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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Case clitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informational_clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Informational clitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_(broadly_speaking)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_(broadly_speaking)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Verbs (broadly speaking)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_(broadly_speaking)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processual_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processual_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Processual verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processual_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Descriptive verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copulative_and_existential_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copulative_and_existential_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Copulative and existential verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copulative_and_existential_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_verbs/adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_verbs/adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Supporting verbs/adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_verbs/adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_using_-eo/a" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_using_-eo/a"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.1</span> <span>Examples using <i>-eo/a</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_using_-eo/a-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_using_-ge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_using_-ge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.2</span> <span>Examples using <i>-ge</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_using_-ge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_using_-ji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_using_-ji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.3</span> <span>Examples using <i>-ji</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_using_-ji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_using_-go" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_using_-go"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.4</span> <span>Examples using <i>-go</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_using_-go-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_using_other_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_using_other_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4.5</span> <span>Examples using other suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_using_other_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Determinatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Determinatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_content_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_content_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other content words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_content_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclamations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclamations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Exclamations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclamations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sentence structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sentence_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sentence structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sentence_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compound_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Compound sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Complex sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Noun clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Adjective clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverb_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverb_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Adverb clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverb_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Verbal clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotation_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotation_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Quotation clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotation_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subordinate_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subordinate_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subordinate clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subordinate_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Imperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggestions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Suggestions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggestions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclamations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclamations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exclamations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclamations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense_and_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense_and_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tense and aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense_and_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subject–verb_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject–verb_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Subject–verb agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject–verb_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Valency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Valency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Valency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Valency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valency_in_Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valency_in_Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Valency in Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valency_in_Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_del_coreanu" title="Gramática del coreanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gramática del coreanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_del_coreano" title="Gramática del coreano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gramática del coreano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaire_cor%C3%A9enne" title="Grammaire coréenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grammaire coréenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95" title="한국어 문법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국어 문법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_coreana" title="Grammatica coreana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica coreana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_Coreana" title="Grammatica Coreana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grammatica Coreana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%97jie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_gramatika" title="Korėjiečių kalbos gramatika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korėjiečių kalbos gramatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreai_nyelvtan" title="Koreai nyelvtan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koreai nyelvtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB" title="ကိုရီးယားသဒ္ဒါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုရီးယားသဒ္ဒါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="朝鮮語の文法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮語の文法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreys_grammatikasi" title="Koreys grammatikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreys grammatikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatica_limbii_coreene" title="Gramatica limbii coreene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gramatica limbii coreene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Граматика корейської мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Граматика корейської мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="韓語文法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韓語文法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q716553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:12.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">Postpositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_count_word" title="Korean count word">Count word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">Speech levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #ccf"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Korean grammar">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_grammar" title="Talk:Korean grammar">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Korean+grammar%22">"Korean grammar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Korean+grammar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Korean+grammar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Korean+grammar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Korean+grammar%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Korean+grammar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This article is a description of the <b><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.</b> For phonetics and phonology, see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">Korean honorifics</a>, which play a large role in the grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note_on_romanization">Note on romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Note on romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization</a> to illustrate the morphology of Korean words. The Yale system is different from the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> seen with place names. </p><p>Under the version of Yale used here, morphemes are written according to their <a href="/wiki/Underlying_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlying form">underlying form</a> rather than their spelling in the <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean writing system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a>. Under this system, for example, the syllable which is written in Korean as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">었</span></span> is analyzed as <b>ess</b> even though the <b>ss</b> would be pronounced <i>t</i> before another consonant. To avoid confusion, <b>bold</b> type will represent the morphology (in Yale), and <i>italics</i> will represent Revised Romanization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_words">Classification of words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification of words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean grammar</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">9품사</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">9品詞</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">gupumsa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">kup'umsa</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>The modern standard of word classification and the one taught in public schools was chosen by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s 1963 Committee on Education. This is the <i>9 pumsa</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">9품사</span></span>) system, which divides words into nine categories called <i>pumsa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 품사(品詞) <i>pumsa</i>, also called 씨 <i>ssi</i>, are themselves grouped together according to the following outline. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word">Content words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantive" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive">Substantives</a> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">명사</span></span>(名詞) <i>myeongsa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이름씨</span></span> <i>ireumssi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대명사</span></span>(代名詞) <i>daemyeongsa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대이름씨</span></span> <i>dae-ireumssi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">pronouns</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">수사</span></span>(數詞) <i>susa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">셈씨</span></span> <i>semssi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">number words</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> (broadly speaking) <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">동사</span></span>(動詞) <i>dongsa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">움직씨</span></span> <i>umjikssi</i> (action verbs)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">형용사</span></span>(形容詞) <i>hyeongyongsa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그림씨</span></span> <i>geurimssi</i> (descriptive verbs or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">Modifiers</a> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">관형사</span></span>(冠形詞) <i>gwanhyeongsa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">매김씨</span></span> <i>maegimssi</i> (determiners, prenouns, or indeclinable adjectives)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부사</span></span>(副詞) <i>busa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">어찌씨</span></span> <i>eojjissi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Other content words <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">감탄사</span></span>(感歎詞) <i>gamtansa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">느낌씨</span></span> <i>neukkimssi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> or exclamations)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function words</a> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">조사</span></span>(助詞) <i>josa</i> / <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">토씨</span></span> <i>tossi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean particles">particles</a> or postpositions)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal number (linguistics)">ordinal</a> numbers are grouped into their own part of speech. Descriptive verbs and action verbs are classified separately despite sharing essentially the same <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>. Verb endings constitute a large and rich class of morphemes, indicating such things in a sentence as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a> (of which there are 7 in Korean), and <a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">honorifics</a>. Prefixes and suffixes are numerous, partly because Korean is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>. </p><p>There are also various other important classes of words and <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> that are not generally classified among the <i>pumsa</i>. 5 other major classes of words or morphemes are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">어미</span></span>(語尾) <i>eomi</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verb_ending&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verb ending (page does not exist)">verb endings</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">지시어</span></span>(指示語) <i>jisieo</i> / (<a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">접속어</span></span>(接續語) <i>jeopsogeo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunctions</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">접두어</span></span>(接頭語) <i>jeopdueo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a>)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">접미어</span></span>(接尾語) <i>jeommieo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantives">Substantives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substantives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">Korean postpositions</a></div> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:조사">조사</a>(助詞)</span></span>, <i>josa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">토씨</span></span> <i>tossi</i>) are Korean <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case markers</a>. Examples include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8A%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:는">는</a></span></span> (<i>neun</i>, topic marker) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:를">를</a></span></span> (<i>reul</i>, object marker). Postpositions come after substantives and are used to indicate the role (<a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">complement</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a>) of a noun in a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. For a larger list, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_particles" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean particles">wikt:Category:Korean particles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_clitics">Case clitics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Case clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case clitics (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">격조사(格助詞)</span></span> <i>gyeok-josa</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Clitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clitics">clitics</a> that mark the grammatical function of the word. Both nouns and pronouns take case <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>. Pronouns are somewhat irregular. As with many clitics and suffixes in Korean, for many case clitics different forms are used with nouns ending in consonants and nouns ending in vowels. The most extreme example of this is in the nominative (subject), where the historical clitic <i>i</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이</span></span> is now restricted to appearing after consonants, and a completely unrelated (<a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletive</a>) form <i>ga</i> appears after vowels. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이/가</span></span></b> <i>i/ga</i> for the subject, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">께서</span></span></b> <i>kkeseo</i> for the subject who is respected</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">의</span></span></b> <i>ui</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">에</span></span></b> <i>e</i> "to" place or "in" place (e.g. "go to the hospital" or "I am in the hospital")</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> 2 – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">에서</span></span></b> <i>eseo</i> "at" place or "from" place (e.g. "I work at the hospital" or "I came from Korea")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">에게</span></span></b> <i>ege</i> "to" someone, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한테</span></span></b> <i>hante</i> "to" someone in a casual manner, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">께</span></span></b> <i>kke</i> "to" someone who is respected</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">에게서</span></span></b> <i>egeseo</i> "from" someone, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한테서</span></span></b> <i>hanteseo</i> "from" someone in a casual manner, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">께서</span></span></b> <i>kkeseo</i> "from" someone who is respected</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">을/를</span></span></b> <i>eul/reul</i> for the direct object</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">로/으로</span></span></b> <i>ro/euro</i> "onto" something or "with" something (e.g. "it is moving toward the city" or "I wrote with a pen")</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">로써/으로써</span></span></b> <i>rosseo/eurosseo</i> "with" something</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">essive</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">로서/으로서</span></span></b> <i>roseo/euroseo</i> being "as" something (e.g. "as a teacher, I will help you")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> 2 – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">로부터/으로부터</span></span></b> <i>robuteo/eurobuteo</i> something "from" source or origin (e.g. "modern cars are developed from carriages")</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">와/과</span></span></b> <i>wa/gwa</i>, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">랑/이랑</span></span></b> <i>rang/irang</i>, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">하고</span></span></b> <i>hago</i> together "with" someone or something</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> – <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아/야</span></span></b> <i>a/ya</i>, <b><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">여/이여</span></span></b> <i>yeo/iyeo</i> "hey" someone being addressed</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Informational_clitics">Informational clitics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Informational clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Informational clitics (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">보조사(補助詞)</span></span> <i>bo-josa</i>) provide additional meanings to the words that they attach to. They may override the case clitics, or be placed after other clitics. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Information clitics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>After vowels</th> <th>After consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic</a>* </th> <td><b>nun</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">는</span></span> <i>neun</i></td> <td><b>un</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">은</span></span> <i>eun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Additive* </th> <td colspan="2"><b>to</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">도</span></span> <i>do</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Or </th> <td><b>na</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">나</span></span> <i>na</i></td> <td><b>ina</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이나</span></span> <i>ina</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* The topic and additive markers mark the noun phrase with case markers. They override the nominative and accusative case markers rather than being attached after those case markers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean nouns <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:명사">명사</a>(名詞)</span></span> <i>myeongsa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이름씨</span></span> <i>ireumssi</i>) do not have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and though they can be made <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> by adding the suffix <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">들</span></span> <i>deul</i> to the end of the word, in general the suffix is not used when the plurality of the noun is clear from context. For example, while the English sentence "there are three apples" would use the plural "apples" instead of the singular "apple", the Korean sentence <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">사과가 세 개 있습니다</span></span> <i>Sagwaga se gae itseumnida</i> "(lit.) apple three (things) exist" keeps the word <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">사과</span></span> <i>sagwa</i> "apple" in its unmarked form, as the numeral makes the plural marker redundant. As Korean is a language with no grammatical gender, nouns do not have to agree with verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only agreement needed for Korean nouns would be the object and subject particles (이/가, 을/를, 은/는) added depending on if the noun ends in a vowel or consonant. </p><p>The most basic, fundamental Korean vocabulary is native to the Korean language, e.g. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:나라">나라</a></span></span> <i>nara</i> "country", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%82%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:날">날</a></span></span> <i>nal</i> "day". However, a large body of Korean <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> stem from the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Korean pronunciation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Chinese characters</a> e.g. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:산">산</a>(山)</span></span> <i>san</i> "mountain", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:역">역</a>(驛)</span></span> <i>yeok</i> "station", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:문화">문화</a>(文化)</span></span> <i>munhwa</i> "culture", etc. Many <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean words</a> have native Korean equivalents and vice versa, but not all. The choice of whether to use a Sino-Korean noun or a native Korean word is a delicate one, with the Sino-Korean alternative often sounding more profound or refined. It is in much the same way that Latin- or French-derived words in English are used in higher-level vocabulary sets (e.g. the sciences), thus sounding more refined – for example, the native Germanic "ask" versus Romance "inquire". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Korean pronouns</a></div> <p>Korean pronouns <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%AA%85%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:대명사">대명사</a>(代名詞)</span></span> <i>daemyeongsa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대이름씨</span></span> <i>dae-ireumssi</i>) are highly influenced by the honorifics in the language. Pronouns change forms depending on the social status of the person or persons spoken to, e.g. for the first person singular pronoun "I" there are both the informal <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%82%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:나">나</a></span></span> <i>na</i> and the honorific/humble <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:저">저</a></span></span> <i>jeo</i>. In general, second-person singular pronouns are avoided, especially when using honorific forms. Third-person pronouns are not well developed, and in most cases, a demonstrative <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:그">그</a></span></span> <i>geu</i> "that" in combination with a noun such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:사람">사람</a></span></span> <i>saram</i> "person" or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B2%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:것">것</a></span></span> <i>geot</i> "thing" is used to fill the gap. Also, only for translation and creative writing, a newly coined term, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%85%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:그녀">그녀</a></span></span> <i>geu-nyeo</i> (literally, "that woman"), is used aphoristically to refer to a female third person. A gender-neutral third person is covered by the demonstrative <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:그">그</a></span></span> <i>geu</i> (originally "that"). For a larger list of Korean pronouns, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_pronouns" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean pronouns">wikt:Category:Korean pronouns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals">Numerals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean numerals</a></div> <p>Korean <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:수사">수사</a>(數詞)</span></span> <i>susa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">셈씨</span></span> <i>semssi</i>) include two regularly used sets: a native Korean set and a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> set. The Sino-Korean system is nearly entirely based on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals</a>. The distinction between the two numeral systems is very important. Everything that can be counted will use one of the two systems, but seldom both. The grouping of large numbers in Korean follows the Chinese tradition of <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriads</a> (10,000) rather than thousands (1,000) as is common in Europe and North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_(broadly_speaking)"><span id="Verbs_.28broadly_speaking.29"></span>Verbs (broadly speaking)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs (broadly speaking)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Korean verbs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Processual_verbs">Processual verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Processual verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:동사">동사</a>(動詞)</span></span> <i>dongsa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">움직씨</span></span> <i>umjikssi</i>) which include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%93%B0%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:쓰다">쓰다</a></span></span> <i>sseuda</i> "to use" and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:가다">가다</a></span></span> <i>gada</i> "to go", are usually called, simply, "verbs". However, they can also be called "action verbs" or "dynamic verbs", because they describe an action, process, or movement. This distinguishes them from <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%9A%A9%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:형용사">형용사</a>(形容詞)</span></span> <i>hyeongyongsa</i>. </p><p>Korean verb conjugation depends upon the tense, aspect, mood, and the social relation between the speaker, the subject(s), and the listener(s). Different endings are used depending on the speaker's relation with their subject or audience. Politeness is a critical part of the Korean language and Korean culture; the correct verb ending must be chosen to indicate the proper degree of respect or familiarity for the situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descriptive_verbs">Descriptive verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Descriptive verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EC%9A%A9%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:형용사">형용사</a>(形容詞)</span></span> <i>hyeongyongsa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그림씨</span></span> <i>geurimssi</i>), sometimes translated as "adjectives" but also known as "descriptive verbs" or "stative verbs", are verbs such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%81%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:예쁘다">예쁘다</a></span></span> <i>yeppeuda</i>, "to be pretty" or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:붉다">붉다</a></span></span> <i>bukda</i>, "to be red". English does not have an identical grammatical category, and the English translation of a Korean <i>hyeongyongsa</i> is usually a linking verb + an English adjective. However, some Korean words which do not match that formula, such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%89%BD%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:아쉽다">아쉽다</a></span></span> <i>aswipda</i>, a transitive verb which means "to lack" or "to want for", are still considered <i>hyeongyongsa</i> in Korean because they match the conjugation pattern for adjectives. For a larger list, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_adjectives" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean adjectives">wikt:Category:Korean adjectives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copulative_and_existential_verbs">Copulative and existential verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copulative and existential verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predicate marker <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:이다">이다</a></span></span> (<b>i-ta</b>, <i>ida</i>, "to be"<i>)</i> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, which links the subject with its complement, that is, the role 'to be' plays in English. For example, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대나무는 풀이다</span></span> (<b>Taynamwu-nun phwul-i-ta</b>, <i>Daenamuneun purida</i>, "A bamboo is a grass") When the complement, which is suffixed by <b>i-ta</b>, ends in a vowel, <b>i-ta</b> contracts into <b>-ta</b> quite often as in following example, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">우리는 친구다</span></span> (<b>Wuli-nun chinkwu-ta</b>, <i>Urineun chinguda,</i> "We are friends.") The past tense of 이다 is 이었다 (<b>i-ess-ta</b>, <i>ieotda</i>, "was"). However, if it is attached after a vowel, it is always contracted into 였다 (<b>yess-ta</b>, <i>yeotda</i>, "was"). If not, it cannot be contracted. </p><p>To negate, a special adjective <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니다</span></span> (<b>ani-ta</b>, <i>anida</i>, "to not be") is used, being one of the two cases that take complement, the other being <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">되다</span></span> (<b>toy-ta</b>, <i>doeda</i>). <i><b>Two</b></i> nouns take the nominative clitic <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이/가</span></span> (<b>i</b>/<b>ka</b>, <i>i/ga</i>) before the negative copula; one is the subject, and the other is the complement. For instance, in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대나무는 나무가 아니다</span></span> (<b>Taynamwu-nun namwu-ka ani-ta</b>, <i>Daenamuneun namuga anida</i>, "A bamboo is not a tree."), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대나무는</span></span> (<b>taynamwu-nun</b>, <i>daenamuneun</i>) is the subject and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">나무가</span></span> (<b>namwu-ka</b>, <i>namuga</i>) is the complement. The derived form <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니요</span></span> (<b>aniyo</b>, <i>aniyo</i>) is the word for "no" when answering a positive question. </p><p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이다</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니다</span></span> become <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이야</span></span> (<b>i-ya</b>, <i>iya</i>), often <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">야</span></span> (<b>ya</b>, <i>ya</i>) after a vowel and 아니야/아냐 (<b>ani-ya/anya</b>, <i>aniya/anya</i>) at the end of the sentence in 해체 (<i>haeche</i>, "informal, non-polite speech level") form. In 해요체 (haeyoche. "informal, polite speech level") form, they become <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이에요</span></span> (<b>i-ey-yo</b>, <i>ieyo</i>), often <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">예요</span></span> (<b>yey-yo</b>, <i>yeyo</i>) after a vowel and 아니에요/아녜요 (<b>ani-ey-yo/anyey-yo</b>, <i>anieyo/anyeyo</i>) as well as the less common forms <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이어요/여요</span></span> (<b>i-e-yo/ye-yo</b>, <i>ieoyo/yeoyo</i>) and 아니어요/아녀요 (<b>ani-e-yo/anye-yo</b>, <i>anieoyo/anyeoyo</i>). </p><p>The copula is only for "to be" in the sense of "A is B". For existence, Korean uses the existential verbs (or adjectives) <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">있다</span></span> (<b>iss-ta</b>, <i>itda</i>, "there is") and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">없다</span></span> (<b>eps-ta</b>, <i>eopda</i>, "there isn't"). The honorific existential verb for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">있다</span></span> is <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">계시다</span></span> (<b>kyeysi-ta</b>, <i>gyesida</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_verbs/adjectives"><span id="Supporting_verbs.2Fadjectives"></span>Supporting verbs/adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supporting verbs/adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes, just using an adverb is insufficient to express the exact meaning the speaker has in mind. The composition of a main verb (or adjective) and a supporting verb (or adjective) can be used in this case, alongside some grammatical features. Suffixes including <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어</span></span> <i>-a/eo</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게</span></span> <i>-ge</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지</span></span> <i>-ji</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고</span></span> <i>-go</i> are taken by the main verb (or adjective), and the supporting verb (or a.) follows it and is <i>conjugated</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_using_-eo/a"><span id="Examples_using_-eo.2Fa"></span>Examples using <i>-eo/a</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples using -eo/a"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:가다">가다</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:오다">오다</a></span></span> <i>-a/eo gada/oda</i>: to continue to do, while getting away/closer</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:버리다">버리다</a></span></span> <i>-a/eo beolida</i>: to end up doing (and I feel sad, or distressed, to see the result)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:보다">보다</a></span></span> <i>-a/eo boda</i>: to try doing</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:지다">지다</a></span></span> <i>-a/eo jida</i> (<i>written without a space</i>): to be done; to become adj.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:하다">하다</a></span></span> <i>-a/eo hada</i> (<i>written without a space</i>): to feel adj.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_using_-ge">Examples using <i>-ge</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples using -ge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%90%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:되다">되다</a></span></span> <i>-ge doeda</i>: to be done; to end up doing</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:하다">하다</a></span></span> <i>-ge hada</i>: to make sb do</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_using_-ji">Examples using <i>-ji</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examples using -ji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%8A%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:않다">않다</a></span></span> <i>-ji anta</i>, (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:아니하다">아니하다</a></span></span> <i>-ji anihada</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9E%96%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:잖다">잖다</a></span></span> <i>-janhda</i>): not to do; not to be adj.</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:말다">말다</a></span></span> <i>-ji malda</i>: not to do (in imperative, e.g. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">하지 마!</span></span> "Don't do that!")</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BB%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:못하다">못하다</a></span></span> <i>-ji motada</i>: to be unable to do</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_using_-go">Examples using <i>-go</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Examples using -go"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:보다">보다</a></span></span> <i>-go boda</i>: to do before realizing sth</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B6%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:싶다">싶다</a></span></span> <i>-go sipda</i>: to want to do</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9E%88%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:있다">있다</a></span></span> <i>-go itda</i>: to be doing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Examples_using_other_suffixes">Examples using other suffixes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Examples using other suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%95%BC/%EC%96%B4%EC%95%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:아야/어야">어야</a> 하다/되다</span></span> <i>-eoya hada/doeda</i>: to have to do</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%84/%EC%96%B4%EB%8F%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:아도/어도">아도</a> 되다</span></span> <i>-ado doeda</i>: to be permitted to do</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A9%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:면">면</a> 하다</span></span> <i>-(eu)myeon hada</i>: to hope to do</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A9%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:면">면</a> 되다</span></span> <i>-(eu)myeon doeda</i>: to be okay or desirable to do</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modifiers">Modifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determinatives">Determinatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Determinatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%ED%98%95%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:관형사">관형사</a>(冠形詞)</span></span> <i>gwanhyeongsa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">매김씨</span></span> <i>maegimssi</i>) are known in English as "determiners," "determinatives," "pre-nouns," "adnouns," "attributives," "unconjugated adjectives," and "indeclinable adjectives." <i>Gwanhyeongsa</i> come before and modify or specify nouns, much like <a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributive adjectives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Examples include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:각">각</a>(各)</span></span> <i>gak</i>, "each." Determiners also negate the use of pronouns in day to day sentences which also makes Korean a more ambiguous and context driven language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a larger list, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_determiners" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean determiners">wikt:Category:Korean determiners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:부사">부사</a>(副詞)</span></span> <i>busa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">어찌씨</span></span> <i>eojjissi</i>) include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%98%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:또">또</a></span></span> <i>tto</i> "again" and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%93%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:가득">가득</a></span></span> <i>gadeuk</i> "fully". <i>Busa</i>, like adverbs in English, modify verbs. For a longer list, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_adverbs" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean adverbs">wikt:Category:Korean adverbs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_content_words">Other content words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other content words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclamations">Exclamations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Exclamations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%ED%83%84%EC%82%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:감탄사">감탄사</a>(感歎詞)</span></span> <i>gamtansa</i> (also called <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">느낌씨</span></span> <i>neukkimssi</i>) as are also known in English as "exclamations". Examples include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:아니">아니</a></span></span> <i>ani</i> "not". For a larger list, see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_interjections" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean interjections">wikt:Category:Korean interjections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sentence structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean is typical of languages with <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">verb-final word order</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, in that most affixes are <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and clitics are <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifiers</a> precede the words they modify, and most elements of a <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> are optional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_sentence">Compound sentence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Compound sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A compound sentence is a sentence where two or more independent clauses are equally connected. The verb endings used for connecting the clauses include <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고</span></span> <i>-go</i> "and", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)며</span></span> <i>-(eu)myeo</i> "and", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)나</span></span> <i>-(eu)na</i> "but", and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지만</span></span> <i>-jiman</i> "but". </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이제 겨울이 가<b>고</b> 봄이 돌아 왔<b>지만</b> 이곳은 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%A0%84%ED%9E%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:여전히">여전히</a> 춥다.</span></span> "The winter is now gone <b>and</b> the spring has come back, <b>but</b> the weather here still remained cold."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_sentence">Complex sentence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Complex sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A complex sentence is a sentence where one or more dependent clauses are subordinatedly connected to the independent clause. A lot of endings are used to indicate a wide variety of meanings, making the clause suffixed by one of them subordinate to the other clause. The difference from an adverb clause is not very apparent. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b><i>길을 걷다가</i> 문득 하늘을 보았더니</b> 달이 참 아름답게 떠 있었다.</span></span> "I was walking along the street when I suddenly stopped to look up at the sky; the moon was there which was truly beautiful."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_clauses">Noun clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Noun clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Followed by noun clause marker <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㅁ</span></span> <i>-(eu)m</i> or <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-기</span></span> <i>-gi</i>, a sentence can serve as a noun. The markers are attached to the last verb of the sentence. For example, if you want to include a sentence <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그가 갑자기 떠났다.</span></span> (<b>Ku-ka kapcaki ttena-ss-ta.</b>, <i>Geuga gapjagi tteonatda.</i>, "He left all of a sudden.") into another sentence <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">무언가를 친구가 나에게 알려 주었다.</span></span> (<b><i>Mwuenka</i>-lul chinkwu-ka na-eykey ally-e cwu-e-ss-ta.</b>, <i>Mueongareul chinguga na-ege allyeo jueotda.</i>, "My friend informed me of <i>something</i>."), then the verb <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">떠났다</span></span> (<b>ttena-ss-ta</b>, <i>tteonatda</i>) combines with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㅁ</span></span> (<b>-(u)m</b>, <i>-(eu)m</i>) to make a noun clause <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">떠났음</span></span> (<b>ttena-ss-um</b>, <i>tteonasseum</i>): the resulting sentence is <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그가 갑자기 떠났음을 친구가 나에게 알려 주었다.</span></span> (<b><i>Ku-ka kapcaki ttena-ss-um</i>-ul chinkwu-ka na-eykey ally-e cwu-e-ss-ta.</b>, <i>Geuga gapjagi tteonasseumeul chinguga na-ege allyeo jueotda.</i>, "My friend informed me <i>that he left all of a sudden</i>."). </p><p>Note that <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㅁ</span></span> <i>-(eu)m</i> is used in more formal settings, meanwhile <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-기</span></span> <i>-gi</i> is used casually. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">나는 <b>그가 이미 죽었음</b>을 몰랐다.</span></span> "I didn't know <b>that he was already dead.</b>"</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>그녀가 범인임</b>은 명백하다.</span></span> "<b>That she is the criminal </b>is clear."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>일하기</b>(가) 싫다.</span></span> "I don't feel like <b>working</b>."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>먹기</b>(에) 좋게 자른 채소</span></span> "vegetables chopped for the convenience of <b>eating</b>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjective_clauses">Adjective clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Adjective clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the most widely used subordinate clause, even substituting the aforementioned noun clause by taking part in the form <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-는 것</span></span> <i>-neun geot</i> "the thing which". <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-는</span></span> <i>-neun</i> marks the present tense, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄹ</span></span> <i>-(eu)l</i> stands for the future tense, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄴ</span></span> <i>-(eu)n</i> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-던</span></span> <i>-deon</i> are for the past tense, though <i>-(eu)l</i> also acts without meaning any tense as in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ 때</span></span> (<i>-l ttae</i> "when"). <i>See <a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs#Attributive_endings" title="Korean verbs">Korean verbs</a></i>. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">저번에 <b>우리 서울 올라갔을</b> 때 <b>치킨 먹었던</b> 데 기억나냐</span></span>? "Do you remember where we had chicken when we were in Seoul?"</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>내가 살던</b> 고향은 <b>꽃 피는</b> 산골</span></span> "My homeland <b>where I lived</b> was a mountain town <b>in which flowers bloomed</b>."</li></ul> <p>Accompanied by several <i>dependent nouns</i>, adjective clauses can comprise idiomatic expressions, such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ 것이다</span></span> <i>-l kkeos-ida</i> for the future conjugation, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ 것 같다</span></span> <i>-l kkeot gatda</i>, "I suppose...", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ 수(가) 있다/없다</span></span> <i>-l ssu(ga) itda/eopda</i> "It is possible/impossible...", <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:리">리</a>가 없다</span></span> <i>-l liga eopda</i> "It makes no sense that..." </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그는 여태 한 번도 <b>늦은</b> 적이 없었다. 오늘 역시 <b>그는 제 시간에 올</b></span></span> 것이다. "He has never been late so far. Today, as usual, he'll be on time."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverb_clauses">Adverb clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Adverb clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endings like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-이</span></span> <i>-i</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게</span></span> <i>-ge</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-도록</span></span> <i>-dorok</i>, and so forth derive adverbial clauses. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-이</span></span> <i>-i</i> is not commonly used in making <i>clauses</i> except for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">없이</span></span> <i>eops-i</i> "without"; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게</span></span> <i>-ge</i> is in common use in this sense instead. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그는 <b>말 없이</b> 나를 쳐다보았다.</span></span> "He looked at me <b>without a word</b>."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>물 먹게</b> 그릇 좀 다오.</span></span> "Please bring a cup for me; I need some water."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>재미 있게</b> 노는 아이들</span></span> "children playing <b>with fun</b>"</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">황금 보기를 <b>돌 보듯</b> 하라.</span></span> "See gold <b>as if seeing a stone</b>."</li></ul> <p>A lot of caution is needed when faced with <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게 하다</span></span> <i>-ge hada</i> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게 되다</span></span> <i>-ge doeda</i>, which may mean just "do -ly" and "become sth -ly", but also can make causative and passive verbs, respectively, which consist of main and supportive verbs. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">정원을 아름답게 하다</span></span> (causative) ↔ <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">발레를 아름답게 하다</span></span> (adverbial; causative if intended)</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">방이 깔끔하게 되다</span></span> (passive) ↔ <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">격파가 깔끔하게 되다</span></span> (adverbial; passive if intended)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbal_clauses">Verbal clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Verbal clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually in the form <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><i>무엇</i>은 <b><i>무엇</i>이 <i>어떻</i>다</b></span></span>, the whole clause serves as one adjective predicate. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">토끼는 <b>귀가 크고</b>, 기린은 <b>목이 길다</b>.</span></span> "A rabbit has big ears and a giraffe has a long neck.", or word-for-word, "A rabbit is <b>big-eared</b>, and a giraffe is <b>long-necked</b>."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">라면은 <b>값도 싸고 맛도 좋지만</b> 건강에는 좋지 않다.</span></span> "Instant ramen is cheap and tasty but not healthy."</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">나는 <b>배가 좋건만</b> 친구는 사과를 사 왔다.</span></span> "I like pears, but my friend appeared with apples."</li></ul> <p>It is also important to note that these examples use the dictionary form of verbs. In natural conversation speakers will use the appropriate honorific forms in order to show respect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quotation_clauses">Quotation clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Quotation clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the example above <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그가 갑자기 떠났음을 친구가 내게 알려 주었다.</span></span> might be used in a novel, it is unbearably awkward to say in more-general situations. Quotation clauses as in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내 친구가 "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B1%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:걔">걔</a> 갑자기 가 버리<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:데">데</a>."<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:라고">라고</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:하다">하</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%9D%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:더라">더라</a>.</span></span> (direct quotation) or in <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내 친구도 걔가 갑자기 가 버렸<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:다고">다고</a> 하더라.</span></span> (indirect quotation) are used instead. The particle <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">(이)<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:라고">라고</a></span></span> <i>(i)rago</i> is for direct quotation, and the verb endings like <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:다고">다고</a></span></span> <i>-dago</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(느)<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%83%90%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:냐고">냐고</a></span></span> <i>-(neu)nyago</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:라고">라고</a></span></span> <i>-rago</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:자고">자고</a></span></span> <i>-jago</i> are used for indirect quotation, for declarative, interrogative, imperative, and suggesting sentences respectively. Exceptionally, sentences employing a verbal particle <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이다</span></span> <i>ida</i> and an adjective <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니다</span></span> <i>anida</i> are suffixed with <i>-rago</i> in place of <i>-dago</i> for declarative ones. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">뭐라고요?</span></span> "What?" or "What did you say?"</li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">경찰은 <b>자세한 경위를 조사하고 있다고</b> 밝혔다.</span></span> "The police announced <b>that they are investigating the details</b>."</li></ul> <p>The last syllable <i>-go</i> is often dropped. Furthermore, if the verb <i>hada</i> means 'to say' and is right next to the syllable <i>-go</i>, then <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고 하다</span></span> <i>-go hada</i> is abridged, becoming <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-다</span></span> <i>-da</i>, which of course can conjugate. </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">뭐라<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%94%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:디">디</a>? (뭐라<i>고 하</i>디?)</span></span></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내가 뭐랬어. (내가 뭐라고 했어.) 괜히 기운만 빠졌네.</span></span> "Do you remember what I said? You only got tired for nothing."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subordinate_clauses">Subordinate clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Subordinate clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Korean grammar">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Verbs can take <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctive</a> suffixes. These suffixes make subordinate clauses. </p><p>One very common suffix, <b>-ko</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고</span></span> <i>-go,</i> can be interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> if used by itself, or, with a subject of its own, as a subordinating conjunction. That is, <b>mek.ko</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">먹고</span></span> <i>meokgo</i> means approximately "eating," <b>koki lul mek.ko</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">고기를 먹고</span></span> <i>gogireul meokgo</i> means "eating meat," and <b>nay ka koki lul mek.ko</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내가 고기를 먹고</span></span> <i>nae-ga gogi-reul meog-go</i> means "I eat meat and..." or "My eating meat." </p><p>Another suffix, somewhat similar in meaning, is <b>se</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서</span></span> <i>-seo</i> which is, however, attached to long stem of a verb. The long stem of a verb is the one that is formed by attaching <b>-<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">e</span>⁄<span class="den">a</span></span></b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">어/아</span></span> <i>-eo</i>/<i>-a</i> after a consonant. </p><p>Both sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerunds</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the verb form that ends in <b>se</b> and the one that ends in <i>-ko</i> juxtapose two actions, the action in the subclause and the action in the main clause. The difference between them is that with <b>se</b> the action in the subclause necessarily came first, while <b>-ko</b> conveys more of an unordered juxtaposition. <b>se</b> is frequently used to imply causation, and is used in many common expressions like <b>manna se pan.kapsupnita</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">만나서 반갑습니다</span></span> <i>Manna-seo bangapseumnida</i> (literally, "Since I met you, I'm happy" -or- "Having met you, I'm happy"). If <b>-ko</b> was used instead, the meaning would be closer to "I meet you and I'm happy," that is, without any implied logical connection. </p><p>These are both subordinating conjunctive suffixes and cannot (in the more formal registers, at least) derive complete sentences of their own without the addition of a main verb, by default the verb <b>iss</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">있</span></span>. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내가 고기를 먹고 있다</span></span> (<i><b>Nay ka koki lul mek.ko issta</b>, naega gogireul meoggo issda</i>) therefore means "I am eating meat." The difference between this and the simple sentence <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">내가 고기를 먹는다</span></span> (<b>nay ka koki lul meknun ta</b>, <i>naega gogileul meogneunda</i>, "I eat meat") is similar to the difference in Spanish between "Estoy almorzando" and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Almuerzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almuerzo (page does not exist)">Almuerzo</a>," in that the compound form emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous aspect">continuity</a> of the action. The <b>-se</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서</span></span> form is used with the existential verb <b>iss</b> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">있</span></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">문이 열려 있다</span></span> (<b>Mwuni yellye issta</b>, <i>mun-i yeollyeo issda</i>, "the door has been opened") can be the example, although it would convey different meaning if the very syllable <b>se</b> were visible, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">문이 열려서 있다</span></span> 'because the door is opened, it exist', meaning of which is not clear, though. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Questions">Questions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions in Korean are formed using interrogatory verb endings such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㅂ/습니까</span></span> <i>-(seu)mnikka</i>. The verb ending usage varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interrogative verb endings and <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Formal</th> <th colspan="2">Informal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Polite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hasipsio-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hasipsio</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㅂ/습니까</span></span> <i>-(seu)mnikka</i> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haeyo-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haeyo</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어요</span></span> <i>-a/eoyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hao-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hao</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-오/소</span></span> <i>-(s)o</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Impolite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hage-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hage</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-나</span></span> <i>-na</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄴ/는가</span></span> <i>-(neu)nga</i> (procedural verbs), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄴ가</span></span> <i>-(eu)nga</i> (others) </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hae-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hae</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어</span></span> <i>-a/eo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haera</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-냐</span></span> <i>-nya</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-니</span></span> <i>-ni</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperatives">Imperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Imperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imperatives in Korean are formed using imperative verb endings such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)십시오</span></span> <i>-(eu)sipsio</i>. The verb ending usage varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperative verb endings and <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Formal</th> <th colspan="2">Informal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Polite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hasipsio-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hasipsio</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)십시오</span></span> <i>-(eu)sipsio</i> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haeyo-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haeyo</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)세요</span></span> <i>-(eu)seyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hao-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hao</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)시오</span></span> <i>-(eu)sio</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Impolite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hage-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hage</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-게</span></span> <i>-ge</i> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hae-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hae</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어</span></span> <i>-a/eo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haera</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어라</span></span> <i>-a/eora</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)렴</span></span> <i>-(eu)ryeom</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggestions">Suggestions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Suggestions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suggestions in Korean are formed using suggestion verb endings such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㅂ시다</span></span> <i>-(eu)psida</i>. The verb ending usage varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Suggestion verb endings and <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Formal</th> <th colspan="2">Informal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Polite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hasipsio-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hasipsio</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haeyo-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haeyo</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어요</span></span> <i>-a/eoyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hao-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hao</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㅂ시다</span></span> <i>-(eu)psida</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Impolite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hage-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hage</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)세</span></span> <i>-(eu)se</i> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hae-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hae</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어</span></span> <i>-a/eo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haera</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-자</span></span> <i>-ja</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclamations_2">Exclamations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Exclamations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exclamations in Korean are formed using exclamatory verb endings such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-구나</span></span> <i>-guna</i>. The verb ending usage varies according to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Exclamatory verb endings and <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Formal</th> <th colspan="2">Informal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Polite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hasipsio-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hasipsio</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haeyo-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haeyo</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-네요</span></span> <i>-neyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hao-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hao</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-구려</span></span> <i>-guryeo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Impolite </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hage-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hage</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-군</span></span> <i>-gun</i> </td> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hae-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hae</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-네</span></span> <i>-ne</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haera</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-구나</span></span> <i>-guna</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negation">Negation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negation in Korean can be expressed in the following three forms. </p> <ul><li>Negation using <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">안</span></span> <i>an</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니</span></span> <i>ani</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 않다</span></span> <i>-ji anta</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 아니하다</span></span> <i>-ji anihada</i> <ul><li>This form of negation signifies the absence of volition. It may imply that the agent did not act even though the situation allowed to do so.</li></ul></li> <li>Negation using <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">못</span></span> <i>mot</i> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 못하다</span></span> <i>-ji motada</i> <ul><li>This form of negation signifies the absence of ability. It may imply that the agent could not act even if the agent intended to do so.</li></ul></li> <li>Negation using <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-지 말다</span></span> <i>-ji malda</i> <ul><li>This form of negation is used for imperatives and suggestions.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition, the negation can be achieved through the use of verbs with negative meaning, such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">아니다</span></span> <i>anida</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">없다</span></span> <i>eopda</i>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">모르다</span></span> <i>moreuda</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tense_and_aspect">Tense and aspect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tense and aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> can be expressed using a variety of non-terminal suffixes and special constructions. The tense is expressed differently when the verb is used at the end of the sentence and when it is used to modify other phrases. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tense </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">End of sentence</th> <th colspan="2">Modifier </th></tr> <tr> <th>Procedural verb</th> <th>Others</th> <th>Procedural verb</th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄴ/는-</span></span> <i>-(neu)n-</i></td> <td>-∅- <i>(as is)</i></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-는</span></span> <i>-neun</i></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄴ</span></span> <i>-(eu)n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past </th> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-았/었-</span></span> <i>-(a/eo)ss-</i></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄴ</span></span> <i>-(eu)n</i></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-던</span></span> <i>-deon</i> <i>(progressive)</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-았/었던</span></span> <i>-(a/eo)tdeon</i> <i>(perfect)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-겠-</span></span> <i>-gess-</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄹ 것이다</span></span> <i>-l geosida</i></td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)ㄹ</span></span> <i>-(eu)l</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, the progressive aspect can be expressed using <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-고 있다</span></span> <i>-go itda</i> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-ㄴ/는 중이다</span></span> <i>-(neu)n jung-ida</i> forms for procedural verbs. The perfect aspect can be expressed using <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어 있다</span></span> <i>-a/eo itda</i> form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number">Number</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>It is against grammatical rules for the plural marker '-deul' to occur at some of the alternative positions given in the following examples, and it is highly uncommon or at least somewhat unnatural for the most of them. Please review the grammatical consistency of this subsection.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Korean grammar">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Korean has <a href="/wiki/General_number" class="mw-redirect" title="General number">general number</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, a noun on its own is neither <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. It also has an optional plural marker -<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">들</span></span> <i>-deul</i>, which is most likely to be used for <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Animacy_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animacy hierarchy">animate</a> nouns (primarily first- and second-person pronouns, to a lesser extent nouns and third-person pronouns referring to humans, etc.) This is similar to several other languages with optional number, such as Japanese. </p><p>However, Korean <i>-deul</i> may also be found on the predicate, on the verb, object of the verb, or modifier of the object, in which case it forces a <a href="/wiki/Distributive_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributive plural">distributive plural</a> reading (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Collective_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective number">collective</a> reading) and indicates that the word is attached to expresses new information. </p><p>For instance: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">많이들</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mani-deul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">manidɯl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a lot-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="adverb(ial)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">먹다가들</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meokdaga-deul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mʌk̚taɡadɯl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-and-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">가거라</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gageora</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kaɡʌɾa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">많이들 먹다가들 가거라</p><p style="display: none;">mani-deul meokdaga-deul gageora</p><p style="display: none;">manidɯl mʌk̚taɡadɯl kaɡʌɾa</p><p style="display: none;">{a lot-ADV-PL} {eat-and-PL} {go-IMP}</p><p style="clear: left;">'You guys eat well and go.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this case, the information that the subject is plural is expressed. </p><p>To add a distributive meaning on a numeral, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">씩</span></span> <i>ssik</i> is used. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">학생들이</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haksaengdeur-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hak̚sɛŋdɯɾi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">student-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">풍선을</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pungseon-eul</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pʰuŋsʰʌnɯl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">balloon-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">하나씩</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hana-ssik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hanas͈ik̚</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one-each</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ko" style="margin: 0px;">샀어요</p><p lang="ko-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sass-eoyo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sʰas͈ʌjo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preterite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRET</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite register" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">학생들이 풍선을 하나씩 샀어요</p><p style="display: none;">haksaengdeur-i pungseon-eul hana-ssik sass-eoyo</p><p style="display: none;">hak̚sɛŋdɯɾi pʰuŋsʰʌnɯl hanas͈ik̚ sʰas͈ʌjo</p><p style="display: none;">student-PL-NOM balloon-ACC one-each buy-PRET-INT-POL</p><p style="clear: left;">"The students bought a balloon each."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Now "balloon" is specified as a distributive plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject–verb_agreement"><span id="Subject.E2.80.93verb_agreement"></span>Subject–verb agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Subject–verb agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is usually stated that Korean does not have <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb agreement">subject–verb agreement</a>, the conjugated verbs do, in fact, show agreement with the logical subject (not necessarily the grammatical subject) in several ways. However, agreement in Korean usually only narrows down the range of subjects. Personal agreement is shown partly on the verb stem before the <a href="/wiki/Tense-aspect-mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense-aspect-mood">tense-aspect-mood</a> suffixes, and partly on the sentence-final endings. </p><p>Korean distinguishes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorifics">Honorific</a> subjects from non-honorific subjects in the second or third person via a verb suffix. See <a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">Korean honorifics</a>.</li> <li>Korean distinguishes first person from non-first in emotion verbs, in that the form "<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">A는 B가 싫다</span></span>" <i>A dislikes B</i> for example is hardly used for 3rd-person subjects in most registers, and only used inside questions in case of 2nd-person subjects. (A prominent exception is in novels or stories, where it is understood that the narrator is omniscient and can authoritatively describe what's going on inside A's mind.) On the contrary, the form "<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">A가 B를 싫어하다</span></span>" can be used freely for 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-person subjects.</li> <li>first person from third person, partially, in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs#Irrealis" title="Korean verbs">future</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs#Perfective" title="Korean verbs">past</a> tense.</li> <li>inclusive first person from exclusive first person, and first person from third person, in the <a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a> mood<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Korean does not distinguish: </p> <ul><li>singular from <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> on the verb (though this is systematically marked on pronouns)</li> <li>second person from third person in statements</li> <li>second person from first person in questions</li></ul> <p>The following table is meant to indicate how the verb stem and/or the sentence ending can vary depending on the subject. The column labeled "jussive ending" contains the various <a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a> sentences endings in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">plain style</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person</th> <th>Person agreement on final ending<br />Jussive ending </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st sg (volition) </th> <td><i>-getda</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-겠다</span></span> (common)<br /><i>-(eu)rida</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)리다</span></span><br /><i>-(eu)ryeonda</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)련다</span></span><br /><i>-(eu)ma</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-(으)마</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st pl (suggestion) </th> <td><i>-ja</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-자</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd, 3rd (command) </th> <td><i>-a/eora</i> <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">-아/어라</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valency">Valency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Valency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency (linguistics)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valency_in_Korean">Valency in Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Valency in Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An intransitive verb, an adjective, or a noun plus the predicate particle 이다 <i>-ida</i> requests one argument, the subject, though it may be omitted. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">(한 자리 서술어)</span></span> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">비가 내린다.</span></span> "It is raining."</dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">하늘이 푸르다.</span></span> "The sky is blue."</dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">지금은 아침이다.</span></span> "It is morning now."</dd></dl></li> <li>A transitive verb needs two arguments; one is the subjects, and the other can either be an object, a complement, or an essential adverb. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">(두 자리 서술어)</span></span> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">고양이가 쥐를 잡는다.</span></span> "A cat catches a mouse." (object)</dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">그는 나에게로 와서 꽃이 되었다.</span></span> "He came to me and became a flower." (adverb, then complement)</dd></dl></li> <li>A ditransitive verb carries three arguments, which always include an essential adverb. <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">(세 자리 서술어)</span></span> <dl><dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">나는 엄마한테 김치 세 통을 받았다.</span></span> "I got 3 boxes of kimchi from my mom."</dd> <dd><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">동생은 나에게 "다 잘 될 거야."라고 말했다.</span></span> "My brother told me "Everything's gonna be okay.""</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">Korean postpositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Much of the material in this article comes from the companion text to the <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> language materials <i>Hanguru Nyūmon</i> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Chul Young (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725103532/http://brskl.org/resources/upload/2009-8-28/KoreanGrammarTextbook.pdf"><i>Essential Grammar for Korean as a Second Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 18–19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brskl.org/resources/upload/2009-8-28/KoreanGrammarTextbook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Grammar+for+Korean+as+a+Second+Language&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chul+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrskl.org%2Fresources%2Fupload%2F2009-8-28%2FKoreanGrammarTextbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhm2009" class="citation book cs1">Ihm, Ho Bin (2009). <i>Korean Grammar for International Learners</i>. Yonsei University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7141-554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7141-554-2"><bdi>978-89-7141-554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Grammar+for+International+Learners&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yonsei+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-89-7141-554-2&rft.aulast=Ihm&rft.aufirst=Ho+Bin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation book cs1">Lee, EunHee (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931152892"><i>An introduction to Korean linguistics</i></a>. Sean Madigan, Mee-Jeong Park. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38990-3"><bdi>978-1-317-38990-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931152892">931152892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Korean+linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931152892&rft.isbn=978-1-317-38990-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=EunHee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F931152892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbett, Greville G., <i>Number,</i> pages 137–138, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, P240.8.C67 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64016-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64016-4">0-521-64016-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ Pak, Miok et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/CSSP_handout.pdf">http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/CSSP_handout.pdf</a> " What Korean Promissives tell us about Jussive Clause Type"], <i>Colloque de syntaxe et sémantique à Paris 2005</i>, retrieved on 3 December 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&oldid=1253599354">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_grammar&oldid=1253599354</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_grammar" title="Category:Korean 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