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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Articles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Articles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indefinite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_appended_to_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_appended_to_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Article appended to adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_appended_to_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Demonstrative article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genitival_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitival_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Genitival article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitival_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adjectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjective_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adjective inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Adjective syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Degrees of comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Nominative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Accusative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Dative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genitive_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitive_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Genitive case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitive_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reflexive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polite_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polite_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Polite pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polite_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns_of_proximity_and_remoteness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_of_proximity_and_remoteness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Pronouns of proximity and remoteness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_of_proximity_and_remoteness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns_of_differentiation_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_of_differentiation_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Pronouns of differentiation and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_of_differentiation_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Intensive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_and_interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_and_interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Relative and interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_and_interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_and_indefinite_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_and_indefinite_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Negative and indefinite pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_and_indefinite_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prepositions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prepositions_with_accusative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions_with_accusative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Prepositions with accusative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions_with_accusative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions_with_dative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions_with_dative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Prepositions with dative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions_with_dative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions_with_genitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions_with_genitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Prepositions with genitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions_with_genitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interjections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interjections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Interjections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interjections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interjections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interjections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_interjections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_interjections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Common interjections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_interjections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onomatopoeia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onomatopoeia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Onomatopoeia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onomatopoeia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_within_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_within_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Use within sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_within_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrase_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrase_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Phrase syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phrase_syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phrase syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phrase_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Main clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subordinate_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subordinate_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Subordinate clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subordinate_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clauses_introduced_by_coordinating_conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clauses_introduced_by_coordinating_conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Clauses introduced by coordinating conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clauses_introduced_by_coordinating_conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the Romanian language</div> <p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (i.e. the <i><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a></i> language within <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a>) shares largely the same <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and most of the vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">phonological processes</a> with the other three surviving varieties of Eastern Romance, namely <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a>, Romanian shares many characteristics with its more distant relatives: <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, etc. However, Romanian has preserved certain features of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> grammar that have been lost elsewhere. This could be explained by a host of factors such as: relative isolation in the Balkans, possible pre-existence of identical grammatical structures in its substratum (as opposed to the substrata over which the other Romance languages developed), and existence of similar elements in the neighboring languages. One Latin element that has survived in Romanian while having disappeared from other Romance languages is the morphological <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">case</a> differentiation in nouns. Nevertheless, declensions have been reduced to only three forms (nominative/accusative, genitive/dative, and vocative) from the original six or seven. Another, that is only seen marginally in other Romance languages such as Italian, is the retention of the neuter <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> in nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian is attested from the 16th century. The first <b>Romanian grammar</b> was <a href="/wiki/Elementa_linguae_daco-romanae_sive_valachicae" title="Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae">Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae</a> by Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Șincai, published in 1780. Many modern writings on Romanian grammar, in particular, most of those published by the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Academia Română</i></span>), are prescriptive; the rules regarding plural formation, verb conjugation, word spelling and meanings, etc. are revised periodically to include new tendencies in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">Romanian nouns</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> are categorized into three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The neuter behaves like the masculine in the singular and the feminine in the plural, unlike the neuter in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> which had distinct forms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns which in their dictionary form (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, with no <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>) end in a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> <b>-u</b> are mostly masculine or neuter; if they end in <b>-ă</b> or <b>-a</b> they are usually feminine. In the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>, the ending <b>-i</b> corresponds generally to masculine nouns, whereas feminine and neuter nouns often end in <b>-e</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Synchronic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronic analysis">synchronic</a> terms, Romanian <a href="/wiki/Neuter_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter nouns">neuter nouns</a> can also be analysed as "ambigeneric", that is as being masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural (see below)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even in <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> terms certain linguists have argued that this pattern, as well as that of case differentiation, was in a sense "re-invented" rather than a "direct" continuation of the Latin neuter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most noun genders correspond to Latin categorization, such as <a href="/wiki/First_declension" title="First declension">first declension</a> which remained feminine. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Third_declension" title="Third declension">third declension</a> nouns retained the gender from Latin, neuter included, most likely reinforced by the Latin plural form -ores which gave the feminine plural -uri in Romanian. <a href="/wiki/Second_declension" title="Second declension">Second declension</a> nouns were reanalysed on their semantic characteristic (cervus >cerb "stag" remained masculine but campus >câmp "field" became neutral). As for the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_declension" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth declension">fourth declension</a>, the nouns were analysed in regards to their plural endings as the declension collapsed into the second, being reassigned as neutral based on the -ores plural form. The change of gender can thus be explained by syncretism and homophony.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Masculine: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">om</i></span> ('man, human being'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">bou</i></span> ('ox'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">copac</i></span> ('tree');</li> <li>Neuter: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">drum</i></span> ('road'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cadou</i></span> ('present, gift'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">exemplu</i></span> ('example');</li> <li>Feminine: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">bunică</i></span> ('grandmother'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">carte</i></span> ('book'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cafea</i></span> ('coffee').</li></ul> <p>For nouns designating people the grammatical gender can only be masculine or feminine, and is strictly determined by the biological sex, no matter the phonetics of the noun. For example, nouns like <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tată</i></span> (father) and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">popă</i></span> (priest) are masculine as they refer to male people, although phonetically they are similar to typical feminine nouns. </p><p>For native speakers, the general rule for <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns#Gender" title="Romanian nouns">determining a noun's gender</a> relies on the "one-two" test, which consists in inflecting the noun to both the singular and the plural, together with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a> <i>one</i> and <i>two</i>. Depending on the gender, the numbers will have different forms for each of the three genders: masculine nouns will be <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un-doi</i></span>; feminine nouns, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">o-două</i></span>; neuter nouns, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un-două</i></span>. </p> <ul><li>Masculine: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un om</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">doi oameni</i></span> ('one human being', 'two human beings'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un iepure</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">doi iepuri</i></span> ('one rabbit', 'two rabbits'). In this case both <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">doi</i></span> are in their masculine forms.</li> <li>Feminine: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">o fată</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două fete</i></span> ('one girl', 'two girls'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">o pasăre, două păsări</i></span> ('one bird', 'two birds'). In this case both <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">o</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două</i></span> are in their feminine forms.</li> <li>Neuter: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un corp</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două corpuri</i></span> ('one body', 'two bodies'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un sertar</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două sertare</i></span> ('one drawer', 'two drawers'). In this case <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un</i></span> is in its masculine form while <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două</i></span> is in its feminine form. This is the only case in which the two numbers have different genders.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">Romanian numbers</a> generally have a single form regardless of the gender of the determined noun. Exceptions are the numbers <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un/o</i></span> ('one') <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">doi/două</i></span> ('two') and all the numbers made up of two or more digits when the last digit is 1 or 2; these have masculine and feminine forms. In Romanian there is no gender-neutral form for numbers, adjectives or other noun determiners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian has two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. Morphologically, the plural form is built by adding specific endings to the singular form. For example, nominative nouns without the definite article form the plural by adding one of the endings <b>-i</b>, <b>-uri</b>, <b>-e</b>, or <b>-le</b>. The plural formation mechanism, often involving other changes in the word structure, is an intrinsic property of each noun and has to be learned together with it. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><b>-i</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pom</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pomi</i></span> ('tree'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cal</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cai</i></span> ('horse'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tată</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tați</i></span> ('father'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">barcă</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">bărci</i></span> ('boat');</li> <li><b>-uri</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tren</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">trenuri</i></span> ('train'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">treabă</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">treburi</i></span> ('job, task'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cort</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">corturi</i></span> ('tent');</li> <li><b>-e</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pai</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">paie</i></span> ('straw'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">masă</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mese</i></span> ('table, meal'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">teatru</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">teatre</i></span> ('theater'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">muzeu</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">muzee</i></span> ('museum');</li> <li><b>-le</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">stea</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">stele</i></span> ('star'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cafea</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cafele</i></span> ('coffee'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pijama</i></span> – <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pijamale</i></span> ('pajama').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case">Case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian has inherited three cases from Latin: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a>. Morphologically, the nominative and the accusative are identical in nouns; similarly, the genitive and the dative share the same form (these pairs are distinct in the personal pronouns, however). The vocative is less used as it is normally restricted to nouns designating people or things which are commonly addressed directly. Additionally, nouns in the vocative often borrow the nominative form even when there is a distinct vocative form available. </p><p>The genitive-dative form can be derived from the nominative. For feminine nouns the form used in the dative/genitive singular is most often identical to the nominative plural, for example <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">o carte</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">unei cărți</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">două cărți</i></span> (a book – of/to a book – two books). </p><p>If the noun is determined by a determiner other than the definite article (an indefinite article, a demonstrative, an indefinite <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifier</a>), then the genitive-dative affixes are applied to this determiner, not to the noun, for example <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">un băiat</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">unui băiat</i></span> ('a boy' – 'of/to a boy'). Similarly, if the noun is determined by the definite article (an <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> in Romanian, see that section), the genitive-dative mark is added at the end of the noun together with the article, for example <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiatul</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiatului</i></span> ('the boy' – 'of/to the boy'), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cartea</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">cărții</i></span> ('the book' – 'of/to the book'). Masculine proper names designating people form the genitive-dative by placing the article <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">lui</i></span> before the noun: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">lui Brâncuși</i></span> ('of/to <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a>'); the same applies to feminine names only when they don't have a typically feminine ending: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">lui Carmen</i></span>. </p><p>In usual genitival phrases such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">numele trandafirului</i></span> ('the name of the rose'), the genitive is only recognized by the specific ending (<i>-</i><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">lui</i></span> in this example) and no other words are necessary. However, in other situations, usually if the noun modified by the genitive attribute is <i>indefinite,</i> the genitival article is required, as for example in <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">câteva opere <b>ale</b> scriitorului</i></span> ('some of the writer's works'). </p><p>Romanian dative phrases exhibit <a href="/wiki/Clitic_doubling" title="Clitic doubling">clitic doubling</a> similar to that in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, in which the noun in the dative is doubled by a pronoun. The position of this pronoun in the sentence depends on the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>. For example, in the sentence <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><b>Le</b> dau un cadou părinților</i></span> ('I give a present to [my] parents'), the pronoun <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">le</i></span> doubles the noun <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">părinților</i></span> without bringing any additional information. </p><p>As specified above, the vocative case in Romanian has a special form for most nouns. The tendency in contemporary Romanian is to use the nominative forms, however. The traditional vocative is retained in speech, however, especially in informal speech, or by people living in the countryside. It is seen as a mark of <i>unrefined</i> speech by the majority of city-dwellers, who refrain from its usage. The forms of the vocative are as follows. (Note that the vocative does not have both definite and indefinite forms. The following rules are to be applied for the indefinite form of the nouns): </p> <ul><li>Singular feminine nouns and proper names ending in an unstressed <b>-ă/-a</b> take the ending <b>-o</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">fat<b>ă</b></i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">fat<b>o</b></i></span> ('girl!'). <small>Some popular plurals are different, though:</small> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Maria</i></span> <small>→</small> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Mări<b>e</b></i></span><small><i>!</i> ('Mary!').</small></li> <li>Singular feminine nouns ending in an unstressed <b>-e</b> take the ending <b>-eo</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">punt<b>e</b></i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">punte<b>o</b></i></span><i>!</i> ('bridge!'). <small>Sometimes, the <i>e</i> is dropped altogether.</small></li> <li>Singular feminine nouns ending in a stressed <b>-a</b> take the ending <b>-auo</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">nu<b>ia</b></i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">nu<b>iauo</b></i></span><i>!</i> ('stick!').</li> <li>Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant take the ending <b>-ule</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiat</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiat<b>ule</b></i></span><i>!</i> ('boy!'). <small>The vocative for animate nouns is sometimes formed as if the noun were a proper name:</small> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiat</i></span> <small>→</small> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiet<b>e</b></i></span><small><i>!</i> (see below).</small></li> <li>Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in unstressed <b>-e/-ă</b> take no extra ending (<b>-Ø</b>) e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">frate</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">frate</i></span><i>!</i> ('brother!').</li> <li>Masculine proper names take the ending <b>-e</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ștefan</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ștefan<b>e</b></i></span><i>!</i> ('Stephen!'). <small>Some words also experience some change in their vowels (</small><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Ion</i></span> <small>→</small> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">I<b>oa</b>ne</i></span><small><i>!</i> 'John!').</small></li> <li>All plural nouns take the ending <b>-lor</b> e.g. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mere</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mere<b>lor</b></i></span><i>!</i> ('apples!').</li></ul> <p>Here are some examples of nouns completely inflected. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="6">Without a definite article </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th> <th colspan="2">Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative<br />Accusative </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiat</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjat]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băieți</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjet͡sʲ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamă</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamə]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mame</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmame]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ou</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ow]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ouă</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈowə]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive<br />Dative </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mame</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmame]</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="6">With a definite article </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th> <th colspan="2">Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative<br />Accusative </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiatul</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjatul]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băieții</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjet͡sij]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mama</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmama]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamele</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamele]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">oul</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈo.ul]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ouăle</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈowəle]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive<br />Dative </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiatului</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjatuluj]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băieților</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjet͡silor]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamei</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamej]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamelor</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamelor]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">oului</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈo.uluj]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ouălor</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈowəlor]</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th> <th colspan="2">Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băiatule/băiete</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjatule,<span class="wrap"> </span>bəˈjete]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">băieților</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈjet͡silor]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamo</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamo]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">mamelor</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmamelor]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">oule</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈo.ule]</span> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">ouălor</i></span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈowəlor]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles">Articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An often cited peculiarity of Romanian, which it shares with <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>, is that, unlike all other <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite articles</a> are usually attached to the end of the noun as <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitics</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>) instead of being placed in front (See <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>). These enclitic definite articles are believed to have been formed, as in other Romance languages, from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> demonstrative pronouns. The table below shows the generally accepted <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the Romanian definite article.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative<br />Accusative </th> <td>Lat. acc. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illum</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-ul</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-l</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-le</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-ul</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. nom. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illī</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-l'i</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-i</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. acc. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illam</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-euă</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-eau</i></span> → <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-a</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. nom. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illae</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-le</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive<br />Dative </th> <td>Late Lat. dat. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illui</i></span>, influenced by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cui</i></span> and vulgar <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illaei</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-lui</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. gen. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illōrum</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-lor</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. dat. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illī</i></span>, influenced by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cui</i></span><br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-ei</i></span> </td> <td>Lat. gen. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">illōrum</i></span> (gender distinction lost)<br /> → Rom. <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">-lor</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Masculine nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">codru</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">codru<b>l</b></i></span> ('forest' – 'the forest');</dd> <dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pom</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">pom<b>ul</b></i></span> ('tree' – 'the tree');</dd> <dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">frate</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">frate<b>le</b></i></span> ('brother' – 'the brother');</dd> <dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tată</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">tată<b>l</b></i></span> ('father' – 'the father').</dd></dl> <ul><li>Neuter nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):</li></ul> <dl><dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">teatru</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">teatru<b>l</b></i></span> ('theater' – 'the theater');</dd> <dd><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">loc</i></span> <i>–</i> <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">loc<b>ul</b></i></span> ('place' – 'the place');</dd></dl> <ul><li>Feminine nouns (singular, nominative/accusative):</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>casă – cas<b>a</b></i> (house – the house);</dd> <dd><i>floare – floare<b>a</b></i> (flower – the flower);</dd> <dd><i>cutie – cuti<b>a</b></i> (box – the box);</dd> <dd><i>stea – stea<b>ua</b></i> (star – the star);</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_article">Indefinite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indefinite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romanian indefinite article, unlike the definite article, is placed before the noun, and has likewise derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th colspan="2">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative<br />Accusative </th> <td>Lat. acc. <i>ūnum</i><br /> → Rom. <i>un</i> </td> <td>Lat. <i>nescio quid</i><br /> → Rom. <i>niște</i> </td> <td>Lat. acc. <i>ūnam</i><br /> → Rom. <i>o</i> </td> <td>Lat. <i>nescio quid</i><br /> → Rom. <i>niște</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive<br />Dative </th> <td>Lat. dat. <i>ūnī</i>, infl. by <i>cui</i><sup id="cite_ref-Herman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> → Rom. <i>unui</i> </td> <td>Lat. gen. <i>ūnōrum</i><br /> → Rom. <i>unor</i> </td> <td>Lat. gen./dat. <i>ūnae</i>, infl. by <i>cui</i><br /> → Rom. <i>unei</i> </td> <td>Lat. gen. <i>ūnōrum</i> (gender distinction lost)<br /> → Rom. <i>unor</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(The Latin phrase <i>nescio quid</i> means "I don't know what".) </p><p>Nouns in the vocative case cannot be determined by an indefinite article. </p><p>Examples of indefinite article usage: </p> <ul><li>Masculine: <ul><li>nominative/accusative: singular <i>un copil</i> (a child) – plural <i>niște copii</i> ([some] children);</li> <li>genitive/dative: singular <i>unui copil</i> (of/to a child) – plural <i>unor copii</i> (of/to [some] children);</li></ul></li> <li>Neuter: <ul><li>nominative/accusative: singular <i>un loc</i> (a place) – plural <i>niște locuri</i> ([some] places);</li> <li>genitive/dative: singular <i>unui loc</i> (of/to a place) – plural <i>unor locuri</i> (of/to [some] places);</li></ul></li> <li>Feminine: <ul><li>nominative/accusative: singular <i>o masă</i> (a table) – plural <i>niște mese</i> ([some] tables);</li> <li>genitive/dative: singular <i>unei mese</i> (of/to a table) – plural <i>unor mese</i> (of/to [some] tables);</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_appended_to_adjectives">Article appended to adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Article appended to adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> is determined by an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>, the normal word order is <i>noun + adjective</i>, and the article (definite or indefinite) is appended to the noun. However, the word order <i>adjective + noun</i> is also possible, mostly used for emphasis on the adjective. Then, the article and the case marker, if any, are applied to the adjective instead: </p> <ul><li>Noun + adjective (normal order):</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>un student bun</i> (a good student);</dd> <dd><i>studentul bun</i> (the good student);</dd> <dd><i>unui student bun</i> (to a good student);</dd> <dd><i>studentului bun</i> (to the good student).</dd></dl> <ul><li>Adjective + noun (reversed order):</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>un bun student</i> (a good student);</dd> <dd><i>bunul student</i> (the good student);</dd> <dd><i>unui bun student</i> (to a good student);</dd> <dd><i>bunului student</i> (to the good student).</dd> <dd></dd> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative_article">Demonstrative article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demonstrative article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demonstrative article is used to put emphasis on the relative superlative of adjectives. The forms are <i>cel</i> and <i>celui</i> (m. sg.), <i>cea</i> and <i>celei</i> (f. sg.), <i>cei</i> and <i>celor</i> (m. pl.) and <i>cele</i> and <i>celor</i> (f. pl.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitival_article">Genitival article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genitival article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are situations in Romanian when the noun in the genitive requires the presence of the so-called genitival (or possessive) article (see for example the section <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns#Genitive" title="Romanian nouns">"Genitive"</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">Romanian nouns</a>"), somewhat similar to the English preposition <i>of</i>, for example in <i>a map of China</i>. In Romanian this becomes <i>o hartă a Chinei</i>, where "a" is the genitival article. The table below shows how the genitival articles depend on gender and number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th style="width: 6em">Masculine </th> <th style="width: 6em">Neuter </th> <th style="width: 6em">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">al </td> <td style="text-align:center">a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td style="text-align:center">ai </td> <td style="text-align:center" colspan="2">ale </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The genitival article also has genitive/dative forms, which are used only with a possessive pronoun. They are: <i>alui</i> (m. sg.), <i>alei</i> (f. sg.), and <i>alor</i> (pl., both genders). These forms are rarely used—especially the singular ones—and the sentences are usually rephrased to avoid them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian adjectives determine the quality of things. They can only fulfill the syntactical functions of attribute and of adjectival complement, which in Romanian is called <i>nume predicativ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">nominal predicative</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_inflection">Adjective inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjective inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives in Romanian inflect for number and gender (and for case in the feminine singular genitive/dative). There are adjectives that have distinct forms for all combinations, some that don't distinguish between gender only in the plural, others that don't distinguish gender, and a few that don't distinguish either gender or number. </p><p>The adjective <i>frumos</i> ("beautiful") has four distinct inflected forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <td><i>frumos</i> </td> <td><i>frumoși</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th> <td><i>frumoasă</i> </td> <td><i>frumoase</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <td><i>frumos</i> </td> <td><i>frumoase</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The adjective <i>lung</i> ("long") has three forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <td><i>lung</i> </td> <td><i>lungi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th> <td><i>lungă</i> </td> <td><i>lungi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <td><i>lung</i> </td> <td><i>lungi</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The adjective <i>verde</i> ("green") has two inflected forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>verde</i> </td> <td><i>verzi</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The foreign borrowed adjective <i>oranj</i> ("orange") is called <i>invariable</i>, having just one inflected form. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Adjective </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>oranj</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adjectives that have more than one inflected form are called <i>variable.</i><sup id="cite_ref-adjgram_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adjgram-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_syntax">Adjective syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjective syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntactical functions of the adjective can be:<sup id="cite_ref-adjgram_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adjgram-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Attribute, in case it defines a noun, pronoun or numeral. (e.g.: The blond boy is here. <i>Băiatul blond este aici.</i>)</li> <li>Adjectival complement, in case it defines a copulative verb. (e.g.: The boy is blond. <i>Băiatul este blond.</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_comparison">Degrees of comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Degrees of comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An adjective also can have degrees of comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-adjgram_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adjgram-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Positive Degree (<i>frumos</i>, beautiful)</li> <li>Comparative Degree: <ul><li>Of equality (<i>la fel de frumos</i>, as beautiful as)</li> <li>Of inequality (note that the following degrees are written as "comparative of superiority/inferiority", not as "comparative of inequality of superiority/inferiority") <ul><li>Of superiority (<i>mai frumos</i>, more beautiful)</li> <li>Of inferiority (<i>mai puțin frumos</i>, less beautiful)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Superlative Degree: <ul><li>Relative Superlative <ul><li>Of superiority (<i>cel mai frumos</i>, the most beautiful)</li> <li>Of inferiority (<i>cel mai puțin frumos</i>, the least beautiful)</li></ul></li> <li>Absolute Superlative (<i>foarte frumos</i>, very beautiful) <ul><li>Of superiority (<i>foarte frumos</i>, translated as "very beautiful")</li> <li>Of inferiority (<i>foarte puțin frumos</i>, roughly translated as "very little beautiful"). This form is not used very much, though, as antonyms can be used (<i>foarte puțin frumos</i> becomes <i>foarte urât</i>, "very little beautiful" becomes "very ugly")</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal pronouns come in four different <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>, depending on their usage in the phrase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominative_case">Nominative case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nominative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight personal pronouns (<i>pronume personale</i>) in Romanian:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td><i>eu</i> </td> <td><i>noi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td><i>tu</i> </td> <td><i>voi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <th>Masc. </th> <td><i>el</i> </td> <td><i>ei</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fem. </th> <td><i>ea</i> </td> <td><i>ele</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The pronouns above are those in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>. They are usually omitted in Romanian unless it is necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sentence. Usually, the verb ending provides information about the subject. The feminine forms of plural pronouns are used only for groups of persons or items of exclusively female gender. If the group contains elements of both genders, the masculine form is used. Pronouns in the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a> in Romanian, which is used for exclamations, or summoning, also take the forms of the nominative case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusative_case">Accusative case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Accusative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> forms of the pronouns come in two forms: a stressed and an unstressed form:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td><i>(pe) mine</i> </td> <td><i>mă</i> </td> <td><i>(pe) noi</i> </td> <td><i>ne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td><i>(pe) tine</i> </td> <td><i>te</i> </td> <td><i>(pe) voi</i> </td> <td><i>vă</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Masc. </th> <td><i>(pe) el</i> </td> <td><i>îl</i> </td> <td><i>(pe) ei</i> </td> <td><i>îi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fem. </th> <td><i>(pe) ea</i> </td> <td><i>o</i> </td> <td><i>(pe) ele</i> </td> <td><i>le</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The stressed form of the pronoun is used (in phrases that are not <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)" title="Inversion (linguistics)">inverted</a>) after the verb while the unstressed form is employed before the verb. Romanian requires both forms of a pronoun to be present in a sentence if a <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> is employed, which also reverses the order of the forms (stressed before unstressed). Otherwise, the stressed form is usually left out, the only exception being its usage for adding emphasis to the pronoun. </p> <ul><li><i><b>Îl</b> văd</i> – I see him/it (a statement of fact)</li> <li><i><b>Îl</b> văd <b>pe el</b></i> – I see him (It is him that I see, and no other)</li> <li><i>Fata <b>pe care o</b> văd</i> – The girl whom I see</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dative_case">Dative case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> forms of the pronouns:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td><i>mie</i> </td> <td><i>îmi</i> </td> <td><i>nouă</i> </td> <td><i>ne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td><i>ție</i> </td> <td><i>îți</i> </td> <td><i>vouă</i> </td> <td><i>vă</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Masc. </th> <td><i>lui</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>îi</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>lor</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>le</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fem. </th> <td><i>ei</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive_case">Genitive case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Genitive case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> forms of the pronouns (also called possessive pronouns, <i>pronume posesive</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="6"><i>Possessed</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><i>Singular</i> </th> <th colspan="3"><i>Plural</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Masculine</i> </th> <th><i>Neuter</i> </th> <th><i>Feminine</i> </th> <th><i>Masculine</i> </th> <th><i>Neuter</i> </th> <th><i>Feminine</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="text-align: left;">Possessor </th> <th rowspan="4" style="text-align: left;">Singular </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al meu</i> </td> <td><i>a mea</i> </td> <td><i>ai mei</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale mele</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al tău</i> </td> <td><i>a ta</i> </td> <td><i>ai tăi</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale tale</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Masc. </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al lui</i> </td> <td><i>a lui</i> </td> <td><i>ai lui</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale lui</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fem. </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al ei</i> </td> <td><i>a ei</i> </td> <td><i>ai ei</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale ei</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="text-align: left;">Plural </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al nostru</i> </td> <td><i>a noastră</i> </td> <td><i>ai noștri</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale noastre</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al vostru</i> </td> <td><i>a voastră</i> </td> <td><i>ai voștri</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale voastre</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>al lor</i> </td> <td><i>a lor</i> </td> <td><i>ai lor</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>ale lor</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The retention of the genitive, in the third person, is to be noted; the pronoun, like Latin <i>eius</i>, <i>eorum</i>, inflects according to the possessor, not according to the possessed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexive_pronouns">Reflexive pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reflexive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the forms of the reflexive pronouns (<i>pronume reflexive</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Accusative </th> <th colspan="2">Dative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">First person </th> <td><i>pe mine / mă</i> </td> <td><i>pe noi / ne</i> </td> <td><i>mie / îmi</i> </td> <td><i>nouă / ne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td><i>pe tine / te</i> </td> <td><i>pe voi / vă</i> </td> <td><i>ție / îți</i> </td> <td><i>vouă / vă</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><i>pe sine / se</i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><i>sieși / își</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above reflexive pronouns are in the accusative and dative cases, and in both stressed / unstressed forms. As is made clear, the reflexive pronouns are identical to the personal pronouns, with the exception of the 3rd person, which has entirely new forms. The genitival forms of the reflexive pronouns are the same for the 1st and 2nd persons, but also differ in the 3rd person singular, which is <i>al său</i>. This is a direct continuation of Latin usage; Latin <i>suus</i> was used <i>only</i> when the possessor was the subject of the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polite_pronouns">Polite pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Polite pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The polite pronouns (<i>pronumele de politețe</i>) are a way of addressing someone formally. They are normally used for interaction with strangers, or by children talking to adults whom they don't know well, or to teachers as a sign of respect. When used in the plural, the second person pronoun is a polite one, for use in formal occasions, or among unacquainted adults, whereas its singular forms are less polite, their use having become pejorative in modern use (see below). </p><p>The polite pronouns were derived from old Romanian phrases used for addressing the <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">sovereign</a>, such as <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Domnia Ta</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Domnia Voastră</i></span>, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Domnia Lui</i></span> ("Your Majesty", "Your Majesty (plural)", "His Majesty", literally "Your Reign", etc.). By means of vowel elision, <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">domnia</i></span> became shortened to <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumnea</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should also be noted that <i>mata</i>, <i>mătăluță</i> and similar pronouns were considered polite pronouns in the past, but nowadays only rural communities use them (for example, between neighbours). </p><p>The polite pronouns all have the same forms in all cases (the only exception being <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneata</i></span>, with the genitive/dative form of <i>dumitale</i>), and they exist only in the second and third person, due to their not being used to refer to oneself: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Second person </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneata</i></span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_politeness"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar#endnote_politeness">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneavoastră</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;">Third person </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Masc. </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumnealui</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumnealor</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Fem. </th> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneaei</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_politeness"><b><a href="#ref_politeness">^</a></b></span> The second person singular denotes a level of politeness that is between that of <i>tu</i> and that of <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneavoastră</i></span>. However, it is considered by some to be of the same degree of politeness as <i>tu</i>. It is generally found in conversation where old people are involved, as its use is slowly deprecating in favour of <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">dumneavoastră</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many demonstrative pronouns (<i>pronume demonstrative</i>) in Romanian. They are classified as <i>pronume de apropiere, pronume de depărtare, pronume de diferențiere, pronume de identitate,</i> which mean, respectively, pronouns of proximity, pronouns of remoteness, pronouns of differentiation, and pronouns of identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns_of_proximity_and_remoteness">Pronouns of proximity and remoteness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pronouns of proximity and remoteness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These pronouns describe objects which are either close to the speaker, or farther away from the speaker (formal register/informal register):<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Pronoun of Proximity </th> <th colspan="2">Pronoun of Remoteness </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>acesta/ăsta</i> </td> <td><i>aceștia/ăștia</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>acela/ăla</i> </td> <td><i>aceia/ăia</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>acestea/ăstea</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>acelea/alea</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th> <td><i>aceasta/asta</i> </td> <td><i>aceea/aia</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns_of_differentiation_and_identity">Pronouns of differentiation and identity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pronouns of differentiation and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These pronouns describe objects either different from an aforementioned object or the same:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Pronoun of Differentiation </th> <th colspan="2">Pronoun of Identity </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>celălalt</i> </td> <td><i>ceilalți</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>același</i> </td> <td><i>aceiași</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>celelalte</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>aceleași</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th> <td><i>cealaltă</i> </td> <td><i>aceeași</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensive_pronouns">Intensive pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Intensive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intensive pronouns and adjectives are used for emphasis. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="6">Intensive pronoun </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Masculine </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Neuter </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">First Person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>însumi (myself)</i> </td> <td><i>însămi (myself)</i> </td> <td><i>înșine (ourselves)</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>însene (ourselves)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Second Person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>însuți (yourself)</i> </td> <td><i>însăți (yourself)</i> </td> <td><i>înșivă (yourself)</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>însevă (yourself)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Third Person </th> <td colspan="2"><i>însuși (himself)</i> </td> <td><i>însăși (herself)</i> </td> <td><i>înșiși (themselves)</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>înseși (themselves)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_and_interrogative_pronouns">Relative and interrogative pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Relative and interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pronumele relative și interogative,</i> the two types of pronouns are identical in form but differ in usage. The relative pronouns are used to connect <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> to their main clause, but interrogative pronouns are used to form questions. The interrogative pronouns are usually written out with a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> after them to differentiate them from their relative counterparts. </p><p>These are the most common relative/interrogative pronouns:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Relative Pronoun </th> <td><i>cine</i></td> <td><i>(a/al/ai/ale) cui</i></td> <td><i>care</i></td> <td><i>pe care</i></td> <td><i>ce</i></td> <td><i>(a/al/ai/ale) cărui(a)/cărei(a)/căror(a)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English translation </th> <td>who</td> <td>(whose), to whom</td> <td>which</td> <td>which/whom</td> <td>which/whom</td> <td>(whose), to whom </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_and_indefinite_pronouns">Negative and indefinite pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Negative and indefinite pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pronumele negative și nehotărâte,</i> these two types of pronouns are used to express negation, as well as indefinite concepts. There are many indefinite pronouns, but only a limited number of negative pronouns. </p><p>The most common indefinite pronouns are:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indefinite Pronoun </th> <td><i>mult</i></td> <td><i>tot</i></td> <td><i>unul/una</i></td> <td><i>altul/alta</i></td> <td><i>atât</i></td> <td><i>puțin/nițel</i></td> <td><i>destul</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English translation </th> <td>much</td> <td>all</td> <td>one</td> <td>other</td> <td>so much/as much</td> <td>a little</td> <td>enough </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common negative pronouns are:<sup id="cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Negative Pronoun </th> <td><i>nimeni/nimenea</i></td> <td><i>nimic/nimica</i></td> <td><i>niciunul/niciuna</i></td> <td><i>niciunui(a)/niciunei(a)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>English translation </th> <td>nobody</td> <td>nothing</td> <td>none</td> <td>to none (of none) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">Romanian numbers</a></div> <p>In Romanian grammar, unlike English, the words representing <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a> are considered to form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">part of speech</a>, called <i>numeral</i> (plural: <i>numerale</i>). Examples: </p> <ul><li>Cardinal <ul><li>Proper: <i>doi</i> (<i>two</i>);</li> <li>Multiplicative: <i>îndoit</i> (<i>double</i>);</li> <li>Collective: <i>amândoi</i> (<i>both</i>);</li> <li>Distributive: <i>câte doi</i> (<i>in twos</i>);</li> <li>Fractional: <i>doime</i> (<i>half</i>) (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[do.ime]</a></span>);</li> <li>Adverbial: <i>de două ori</i> (<i>twice</i>);</li></ul></li> <li>Ordinal: <i>al doilea</i> (<i>the second</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">Romanian verbs</a></div> <p>As in all <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, Romanian <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are inflected according to person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The usual word order in sentences is SVO (Subject – Verb – Object). Romanian verbs are traditionally categorized into four large conjugation groups depending on the ending in the infinitive mood. The actual conjugation patterns for each group are multiple. </p> <ul><li>First conjugation: verbs ending in <i>–a</i> (long infinitive in <i>–are</i>), such as <i>a da, dare</i> "to give", <i>a cânta, cântare</i> "to sing", including those ending in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> <i>ea</i>, such as <i>a crea, creare</i> "to create". Verbs ending orthographically in <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">–chea</i></span> and <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">–ghea</i></span> are also included here as their conjugation pattern matches this group, although the long infinitive ends in <i>–ere</i>: <i>a veghea, veghere</i> "to ward".</li> <li>Second conjugation: verbs ending in <i>–ea</i> (long infinitive in stressed <i>-ere</i>), only when <i>ea</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, such as <i>a putea, putere</i> "can", <i>a cădea, cădere</i> "to fall".</li> <li>Third conjugation: verbs ending in <i>–e</i> (long infinitive in unstressed <i>–ere</i>), such as <i>a vinde, vindere</i> "to sell", <i>a crede, credere</i> "to believe".</li> <li>Fourth conjugation: verbs ending in <i>–i</i> (long infinitive in <i>–ire</i>), such as <i>a veni, venire</i> "to come",.</li> <li>Fifth conjugation:verbs ending in -î (long infinitive in -âre), such as a hotârî, hotărâre, "to decide".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romanian, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> usually determine verbs (but could also modify a clause or an entire sentence) by adding a qualitative description to the action. Romanian adverbs are invariant and identical to the corresponding adjective in its masculine singular form. An exception is the adjective-adverb pair <i>bun</i>-<i>bine</i> ("good" <small>(masculine singular)</small> – "well"). </p><p>Some examples are </p> <ul><li><i>Băieții sunt jucători <b>buni</b>.</i> – <i>The boys are <b>good</b> players.</i> (<i>adjective</i>)</li> <li><i>Băieții joacă <b>bine</b>.</i> – <i>The boys play <b>well</b>.</i> (<i>adverb</i>)</li> <li><i>Cântecul acesta este <b>frumos</b>.</i> – <i>This song is <b>beautiful</b>.</i> (<i>adjective</i>)</li> <li><i>Cântăreața cântă <b>frumos</b>.</i> – <i>The singer sings <b>beautifully</b>.</i> (<i>adverb</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preposition before a noun determines which case the noun must take. </p><p>No prepositions take nouns in the nominative case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions_with_accusative">Prepositions with accusative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Prepositions with accusative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>pe</b> is used to introduce a direct object when it is represented by a proper name, in which case it does not have a lexical meaning. <i>Pe</i> is also used with the accusative to introduce a circumstantial object of location (English <i>on</i>).</li> <li><b>cu</b> (<i>with</i>) introduces the instrument of the action. It is used to indicate (among others) one's conversation partner, an association with an object, or a means of transport.</li> <li><b>la</b> (<i>at</i>) indicates the location or time of the action or its direction. More specific forms are <i>în</i> (in), <i>spre</i> (towards), <i>pe la</i> (around)</li> <li><b>pentru</b> (<i>for</i>) indicates the scope of an action, or the beneficiary thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions_with_dative">Prepositions with dative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Prepositions with dative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only prepositions that demand the Dative Case, are: <i>grație</i> (thanks to), <i>datorită</i> (through, with), <i>mulțumită</i> (thanks to), <i>conform</i> (as per), <i>contrar</i> (against), <i>potrivit</i> (according to), <i>aidoma</i> — archaic — (like, similar to), <i>asemenea</i> (such). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions_with_genitive">Prepositions with genitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Prepositions with genitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other prepositions require the genitive case of nouns. Note that some prepositions of this sort have evolved from phrases with feminine nouns and, as a consequence, require a feminine possessive form when the object is a pronoun; e.g., <i>împotriva mea</i> (against me). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interjections">Interjections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Interjections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romanian there are many interjections, and they are commonly used. Those that denote sounds made by animals or objects are called <i>onomatopee,</i> a form similar to the English language <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>. Below, some interjections and their approximative equivalent in English are shown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_interjections">Common interjections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Common interjections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Vai!</i> – Oh, my! / Oh, dear!</li> <li><i>Ah!</i> – <i>same as in English</i></li> <li><i>Oau!</i> – Wow! (often spelled "<i>uau"</i> to mirror english spelling)</li> <li><i>Of!</i> – equivalent to a sigh</li> <li><i>Hmmm...</i> – said when thinking</li> <li><i>Mamă-mamă</i> – said when expressing something cool or extraordinary</li> <li><i>Iată</i> – somewhat like <i>behold!</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Onomatopoeia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>lip-lip</i> – the sound made when slurping liquids (usually by dogs)</li> <li><i>țuști</i> – a sound designating a quick move</li> <li><i>mor-mor</i> – the sound a bear makes</li> <li><i>cucurigu</i> – the sound a rooster makes, <i>cock-a-doodle-doo!</i></li> <li><i>ham-ham</i> – the sound a dog makes, <i>bark!</i></li> <li><i>miau</i> – the sound a cat makes, <i>meow!</i></li> <li><i>cip-cirip</i> – the sound birds make, <i>chirp!</i></li> <li><i>mu</i> – the sound a cow makes, <i>moo!</i></li> <li>mac-mac – the sound ducks make, <i>quack!</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_within_sentences">Use within sentences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Use within sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a sentence, interjections can function as attributes, verbal equivalents, or they can be used as filler, which has no syntactical function at all. </p> <ul><li><b>Attribute:</b> Mi-am luat o fustă <i>mamă-mamă</i>. <i>I bought a cool skirt.</i></li> <li><b>Verbal Equivalent:</b> <i>Iată</i>-l pe Ion. <i>Look, there is Ion</i></li> <li><b>Filler:</b> <i>Hmmm...</i> Mă gândesc ce să fac. <i>Hmmm... I am thinking about what to do.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phrase_syntax">Phrase syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Phrase syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian has terminology and rules for phrase syntax, which describes the way simple sentences relate to one another within a single complex sentence. There are many functions a simple sentence may take, their number usually being determined by the number of <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicates</a>. It is also noteworthy that Romanian terminology for the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Simple_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sentence">simple sentence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex sentence">complex sentence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a></i> is somewhat counterintuitive. The Romanian term <i>propoziție</i> means as much as <i>simple sentence</i> (or <i>clause</i>). To describe a complex sentence (or <a href="/wiki/Compound_sentence_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound sentence (linguistics)">compound sentence</a>), Romanian uses the word <i>frază,</i> which can cause confusion with the English word <i>phrase,</i> which describes not a complex sentence, but a grouping of words. In consequence, Romanian doesn't have terms for the English <i><a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>,</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a>,</i> preferring the more commonly understood term <i>predicate</i> for the latter. The former has no formal equivalent in Romanian. </p><p>Simple sentences can be of two types: <i>main clause</i>s and <i>subordinate clause</i>s </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_clause">Main clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Main clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main clause, within a complex sentence, does not rely on another sentence to be fully understood. In other words, it has stand-alone meaning. The following example has the <i>verb phrase</i> underlined. </p><p>Example: </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Am văzut</u> copiii din curtea școlii.</i></dd> <dd>I <u>have seen</u> the children in the school courtyard.</dd></dl> <p>Even though this sentence is long, it is still composed of a single simple sentence, which is a main clause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subordinate_clause">Subordinate clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Subordinate clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subordinate clause cannot have a stand-alone meaning. It relies on a main clause to give it meaning. It usually determines or defines an element of another clause, be it a main clause, or a subordinate one. The following example has the <i>verb phrase</i> underlined, and the <i>element of relation,</i> which is to say, the relative pronoun used to link the two sentences, in bold. The sentences are also separated and numbered. </p><p>Example: </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Am văzut</u> copiii <sup>1</sup>/ <b>care</b> <u>sunt</u> în curtea școlii. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>have seen</u> the children <sup>1</sup>/ <b>who</b> <u>are</u> in the school courtyard. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <p>There are also subordinate clauses other than the <i>relative clause,</i> which is an attributive clause, since it determines a noun, pronoun or numeral, and not a verb phrase. Here is a list of examples illustrating some of the remaining cases: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">Direct Object</a> Clause</b> (<i>propoziție subordonată completivă directă</i>): </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Înțeleg</u> <sup>1</sup>/ <b>ce</b> <u>zice</u> profesoara. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>understand</u> <sup>1</sup>/ <b>what</b> the teacher <u>is saying</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">Indirect Object</a> Clause</b> (<i>propoziție subordonată completivă indirectă</i>): </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Mă gândesc</u> <sup>1</sup>/ <b>la ce</b> <u>spune</u> profesoara. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>am thinking </u> <sup>1</sup>/ <b>about what</b> the teacher <u>is saying</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a> Clause</b> (<i>propoziție subordonată subiectivă</i>): </p> <dl><dd><i><b>Ceea ce</b> <u>zice</u> profesoara, <sup>1</sup>/ <u>e corect</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd><b>What</b> the teacher <u>is saying</u>, <sup>1</sup>/ <u>is true</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <p><b>Local Circumstantial Object Clause</b> (<i>propoziție subordonată completivă circumstanțială de loc</i>): </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Mă văd</u> cu Ionuț <sup>1</sup>/ <b>unde</b> (mi-)<u>a propus</u> el. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>am meeting</u> Johnny <sup>1</sup>/ <b>where</b> he <u>proposed</u> (to me). <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clauses_introduced_by_coordinating_conjunctions">Clauses introduced by coordinating conjunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Clauses introduced by coordinating conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a> are called coordinating because they do not define the type of clause introduced. Rather, they <i>coordinate</i> an existing clause with another, making the new clause of the same type as the other one. The coordinating conjunctions are of four types (note that the list is not exhaustive): </p> <ul><li>The <i>copulative conjunctions</i> are: <i>și</i> (and), <i>nici</i> (neither), and <i>precum și</i> (as well as).</li> <li>The <i>adversative conjunctions</i> are: <i>dar/însă/ci</i> (but) and <i>iar</i> (on the other hand).</li> <li>The <i>disjunctive conjunctions</i> are: <i>sau/ori/fie</i> (or/either).</li> <li>The <i>conclusive conjunctions</i> are: <i>deci/așadar</i> (thus), <i>în concluzie</i> (in conclusion), and <i>prin urmare</i> (therefore).</li></ul> <p>An example of two main clauses (<sup>1, 2</sup>) linked together by a coordinative conjunction (bold) is: </p> <dl><dd><i>Ana <u>este o fată</u> <sup>1</sup>/ <b>și</b> Ion <u>este un băiat</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>Ana <u>is a girl</u>, <sup>1</sup>/ <b>and</b> Ion <u>is a boy</u>. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <p>Two subordinate clauses (<sup>2, 3</sup>) can also be joined to the same end: </p> <dl><dd><i>V-<u>am spus</u> despre băiatul <sup>1</sup>/ <b>care</b> <u>este</u> la mine în clasă, <sup>2</sup>/ <b>și care</b> <u>este foarte bun</u> la matematică. <sup>3</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>have told</u> you about the boy <sup>1</sup>/ <b>who</b> <u>is</u> in my class, <sup>2</sup>/ <b>and who</b> <u>is very good</u> in mathematics. <sup>3</sup>/</dd></dl> <p>The same effect of two main clauses (<sup>1, 2</sup>) being tied together can also be achieved via juxtaposition of the sentences using a comma: </p> <dl><dd><i><u>Am păzit</u> palatul<big><b>,</b></big> <sup>1</sup>/ palatul <u>era</u> și <u>foarte greu</u> de păzit. <sup>2</sup>/</i></dd> <dd>I <u>guarded</u> the palace<big><b>,</b></big> <sup>1</sup>/ the palace <u>was very hard</u> to guard, too. <sup>2</sup>/</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicolaeScontras2015" class="citation web cs1">Nicolae, Andreea; Scontras, Gregory (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19563354/The_progression_of_gender_from_Latin_to_Romanian_Harvard_Working_Papers_in_Linguistics_2015_">"The progression of gender from Latin to Romanian"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+progression+of+gender+from+Latin+to+Romanian&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nicolae&rft.aufirst=Andreea&rft.au=Scontras%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19563354%2FThe_progression_of_gender_from_Latin_to_Romanian_Harvard_Working_Papers_in_Linguistics_2015_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Augerot (2000). "Romanian / Limba română: A Course in Modern Romanian". Center for Romanian Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Daniliuc and Radu Daniliuc (2000). "Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline". Lincom Europa, Munich, Germany.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gheorghe Doca (1999). <i>Romanian language</i>. Vol. I: <i>Essential Structures</i>. Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gheorghe Doca (2000). <i>Romanian language</i>. Vol. II: <i>Morpho-Syntactic and Lexical Structures</i>. Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Liana Pop, Victoria Moldovan (eds) (1997). "Gramatica limbii române / Grammaire du roumain / Romanian Grammar". Echinox, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Maria Aldea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175052/http://www.romaniaminor.net/ianua/Ianua05/ianua05_02.pdf">"Valori referențiale generate de articolul definit și de cel indefinit românesc în determinarea substantivului. Studiu de caz: <i>Scrisoarea lui Neacșu</i> (1521)"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlis_HellingerHadumod_Bussmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Marlis Hellinger; Hadumod Bussmann (2001). <i>Gender across languages</i>. John Benjamins. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1841-4"><bdi>978-90-272-1841-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+across+languages&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1841-4&rft.au=Marlis+Hellinger&rft.au=Hadumod+Bussmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte" class="citation web cs1">Schulte, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725165224/http://people.exeter.ac.uk/kschulte/Schulte-MorphologyOfTheEggs.pdf">"Morphology of the eggs, and what it can tell us about Romanian nominal inflection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.exeter.ac.uk/kschulte/Schulte-MorphologyOfTheEggs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morphology+of+the+eggs%2C+and+what+it+can+tell+us+about+Romanian+nominal+inflection&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.exeter.ac.uk%2Fkschulte%2FSchulte-MorphologyOfTheEggs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatemanPolinsky" class="citation web cs1">Bateman, Nicoleta; Polinsky, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803100804/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lingdept/Romanian_MIT%20reprint.pdf">"Romanian as a Two-Gender Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lingdept/Romanian_MIT%20reprint.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+as+a+Two-Gender+Language&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Nicoleta&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~lingdept%2FRomanian_MIT%2520reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaeScontras2015" class="citation web cs1">Nicolae, Andreea; Scontras, Gregory (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19563354/The_progression_of_gender_from_Latin_to_Romanian_Harvard_Working_Papers_in_Linguistics_2015_">"The progression of gender from Latin to Romanian"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+progression+of+gender+from+Latin+to+Romanian&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nicolae&rft.aufirst=Andreea&rft.au=Scontras%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19563354%2FThe_progression_of_gender_from_Latin_to_Romanian_Harvard_Working_Papers_in_Linguistics_2015_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Maria Aldea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaniaminor.net/ianua/Ianua05/ianua05_02.pdf">"Valori referențiale generate de articolul definit și de cel indefinit românesc în determinarea substantivului. Studiu de caz: <i>Scrisoarea lui Neacșu</i> (1521)"</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herman_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman (2000), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adjgram-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adjgram_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adjgram_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adjgram_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.referatele.com/referate/romana/online2/Adjectivul---Clasificarea-adjectivelor--Flexiunea-adjectivului-referatele-com.php">Information on the adjective in Romanian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morfsynpron-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morfsynpron_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didactic.ro/files/1/0morfosintaxa_pronumelui.pps">PPT file illustrating the Morphosyntax of the Pronoun</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandru Ciorănescu, <i>Dicționarul etimologic român</i>, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958–1966, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/domn/444692"><i>domn</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326072411/http://www.ziarulprahova.ro/articol~categorie-cultura~stire-5049~pronumele-dumneata~perioada-martie-2006.html#">"Pronumele "dumneata"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Prahova</i> (in Romanian). 8 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziarulprahova.ro/articol~categorie-cultura~stire-5049~pronumele-dumneata~perioada-martie-2006.html#">the original</a> on 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prahova&rft.atitle=Pronumele+%22dumneata%22&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ziarulprahova.ro%2Farticol~categorie-cultura~stire-5049~pronumele-dumneata~perioada-martie-2006.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152548/http://www.rapido.org.uk/prepconj1.html">"Romanian Prepositions and Conjunctions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rapido.org.uk/prepconj1.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanian+Prepositions+and+Conjunctions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rapido.org.uk%2Fprepconj1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Pan%C4%83_Dindelegan" title="Gabriela Pană Dindelegan">Gabriela Pană Dindelegan</a>, ed. <i>The Grammar of Romanian</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea, eds. <i>A Reference Grammar of Romanian</i>, vol. 1: <i>The Noun Phrase</i>. John Benjamins, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_romanian.pdf">Very detailed Romanian grammar (PDF; 183 pages; 4.6 MB)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livelingua.com/peace-corps/Romanian/Peace%20Corps%20Romanian%20Grammar%20Workbook.pdf">Romanian Grammar Workbook (1996) for Peace Corps Volunteers</a>, Peace Corps (Moldova)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbix.com/languages/romanian.shtml">Verbix: Romanian verbs conjugation</a> (Attention: Generally good output, but a few verbs are not conjugated correctly.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115033205/http://www.castingsnet.com/dictionaries/">Romanian <-> English online dictionary and Romanian verb conjugator (few mistakes)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeus.ro">Romanian online dictionary and lemmatizer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_language" title="Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language" title="Template talk:Romanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Subdialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobrujan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobrujan dialect (page does not exist)">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Argots_and_speech_forms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argots and speech forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian itself)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nouns" title="Romanian nouns">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Ț</a></li> <li>Former: <a href="/wiki/D%CC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="D̦">D̦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis and vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest Romanian word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar#Traditional_month_names" title="Romanian calendar">traditional month names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">profanities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">historic evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization</a> → <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Modern alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_Limbii_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul Limbii Române">Dicționarul Limbii Române</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar_moldovenesc-rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc">Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language contact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic superstratum and adstratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Vlachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language_Day" title="Romanian Language Day">Romanian Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian language in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_language" title="Category:Romanian language">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_specific_Romance_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_grammars" title="Template:Romance grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Romance_grammars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Romance grammars (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_specific_Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grammars of specific <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&oldid=1259121602">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&oldid=1259121602</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_grammar" title="Category:Romanian grammar">Romanian grammar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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