W_mPower" title="B&W mPower">B&W mPower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAREM" title="CAREM">CAREM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen4_Energy" title="Gen4 Energy">Gen4 Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Reactor_Innovative_and_Secure" title="International Reactor Innovative and Secure">IRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairos_Power" title="Kairos Power">Kairos Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuScale_Power" title="NuScale Power">NuScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian floating nuclear power station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-HTGR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-HTGR (page does not exist)">SC-HTGR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SmAHTR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmAHTR (page does not exist)">SmAHTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">SSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerraPower" title="TerraPower">TerraPower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThorCon_nuclear_reactor" title="ThorCon nuclear reactor">Thorcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_4S" title="Toshiba 4S">Toshiba 4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatomic_Power" title="Transatomic Power">Transatomic Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_power_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Template:Nuclear power in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Nuclear power in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear power in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Russia#Nuclear" title="List of power stations in Russia">Reactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akademik_Lomonosov" title="Akademik Lomonosov">Akademik Lomonosov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balakovo_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant">Balakovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">Beloyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibino_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant">Bilibino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Dimitrovgrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinin_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant">Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kola Nuclear Power Plant">Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kursk Nuclear Power Plant">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant">Leningrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant">Novovoronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novovoronezh_Nuclear_Power_Plant_II" title="Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II">Novovoronezh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Rostov Nuclear Power Plant">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOR-60" title="BOR-60">BOR-60</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Under construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Leningrad_II_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant">Leningrad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Kursk_II_VVER" title="Kursk Nuclear Power Plant">Kursk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BREST_(reactor)#BREST-300" title="BREST (reactor)">BREST-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBIR" title="MBIR">MBIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">Obninsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibirskaya_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troitsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troitsk Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Troitsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashkir_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorky_Nuclear_Heat_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorky Nuclear Heat Plant (page does not exist)">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasnodar_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasnodar Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primorsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primorsk Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Primorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ural_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ural Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">South Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatar Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Tatar (Kama)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tver_Nuclear_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tver Nuclear Power Plant (page does not exist)">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volgograd_Nuclear_Heating_Power_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volgograd Nuclear Heating Power Plant (page does not exist)">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voronezh_Nuclear_Heat_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voronezh Nuclear Heat Plant (page does not exist)">Voronezh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Smolensk_II_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant">Smolensk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactor types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power plant reactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VVER-TOI" title="VVER-TOI">VVER-TOI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLT-40S" class="mw-redirect" title="KLT-40S">KLT-40S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research, experimental<br />and prototype reactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GT-MHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-15_(reactor)" title="T-15 (reactor)">T-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute" title="Kurchatov Institute">Kurchatov Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomenergomash" title="Atomenergomash">Atomenergomash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atommash" title="Atommash">Atommash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomstroyexport" title="Atomstroyexport">Atomstroyexport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKBM_Afrikantov" title="OKBM Afrikantov">OKBM Afrikantov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKB_Gidropress" title="OKB Gidropress">OKB Gidropress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Category:Nuclear power in Russia">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_security_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy security of Russia (page does not exist)">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Russia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Russia" title="Hydroelectricity in Russia">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas_industry_in_Russia" title="Liquefied natural gas industry in Russia">LNG industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry of Russia">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Basin" title="Barents Basin">Barents Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the Barents Sea">Barents Sea fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_petroleum_basin" title="West Siberian petroleum basin">West Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Russia">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electric power industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Imperial_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Imperial Russia">in Imperial Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Russia" title="List of power stations in Russia">List of power stations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian floating nuclear power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_stations_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union">Thermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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shelf of Russia">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia 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Pact">Kharkiv Pact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_about_the_Gas_%E2%80%93_Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!">Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_transmission_system_of_Ukraine" title="Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine">Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine invasion</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" 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