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<span>Toggle North Pole and the Arctic Ocean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_Pole_and_the_Arctic_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_sectors:_1925–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_sectors:_1925–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>National sectors: 1925–2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_sectors:_1925–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_continental_shelf_claims:_2006–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_continental_shelf_claims:_2006–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Extended continental shelf claims: 2006–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_continental_shelf_claims:_2006–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Specific nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.4</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hans_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hans_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hans Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hans_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaufort_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaufort_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beaufort Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaufort_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Northwest Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Northeast Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arctic territories</span> </div> </a> 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href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> 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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Territorial claims in the Arctic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="ar" data-title="المطالبات الإقليمية في المنطقة القطبية الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="উত্তর মেরুদেশীয় অঞ্চলে রাষ্ট্রাধীনতার দাবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর মেরুদেশীয় অঞ্চলে রাষ্ট্রাধীনতার দাবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politischer_Status_der_Arktis" title="Politischer Status der Arktis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politischer Status der Arktis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseda_stato_de_arkta_teritorio" title="Poseda stato de arkta teritorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poseda stato de arkta teritorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revendications_territoriales_en_Arctique" title="Revendications territoriales en Arctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revendications territoriales en Arctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivendicazioni_territoriali_nell%27Artide" title="Rivendicazioni territoriali nell'Artide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivendicazioni territoriali nell'Artide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Правовой режим Арктики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правовой режим Арктики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/IBCAO_betamap.jpg/450px-IBCAO_betamap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/IBCAO_betamap.jpg/600px-IBCAO_betamap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Arctic topography and bathymetry</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> consists of land, <a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters#Territorial_sea" title="Territorial waters">territorial seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> (EEZs) and <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> (66 degrees 33 minutes North latitude). All land, internal waters, territorial seas and EEZs in the Arctic are under the jurisdiction of one of the eight Arctic coastal states: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International law regulates this area as with other portions of Earth. </p><p>Under international law, the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the region of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> surrounding it are not owned by any country. The five surrounding <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> countries are limited to a territorial sea of 12 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (22 km; 14 mi) and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (370 km; 230 mi) adjacent to their coasts measured from declared baselines filed with the UN. The waters beyond the territorial seas and EEZs, that is, beyond 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (370 km; 230 mi) from the coastal states' baselines, are considered the "high seas" (i.e. international waters). The waters and sea bottom that is not confirmed to be extended continental shelf beyond the exclusive economic zones are considered to be the "heritage of all mankind." Fisheries in these waters can only be limited by international treaty. Exploitation of mineral resources on and below the seabed in these areas is administered by the UN <a href="/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority" title="International Seabed Authority">International Seabed Authority</a>. </p><p>Upon ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS), a country has a ten-year period to make claims to an extended <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> which, if validated, gives it exclusive rights to resources on or below the seabed of that extended shelf area.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway, Russia, Canada, and Denmark launched projects to provide a basis for seabed claims on extended continental shelves beyond their exclusive economic zones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States has signed, but <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-ratification_of_the_UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS">not yet ratified</a> the UNCLOS.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The status of certain portions of the Arctic sea region is in dispute for various reasons. Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States all regard parts of the Arctic seas as national waters (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a> out to 12 nautical miles (22 km)) or <a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal waters</a>. There also are disputes regarding what passages constitute international seaways and rights to passage along them. There was one single disputed piece of land in the Arctic—<a href="/wiki/Hans_Island" title="Hans Island">Hans Island</a>—which was disputed until 2022 between Canada and Denmark because of its location in the middle of a strait. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Pole_and_the_Arctic_Ocean">North Pole and the Arctic Ocean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: North Pole and the Arctic Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_sectors:_1925–2005"><span id="National_sectors:_1925.E2.80.932005"></span>National sectors: 1925–2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National sectors: 1925–2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, based upon the <a href="/wiki/Sector_principle" title="Sector principle">sector principle</a>, Canada became the first country to extend its <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a> northward to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>, at least on paper, between 60°W and 141°W <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, a claim that is not universally recognized (there are 415 nmi (769 km; 478 mi) of ocean between the Pole and Canada's northernmost land point).<sup id="cite_ref-j754556_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j754556-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15 the following year, the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> declared the territory between two lines (32°04′35″E to 168°49′30″W<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) drawn from west of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> to the North Pole and from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a> to the North Pole to be Soviet territory. Norway (5°E to 35°E) made similar sector claims, as did the United States (170°W to 141°W), but that sector contained only a few islands, so the claim was not pressed. Denmark's sovereignty over all of Greenland was recognized by the United States in 1916 and by an international court in 1933. Denmark could also conceivably claim an Arctic sector (60°W to 10°W).<sup id="cite_ref-j754556_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j754556-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Canada sent <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> families to the far north in the <a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a>, partly to establish territoriality.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian monarch</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">the Duke of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Anne</a>, undertook in 1970 a tour of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>, in part to demonstrate to an unconvinced American government and the Soviet Union that Canada had certain claim to its Arctic territories, which were strategic during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Canada claims the water within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Internal_Waters" title="Canadian Internal Waters">own internal waters</a>. The United States is one of the countries which does not recognize Canada's, or any other countries', Arctic archipelagic water claims and has allegedly sent nuclear <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> under the ice near Canadian islands without requesting permission.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1999, the geographic North Pole (a non-dimensional dot) and the major part of the Arctic Ocean had been generally considered to comprise international space, including both the waters and the sea bottom. However, the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has prescribed a process which prompted several countries to submit claims or to reinforce pre-existing claims to portions of the seabed of the polar region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_continental_shelf_claims:_2006–present"><span id="Extended_continental_shelf_claims:_2006.E2.80.93present"></span>Extended continental shelf claims: 2006–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extended continental shelf claims: 2006–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extended_continental_shelf" title="Extended continental shelf">Extended continental shelf</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UNCLOS</a>, states have ten years from the date of ratification to make claims to an extended continental shelf. They must present to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, a UN body, geological evidence that their shelf effectively extends beyond the 200 nautical miles limit. The Commission does not define borders but merely judges the scientific validity of assertions and it is up to countries with rightful but overlapping claims to come to a settlement. On this basis, four of the five states fronting the Arctic Ocean – Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the Russian Federation – must have made any desired claims by 2013, 2014, 2006, and 2007 respectively. Since the U.S. has yet to ratify the UNCLOS, the date for its submission is undetermined at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claims to extended continental shelves, if deemed valid, give the claimant state exclusive rights to the sea bottom and resources below the bottom. Valid extended continental shelf claims do not and cannot extend a state's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) since the EEZ is determined solely by drawing a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) line using territorial sea baselines as their starting point. Press reports often confuse the facts and assert that extended continental shelf claims expand a state's EEZ thereby giving a state exclusive rights to resources not only on the sea bottom or below it, but also to those in the water column above it. The Arctic chart prepared by Durham University explicitly illustrates the extent of the uncontested Exclusive Economic Zones of the five states bordering the Arctic Ocean, and also the relatively small expanse of remaining "high seas" or totally international waters at the very North of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_nations">Specific nations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specific nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/books/6.10.jpg">Map identifying baselines and territorial sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic islands">Canadian Arctic islands</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retrieved 25 March 2017</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Canada ratified UNCLOS on 7 November 2003 and had through 2013 to file its claim to an extended continental shelf. As of December 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Canada had announced that it would file a claim which includes the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada planned to submit their claim to a portion of the Arctic continental shelf in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the Russian <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> expedition, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">Peter MacKay</a>, said "[t]his is posturing. This is the true North, strong and free, and they're fooling themselves if they think dropping a flag on the ocean floor is going to change anything... This isn't the 14th or 15th century."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArktikaResponse_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArktikaResponse-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_foreign_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian foreign ministers">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, stated "[w]hen pioneers reach a point hitherto unexplored by anybody, it is customary to leave flags there. Such was the case on the Moon, by the way... [W]e from the outset said that this expedition was part of the big work being carried out under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, within the international authority where Russia's claim to submerged ridges which we believe to be an extension of our shelf is being considered. We know that this has to be proved. The ground samples that were taken will serve the work to prepare that evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> said he was assured by Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> that neither offence nor "violation of international understanding or any Canadian sovereignty" was intended.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper promised to defend Canada's claimed sovereignty by building and operating up to eight <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Patrol_Ship_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Patrol Ship Project">Arctic patrol ships</a>, a new army training centre in <a href="/wiki/Resolute,_Nunavut" title="Resolute, Nunavut">Resolute Bay</a>, and the refurbishing of an existing deepwater port at a former mining site in <a href="/wiki/Nanisivik,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanisivik, Nunavut">Nanisivik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Denmark">Denmark</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/sites/ing/files/dk-goer-krav-paa-nordpolen_0.jpg">Area of the Greenland continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean beyond 200-nautical-mile zone</a> – borders of the 200 mile zone are marked in red, territory claimed by Denmark is shaded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/sites/ing/files/lomonosov-ryggen.jpg">Delineation points</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Denmark ratified <a href="/wiki/UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a> on 16 November 2004 and had through 2014 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf. </p><p>The Kingdom of Denmark simultaneously declared that ratifying UNCLOS did not change Denmark's position that the <a href="/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Danish straits</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Belt" title="Great Belt">Great Belt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Belt" title="Little Belt">Little Belt</a>, and the Danish part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a>, formed on the foundation of the Copenhagen Treaty of 1857 are legally Danish territory, and – as set out in the treaty section of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">United Nations Office of Legal Affairs</a> – this should remain so.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Denmark considers the Copenhagen Convention to apply solely to the waterways through Denmark proper and not the North Atlantic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The What does this have to do with the Arctic, which is thousands of kilometres away? near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (September 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, has the nearest coastline to the North Pole, and Denmark argues that the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge" title="Lomonosov Ridge">Lomonosov Ridge</a> is in fact an extension of Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-acClaim_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acClaim-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Danish project included <a href="/w/index.php?title=LORITA-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LORITA-1 (page does not exist)">LORITA-1</a> expedition in April–May 2006<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included tectonic research during <a href="/w/index.php?title=LOMROG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOMROG (page does not exist)">LOMROG</a> expedition, which were part of the 2007–2008 International Polar Year program.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprised the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Oden_(1988_icebreaker)" title="Oden (1988 icebreaker)">Oden</a></i> and Russian nuclear icebreaker <a href="/wiki/NS_50_Let_Pobedy" class="mw-redirect" title="NS 50 Let Pobedy">NS <i>50 Let Pobedy</i></a>. The latter led the expedition through the ice fields to the research location.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further efforts at geological study in the region were carried out by the LOMROG II expedition, which took place in 2009, and the LOMROG III expedition, launched in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 December 2014 Denmark claimed an area of 895,000 km<sup>2</sup> (346,000 sq mi) extending from Greenland past the North Pole to the limits of the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone. Unlike the Russian claim which is generally limited to the Russia sector of the Arctic, the Danish Claim extends across the North Pole and into Russia's sector.<sup id="cite_ref-DKclcs_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKclcs-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GEUS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEUS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jens_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Norway">Norway</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway ratified the <a href="/wiki/UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a> on 24 June 1996 and had through 2006 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf. </p><p>On November 27, 2006, Norway made an official submission into the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (article 76, paragraph 8). There are provided arguments to extend the Norwegian seabed claim beyond the 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) EEZ in three areas of the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and the Arctic: the "Loop Hole" in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>, the Western Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean, and the "Banana Hole" in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>. The submission also states that an additional submission for continental shelf limits in other areas may be posted later.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway and Russia have ratified an agreement on the Barents Sea, ending a 40-year demarcation dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Russia">Russia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia ratified the UNCLOS in 1997 and had through 2007 to file a claim to an extended continental shelf. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> is claiming a large extended continental shelf as far as the North Pole based on the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge" title="Lomonosov Ridge">Lomonosov Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendeleyev_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleyev Ridge">Mendeleyev Ridges</a> within their Arctic sector. <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> believes the eastern Lomonosov Ridge and the Mendeleyev Ridge are an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Until Denmark filed its claim, the Russian claim did not cross the Russia-US Arctic sector demarcation line, nor did it extend into the Arctic sector of any other Arctic coastal state. </p><p>On December 20, 2001, Russia made an official submission into the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_the_Limits_of_the_Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf">UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf</a> in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (article 76, paragraph 8). In the document it is proposed to establish the outer limits of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Russia" title="Continental shelf of Russia">continental shelf of Russia</a> beyond the 200-nautical-mile (370 km) Exclusive Economic Zone, but within the Russian Arctic sector.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory claimed by Russia in the submission is a large portion of the Arctic within its sector, extending to but not beyond the geographic North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the arguments was a statement that Lomonosov Ridge, an <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">underwater mountain ridge</a> passing near the Pole, and <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev_Ridge" title="Mendeleev Ridge">Mendeleev Ridge</a> on the Russian side of the Pole are extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian continent</a>. In 2002 the UN Commission neither rejected nor accepted the Russian proposal, recommending additional research.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/220px-Mir_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/330px-Mir_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mir_front.jpg/440px-Mir_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">MIR submersible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On August 2, 2007, a Russian expedition called <a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a>, composed of six explorers led by <a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Artur Chilingarov</a>, employing <a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">MIR submersibles</a>, for the first time in history descended to the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> at the North Pole. There they planted a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> and took water and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">samples</a> for analysis, continuing a mission to provide additional evidence related to the Russian extended continental shelf claim including the mineral riches of the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of the ongoing 2007 Russian North Pole expedition within the program of the 2007–2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">International Polar Year</a>. </p><p>The expedition aimed to establish that the eastern section of seabed passing close to the Pole, known as the Lomonosov and Mendeleyev Ridges, is in fact an extension of Russia's landmass. The expedition came as several countries are trying to extend their rights over sections of the Arctic Ocean floor. Both Norway and Denmark are carrying out surveys to this end. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> made a speech on a nuclear icebreaker on 3 May 2007, urging greater efforts to secure Russia's "strategic, economic, scientific and defense interests" in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-September 2007, Russia's Natural Resources Ministry issued a statement: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Preliminary results of an analysis of the earth crust model examined by the Arktika 2007 expedition, obtained on September 20, have confirmed that the crust structure of the Lomonosov Ridge corresponds to the world analogues of the continental crust, and it is therefore part of the Russian Federation's adjacent continental shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-Interfax_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interfax-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Viktor Posyolov, an official with Russia's Agency for Management of Mineral Resources: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With a high degree of likelihood, Russia will be able to increase its continental shelf by 1.2 million square kilometers [460,000 square miles] with potential hydrocarbon reserves of not less than 9,000 to 10,000 billion tonnes of conventional fuel beyond the 200-mile (320 km) [322 kilometer] economic zone in the Arctic Ocean<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On August 4, 2015, Russia submitted additional data in support of its bid, containing new arguments based on "ample scientific data collected in years of Arctic research", for territories in the Arctic to the United Nations. Through this bid, Russia is claiming 1.2 million square kilometers (over 463,000 square miles) of Arctic sea shelf extending more than 350 nautical miles (about 650 kilometers) from the shore.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2016 additional data was submitted by Russian Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Sergey Donskoy. After the expedition "<a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a>" Russian researchers collected new data reinforcing Russia's claim to part of the sea bottom beyond its uncontested 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) within its Arctic sector, the North Pole area included. On August 9, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_the_Limits_of_the_Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf">UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf</a> began its review of the submission. </p><p>In 2021, the Russian Federation submitted several addenda to the CLCS extending the area claimed as part of its extended continental shelf. One submission extended its shelf claim across the Lomonosov Ridge up to the outer limit of Canada and Denmark's EEZ. This area overlaps completely with Danish and Canadian claims. Moscow also extended its shelf on the <a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Gakkel Ridge</a>, part of which overlaps with Danish claims.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the United States has <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">not ratified</a> the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (<a href="/wiki/UNCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a>). However, the United States points out that a coastal state's right to an extended continental shelf is well established in customary international law, so US rights do not depend on joining UNCLOS or making submissions to the CLCS.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2007, an American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> icebreaker, the <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Healy_(WAGB-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Healy (WAGB-20)">USCGC <i>Healy</i></a>, headed to the Arctic Ocean to map the sea floor off Alaska. Larry Mayer, director of the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a>, stated the trip had been planned for months, having nothing to do with the Russians planting their flag. The purpose of the mapping work aboard the <i>Healy</i> is to determine the extent of the US continental shelf north of Alaska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was stated by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> on March 25, 2007, that riches are awaiting the shipping industry due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic climate change</a>. This economic sector could be transformed similar to the way the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> was by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in the 19th century. There will be a race among nations for oil, fish, diamonds and shipping routes, accelerated by the impact of global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Arctic_ice_levels_at_record_low_opening_Northwest_Passage" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage"> Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><p> However, much research commentary since 2008 has thrown cold water on narratives that the Arctic will experience a rush for resources that could lead to conflict between states. </p><p>The potential value of the North Pole and the surrounding area resides not so much in shipping itself but in the possibility that lucrative <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves exist below the seafloor. Such reserves are known to exist under the Barents, Kara, and Beaufort Seas. However, the vast majority of the Arctic known to contain gas and oil resources is already within uncontested EEZs. While these EEZs leave much of the Central Arctic Ocean high seas, Canada, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland), and Norway have all announced extended continental shelf claims that cover almost the entire Arctic seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would mean that legal rights to oil, gas, and other resources in and on the seabed would belong exclusively to the Arctic coastal states, which would have sole jurisdiction to manage their resources. </p><p>On September 14, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> reported ice loss had opened up the Northwest Passage "for the first time since records began in 1978", and the extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable".<sup id="cite_ref-esa_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beeb_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeb-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further exploration for petroleum reserves elsewhere in the Arctic may now become more feasible, and the passage may become a regular channel of international shipping and commerce if Canada is not able to enforce its claim to it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign Ministers and other officials representing Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Ilulissat, Greenland</a> in May 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> and announced the <a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a>. Among other things the declaration stated that any demarcation issues in the Arctic should be resolved on a bilateral basis between contesting parties.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hans_Island">Hans Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hans Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Island" title="Hans Island">Hans Island</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Island_(Greenland)" title="Beaumont Island (Greenland)">Beaumont Island (Greenland)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nares_strait_border_(Kennedy_channel).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png/300px-Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png/450px-Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png/600px-Nares_strait_border_%28Kennedy_channel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Map of part of <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Channel" title="Kennedy Channel">Kennedy Channel</a>, with the formerly disputed island</figcaption></figure> <p>Hans Island is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Nares_Strait" title="Nares Strait">Nares Strait</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a> that runs between <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> (the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada) and Greenland. The small uninhabited island, sized 1.3 km<sup>2</sup> (0.5 sq mi), was named for Greenlandic Arctic traveller <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hendrik" title="Hans Hendrik">Hans Hendrik</a>. </p><p>In 1973, Canada and Denmark negotiated the geographic coordinates of the continental shelf, and settled on a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> treaty that was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on December 17, 1973, and has been in force since March 13, 1974. The treaty lists 127 points (by <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait" title="Davis Strait">Davis Strait</a> to the end of <a href="/wiki/Robeson_Channel" title="Robeson Channel">Robeson Channel</a>, where Nares Strait runs into <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a>; the border is defined by <a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">geodesic</a> lines between these points. The treaty does not, however, draw a line from point 122 (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&params=80_49_2_N_66_29_0_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">80°49′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°29′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">80.81722°N 66.48333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">80.81722; -66.48333</span></span></span></a></span></span>) to point 123 (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&params=80_49_8_N_66_26_3_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">80°49′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°26′3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">80.81889°N 66.43417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">80.81889; -66.43417</span></span></span></a></span></span>)—a distance of 875 m (0.54 mi). Hans Island is situated in the centre of this area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">Danish flags</a> were planted on Hans Island in 1984, 1988, 1995 and 2003. The Canadian government formally protested these actions. In July 2005, former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Canadian defence minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Bill Graham</a> made an unannounced stop on Hans Island during a trip to the Arctic; this launched yet another diplomatic quarrel between the governments, and a truce was called that September. </p><p>Canada had claimed Hans Island was clearly in its territory, as topographic maps originally used in 1967 to determine the island's coordinates clearly showed the entire island on Canada's side of the delimitation line. However, federal officials reviewed the latest satellite imagery in July 2007, and conceded that the line went roughly through the middle of the island. This left ownership of the island disputed, with claims over fishing grounds and future access to the Northwest Passage possibly at stake as well.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of April 2012, the governments of both countries were in negotiations which ultimately resulted in the island being split almost precisely in half.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations ended in November 2012 and gave a more exact border description, but did not solve the dispute over Hans Island. One possible resolution was to treat the island as a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Canada and Denmark resolved the dispute, establishing a land border through Hans Island.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beaufort_Sea">Beaufort Sea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beaufort Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea#Border_dispute" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea § Border dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/220px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/330px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/440px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The cross-hatched wedge-shaped region in the east is claimed by both Canada and the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9,_6th_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg/220px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg/330px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg/440px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_C-9%2C_6th_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9053" data-file-height="6596" /></a><figcaption>Map including the border area</figcaption></figure> <p>There is an ongoing dispute involving a wedge-shaped slice on the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">International Boundary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>, between the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> of Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAfactIssues_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactIssues-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian position is that the maritime boundary should extend the land boundary in a straight line, following the <a href="/wiki/Natural_prolongation_principle" title="Natural prolongation principle">natural prolongation principle</a>. The American position is that the maritime boundary should extend along a path equidistant from the coasts of the two nations, following the <a href="/wiki/Equidistance_principle" title="Equidistance principle">equidistance principle</a>. The disputed area may hold significant <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> reserves. The U.S. has already leased eight <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">plots</a> of the terrain below the water to search for and possibly bring to market <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> that may exist there. Canada has protested diplomatically in response.<sup id="cite_ref-InstituteNorth_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InstituteNorth-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundary could also effect the delimitation of the extended continental shelf in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Ironically, each country's position within 200 nautical miles produces a line that favors the other state beyond 200 nautical miles. </p><p>No settlement has been reached to date.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAfactIssues_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactIssues-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 20, 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> announced a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_on_fishing_the_Beaufort_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moratorium on fishing the Beaufort Sea">moratorium on fishing the Beaufort Sea</a> north of Alaska, including the disputed waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish2009-08-20_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish2009-08-20-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCom2009-09-14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randy Boswell, of <i>Canada.com</i> wrote that the disputed area covered a 21,436 square kilometres (8,276 sq mi) section of the Beaufort Sea (smaller than Israel, larger than <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>). He wrote that Canada had filed a "<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic note">diplomatic note</a>" with the United States in April when the US first announced plans for the moratorium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northwest_Passage">Northwest Passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Northwest Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Internal_Waters" title="Canadian Internal Waters">Canadian Internal Waters</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest_passage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northwest_passage.jpg/300px-Northwest_passage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northwest_passage.jpg/450px-Northwest_passage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Northwest_passage.jpg/600px-Northwest_passage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Northwest Passage routes</figcaption></figure> <p>The legal status of the Northwest Passage is disputed: Canada considers it to be part of its historic internal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and most maritime nations<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider them to be an <a href="/wiki/International_strait" title="International strait">international strait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that foreign vessels have right of "transit passage".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such a regime, Canada would have the right to enact fishing and environmental regulation, and fiscal and smuggling laws, as well as laws intended for the safety of shipping, but not the right to close the passage.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCLOSIII_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCLOSIII-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the environmental regulations allowed under the UNCLOS are not as robust as those allowed if the Northwest Passage is part of Canada's internal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northeast_Passage">Northeast Passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northeast Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></div> <p>Russia considers portions of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a>, which encompasses only navigational routes through waters within Russia's Arctic EEZ east from <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> to the Bering Strait, to pass through Russian territorial and internal waters in the Kara, Vilkitskiy, and Sannikov Straits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arctic_territories">Arctic territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arctic territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark_2">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsey" title="Grímsey">Grímsey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway_2">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island (Norway)">Bear Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_2">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Diomede" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Diomede">Big Diomede</a> (due to US Government definition of "Arctic", even though below Arctic Circle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a> (majority of territory south of the Arctic Circle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands" title="New Siberian Islands">New Siberian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Arctic_islands" title="Russian Arctic islands">Russian Arctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> (most of the Republic south of the Arctic Circle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> (due to the U.S. Government definition of "Arctic", even though below the Arctic Circle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Diomede_Island" title="Little Diomede Island">Little Diomede Island</a> (due to the U.S. Government definition of "Arctic", even though below the Arctic Circle)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a> (Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Canada" title="Arctic policy of Canada">Arctic policy of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">United States Outer Continental Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf (in geography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">List of Russian explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cooperation_and_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Cooperation and Politics">Arctic Cooperation and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_continental_shelf" title="Norwegian continental shelf">Norwegian continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Arctic_disputes" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations#Arctic disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Russia" title="Continental shelf of Russia">Continental shelf of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_resources_race" title="Arctic resources race">Arctic resources race</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/">"Arctic Council"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farctic-council.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritorial+claims+in+the+Arctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Accessed: 15 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEUS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GEUS_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a76.dk/xpdf/DNK2014_ES_N-GREENLAND.pdf">The Northern Continental Shelf of Greenland (Executive Summary)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216012041/http://a76.dk/xpdf/DNK2014_ES_N-GREENLAND.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Denmark_and_Greenland" title="Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland">Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Climate,_Energy_and_Building_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building (Denmark)">Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building (Denmark)</a></i>, November 2014. Accessed: 15 December 2014. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/artikel/derfor-goer-danmark-nu-krav-paa-nordpolen-172976">Derfor gør Danmark nu krav på Nordpolen</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.dk/translate?sl=da&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fing.dk%2Fartikel%2Fderfor-goer-danmark-nu-krav-paa-nordpolen-172976&edit-text=">In English</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8ren" title="Ingeniøren">Ingeniøren</a></i>, 15 December 2014. Accessed: 15 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_nor.htm">"Continental Shelf – submission to the Commission by Norway"</a>. <i>un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Northwest+Passage+and+Climate+Change+from+the+Library+of+Parliament+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Arctic+Sovereignty&rft.pub=Parl.gc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FContent%2FLOP%2FResearchPublications%2Fprb0561-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritorial+claims+in+the+Arctic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albert, Mathias, and Andreas Vasilache. "Governmentality of the Arctic as an international region." <i>Cooperation and Conflict</i> 53.1 (2018): 3-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0010836717703674">online</a></li> <li>Byers, Michael. <i>Who owns the Arctic?: Understanding sovereignty disputes in the North</i> (Douglas & McIntyre, 2010).</li> <li>Coates, Ken S., et al. <i>Arctic front: defending Canada in the far north</i> (Dundurn, 2010).</li> <li>Dodds, Klaus, and Mark Nuttall. <i>The Arctic: What Everyone Needs to Know</i> (Oxford University Press, 2019).</li> <li>Dodds, Klaus. <i>The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012).</li> <li>Griffiths, Franklyn, Rob Huebert, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer. <i>Canada and the changing Arctic: Sovereignty, security, and stewardship</i> (Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2011).</li> <li>Jensen, Leif Christian, and Geir Hønneland, eds. <i>Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic</i> (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015).</li> <li>Keil, Kathrin. "The Arctic: A new region of conflict? The case of oil and gas." <i>Cooperation and conflict</i> 49.2 (2014): 162–190.</li> <li>Knecht, Sebastian, and Kathrin Keil. "Arctic geopolitics revisited: spatialising governance in the circumpolar North." <i>The Polar Journal</i> 3.1 (2013): 178–203.</li> <li>Ladies, Przemysław. "The United States and Canada towards Russian Arctic Policy: State of Play and Development Prospects." <i>Society and Politics</i> 2 (63) (2020): 73–103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-a1781ad4-6f5e-4134-828c-bacef798fb01/c/73_PDFsam_spoleczenstwo_i_polityka_02_2020_OST_lekki.pdf">online</a></li> <li>McCormack, Michael. "More than Words: Securitization and Policymaking in the Canadian Arctic under Stephen Harper," <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i> (2020) 50#4 pp 436–460.</li> <li>Roberts, Kari. "Understanding Russia's security priorities in the Arctic: why Canada-Russia cooperation is still possible." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> (2020): 1–17.</li> <li>Tamnes, Rolf, and Kristine Offerdal, eds. <i>Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: Regional dynamics in a global world</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>Wallace, Ron R. "Canada and Russia in an Evolving Circumpolar Arctic." in <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 351–372. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Heather-Exner-Pirot/publication/338515376_The_Arctic_in_International_Affairs_Handbook_of_Arctic_Policy_and_Politics/links/5e18ad76a6fdcc283768854b/The-Arctic-in-International-Affairs-Handbook-of-Arctic-Policy-and-Politics.pdf#page=357">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/staging_site/in_depth/the_green_room/7543837.stm">"Arctic Map shows dispute hotspots"</a>. BBC. 2008-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arctic+Map+shows+dispute+hotspots&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fstaging_site%2Fin_depth%2Fthe_green_room%2F7543837.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritorial+claims+in+the+Arctic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/06_08_08_arcticboundaries.pdf">"Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Boundaries Research Unit, <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. 2008-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maritime+jurisdiction+and+boundaries+in+the+Arctic+region&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fbsp%2Fhi%2Fpdfs%2F06_08_08_arcticboundaries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritorial+claims+in+the+Arctic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301130906/http://www4.carleton.ca/cifp/app/serve.php/1355.pdf">"Arctic Sovereignty Policy Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Carleton University School of Journalism & Communication. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.carleton.ca/cifp/app/serve.php/1355.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Sovereignty+Policy+Review&rft.pub=Carleton+University+School+of+Journalism+%26+Communication&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.carleton.ca%2Fcifp%2Fapp%2Fserve.php%2F1355.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritorial+claims+in+the+Arctic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/McRae_A.html">Lecture</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ls/McRae_bio.pdf">Donald M. McRae</a> entitled <i>Selected Issues Relating to the Arctic</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li> <li>van Efferink, Leonhardt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218020430/http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/Publication_Efferink_van_Leonhardt_Arctic_Geopolitics_Oil_Gas_Exploration_Northwest_Passage_Climate_Change_Council_Ocean_Offshore_Shipping_Routes_Circumpolar_Countries.html">Arctic Geopolitics 1 – oil and gas exploration, Northwest Passage, climate change</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218020702/http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/Publication_Efferink_van_Leonhardt_Arctic_Geopolitics_Russian_Territorial_Claims_UNCLOS_Lomonosov_Ridge_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_Baselines_Flag_Planting_North_Pole_Navy.html">Arctic Geopolitics 2 – Russia's territorial claims, UNCLOS, the Lomonosov Ridge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/11/frozen-assets-arctic-espionage-spying-new-cold-war-russia-canada/">Frozen Assets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512185930/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/11/frozen-assets-arctic-espionage-spying-new-cold-war-russia-canada/">archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1121"><i>The historical and legal background of Canada's Arctic claims</i> (1952) Manuscript</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1050"><i>Territorial sovereignty in the Arctic</i> (1947) Manuscript</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Russian ambassador's residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Houston">Consulate-General of Russia, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in New York City">Consulate-General of Russia, New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Henry Hammond House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco">Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Point,_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">2024 Ankara prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov,_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian interference in United States elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Trevor_Reed" title="Arrest of Trevor Reed">Arrest of Trevor Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tenet_Media_investigation" title="2024 Tenet Media investigation">2024 Tenet Media investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Mutual detargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_legs" title="Bush legs">Bush legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_One_Inch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not One Inch (book)">Not One Inch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Russia–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_security_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy security of Russia (page does not exist)">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Russia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Russia" title="Hydroelectricity in Russia">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas_industry_in_Russia" title="Liquefied natural gas industry in Russia">LNG industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry of Russia">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Basin" title="Barents Basin">Barents Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the Barents Sea">Barents Sea fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_petroleum_basin" title="West Siberian petroleum basin">West Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Russia">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electric power industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Imperial_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Imperial Russia">in Imperial Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Russia" title="List of power stations in Russia">List of power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station" title="Russian floating nuclear power station">Russian floating nuclear power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_stations_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union">Thermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_Russia" title="Category:Electric power companies of Russia">Electric power companies of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatek" title="Novatek">Novatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneftegaz" title="Rosneftegaz">Rosneftegaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Energy" title="Sakhalin Energy">Sakhalin Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transneft" title="Transneft">Transneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_LNG" title="Yamal LNG">Yamal LNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Politics</a> and disputes<br />(before <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy policy of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia–Saudi Arabia relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_Siberia" title="Power of Siberia">Power of Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany–Russia relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_1" title="Nord Stream 1">Nord Stream 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">Russia in the European energy sector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_North_Pole_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Russian North Pole expedition">2007 Russian North Pole expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Russia" title="Continental shelf of Russia">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Russia%E2%80%93Georgia_energy_crisis" title="2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis">2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">of 2005–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Pact" title="Kharkiv Pact">Kharkiv Pact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_about_the_Gas_%E2%80%93_Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!">Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_transmission_system_of_Ukraine" title="Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine">Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine invasion</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">2021–2023 global energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 food crises">2022–2023 food crises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">2024 Lukoil transit sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">2022 oil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_oil_products_sanctions_and_price_cap" title="2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap">2023 oil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_natural_gas_price_cap" title="EU natural gas price cap">gas price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">CAATSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list" title="Unfriendly countries list">Unfriendly countries list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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