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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Nouns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nouns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masculine_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculine_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Masculine nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculine_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_in_a_consonant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_in_a_consonant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Ending in a consonant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_in_a_consonant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-a⟩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_with_⟨-a⟩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Ending with ⟨-a⟩ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-a⟩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Feminine nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_an_alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_stem_ending_in_an_alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 With stem ending in an alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_an_alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-o⟩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_with_⟨-o⟩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Ending with ⟨-o⟩ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-o⟩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_in_a_consonant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_in_a_consonant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Ending in a consonant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_in_a_consonant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuter_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuter_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Neuter nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuter_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-o⟩_(⟨-ã⟩_or_⟨-ê⟩)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_with_⟨-o⟩_(⟨-ã⟩_or_⟨-ê⟩)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Ending with ⟨-o⟩ (⟨-ã⟩ or ⟨-ê⟩) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_with_⟨-o⟩_(⟨-ã⟩_or_⟨-ê⟩)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-é⟩_ending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-é⟩_ending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-é⟩ ending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-é⟩_ending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Consonant alternations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_vowel_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_vowel_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Noun vowel alternations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_vowel_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_stress_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_stress_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Noun stress alternations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_stress_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Adjectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adjectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjective_comparative_and_superlative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_comparative_and_superlative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Adjective comparative and superlative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_comparative_and_superlative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_stress_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_stress_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Adjective stress patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_stress_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverbs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverbs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adverb_comparative_and_superlative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverb_comparative_and_superlative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Adverb comparative and superlative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverb_comparative_and_superlative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Numerals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Numerals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numeral_stress_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral_stress_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Numeral stress patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral_stress_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Verbs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Verbs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Conjugation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Class I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Class II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Class III </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Class IV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Class V </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_stress_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_stress_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Verb stress alternations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_stress_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_vowel_alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_vowel_alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Verb vowel alternations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_vowel_alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the Slovincian language</div> The <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian language</a> is characterized by a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflection</a>, a lack of <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, and vowel, consonant, and stress alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903107–108-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903110-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973236-3">[3]</a> Slovincian has an inflectional system mostly inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>, with many innovations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Slovincian has three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, and neuter; three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: singular, dual, and plural; and seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903227-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">[5]</a> The vocative is largely replaced by the nominative, but masculine animate singular and a few feminine singular nouns retain it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903227-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913121-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">[5]</a> The genitive-locative dual has been almost entirely replaced by the plural equivalents, and only few words kept their original forms, e.g.:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903228-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>rãˈkʉ ("hand, arm")</li> <li>nôˈgʉ ("foot, leg")</li> <li>wôˈczʉ ("eye")</li> <li>wùˈszʉ ("ear")</li></ul> The nominative-accusative-vocative dual is found with masculine and feminine nouns and also with monosyllabic neuter stems in stems with non-alternating final consonants ending with ⟨-ô⟩ and in the word ˈjajê ("egg").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903228-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">[5]</a> The dative-instrumental dual only occurs with monosyllabic stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">[5]</a> Nouns can either have non-alternating final stem consonants or alternating final stem consonants. The non-alternating consonants are ⟨s, z, sz, cz, ż, dż, rz, l, j⟩, and the alternating consonants are ⟨p, b, f, v, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225—226-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine_nouns">Masculine nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Masculine nouns">edit</a>]</div> Masculine nouns can end in alternating (⟨p, b, f, v, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩) and non-alternating (⟨s, z, sz, ż, rz, l, j⟩) consonants, a consonant ending with ⟨-a⟩ (opa), and alternating consonants ending with ⟨-ë⟩ (kamë).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973226-9">[9]</a> The last group is small and shows an irregular alternation in the non-nominative cases in the singular and all cases in the plural:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973227-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>ˈkamë, ˈkamjen ("stone") > ˈkamjenja (GEN SG). Compare <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>: kam, kamiéń, kamiń.</li> <li>ˈplômë, ˈplômjen ("flame"). Compare <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>: płom, płomiéń</li></ul> A few masculine nouns ending in alternating consonants add ⟨j⟩ to the stem when declined. Some nouns with ⟨ej⟩ will add ⟨j⟩, others will not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973226-9">[9]</a> <ul><li>ˈkóń ("horse") > ˈkônja (GEN SG)</li> <li>ˈmej ("May") > ˈmejjú (GEN SG)</li> <li>ˈroj ("swarm of bees") > ˈrôjú (GEN SG)</li></ul> Many masculine nouns whose stem ends in ⟨c⟩ and ⟨z⟩ alternate with ⟨cz⟩ and ⟨ż⟩ in the vocative singular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973227-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_in_a_consonant">Ending in a consonant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ending in a consonant">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Masculine nouns ending in a consonant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <th colspan="5">Stressed </th> <th colspan="5">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <th rowspan="2">Dual </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <th rowspan="2">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>animate</th> <th>inanimate </th> <th>virile</th> <th>nonvirile </th> <th>animate</th> <th>inanimate </th> <th>virile</th> <th>nonvirile </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2">-∅ </td> <td colspan="2">-ˈë, -ˈê<a href="#cite_note-7th-14">[a]</a></td> <td>-ˈa </td> <td colspan="2">-∅ </td> <td colspan="2">-ë, -i, -ôwje<a href="#cite_note-8th-16">[b]</a></td> <td>-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td colspan="2">-ˈa, -ˈú<a href="#cite_note-1st-18">[c]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ˈó, -ˈy<a href="#cite_note-9th-22">[d]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td colspan="2">-a, -ú<a href="#cite_note-1st-18">[c]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ó, -∅, -i<a href="#cite_note-9th-22">[d]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td colspan="2">-ˈú </td> <td colspan="2">-ˈóm<a href="#cite_note-10th-24">[e]</a></td> <td>-ˈôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-26">[f]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ú, -ôjú, -ejú<a href="#cite_note-2nd-28">[g]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-óm (-im)<a href="#cite_note-10th-24">[e]</a></td> <td>-ôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ˈa </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-ˈó </td> <td>-ˈë </td> <td>-ˈa </td> <td>-a </td> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-ó </td> <td>-ë, -i<a href="#cite_note-8th-16">[b]</a></td> <td>-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td colspan="2">-ˈã </td> <td colspan="2">-amˈy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-31">[h]</a></td> <td>-ˈôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-26">[f]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ã </td> <td colspan="2">-amy (-my, -i)<a href="#cite_note-11th-31">[h]</a></td> <td>-ôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-26">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td colspan="2">-ˈú, -ˈê<a href="#cite_note-3rd-33">[i]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-35">[j]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td colspan="2">-ú, -ê<a href="#cite_note-4th-36">[k]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-35">[j]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td colspan="2">-ˈú<a href="#cite_note-5th-37">[l]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ˈë, -ˈê</td> <td>-ˈa </td> <td colspan="2">-ú, -ê<a href="#cite_note-6th-38">[m]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">= NOM</td> <td>-a </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7th-14"><a href="#cite_ref-7th_14-0">^</a> There is no regularity to determine the ending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903234–235-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8th-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8th_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-8th_16-1">b</a> Nouns in a velar have ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-ë⟩ unpredictably, non-velars always have ⟨-ë⟩, except five nouns which admit ⟨-i⟩: ˈchlôp ("man") > ˈchlôpji or ˈchlôpë, ˈkóń ("horse"), ˈknop ("knave"), ˈmaszchôp ("comrade"), ˈkôùp ("swan"). Monosyllabic animate referents often take ⟨-ôwje⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903235-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1st-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1st_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1st_18-1">b</a> Animate nouns always get ⟨-a⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> Body parts usually have the ending ⟨-a⟩, coin denominations, trees, and words formed with the suffixes ⟨-ok⟩, ⟨-ëk⟩, ⟨-ik⟩ have ⟨-a⟩. Shrubs, herbs, and substances ⟨-ú⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9th-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9th_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9th_22-1">b</a> Except five plurale tantum nouns ( ˈlëdzë ("people") > ˈlëdzy (genitive plural), ˈpjõdzë ("money") > ˈpjõdzy (genitive plural), ˈswjõtkji ("Pentecost") > ˈswjõtk (genitive plural), ˈjastrë ("Easter") > ˈjastër (genitive plural), ˈgôdë ("Christmas") > ˈgód (genitive plural), nouns admit ⟨-ó⟩ with frequent use of the alternative endings, but -∅ is rare in Kluki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231–232-20">[17]</a> Sometimes ⟨-éj⟩ can be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_24-1">b</a> There are seven instances of ⟨-ym⟩ and one of ⟨-ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39th-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-39th_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39th_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39th_26-2">c</a> The dative/instrumental dual, which only occurs in monosyllabic stems, has the endings ⟨-ôma⟩, ⟨-ema⟩, and ⟨-ma⟩, in one case also ⟨-ëma⟩ (psëma). Of these endings, ⟨-ôma⟩ is widespread throughout the area and is found in both hard and soft stems, ⟨-ema⟩ exists only in Wierzchocino and Stojcino and is restricted to the soft stems; ⟨-ma⟩ occurs in Wierzchocino in a few nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903239-25">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2nd-28"><a href="#cite_ref-2nd_28-0">^</a> May get ⟨-ôjú⟩ or ⟨-ejú⟩ in the unstressed dative singular with no certain regularity, except that nouns ending in non-alternating final stem consonants only get ⟨-ejú⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> Also ⟨-ôwú⟩, ⟨-ewú⟩ in West Slovincian, in Witkowo ⟨-ômú⟩, ⟨-emú⟩, which arose through the influence of the pronominal declension. Forms with ⟨-e-⟩ are much more limited than those formed with ⟨-ô-⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232–233-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913121-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_31-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3rd-33"><a href="#cite_ref-3rd_33-0">^</a> ⟨-ˈê⟩ occurs for non-syllabic stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903233–234-32">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_35-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4th-36"><a href="#cite_ref-4th_36-0">^</a> After labials and ⟨t, d, n, r⟩ mostly ⟨-e⟩ occurs in monosyllabic and polysyllabic stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5th-37"><a href="#cite_ref-5th_37-0">^</a> Only the word ˈpjês ("dog") has an attested vocative singular form ˈpsú.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6th-38"><a href="#cite_ref-6th_38-0">^</a> The only regularity is ⟨-ú⟩ for nouns ending in non-alternating final stem consonants with no other regularity able to be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>chlôp "man" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈchlôp∅</td> <td>ˈchlôpji/ˈchlôpë</td> <td>ˈchlôpa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈchlôpa</td> <td>ˈchlôp∅/ˈchlôpó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈchlôpú/ˈchlôpôjú</td> <td>ˈchlôpóm</td> <td>ˈchlôpôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈchlôpa</td> <td>ˈchlôpó</td> <td>ˈchlôpa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈchlôpã</td> <td>ˈchlôpy/ˈchlôpmy/ˈchlôpamy</td> <td>ˈchlôpôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈchlôpjê</td> <td>ˈchlôpjéch/ˈchlôpach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈchlôpjê</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>brat "brother" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈbrat∅</td> <td>ˈbracë/ˈbratë/ˈbraco</td> <td>ˈbrata </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈbrata</td> <td>ˈbrató</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈbratú</td> <td>ˈbratóm</td> <td>ˈbratôma/ˈbratma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈbrata</td> <td>ˈbrató</td> <td>ˈbrata </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈbratã</td> <td>ˈbraty/ˈbratmy/ˈbratamy</td> <td>ˈbratôma/ˈbratma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈbracê</td> <td>ˈbracéch/ˈbratach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈbracê</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>brzég "edge, shore" (inanimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈbrzég∅</td> <td>ˈbrzêgji</td> <td>ˈbrzêga </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈbrzêgú</td> <td>ˈbrzêgó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈbrzêgú</td> <td>ˈbrzêgóm</td> <td>ˈbrzêgôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈbrzég∅</td> <td>ˈbrzêgji</td> <td>ˈbrzêga </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈbrzêgã</td> <td>ˈbrzêgamy</td> <td>ˈbrzêgôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈbrzêgú</td> <td>ˈbrzêgach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>wól "ox, steer" (animal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈwól∅</td> <td>ˈwôlôwje/ˈwôlë</td> <td>ˈwôla </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈwôla</td> <td>ˈwôló</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈwôlôjú</td> <td>ˈwôlóm'</td> <td>ˈwôlôma/ˈwólma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈwôla</td> <td>ˈwôlë</td> <td>ˈwôla </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈwôlã</td> <td>wôlaˈmy/ˈwólmy</td> <td>ˈwôlôma/ˈwólma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈwôlú</td> <td>ˈwôlach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈwôlê</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>pjês "dog" (masculine animal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈpjês∅</td> <td>ˈpsë</td> <td>ˈpsa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈpsa</td> <td>ˈpsó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈpsú</td> <td>ˈpsóm</td> <td>ˈpsëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈpsa</td> <td>ˈpsë</td> <td>ˈpsa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈpsã</td> <td>psˈmy/psaˈmy</td> <td>ˈpsëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈpsú</td> <td>ˈpsach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>psˈú</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>lên "flax" (inanimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">[26]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈlên∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈlnú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈlnú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈlên∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈlnã </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈlnê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>ksõdz "(chrisian) priest" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231-40">[27]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈksõdz∅</td> <td>ˈksãzɵwje/ˈksãzä</td> <td>ˈksãza </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈksãza</td> <td>ksąˈzó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈksãzú/ˈksãzôjú/ˈksãzejú</td> <td>ksãˈzóm</td> <td>ˈksãzôma/ˈksãzema </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈksãza</td> <td>ksãˈzó</td> <td>ˈksãza </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈksãzã</td> <td>ksãzˈmï/ksãzˈamy</td> <td>ˈksãzôma/ˈksãzema </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈksãzú</td> <td>ksãˈzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈksãzê</td> <td>ˈksãza</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>kóń "horse" (animal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231-40">[27]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkóń∅</td> <td>ˈkônji/ˈkônjë</td> <td>ˈkônja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkônja</td> <td>ˈkônjy/ˈkônjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkônjú/ˈkônjejú/ˈkônjôjú</td> <td>ˈkônjim/ˈkônjóm</td> <td>ˈkônjema/ˈkônjôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkônja</td> <td>ˈkônjë</td> <td>ˈkônja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkônjã</td> <td>ˈkônjamy/ˈkônjmy/ˈkônjymy</td> <td>ˈkônjema/ˈkônjôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkônjú</td> <td>ˈkônjich/ˈkônjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>kjêrz "bush, shrub" (inanimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231-40">[27]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkjˈêrz∅</td> <td>ˈkrzê</td> <td>ˈkrza </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkrza</td> <td>ˈkrzó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkrzú</td> <td>ˈkrzóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkjêrz∅</td> <td>ˈkrzê</td> <td>ˈkrza </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkrzã</td> <td>krzaˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkrzú</td> <td>ˈkrzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>gôsc "guest" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231-40">[27]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈgôsc∅</td> <td>ˈgôscë</td> <td>ˈgôsca </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈgôsca</td> <td>gôsˈcó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈgôscú/ˈgôscôjú/ˈgôscejú</td> <td>gôsˈcóm</td> <td>ˈgôscma/ˈgôscôma/ˈgôscema </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈgôsca</td> <td>gôsˈcó</td> <td>ˈgôsca </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈgôscã</td> <td>gôscˈmy/gôscaˈmy</td> <td>ˈgôscma/ˈgôscôma/ˈgôscema </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈgôscú</td> <td>gôsˈcach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈgôscú</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>mjêszczón "burgher" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903244-41">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmjêszczón∅</td> <td>ˈmjêszczónjë/ˈmjêszczónjë</td> <td>ˈmjêszczóna/ˈmjêszczana </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmjêszczóna/ˈmjêszczana</td> <td>mjêszˈczón∅/mjêszˈczanó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmjêszczónú/ˈmjêszczónôjú</td> <td>mjêszˈczanóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmjêszczóna/ˈmjêszczóna</td> <td>mjêszˈczanó</td> <td>ˈmjêszczóna/ˈmjêszczana </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmjêszczónã/ˈmjêszczanã</td> <td>mjêszˈczanmy/mjêszˈczanamy/mjêszˈczany</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmjêszczónjê/ˈmjêszczanjê</td> <td>mjêszˈczanach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈmjêszczónjê/ˈmjêszczanjê</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>kam/kamä/kamjêń "rock, stone" (inanimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903245-42">[29]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkam∅/ˈkamä∅/ˈkamjêń∅</td> <td>ˈkamjênjë</td> <td>ˈkamjênja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkamjênja</td> <td>kaˈmjênjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkamjênjú</td> <td>kaˈmjênjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkam∅/ˈkamä∅/ˈkamjênj∅</td> <td>ˈkamjênjë</td> <td>ˈkamjênja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkamjênjã</td> <td>kaˈmjenjmy/kaˈmjênjamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkamjênjê/kaˈmjênjú</td> <td>kaˈmjênjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>dzeń "day" (inanimate)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903246-43">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈdzeń∅</td> <td>ˈdnji</td> <td>ˈdnja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈdnja</td> <td>ˈdnjó/ˈdnjy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈdnjú</td> <td>ˈdnjóm</td> <td>ˈdnjôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈdzeń∅</td> <td>ˈdnji</td> <td>ˈdnja </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈdnjã</td> <td>dnjaˈmy</td> <td>ˈdnjôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈdnjú</td> <td>ˈdnjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_with_⟨-a⟩">Ending with ⟨-a⟩</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ending with ⟨-a⟩">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Masculine nouns ending with ⟨-a⟩<a href="#cite_note-13th-44">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <th colspan="4">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <th rowspan="2">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>virile</th> <th>nonvirile </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-a </td> <td colspan="2">-ë, -ôwje<a href="#cite_note-19th-46">[b]</a></td> <td>-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ë, -i, -a<a href="#cite_note-14th-47">[c]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ó, -∅ <a href="#cite_note-20th-48">[d]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ê, -ôjú, -ejú<a href="#cite_note-15th-50">[e]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-óm (-im)<a href="#cite_note-10th-51">[f]</a></td> <td>-ôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ã<a href="#cite_note-16th-52">[g]</a></td> <td>-ó, -∅<a href="#cite_note-20th-48">[d]</a></td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-õ, -ã<a href="#cite_note-17th-53">[h]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-54">[i]</a></td> <td>-ôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-y -ú, -ê<a href="#cite_note-18th-55">[j]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-56">[k]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>-ú, -ë<a href="#cite_note-18th-55">[j]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">= NOM</td> <td>-a </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13th-44"><a href="#cite_ref-13th_44-0">^</a> All masculine nouns ending in ⟨-a⟩ have fixed stress except ˈbùla ("bull") and ˈslëga ("servant").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19th-46"><a href="#cite_ref-19th_46-0">^</a> ⟨-ôwje⟩ is for monosyllabic stems, nouns with non-alternating final stem consonants, and several loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14th-47"><a href="#cite_ref-14th_47-0">^</a> ⟨-i⟩ after velars, ⟨-ë⟩ after non-velars. Some nouns have ⟨-a⟩ by analogy with some masculine nouns ending in a consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20th-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20th_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20th_48-1">b</a> ⟨-ó⟩ is the most frequent with -∅ appearing without a regular rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15th-50"><a href="#cite_ref-15th_50-0">^</a> ⟨-ê⟩ after an alternating consonant, otherwise ⟨-ôjú⟩ or ⟨-ejú⟩ with no predictability as to which.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232—233-49">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-51"><a href="#cite_ref-10th_51-0">^</a> There are seven instances of ⟨-ym⟩ and one of ⟨-ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16th-52"><a href="#cite_ref-16th_52-0">^</a> Sometimes ⟨-e⟩ (pronounced ⟨-ë⟩ was used, from earlier *-ę.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17th-53"><a href="#cite_ref-17th_53-0">^</a> ⟨-õ⟩ is more common than ⟨-ã⟩, but no rule can be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-54"><a href="#cite_ref-11th_54-0">^</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18th-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-18th_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-18th_55-1">b</a> ⟨-ê⟩ after alternating consonant, ⟨-ú⟩ after non-alternting consonants. ⟨-y⟩ can be shown in nouns ending in ⟨-ola⟩, but potentially only for feminine nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-56"><a href="#cite_ref-12th_56-0">^</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>opa "monkey" (animal) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248-57">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈopa</td> <td>ˈopë</td> <td>ˈopa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈopë/ˈopa</td> <td>ˈopó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈopjê/ˈopôjú</td> <td>ˈopóm</td> <td>ˈopôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈopã</td> <td>ˈopë</td> <td>ˈopa </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈopõ</td> <td>ˈopamy/ˈopmy</td> <td>ˈopôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈopjê</td> <td>ˈopach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈopjê</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>bùla "bull" (animal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248-57">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈbùla</td> <td>ˈbùlë</td> <td>ˈbùla </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈbùlë</td> <td>bùˈló</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈbùlôjú</td> <td>bùˈlóm</td> <td>ˈbùlôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈbùlã</td> <td>ˈbùlë</td> <td>ˈbùla </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈbùlõ/ˈbùlã</td> <td>bùlaˈmy</td> <td>ˈbùlôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>bùˈlú</td> <td>bùˈlach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈbùlú</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>twórca "creator" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248-57">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈtwórca</td> <td>ˈtwórcôwje</td> <td>ˈtwórca </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈtwórcë/ˈtwórca</td> <td>ˈtwórcó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈtwórcôjú/ˈtwórcejú</td> <td>ˈtwórcóm</td> <td>ˈtwórcôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈtwórcã</td> <td>ˈtwórcä</td> <td>ˈtwórca </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈtwórcõ/ˈtwórcã</td> <td>ˈtwórcamy</td> <td>ˈtwórcôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈtwórcú</td> <td>ˈtwórcach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>ˈtwórcú</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>nożênja "bridegroom" (personal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903248-58">[34]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>noˈżênja</td> <td>ˈnożênjë</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>noˈżênjë</td> <td>noˈżênjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈnożênjejú/ˈnożênjôjú</td> <td>noˈżênjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈnożênjã</td> <td>noˈżênjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈnożênjõ</td> <td>noˈżênjamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>noˈżênjú</td> <td>noˈżênjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>noˈżênja</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine_nouns">Feminine nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Feminine nouns">edit</a>]</div> Feminine nouns can end in a consonant, ⟨-a⟩, and ⟨-o⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228-59">[35]</a> Feminine nouns ending in non-alternating consonants always add ⟨-j-⟩ to non-nominative cases except the genitive plural, which takes -∅.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228-59">[35]</a> <ul><li>ˈdlon ("open palm"), ˈdlonjë (genitive singular), ˈdlon (genitive plural)</li></ul> A few feminine nouns end in ⟨-i⟩, ⟨-ëw⟩ (⟨-ew⟩), and ⟨-wja⟩. There are two nouns that end in ⟨-ë⟩ and two nouns that end in ⟨-é⟩:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228-59">[35]</a> <ul><li>ˈcérkwji, ˈcérkjëw, ˈcérkwja ("church") (Compare <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>: cerkew, cerczew, cerkwiô)</li> <li>polˈnôcë ("midnight")</li> <li>ˈkrë (alternatively ˈkrev) ("blood")</li> <li>brëˈvjé ("eyebrow")</li> <li>ɡôspôˈdënjé ("female host")</li></ul> It can be noticed that both masculine and feminine nouns can end in a consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending. Masculine nouns ending in ⟨-a⟩ always refer to a male being and female nouns ending in ⟨-a⟩ a female being; the one exception is ˈslëga ("servant") and nouns ending in ⟨-ola⟩, which can refer to a person of either gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228-59">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_stem_ending_in_an_alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending">With stem ending in an alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: With stem ending in an alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Feminine nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with ⟨-a⟩ ending<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th> <th colspan="3">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-ˈa</td> <td>-ˈë</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>-a</td> <td>-ë, -i<a href="#cite_note-21st-60">[a]</a></td> <td>-ê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ˈë</td> <td>-ˈó, -∅<a href="#cite_note-23rd-61">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ë, -i<a href="#cite_note-21st-60">[a]</a></td> <td>-ó, -∅<a href="#cite_note-23rd-61">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ˈê</td> <td>-ˈóm<a href="#cite_note-10th-62">[c]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ê</td> <td>-óm (-im)<a href="#cite_note-10th-62">[c]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ˈã</td> <td>-ˈë</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>-ã<a href="#cite_note-16th-63">[d]</a></td> <td>-ë, -i<a href="#cite_note-21st-60">[a]</a></td> <td>-ê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ˈõ</td> <td>-aˈmy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-64">[e]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-õ</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-64">[e]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ˈê</td> <td>-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-65">[f]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-65">[f]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>-ô<a href="#cite_note-22nd-66">[g]</a></td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-ê </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21st-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-21st_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-21st_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-21st_60-2">c</a> ⟨-i⟩ after velars, ⟨-ë⟩ after non-velars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23rd-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-23rd_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23rd_61-1">b</a> -∅ is the most frequent with ⟨-ó⟩ appearing without a regular rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_62-1">b</a> There are seven instances of ⟨-ym⟩ and one of ⟨-ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16th-63"><a href="#cite_ref-16th_63-0">^</a> Sometimes ⟨-e⟩ (pronounced ⟨-ë⟩ was used, from earlier *-ę.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_64-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_65-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22nd-66"><a href="#cite_ref-22nd_66-0">^</a> -ɵ/ only occurs in a few nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>rëba "fish"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250-67">[36]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈrëba</td> <td>ˈrëbë</td> <td>ˈrëbjê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈrëbë</td> <td>ˈryb∅/ˈrëbó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈrëbjê</td> <td>ˈrëbóm</td> <td>ˈrëbóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈrëbã</td> <td>ˈrëbë</td> <td>ˈrëbjê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈrëbõ</td> <td>ˈrëbamy/ˈrëby</td> <td>ˈrëbóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈrëbjê</td> <td>ˈrëbach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>rãka "hand; arm"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250-67">[36]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈrãka</td> <td>ˈrãkji</td> <td>ˈrãcê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈrãkji</td> <td>ˈrãk∅/ˈrãkó</td> <td>rãˈkú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈrãcê</td> <td>rãˈkóm</td> <td>ˈrãkóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈrãkã</td> <td>ˈrãkji</td> <td>ˈrãcê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>rãˈkõ</td> <td>rãkaˈmy</td> <td>ˈrãkóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈrãcê</td> <td>rãˈkach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>skra "spark"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250-67">[36]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈskra</td> <td>ˈskrë</td> <td>ˈskrzê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈskrë</td> <td>ˈskê∅r/ˈskró</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈskrzê</td> <td>ˈskróm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈskrã</td> <td>ˈskrë</td> <td>ˈskrzê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈskrõ</td> <td>skraˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈskrzê</td> <td>ˈskrach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-a⟩_ending">With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-a⟩ ending">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Feminine nouns' stems ending in a ⟨s, z, sz, ż, rz, l, j⟩ with ⟨-a⟩ ending<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th> <th colspan="3">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-ˈa</td> <td>-ˈê, -ˈë<a href="#cite_note-24th-68">[a]</a></td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-a</td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ˈê, -ˈë<a href="#cite_note-24th-68">[a]</a></td> <td>-ˈó, -∅, -ˈy<a href="#cite_note-25th-69">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-∅, -y<a href="#cite_note-25th-69">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ˈy</td> <td>-ˈóm<a href="#cite_note-10th-70">[c]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-y</td> <td>-óm (-im)<a href="#cite_note-10th-70">[c]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ˈã</td> <td>-ˈê, -ˈë<a href="#cite_note-24th-68">[a]</a></td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-ã</td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ˈõ</td> <td>-aˈmy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-71">[d]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-õ</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-71">[d]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ˈi</td> <td>-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-72">[e]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-i</td> <td>-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-72">[e]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-y </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24th-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-24th_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-24th_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-24th_68-2">c</a> ⟨-ˈë⟩ occurs after ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩, otherwise ⟨-ˈê⟩/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25th-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-25th_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-25th_69-1">b</a> -∅ is the most frequent with ⟨-ó⟩ and ⟨-y⟩ appearing without a regular rule. Only non-syllabic stems have ⟨-ˈy⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_70-1">b</a> There are seven instances of ⟨-ym⟩ and one of ⟨-ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_71-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_72-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>tãcza "thundercloud"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252-73">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈtãcza</td> <td>ˈtãczë</td> <td>ˈtãczy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈtãczë</td> <td>ˈtãczy/ˈtãcz∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈtãczy</td> <td>ˈtãczóm</td> <td>ˈtãczóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈtãczã</td> <td>ˈtãczë</td> <td>ˈtãczy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈtãczõ</td> <td>ˈtãczamy/ˈtãczmy</td> <td>ˈtãczóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈtãczy</td> <td>ˈtãczach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>zêmja "earth; soil"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252-73">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈzêmja</td> <td>ˈzêmjë</td> <td>ˈzêmjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈzêmjë</td> <td>ˈzem∅/zêˈmjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈzêmjy</td> <td>zêˈmjóm</td> <td>ˈzêmjóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈzêmjã</td> <td>ˈzêmjë</td> <td>ˈzêmjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>zeˈmjõ</td> <td>zêmjaˈmy</td> <td>ˈzêmjóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈzêmjy</td> <td>zêˈmjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>sla "breastplate (for a horse)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252-73">[37]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈsla</td> <td>ˈslê</td> <td>ˈsly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈslê</td> <td>ˈsêl∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈsly</td> <td>ˈslóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈslã</td> <td>ˈslê</td> <td>ˈsly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈslõ</td> <td>slaˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈsly</td> <td>ˈslach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>kôsa "scythe"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903253-74">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkôsa</td> <td>ˈkôsë</td> <td>ˈkôsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkôsë</td> <td>ˈkôs∅/ˈkôsy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkôsy</td> <td>ˈkôsóm</td> <td>ˈkôsóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkôsã</td> <td>ˈkôsë</td> <td>ˈkôsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkôsõ</td> <td>ˈkôsamy</td> <td>ˈkôsóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkôsy</td> <td>ˈkôsach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>lza "tear"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903253-74">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈlza</td> <td>ˈlzë</td> <td>ˈlzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈlzë</td> <td>ˈzêl∅/ˈlzy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈlzy</td> <td>ˈlzóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈlzã</td> <td>ˈlzë</td> <td>ˈlzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈlzõ</td> <td>lzaˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈlzy</td> <td>ˈlzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>mac/macêrz "mother"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903261-75">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmac∅/ˈmacêrza</td> <td>ˈmacêrzë</td> <td>ˈmacêrzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmacêrzë</td> <td>maˈcéř∅/macêˈřyn</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmacêrzy</td> <td>maˈcêrzóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmac∅/ˈmacêrzã</td> <td>ˈmacêrzë</td> <td>ˈmacerzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>maˈcêrzõ</td> <td>maˈcêrzmy/maˈcêrzamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>maˈcêrzy</td> <td>maˈcêrzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_with_⟨-o⟩">Ending with ⟨-o⟩</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ending with ⟨-o⟩">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Feminine nouns ending in ⟨-o⟩<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th> <th colspan="3">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-ˈo<a href="#cite_note-26th-76">[a]</a></td> <td>-ˈé</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-o</td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ˈé</td> <td>-ˈy</td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-é</td> <td>-y, -∅<a href="#cite_note-27th-78">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ˈy</td> <td>-óm<a href="#cite_note-10th-79">[c]</a></td> <td>-óˈma </td> <td>-y</td> <td>-óm (-ym)<a href="#cite_note-10th-79">[c]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ˈõ</td> <td>-ˈé</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-õ</td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ˈõ</td> <td>-aˈmy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-80">[d]</a></td> <td>-óˈma </td> <td>-õ</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-80">[d]</a></td> <td>-óma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ˈi</td> <td>-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-81">[e]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-i</td> <td>-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-81">[e]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-y </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26th-76"><a href="#cite_ref-26th_76-0">^</a> brëˈwjé ("eyebrow") belongs to this declension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27th-78"><a href="#cite_ref-27th_78-0">^</a> Only two nouns have -∅: ˈmjéz from ˈmjêzo ("field divide") and ˈrzóz from ˈrzôzo ("evening glow"). <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_79-1">b</a> There are seven instances of ⟨-ym⟩ and one of ⟨-ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_80-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_81-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>cenjo "shade, shadow"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903256-82">[41]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ceˈnjo</td> <td>ceˈnjé</td> <td>ceˈnjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ceˈnjé</td> <td>ceˈnjy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ceˈnjy</td> <td>ceˈnjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ceˈnjõ</td> <td>ceˈnjé</td> <td>ceˈnjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ceˈnjõ</td> <td>cenjaˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ceˈnjy</td> <td>ceˈnjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>mjêzo "balk"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903256-82">[41]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmjêzo</td> <td>ˈmjêzë</td> <td>ˈmjêzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmjêzé</td> <td>ˈmjêz∅/ˈmjêzy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmjêzy</td> <td>ˈmjêzóm</td> <td>ˈmjêzóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmjêzõ</td> <td>ˈmjêzë</td> <td>ˈmjêzy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmjêzõ</td> <td>ˈmjêzamy/mjezˈmy</td> <td>ˈmjêzóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmjêzy</td> <td>ˈmjêzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_in_a_consonant_2">Ending in a consonant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ending in a consonant">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Feminine nouns ending in a consonant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th> <th colspan="3">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-∅</td> <td>-ˈë</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-∅, -i, -a<a href="#cite_note-28th-83">[a]</a></td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ˈë, -ˈê<a href="#cite_note-29th-84">[b]</a></td> <td>-ˈi, -∅</td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ë<a href="#cite_note-29th-84">[b]</a></td> <td>-i, -ó, -∅, -ew<a href="#cite_note-31st-85">[c]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ˈy</td> <td>-óm<a href="#cite_note-10th-86">[d]</a></td> <td>= PL <a href="#cite_note-32nd-87">[e]</a> </td> <td>-y</td> <td>-óm (-ym)<a href="#cite_note-10th-86">[d]</a></td> <td>-óma, -ma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-∅</td> <td>-ˈë</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>-∅</td> <td>-ë</td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ˈõ</td> <td>-aˈmy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-88">[f]</a></td> <td>= PL <a href="#cite_note-32nd-87">[e]</a> </td> <td>-õ</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-88">[f]</a></td> <td>-óma, -ma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ˈy</td> <td>-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-89">[g]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-y, -ë<a href="#cite_note-30th-90">[h]</a></td> <td>-ach (-éch, -ych)<a href="#cite_note-12th-89">[g]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-ˈy </td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>-y </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28th-83"><a href="#cite_ref-28th_83-0">^</a> A few nouns show alternations with ⟨-a⟩ and ⟨-i⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29th-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-29th_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-29th_84-1">b</a> ⟨-ˈê⟩ only for krëˈwjê from krë ("blood"); Rudnicki sometimes gives [i].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31st-85"><a href="#cite_ref-31st_85-0">^</a> ⟨-y⟩ is the most common, the other endings occur unpredictably. ⟨-ew⟩ is rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_86-1">b</a> There are seven instances of -ym⟩ and one of -ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32nd-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-32nd_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32nd_87-1">b</a> Feminine nouns in this case are unattested; there is one exception for masculine nouns: ˈpsˈma from ˈpjês ("dog").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_88-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_89-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30th-90"><a href="#cite_ref-30th_90-0">^</a> Lorentz in §139 says that polysyllabic stems ending in ⟨-n⟩ or ⟨-ôsc⟩ usually take ⟨-ë⟩. This is not the case in Kluki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>wôs "axis"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257-91">[42]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈwôs∅</td> <td>ˈwôsë</td> <td>ˈwôsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈwôsë</td> <td>wôˈsy/ˈwôs∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈwôsy</td> <td>wôˈsóm</td> <td>ˈwôsma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈwôs∅</td> <td>ˈwôsë</td> <td>ˈwôsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈwôsõ</td> <td>wôsˈmy</td> <td>ˈwôsma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈwôsy</td> <td>wôˈsach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>mësz "mouse"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257-91">[42]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmësz∅</td> <td>ˈmëszë</td> <td>ˈmëszy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmëszë</td> <td>ˈmëszy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmëszy</td> <td>ˈmëszim/ˈmëszóm</td> <td>ˈmëszma/ˈmëszóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmësz∅</td> <td>ˈmëszë</td> <td>ˈmëszy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmëszõ</td> <td>ˈmëszmy/ˈmëszamy</td> <td>ˈmëszma/ˈmëszóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmëszy</td> <td>ˈmëszach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>chôrôsc "sickness, illness"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257–258-92">[43]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈchôrôsc∅</td> <td>ˈchôrôscë</td> <td>ˈchôrôscy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈchôrôscë</td> <td>chôˈrôsc∅/chôˈrôscy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈchôrôscy</td> <td>chôˈrôscóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈchôrôsc∅</td> <td>ˈchôrôscë</td> <td>chôrôscy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>chôˈrôscõ</td> <td>chôˈrôscmy/chôˈrôscamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>chôˈrôscy/ˈchôrôscë</td> <td>chôˈrôscach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>wjês "village"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257–258-92">[43]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈwjês∅</td> <td>ˈwsë</td> <td>ˈwsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈwsë</td> <td>ˈwsy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈwsy</td> <td>ˈwsóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈwjês∅</td> <td>ˈwsë</td> <td>ˈwsy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈwsõ</td> <td>wsaˈmi</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈwsy/ˈwsë</td> <td>ˈwsach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>cérkji/cérkjew "church"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903259-93">[44]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈcérkji∅/ˈcérkjew∅</td> <td>ˈcérkwjë</td> <td>ˈcérkwjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈcérkwjë</td> <td>ˈcérkew∅/ˈcérkwjy/ˈcérkwjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈcérkwjy</td> <td>ˈcérkwjóm</td> <td>ˈcérkwjóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈcérki∅/ˈcérkew∅</td> <td>ˈcérkwjë</td> <td>ˈcérkwjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈcérkwjõ</td> <td>ˈcérkwjamy</td> <td>ˈcérkwjóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈcérkwjy</td> <td>ˈcérkwjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>krë, krew "blood"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903260-94">[45]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkrë, ˈkrew∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>krëˈwjê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>krëˈwjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkrë, ˈkrew∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>krëˈwjõ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>krëˈwjy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuter_nouns">Neuter nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neuter nouns">edit</a>]</div> Neuter nouns can end in a ⟨-ô⟩, a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-é⟩ ending, a consonant with ⟨-ã⟩ ending, and non-alternating consonants with ⟨-ê⟩ ending, the last two groups being sub-classes of the first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973229-95">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_with_⟨-o⟩_(⟨-ã⟩_or_⟨-ê⟩)">Ending with ⟨-o⟩ (⟨-ã⟩ or ⟨-ê⟩)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ending with ⟨-o⟩ (⟨-ã⟩ or ⟨-ê⟩)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Neuter nouns ending in ⟨-ô⟩ (or ⟨-ã⟩ or ⟨-ê⟩)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th> <th colspan="3">Non-stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-ˈô</td> <td>-ˈa</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>-ô, -ê<a href="#cite_note-33rd-96">[a]</a></td> <td>-a</td> <td>-ê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-ˈa</td> <td>-∅, -ˈó<a href="#cite_note-35th-98">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-a</td> <td>-∅, -ó<a href="#cite_note-35th-98">[b]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ˈú</td> <td>-ˈóm<a href="#cite_note-10th-99">[c]</a></td> <td>-ˈôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-100">[d]</a> </td> <td>-ú</td> <td>-óm<a href="#cite_note-10th-99">[c]</a></td> <td>-ôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-100">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-ˈô</td> <td>-ˈa</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>-ô, -ê<a href="#cite_note-33rd-96">[a]</a></td> <td>-a</td> <td>-ê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ˈã</td> <td>-amˈy (-ˈmy, -ˈy)<a href="#cite_note-11th-101">[e]</a></td> <td>-ˈôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-100">[d]</a> </td> <td>-ã</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-101">[e]</a></td> <td>-ôma<a href="#cite_note-39th-100">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ˈú, -ˈê<a href="#cite_note-3rd-102">[f]</a></td> <td>-ˈach (-ˈéch)<a href="#cite_note-12th-103">[g]</a></td> <td>= PL </td> <td>-ê</td> <td>-ach (-éch, -ich)<a href="#cite_note-12th-103">[g]</a></td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= PL</td> <td>= PL</td> <td>-ˈê </td> <td>= PL</td> <td>= PL</td> <td>-ê </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33rd-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-33rd_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-33rd_96-1">b</a> ⟨-ê⟩ except ˈmôrzê ("sea"), ˈspôlê ("community, collective"), ˈksénjê ("shed"), ˈslôncê ("Sun"), and ˈpôùnjê ("midday") (and it's derivatives such as przyˈpôùnjê ("forenoon")), which all have the alternate ending ⟨-ô⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35th-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-35th_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-35th_98-1">b</a> -∅ is the most common. ˈmôrzê ("sea") and nouns ending in ⟨-stwô⟩ have ⟨-ó⟩. môˈrzy is attested alongside môˈrzó.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234—235-97">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_99-1">b</a> There are seven instances of -ym⟩ and one of -ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39th-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-39th_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39th_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39th_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39th_100-3">d</a> The dative/instrumental dual, which only occurs in monosyllabic stems, has the endings ⟨-ôma⟩, ⟨-ema⟩, and ⟨-ma⟩, in one case also ⟨-ëma⟩ (psëma). Of these endings, ⟨-ôma⟩ is widespread throughout the area and is found in both hard and soft stems, ⟨-ema⟩ exists only in Wierzchocino and Stojcino and is restricted to the soft stems; ⟨-ma⟩ occurs in Wierzchocino in a few nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903239-25">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11th_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-11th_101-1">b</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3rd-102"><a href="#cite_ref-3rd_102-0">^</a> ⟨-ˈê⟩ occurs for non-syllabic stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903233–234-32">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12th_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12th_103-1">b</a> Generally, ⟨-ach⟩ is the most common endings; ⟨-éch⟩ does not appear in feminine nouns ending in a consonant. ⟨-ich⟩ is only found in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> </ol></div> Examples: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>latô "summer"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262-104">[48]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈlatô</td> <td>ˈlata</td> <td>ˈlêcê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈlata</td> <td>ˈlat∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈlatú</td> <td>ˈlatóm</td> <td>ˈlatóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈlatô</td> <td>ˈlata</td> <td>ˈlêcê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈlatã</td> <td>ˈlaty/ˈlatamy</td> <td>ˈlatóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈlêcê</td> <td>ˈlatach/ˈlêcéch</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>kôlô "wheel"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262-104">[48]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkôlô</td> <td>ˈkôla</td> <td>ˈkôlê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkôla</td> <td>ˈkól∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkôlú</td> <td>kôˈlóm</td> <td>ˈkôlóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkôlô</td> <td>ˈkôla</td> <td>ˈkôlê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkôlã</td> <td>kôlaˈmy</td> <td>ˈkôlóma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>kôˈlú</td> <td>kôˈlach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>kôlanô "knee"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262–263-105">[49]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkôlanô</td> <td>kôˈlana</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkôlana</td> <td>kôˈlón∅/kôˈlanó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkôlanú</td> <td>kôˈlanóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkôlanô</td> <td>kôˈlana</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkôlanã</td> <td>kôˈlanmy/kôˈlanamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkôlanjê</td> <td>kôˈlanjéch/kôˈlanach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>krô "calf (of the leg)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262–263-105">[49]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈkrô</td> <td>ˈkrë</td> <td>ˈkrzê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkrë</td> <td>ˈkjêr∅/ˈkró</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkrú</td> <td>ˈkróm</td> <td>ˈkrôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkrô</td> <td>ˈkrë</td> <td>ˈkrzê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈkrã</td> <td>ˈkramy</td> <td>ˈkrôma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈkrzê</td> <td>ˈkrzéch/ˈkrach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>pôlô/pôlê "field"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263-106">[50]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈpôlô/ˈpôlê</td> <td>ˈpôla</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈpôla</td> <td>ˈpól∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈpôlú</td> <td>pôˈlóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈpôlô/ˈpôlê</td> <td>ˈpôla</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈpôlã</td> <td>pôlˈmy/pôˈlamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈpôlê/pôˈlú</td> <td>pôˈlach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>môrzê "sea"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263-106">[50]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmôrzê</td> <td>ˈmôrza</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmôrza</td> <td>môˈrzy/môˈrzó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmôrzú</td> <td>môˈrzóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmôrzê</td> <td>ˈmôrza</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmôrzã</td> <td>môrzˈmy/môrzaˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmôrzê/môˈrzú</td> <td>môˈrzach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>jajê "egg"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263-106">[50]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈjajê/ˈjajô</td> <td>ˈjaja</td> <td>ˈjajê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈjaja</td> <td>ˈjôj</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈjajú</td> <td>jaˈjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈjajê/ˈjajô</td> <td>ˈjaja</td> <td>ˈjajê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈjajã</td> <td>jajˈmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>jaˈjú</td> <td>jaˈjach/jaˈjéch</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>remjã "arm"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269-107">[51]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈremjã</td> <td>reˈmjônjê</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈremjênja</td> <td>reˈmjón∅/reˈmjônjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈremjênjú</td> <td>reˈmjônjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈremjã</td> <td>reˈmjônjê</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈremjênjã</td> <td>reˈmjônjamy/reˈmjônjmy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈremjênjê/reˈmjênjú</td> <td>reˈmjônjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>cêlã "calf (young cow)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269-107">[51]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈcêlã</td> <td>cêˈląta</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈcêlëca</td> <td>ˈcêląt∅/cêˈlątó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈcêlëcú</td> <td>cêˈlątóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈcêlã</td> <td>cêˈląta</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈcêlëcã</td> <td>cêˈlątamy/cêˈlątmy/cêˈląty</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈcêlëcú</td> <td>cêˈlątach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>jagnjã "lamb"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269–270-108">[52]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈjagnjã</td> <td>jagˈnjąta</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈjagnjica</td> <td>ˈjagnjąt∅/jagˈnjątó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈjagnjicú</td> <td>jagˈnjątóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈjagnjã</td> <td>jagˈnjąta</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈjagnjicã</td> <td>jagˈnjątamy/jagˈnjątmy/jagˈnjąty</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈjagnjicú</td> <td>jagˈnjątach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_stem_ending_in_a_non-alternating_consonant_with_⟨-é⟩_ending">With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-é⟩ ending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: With stem ending in a non-alternating consonant with ⟨-é⟩ ending">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Neuter nouns' stems ending in ⟨s, z, sz, ż, rz, l, j⟩ with ⟨-é⟩ ending<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">[11]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="3">Stressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>-é</td> <td>-o, -é, -a<a href="#cite_note-37th-110">[a]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-o</td> <td>-∅, -ó<a href="#cite_note-38th-111">[b]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ú</td> <td>-óm (-im)<a href="#cite_note-10th-112">[c]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>-é</td> <td>-o, -é<a href="#cite_note-37th-110">[a]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>-ym</td> <td>-amy (-my, -y)<a href="#cite_note-11th-113">[d]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-ú, -im<a href="#cite_note-36th-114">[e]</a></td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= PL</td> <td>= PL</td> <td>= PL </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37th-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-37th_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-37th_110-1">b</a> ⟨-a⟩ is rare. ⟨-o⟩ and ⟨-é⟩ are alternative endings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235-109">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38th-111"><a href="#cite_ref-38th_111-0">^</a> The most common ending is ⟨-ó⟩; a few nouns have only -∅. Nouns ending in ⟨-anjé⟩ admit both endings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235-109">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-112"><a href="#cite_ref-10th_112-0">^</a> There are seven instances of -ym⟩ and one of -ˈim⟩, see Lorentz §117,8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">[16]</a> and §139,5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11th-113"><a href="#cite_ref-11th_113-0">^</a> Except for lëdzˈmy and pjˈõdzmy, nouns prefer ⟨-amy⟩. The other endings are rare, but ⟨-my⟩ generally appears in non-alternating final stem consonants and ⟨-y⟩ in alternating final stem consonants, with exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36th-114"><a href="#cite_ref-36th_114-0">^</a> ⟨-im⟩ is the most common, but see Rudnicki §187 for additional forms such as [-em] and [-ėm].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235-109">[53]</a> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>kôzané "sermon"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267-115">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>koˈzanjé</td> <td>koˈzanjo/koˈzanjé</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>koˈzanjo</td> <td>koˈzónj∅/koˈzanjó</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>koˈzanjú</td> <td>koˈzanjóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>koˈzanjé</td> <td>koˈzanjé/koˈzanjo</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>koˈzanjim</td> <td>koˈzanjmy/koˈzanjamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>koˈzanjú/koˈzanjim</td> <td>koˈzanjach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>vjesêlé "wedding"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267–268-116">[55]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>wjeˈsêlé</td> <td>wjeˈsôla</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>wjeˈsêlo</td> <td>wjeˈsól∅</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>wjeˈsêlú</td> <td>wjeˈsôlóm</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>wjeˈsêlé</td> <td>wjeˈsôla</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>wjeˈsêlim</td> <td>wjeˈsôlamy</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>wjeˈsêlú/wjeˈsêlim</td> <td>wjeˈsôlach</td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM</td> <td>= NOM </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_alternations">Consonant alternations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonant alternations">edit</a>]</div> With one exception, soft stem-final consonants remain unchanged; hard stem-final consonants, however, have a number of alternations:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903240-117">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973237-118">[57]</a> <ul><li>⟨k⟩ || ⟨kj⟩ || ⟨c⟩ || ⟨cz⟩</li> <li>⟨g⟩ || ⟨gj⟩ || ⟨z⟩ || ⟨ż⟩</li> <li>⟨zg⟩ || ⟨zgj⟩ || ⟨zdz⟩ || —</li> <li>⟨ch⟩ || ⟨chj⟩ || ⟨sz⟩ || ⟨sz⟩</li> <li>⟨gh⟩ || ⟨j⟩ || ⟨z⟩ or ⟨ż⟩ || —</li> <li>⟨t⟩ || ⟨c⟩</li> <li>⟨d⟩ || ⟨dz⟩</li> <li>⟨n⟩ || ⟨nj⟩</li> <li>⟨m⟩ || ⟨mj⟩</li> <li>⟨p⟩ || ⟨pj⟩</li> <li>⟨b⟩ || ⟨bj⟩</li> <li>⟨f⟩ || ⟨fj⟩</li> <li>⟨w⟩ || ⟨wj⟩</li> <li>⟨r⟩ || ⟨rz⟩</li> <li>⟨c⟩ || ⟨cz⟩</li> <li>⟨z⟩ || ⟨ż⟩</li> <li>⟨c⟩ || ⟨cz⟩</li> <li>⟨z⟩ || ⟨ż⟩</li></ul> The alternations ⟨k⟩||⟨kj⟩, ⟨g⟩||⟨gj⟩, ⟨zg⟩||⟨zgj⟩, ⟨ch⟩||⟨chj⟩, ⟨gh⟩||⟨j⟩ occur:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973238-119">[58]</a> <ul><li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with:</li></ul> <ol><li>the nominative-accusative plural ending ⟨-i⟩: <dl><dd>ˈmjêch ("sack") > ˈmjêchji (nominative-accusative plural);</dd></dl></li> <li>the instrumental plural ending ⟨-y⟩: <dl><dd>ˈftoch ("bird") > ˈftochjy (instrumental plural).</dd></dl></li></ol> <ul><li>In masculine nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with nominative ending ⟨-a⟩ with the genitive singular ending ⟨-i⟩: <dl><dd>ˈslëga ("servant") > ˈslëgji (geneitive singular).</dd></dl></li> <li>In feminine nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with nominative ending ⟨-a⟩ with the genitive singular/nominative-accusative plural ending ⟨-i⟩: <dl><dd>ˈmùcha ("fly (insect)") > ˈmùchji (genitive singular/nominative-accusative plural).</dd></dl></li> <li>In feminine nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with nominative ending ⟨-o⟩ with the genitive singular ending ⟨-é⟩ and the locative singular ending ⟨-y⟩: <dl><dd>Szwétsko ("Sweden") > Szvétskjé (genitive singular) > Szwétskjy (locative singular).</dd></dl></li> <li>In neuter nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with nominative ending ⟨-ô⟩ with the instrumental plural ending ⟨-y⟩. Only ⟨k⟩||⟨kj⟩ is attested:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈjabkô ("apple") > ˈjabkjy (instrumental plural).</li></ul></dd></dl> The alternations ⟨k⟩||⟨c⟩, ⟨g⟩||⟨z⟩, ⟨zg⟩||⟨zdz⟩, ⟨ch⟩||⟨sz⟩, ⟨gh⟩||⟨z⟩/⟨ż⟩, ⟨t⟩||⟨c⟩, ⟨d⟩||⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩||⟨nj⟩, ⟨m⟩||⟨mj⟩, p⟩||⟨pj⟩, ⟨b⟩||⟨bj⟩, ⟨f⟩||⟨fj⟩, ⟨w⟩||⟨wj⟩, ⟨r⟩||⟨rz⟩, ⟨c⟩||⟨cz⟩, ⟨z⟩||⟨ż⟩ occur:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973239—240-120">[59]</a> <ul><li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with:</li></ul> <ol><li>the nominative-accusative plural ending ⟨-i⟩ for three nouns: <dl><dd>ˈchlôp ("man") ˈchlôpji (nominative-accusative plural);</dd> <dd>ˈkop ("knave") ˈknopji (nominative-accusative plural);</dd> <dd>ˈmaszchôp ("comrade; partner") > ˈmaszchôpji (nominative-accusative plural);</dd></dl></li> <li>the locative singular ending ⟨-ê⟩ ; <dl><dd>ˈsnjég ("snow") > ˈsnjêzê (locative singular);</dd></dl></li> <li>the nominative plural ending ⟨-ë⟩; <dl><dd>ˈsnjég ("snow") > ˈsnjêzê (nominative plural);</dd></dl></li> <li>the locative plural ending ⟨-éch⟩; <dl><dd>ˈkwjat ("flower") > kwjeˈcéch (locative plural).</dd></dl></li></ol> <ul><li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩+⟨-a⟩ with the dative and locative singular ending ⟨-ê⟩: <dl><dd>ˈopa ("monkey; ape") > ˈopjê (dative-locative singular).</dd></dl></li> <li>In feminine nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with ending ⟨-a⟩ with:</li></ul> <ol><li>the dative-locative singular/nominative-accusative dual ending ⟨-ˈê⟩ or ⟨ê⟩. Here ⟨gh⟩ can alternate with ⟨z⟩ as well as ⟨ż⟩: <dl><dd>ˈrãka ("hand; arm") > ˈrãcê (dative-locative singular/nominative-accusative dual);</dd> <dd>ˈmogha ("stomach, maw") > ˈmozê or ˈmożê (dative-locative singular);</dd> <dd>ˈrejgha ("row") > ˈrejzê or ˈrejżê (dative-locative singular);</dd> <dd>ˈrózga ("branch, twig") > ˈrózdzê (dative-locative singular);</dd></dl></li> <li>the locative plural ending ⟨-éch⟩: <dl><dd>ˈborzda ("furrow") > ˈbarzdzéch (locative plural).</dd></dl></li></ol> <ul><li>In neuter nouns' stem ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with ending ⟨-ô⟩ with:</li></ul> <ol><li>the locative singular/nominative-accusative dual ending ⟨-ê⟩; <dl><dd>ˈlatô ("summer") > ˈlêcê (locative singular/nominative-accusative dual);</dd></dl></li> <li>the locative plural ending ⟨-éch⟩: <dl><dd>ˈgnjozdô ("nest") > ˈgnjozdzéch (locative plural).</dd></dl></li></ol> The alternations ⟨k⟩||⟨cz⟩, ⟨g⟩||⟨ż⟩, ⟨ch⟩||⟨sz⟩, ⟨t⟩||⟨c⟩, ⟨d⟩||⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩||⟨nj⟩, ⟨m⟩||⟨mj⟩, ⟨p⟩||⟨pj⟩, ⟨b⟩||⟨bj⟩, ⟨f⟩||⟨fj⟩, ⟨w⟩||⟨wj⟩, ⟨r⟩||⟨rz⟩, ⟨c⟩||⟨cz⟩, ⟨z⟩||⟨ż⟩ occur:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973240-121">[60]</a> <ul><li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩ with the vocative singular ending ⟨-ê⟩: <dl><dd>ˈczlôwjek ("person") > ˈczlôwjecê (vocative singular);</dd> <dd>kaˈmrot ("comrade") > kaˈmrocê (vocative singular).</dd></dl></li> <li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨p, b, f, w, t, d, k, g, ch, gh, m, n, r⟩+⟨-a⟩ with the vocative singular ending ⟨-ê⟩; <dl><dd>ˈopa ("monkey; ape") > ˈopjê (vocative singular).</dd></dl></li></ul> The alternations ⟨c⟩||cz and ⟨z⟩||⟨ż⟩ occurs:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973240-121">[60]</a> <ul><li>In masculine nouns ending in ⟨-c⟩ and ⟨-z⟩ with the vocative singular ending ⟨-ê⟩; <dl><dd>ˈchlôpc ("serf; male servant") > ˈchlôpczê (vocative singular).</dd></dl></li></ul> There also exists a number of isolated, irregular alternations, usually in common words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973241-122">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_vowel_alternations">Noun vowel alternations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Noun vowel alternations">edit</a>]</div> There are three types of vowel alternations. The first alternation affects the last syllable of the stem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242-123">[62]</a> This alternation can put vowels into three groups: <ol><li>⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩</li> <li>⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩</li> <li>⟨ôˈi, au, ùej, ă, ŏ, ĕ, ù̆⟩</li></ol> The vowels ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ in the nominative singular of an alternating stem always alternate with the vowels ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩. The vowels ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in the nominative singular of an alternating stem always alternate with ⟨o, ó, é y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩, but ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ are not attested in the nominative singular of an alternating stem. The vowels ⟨ôˈi, au, ùej, ă, ŏ, ĕ, ù̆⟩ never alternate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242—243-124">[63]</a> Group 1~2 <ul><li>⟨o~a⟩, ⟨o~ô⟩: ⟨o~a⟩ sometimes applies to the basic phoneme /ɔ/ and sometimes to the archiphoneme /ɔ/ when unstressed before ⟨r, rz, i, (j)⟩. In all other positions the archiphoneme ⟨o⟩ alternates with ⟨ô⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247-125">[64]</a> <dl><dd>ˈczod ("smoke, fume") > ˈczadú (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈwˈãgorz ("eel") > ˈwãgôrza (genitive singular) but wãˈgórz (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈgwjozda ("star") > ˈgwjazdõ (instrumental singular)</dd> <dd>ˈpôkoj ("calm") > ˈpôkôjú (genitive singular) > pôˈkôjú (locative singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ó~a⟩, ⟨ó~ô⟩: ⟨ó⟩ can alternate between both ⟨a⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ when before a nasal, before other consonants ⟨ó⟩ alternates with ⟨ô⟩. ⟨ó~a⟩ can also be found in the suffix ⟨-ón⟩ indicating inhabitants, in feminine equivalents of these nouns with mobile stress, and in three individual nouns. Outside of these cases, ⟨o~a⟩ is not to be found, and the alternation will be ⟨ó~ô⟩ before a nasal consonant. Stressed ⟨ˈó⟩ is the archiphoneme of /ˈo/ and /ˈɔ/ before ⟨j⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243-126">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247—248-127">[66]</a> <dl><dd>ˈbóg ("god") > ˈbôga (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈmjêszczón ("urbanite") > ˈmjêszczana (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈjablónka ("apple tree") > jaˈblônkã (instrumental singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨é~ê⟩ and ⟨é~ˈej⟩: an alternation of ⟨é~ˈe⟩ is unattested. There is one instance of ⟨ˈéj~ˈê⟩ attested. /é~ˈej/ occurs in loanwords with fixed stress before ⟨j⟩ in stem-final position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973248—249-128">[67]</a> <dl><dd>drëˈżéjn ("pith in the wood") > drëˈżênja (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈbjég ("run") > ˈbjêgú (genitive singular) > ˈbjegú (locative singular)</dd> <dd>(loanword with fixed stress before ⟨j⟩ in stem-final position) aˈléj ("alley") > aˈlejjú (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨y~ë⟩, ⟨y~i⟩: ⟨y~ë⟩ after ⟨cz, dż, j⟩ and ⟨y~i⟩ after all other consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈżmjija ("snake") > żmjyˈjõ (instrumental singular)</dd> <dd>ˈczin ("deed") > ˈczynú (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈżid ("Jew") > ˈżëda (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ú~ë⟩, ⟨ü~ù⟩: ⟨ü~ù⟩ after ⟨p, b, w, m, n, j, k, ch, g, cz⟩, ⟨ú~ë⟩ after all other consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈdlúg ("debt") > ˈdlëga (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈjúcha ("soup") > jùˈchõ (instrumental singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨õ~ã⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈdõb ("oak tree") > ˈdãba (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ŭ~ĭ⟩ appears only in polysyllabic feminine loanwords ending in ⟨-ŭnga⟩ with mobile stress:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈreknŭnga ("reckoning") > rekˈnĭngõ (instrumental singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ˈôù(w)~a⟩ /ˈôù~ôˈù/: The alternation ⟨ˈôù(w)~a⟩ occurs before /l, (v)/ or in open final syllables. ⟨ˈôù~ôˈù⟩ occurs before all other consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249—250-130">[69]</a> <dl><dd>ˈstôùw or ˈstôù ("pond") > staˈwú (genitive singular) > staˈwó (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈczôùn > ("small inland boat") > ˈczôùn (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> Group 2~1: <ul><li>⟨a~o⟩, ⟨a~ó⟩, ⟨a~ˈôù(w)⟩: ⟨a~ó⟩ before nasals. ⟨a~ˈôù⟩ before ⟨l, w⟩. ⟨a~o⟩ in all other cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250-131">[70]</a> <dl><dd>ˈscana ("wall") > ˈscón (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈstrawa ("meal") > ˈstrôù(v) (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈskala ("rock") > ˈskôùl (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈbaba ("old woman") > ˈbob (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ô~ó⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250-131">[70]</a> <dl><dd>ˈgrônô ("squat, crouch") > ˈgrón (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈkrôwa ("cow") > ˈkró(w) (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨e, ê~é⟩ see ⟨é~e, ê⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250-131">[70]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ë~y⟩, ⟨ë~ú⟩, ⟨ë~ó⟩: ⟨ë~y⟩ and ⟨ë~ú⟩ is regular but as to which alternation occurs is unpredictable; however, ⟨ë~ú⟩ alternate only in four words. Nouns ending in ⟨-ˈëna, -ëna⟩ always show ⟨ë~y⟩. ⟨ë~ó⟩ is a unique exception with one example, being the remnant of a set of alternations ⟨ë~ó⟩, ⟨ë~é⟩, ⟨ù~ó⟩, ⟨i~é⟩. which is still productive in verb stems when followed by /l/ but otherwise obsolete in the noun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250—252-132">[71]</a> <dl><dd>ˈszczêżëla ("scale (of an animal)") szczeˈzúl (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈsztënja ("hour") > ˈsztún (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈsztrëga ("brook, stream") > ˈsztrúg (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈlëba ("type of weaving rush") > ˈlúb (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>szëja ("neck") > szyj (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈstrzëna ("duct, pipe, tube") > ˈstrzyn (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈstrzëżënë ("cord, string") (plurale tantum) > ˈstrzëżyn (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈghrëla (fire poker) > ˈghrol (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨i~y⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252-133">[72]</a> <dl><dd>ˈszczinë ("urine") (plurale tantum) > ˈszczyn (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ù~ú⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252-133">[72]</a> <dl><dd>ˈbùda ("booth, stall") > ˈbúd (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨ã~õ⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈlãba ("sheaf") > ˈlõb (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>⟨aj~ˈôj⟩ alternate regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">[68]</a> <dl><dd>ˈjajô ("egg") > ˈjôj (genitive plural) > jajˈmy (instrumental plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> Nouns with fleeting vowels do not count the fleeting vowel for the syllable count of the stem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973254-134">[73]</a> One can generally predict when alternations take place for each inflection type knowing the gender, number of syllables of the stem, last stem vowel, the voicedness of the final consonant (⟨-ôù⟩ is considered voiced), and whether stress is mobile or stressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973255-135">[74]</a> ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternations occurs for masculine mono-syllabic and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant or in a consonant ending with ⟨-a⟩ and feminine mono-syllabic and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant in the genitive, dative, accusative animate, instrumental, and vocative singular and in all the plural (except accusative animate) and dual forms. If the genitive plural is -∅, then ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ are present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254-136">[75]</a> Nouns ending in a consonant alternate only if the vowel in the final stem syllable is ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973255-135">[74]</a> <ul><li>Masculine nouns ending in a voiced consonant with a monosyllabic stem containing ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ and having fixed or mobile stress have this alternation. Such nouns containing ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ or voiceless consonant do not have alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—257-137">[76]</a> <dl><dd>(fixed) ˈgrod ("hail") > ˈgradú (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>(mobile) ˈbóg ("god") > ˈbôga (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Two exceptions exist for monosyllabic masculine nouns ending in a voiceless consonant with fixed stress:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256-138">[77]</a> <dl><dd>ˈtónc ("dance") has both this alternation and no alternation: ˈtanca or ˈtónc (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈslúp ("post, pillar") can have either fixed or mobile stress, and as a result, either this alternation or no alternation: ˈslúpjéch or slëˈpjéch (locative plural).</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Masculine nouns ending in a voiced consonant with polysyllabic stems containing ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ and having fixed or mobile stress also alternate this way. Such nouns containing ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ or voiceless consonant do not have alternations or that are loanwords do not have alternations. Nouns of mobile stress ending in ⟨-orz⟩ have this type or another (below) if there is ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in the syllable preceding the final stem syllable with ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩. Nouns ending in ⟨-ón⟩ may optionally alternate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243–244-139">[78]</a> <dl><dd>(fixed native word) ˈvëchód ("exit") > ˈvëchôda (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>(fixed loanword) ˈknŭrhon ("gurnard") > ˈknŭrhona (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>(mobile) ˈkõkól ("corncockle") > ˈkõkôlú (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>(mobile ⟨-orz⟩) ˈpjêkorz ("baker") > ˈpjêkarza (genitive singular), ˈpjêkorza (genitive singular) and ˈpjêkarzú (locative singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Feminine nouns ending in a voiced consonants with a monosyllabic stem containing ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ vowel and having fixed stress typically have no alternation but can have this alternation, the same kind of nouns with mobile stress have this alternation. Such nouns containing ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ or voiceless consonant do not have alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973259—260-140">[79]</a> <dl><dd>(fixed or mobile) ˈdrob ("ladder") > ˈdrobjõ or draˈbjõ (instrumental singular)</dd> <dd>(mobile) ˈscyrz ("beast of burden") > ˈscërza (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Feminine nouns ending in a voiced consonants with a polysyllabic stem containing ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ and having fixed or mobile stress have this alternation. Such nouns containing ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ or voiceless consonant do not have alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973259—260-140">[79]</a> <dl><dd>ˈgalõz ("gallows") > ˈgalãzë or gaˈlãzy (genitive singular) > gaˈlõz (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternate for neuter polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-ô⟩ in no singular forms and in all plural and dual forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254-136">[75]</a> <ul><li>Monosyllabic neuter nouns ending in a voiced consonant ending in ⟨-ô⟩ nouns whose stem has + ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ of mobile stress show an alternation of ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ ~ ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩. Only one example can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">[80]</a> <dl><dd>ˈcalô ("body") > ˈcôùl (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Polysyllabic neuter nouns ending in a voiceless consonant ending with ⟨-kô⟩ nouns whose stem contains ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ with mobile stress show this alternation except those ending in ⟨-yszkô⟩ and ⟨-ùszkô⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">[80]</a> <dl><dd>ˈcêlõtkô ("calf") > cêˈlãtka (nominative plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Mobile polysyllabic neuter nouns ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-ô⟩ stems with this alternation show another alternation in the locative singular in ⟨-ú⟩, but stress can change this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973264-142">[81]</a> <dl><dd>ˈdôbitczõtkô ("small animal") > dôbitˈczãtka (nominative plural) but > ˈdôbitczõtkú (locative singular)</dd> <dd>ˈslónyszkô ("sun") > slóˈnyszka (nominative plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternations occurs for feminine monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant anding with ⟨-a⟩ in the instrumental singular, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative plurals, and not in the plural. If the genitive plural is -∅, then ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ are present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254-136">[75]</a> <ul><li>Nouns of mobile stress ending in ⟨-orz⟩ have this type or another (above) if there is ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in the syllable preceding the final stem syllable with ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩. <dl><dd>(mobile ⟨-orz⟩) ˈpjêkorz ("baker") > ˈpjêkarza (genitive singular), ˈpjêkorza (genitive singular) and pjêˈkarzú (locative singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Diminutives ending in ⟨-ork⟩, ⟨-ólk⟩, and ⟨-ónk⟩ have this alternation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—258-143">[82]</a> <dl><dd>ˈkoczork ("drake (male duck)") > koˈczôrkú (locative singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Monosyllabic feminine stems ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-a⟩ + containing ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ in the stem with mobile stress have this alternation. Such nouns with fixed stress do not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">[83]</a> <dl><dd>(voiced) ˈgwjozda ("star") > gwjazˈdõ (instrumental singular)</dd> <dd>(voiceless) ˈmõka ("flour") > mãˈkõ (instrumental singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Polysyllabic feminine nouns ending in a voiced consonant+/-a/ borrowed nouns whose stems contain ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ with mobile stress have this alternation. Such native words have none.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">[83]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>(native) ˈprzyvoga ("overweight") > ˈprzyvogõ (instrumental singular)</li> <li>(loanword) ˈlodŭnga ("load") > laˈdy̆ngõ (instrumental singular), but the alternative nominative singular ending in -ynga shows no alternation.</li></ul></dd></dl> ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ ~ ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ alternations occur for feminine monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant plus ending ⟨-a⟩ and in a consonant with ending ⟨-o⟩, polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant with ending ⟨-a⟩, and neuter stems ending in a consonant with ending ⟨-ô⟩ monosyllabic and polysyllabic stems only in the genitive plural unless the genitive plural is -∅.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254-136">[75]</a> <ul><li>Monosyllabic native feminine C+⟨-a⟩ nouns whose stems end in a voiced consonant + ⟨a ô e ë i ã ê aj⟩|ôˈù ej ĭ⟩ with fixed stress have this alternation. Such borrowed words do not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">[83]</a> <dl><dd>(fixed native) ˈbaba ("old woman") > ˈbob (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>(fixed loanword) ˈflagha ("flag") > ˈflagh (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Monosyllabic borrowed feminine stems ending in a voiced consonant+⟨-a⟩ nouns and contain ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ with mobile stress unpredictably have this alternation or none. Such native words alternate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">[83]</a> <dl><dd>(mobile loanword with alternation) ˈkara ("cart") > ˈkor (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>(mobile loanword without alternation) ˈszëfla ("shovel") > szëˈfel (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>(mobile native) ˈglôwa ("head") > ˈglów (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Polysyllabic feminine nouns ending in a voiced consonant+⟨-a⟩ nouns whose stems contain ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ with mobile stress have this alternation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">[83]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Feminine nouns with this alternation that form the genitive plural with -∅ and formed with an infix show no alternation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973262-145">[84]</a> <dl><dd>ˈwarna ("crow") > ˈworn but also ˈwarën (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Monosyllabic neuter nouns ending in a voiced consonant+⟨-ô⟩ whose stem contain ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ with mobile stress show this alternation. One such noun can be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">[80]</a> <dl><dd>ˈgównô ("shit") > ˈgôwna (nominative plural) > gôˈwjên (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Polysyllabic neuter nouns ending in a voiceless consonant with ending ⟨-ô⟩ nouns whose stem contains ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ with mobile stress show this alternation including those ending in ⟨-iszkô⟩ and ⟨-ùszkô⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">[80]</a> <dl><dd>slˈónyszkô ("sun") > slónˈyszka (nominative plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Polysyllabic neuter nouns ending in a voiced consonant ending ⟨-ô⟩ nouns whose stem contains ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ with mobile stress show this alternation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">[80]</a> <dl><dd>ˈwrzêcônô ("spindle") > wrzêˈcôna (nominative plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>In the genitive plural of neuter nouns formed with -∅ and an infix of with this type, alternation takes place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265-146">[85]</a> <dl><dd>ˈdôbrô ("good") > dôˈber (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈkarnô ("(Shaar)") > ˈkarën (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> The second type of alternations is not automatic and is rare, applying to a few dozen nouns. ⟨ˈa, a; ˈô, ô; ó, o⟩ may change into ⟨ˈê⟩ when stressed and ⟨ê⟩ when unstressed in native monosyllabic or polysyllabic stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265-146">[85]</a> This alternation may occur:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265—266-147">[86]</a> <ol><li>In masculine nouns ending with ⟨ˈa, a; ˈô, ô; ó, o⟩ + ⟨s, z, t, d, n, r, l⟩ in the locative-vocative singular and nominative plural ⟨-ê⟩ and in the locative plural ⟨-ˈéch⟩ or ⟨-éch⟩. <dl><dd>ˈjanjól ("angel") > ˈjanjelê (locative singular-nominative plural)</dd> <dd>ˈjasón ("ash tree") > ˈjasênje (locative singular) > jaˈsênjéch (nominative plural)</dd></dl></li> <li>In feminine nouns' stems ending in ⟨t, d, n, r⟩ ening with ⟨-a⟩ in the dative and locative singular and the nominative and accusative dual in ⟨-ê⟩ <dl><dd>ˈkôbjôra ("coltsfoot") > ˈkôbjerzê (dative-locative singular)</dd> <dd>ˈmjara ("measure") > ˈmjêrzê (dative-locative singular/nominative-accusative dual)</dd></dl></li> <li>In neuter nouns' stems ending in ⟨t, d, n, r⟩ ending witih ⟨-ô⟩ and neuter nouns in ⟨l⟩ ending with ⟨-ô⟩ in the locative singular and the nominative and accusative dual in ⟨-ê⟩ and in the locative plural in ⟨-ˈéch⟩ or ⟨-éch⟩. <dl><dd>ˈcalô ("body") > ˈcêlê (locative singular/nominative-accusative dual) > cêˈléch (locative plural)</dd></dl></li></ol> This alternation does not even occur regularly in all the cases mentioned and may occur in nouns with mono- or polysyllabic stems of both mobile and fixed stress patterns and also depends on whether other alternations occur in these nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973267-148">[87]</a> The last alternation involves inserting ⟨ˈe, e, ë, ˈê, ˈej⟩ between the last consonants of a stem before -∅. The alternation itself it not predictable, but the inserted vowel is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270-149">[88]</a> <ul><li>Masculine non-syllabic stems ending in a consonant have a fleeting infix in the nominative singular of ⟨ˈej~∅⟩ if a ⟨-j⟩ is added to the stem, otherwise ⟨ˈê~∅⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270-149">[88]</a> <dl><dd>(with inserted -j) ˈdzeń ("day") > ˈdnja (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈlên ("flax") > ˈlnú (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Feminine non-syllabic stems ending in a consonant have a fleeting infix in the nominative singular of ⟨ˈe~∅⟩ before /ż, sz/, otherwise ⟨ê~∅⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270—271-150">[89]</a> <dl><dd>ˈreż ("rye") > ˈrżë (genitive singular)</dd> <dd>ˈwjês ("village") > ˈwsë (genitive singular)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Feminine non-syllabic stems ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-a⟩ have a fleeting infix ⟨-ê-⟩ and -∅ in the genitive plural:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271-151">[90]</a> <dl><dd>ˈskra ("spark") > ˈskjêr or ˈskró (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Neuter non-syllabic stems in a consonant ending with ⟨-ô⟩ have a fleeting infix ⟨-ê-⟩ and /∅/ in the genitive plural:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271-151">[90]</a> <dl><dd>ˈkrô ("calf of one's leg") > ˈkjêr or ˈkró (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Masculine mono- and polysyllabic stems have unstressed ⟨-ë⟩ (before ⟨n⟩ and also ⟨e⟩), stressed ⟨ê⟩ after velars plus ⟨j⟩, ⟨ˈe⟩ in all other cases in the nominative singular and the genitive plural and the genitive plural in -∅.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271—272-152">[91]</a> <dl><dd>ˈbãbël ("drum") > ˈbãbla (gen. sing.) > ˈbãbel (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>but: <dl><dd>ˈserszël ("hornet") > ˈserszela (genitive singular)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Feminine mono- and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-a⟩ show ∅~vowel/diphthong alternation in the genitive plural in ⟨∅⟩: ⟨∅~ˈê⟩, ⟨∅~ˈê⟩ (unstressed) after velars plus ⟨j⟩; ⟨∅~ˈe⟩ (stressed), ⟨∅~e, ê⟩ (unstressed) after other consonants (⟨e⟩ only sometimes before final ⟨w⟩ or ⟨nj⟩. However, many such words do not show here this third type of alternation, mostly loanwords. There also nouns with the first type which in the genitive plural either show ⟨a, ô, e, ë, y, ã, e, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ with an inserted vowel or ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ without one, no matter whether the vowel in the nominative singular is ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ or ⟨a, ô, e, ë, y, ã, e, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973272—273-153">[92]</a> <dl><dd>ˈjêgla ("needle") > jêˈgjêl (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>but: <dl><dd>ˈpalma ("palm") > ˈpalm (genitive plural)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>but: <dl><dd>ˈwarna ("crow") > ˈwarên but also ˈworn (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈborna ("harrow") > baˈren but also ˈborn (genitive plural)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Several feminine monosyllabic stems ending in ⟨-ew⟩ or ⟨-ëw⟩ in the nominative singular show ⟨e, ë~∅⟩ alternation in all other cases except the genitive plural in -∅.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273-154">[93]</a> <dl><dd>ˈcérkjëw ("church") > ˈcérkjwë (genitive singular) > ˈcérkjëw (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> <ul><li>Neuter mono- and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant ending with ⟨-ô⟩ have unstressed ⟨-ê⟩ (/ɛ/ or /ə/ before ⟨n⟩), stressed ⟨ê⟩ after velars and ⟨j⟩, ⟨ˈe⟩ after other consonants in the genitive plural ending in ⟨-∅⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273—274-155">[94]</a> <dl><dd>ˈkrôsna ("loom") (plurale tantum) > ˈkrôsên (genitive plural)</dd> <dd>ˈżêbrô ("rib") > żeˈber (genitive plural)</dd></dl></li></ul> A few nouns show isolated cases of other alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973274—275-156">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_stress_alternations">Noun stress alternations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noun stress alternations">edit</a>]</div> Slovincian nouns can have either fixed or mobile stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973275-157">[96]</a> Nouns with fixed stress keep the stress on the stem, unless the stress is on the end, in which case the stress will always be on the last syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903171-158">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a> If an vowel is inserted in the genitive plural formed with -∅, then that vowel will automatically get the stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a> All non-syllabic stems with fixed stress have in the dative and instrumental dual a stress shift to the first syllable of the <a href="/wiki/Suffix#Inflectional_suffixes" title="Suffix">inflectional suffix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279-161">[100]</a> Nouns with mobile stress can shift it in three ways. Some shift it right in the plural and the dual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a> <ul><li>The stress always shifts from its original position in the nominative singular to the final syllable of the ending for non-syllabic and monosyllabic stems. In polysyllabic stems the stress shifts to the last syllabic of the stem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈrãka ("hand, arm") > rãˈkõ (instrumental singular) > rãkaˈmy (instrumental plural)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The locative singular ending ⟨-ú⟩ causes an automatic shift here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a></li> <li>Sometimes no stress shift occurs in the genitive plural constructed with -∅ here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a></li></ul> Nouns with this type of shift include: <ul><li>Neuter polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-ô⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Neuter polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-ã⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li></ul> Some shift it right in the genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative plural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a> <ul><li>The stress always shifts from its original position in the nominative singular to the final syllable of the ending for non-syllabic and monosyllabic stems. In polysyllabic stems the stress shifts to the last syllabic of the stem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈrãka ("hand, arm") > rãˈkõ (instrumental singular) > rãkaˈmy (instrumental plural)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>All here feminine nouns automatically shift the stress in the instrumental singular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a></li> <li>The locative singular ending ⟨-ú⟩ causes an automatic shift here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a></li> <li>The locative singular ending ⟨-i⟩ causes an automatic shift in feminine nouns with a polysyllabic stem ending in a consonant or ending in a consonant +⟨-a⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">[99]</a></li></ul> Nouns with this type of shift include: <ul><li>Masculine monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant or in a consonant+⟨-a⟩, of which there are two examples. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Masculine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Masculine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant or a consonant +⟨-a⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Neuter monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-ô⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine nouns with polysyllabic stems except compounds formed with ⟨-môc⟩ and ⟨vë-⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281-163">[102]</a></li></ul> Some shift it left in non-animate accusative singular and the nominative and accusative plural and dual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a> <ul><li>The stress shifts from the final stem syllable to the initial syllable of the noun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">[98]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>rôˈbôta ("work") > ˈrôbôtã (accusative singular)</li></ul></dd></dl> Nouns with this type of shift include: <ul><li>Masculine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩ of which there is only one example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩. These nouns can also have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li> <li>Feminine polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant+⟨-é⟩, of which there is one example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a></li></ul> All other nouns have fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">[101]</a> General rules: <ul><li>Feminine nouns with monosyllabic stems ending in a consonant usually have fixed stress, with the exception of 9 nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281-163">[102]</a></li> <li>Masculine nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩ are always have fixed stress except those ending ⟨-ola⟩, which can be of either gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281-163">[102]</a></li> <li>Masculine nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩ and feminine nouns ending in a consonant+⟨y⟩ are considered nouns ending in a consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281-163">[102]</a></li> <li>Nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-a⟩ never stress the last syllable of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li> <li>Feminine nouns ending in a consonant always have stress on the first syllable, with two exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li> <li>Feminine nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-o⟩ always stress the last syllable, with a few exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li> <li>Neuter nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-ô⟩ never stress the last syllable, with one exception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li> <li>Neuter nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-é⟩ always stress the penultimate syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li> <li>Neuter nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-ã⟩ stress the initial syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">[103]</a></li></ul> It is possible to predict the stress pattern of a noun if one knows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973284-165">[104]</a> <ol><li>If a noun has fixed or mobile stress</li> <li>The number of syllables of the stem</li> <li>The stressed syllable of the nominative singular</li> <li>The gender</li> <li>The type of declension</li></ol> In Slovincian, prepositions can act as proclitics and take stress completely away from masculine and feminine nouns ending in a consonant or a consonant+⟨-a⟩ and from neuter nouns ending in a consonant+⟨-ô⟩ or in a consonant+⟨-ã⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki191346–47-166">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301-167">[106]</a> This happens to: <ul><li>All nouns with a non-syllabic or monosyllabic stem, fixed or stress that shifts right in the genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative plural have stress retracted when the initial syllable of the word is stress, except in the genitive plural ending in -∅.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301-167">[106]</a></li> <li>Nouns with mobile stress with polysyllabic stems retract the stress in words which are stressed on the initial syllable of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301—302-168">[107]</a></li></ul> No retraction occurs in: <ul><li>Nouns with polysyllabic stems with fixed stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973302-169">[108]</a></li> <li>Polysyllabic prepositions and a few monosyllabic prepositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973307-170">[109]</a></li> <li>Prepositional phrases where another word, such as a determiner or adjective, is between the preposition and the noun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973307-170">[109]</a></li></ul> There is a strong tendency for words with stress on final or only syllable of the inflectional suffix when there is a preposition to retract to the initial syllable of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973306-171">[110]</a> Sometimes both the noun and the preposition are stressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973308-172">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a>]</div> There are long, short, and possessive adjectives. Short adjectives are uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–205-173">[112]</a> Short adjectives are used predicatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205-174">[113]</a> In addition to hard and soft declension, like Kashubian, Slovincian velar stems soften in the nominative but are hard in other cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283-175">[114]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hard adjective declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285-176">[115]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>nôˈwy </td> <td>nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwy (virile), nôˈwé (non-virile) </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>nôˈwéwo, nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwéwo, nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>nôˈwémú </td> <td>nôˈwy </td> <td>nôˈwémú </td> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: nôˈwy Animate: nôˈwéwo, nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwõ </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>Inanimate: nôˈwy (virile), nôwė (non-virile) Animate: nôˈwëch </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwo </td> <td>nôˈwé </td> <td>nôˈwé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwõ </td> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwëmy </td> <td>nôˈwëmy </td> <td>nôˈwëmy </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td> <td>nôˈwëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwy </td> <td>nôˈwym </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>nôˈwëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hard adjective declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285-176">[115]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈstory </td> <td>ˈstoro </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstorzy (virile), ˈstoré (non-virile) </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoro </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈstoréwo, ˈstoro </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoréwo, ˈstoro </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈstorémú </td> <td>ˈstory </td> <td>ˈstorémú </td> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈstory Animate: ˈstoréwo, ˈstoro </td> <td>ˈstorõ </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>Inanimate: ˈstory (virile), ˈstoré (non-virile) Animate: ˈstorëch </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td> <td>ˈstoré </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstorõ </td> <td>ˈstorim </td> <td>ˈstorëmy </td> <td>ˈstorëmy </td> <td>ˈstorëmy </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td> <td>ˈstorëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstory </td> <td>ˈstorym </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>ˈstorëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Soft adjective declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285-176">[115]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>wôwˈczy </td> <td>wôwˈczo </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczy (virile), wôwˈczé (non-virile) </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczo </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>wôwˈczéwo, wôwˈczo </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczéwo, wôwˈczo </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>wôwˈczémú </td> <td>wôwˈczy </td> <td>wôwˈczémú </td> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: wôwˈczy Animate: wôwˈczéwo, wôwˈczo </td> <td>wôwˈczõ </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>Inanimate: wôwˈczy (virile), wôwˈczé (non-virile) Animate: wôwˈczych </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td> <td>wôwˈczé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczõ </td> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczimy </td> <td>wôwˈczimy </td> <td>wôwˈczimy </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td> <td>wôwˈczima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczy </td> <td>wôwˈczym </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>wôwˈczich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Soft adjective declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285-177">[116]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈtónjy </td> <td>ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjy (virile), ˈtónjé (non-virile) </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈtónjéwo, ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjéwo, ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈtónjémú </td> <td>ˈtónjy </td> <td>ˈtónjémú </td> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈtónjy Animate: ˈtónjéwo, ˈtónjo </td> <td>ˈtónjõ </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>Inanimate: ˈtónjy (virile), ˈtónjé (non-virile) Animate: ˈtónjich </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td> <td>ˈtónjé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjõ </td> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjimy </td> <td>ˈtónjimy </td> <td>ˈtónjimy </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td> <td>ˈtónjima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjy </td> <td>ˈtónjim </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>ˈtónjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Velar declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285-177">[116]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>cëchjˈy </td> <td>cëchˈo </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈy (virile), cëchjˈé (non-virile) </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchˈo </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>cëchjˈéwo, cëcho </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈéwo, cëchˈo </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>cëchjˈémú </td> <td>cëchjˈy </td> <td>cëchjˈémú </td> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëˈchjima </td> <td>cëˈchjima </td> <td>cëˈchjima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: cëchjˈy Animate: cëchjˈéwo, cëchˈo </td> <td>cëchˈõ </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>Inanimate: cëchjˈy (virile), cëchjˈé (non-virile) Animate: cëchjˈych </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td> <td>cëchjˈé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëchˈõ </td> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td> <td>cëˈchjimy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëchjˈy </td> <td>cëchjˈym </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>cëˈchjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Velar declension<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285-177">[116]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈwjelgjy </td> <td>ˈwjelgo </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelzy (virile), ˈwjelgjé (non-virile) </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgo </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈwjelgjéwo, ˈwjelgo </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjéwo, ˈwjelgo </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈwjelgjémú </td> <td>ˈwjelgjy </td> <td>ˈwjelgjémú </td> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈwjelgjy Animate: ˈwjelgjéwo, ˈwjelgo </td> <td>ˈwjelgõ </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>Inanimate: wjelzy (virile), ˈwjelgjé (non-virile) Animate: ˈwjelgjych </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td> <td>ˈwjelgjé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgõ </td> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjimy </td> <td>ˈwjelgjimy </td> <td>ˈwjelgjimy </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td> <td>ˈwjelgjima </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjy </td> <td>ˈwjelgjim </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>ˈwjelgjich </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> The short masculine/neuter genitive form and ⟨-o⟩ is most often found with adjectives that do not have a stress on the final syllable, especially when they are used as nouns. It is rare in adjectives with word-final stress, and the most rare in velar stems, which, even when not stressed word-finally, prefer ⟨-éwo⟩. For ˈzly ("bad"), the genitive is always ˈzlévo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903285–286-178">[117]</a> ⟨-ë⟩ is sometimes used instead of the phonetic ⟨-i⟩ in soft stems in the genitive-instrumental-locative plural and dative-instrumental dual, this almost never happens with velar stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286-179">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_comparative_and_superlative">Adjective comparative and superlative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adjective comparative and superlative">edit</a>]</div> Slovincian has ⟨-szy⟩ and ⟨-êszy⟩ as comparative suffixes. ⟨-szy⟩ is used in stems that end with a single consonant. Some stems ending in ⟨-k⟩ typically lose it, but the ⟨k⟩ is often restored analogously. If a stem ends in multiple consonants, ⟨-êszy⟩, which can can stress and stem alternations such as ⟨t, n, r⟩ ~ ⟨c, nj, rz⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286–287-180">[119]</a> <ul><li>ˈsaty > ˈsatszy</li> <li>ˈkrótkjy > ˈkrótszy</li> <li>gãsˈty > gãsˈcêszy</li> <li>ˈmôkry > môˈkrzêszy</li></ul> Slovincian, like other Slavic languages also has suppletive comparatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903287-181">[120]</a> <ul><li>ˈdôbry > ˈlêpszy</li> <li>ˈzly > ˈgôrszy</li> <li>ˈwjelgy > wjitzy</li> <li>ˈmoly > ˈmjênszy</li></ul> The superlative is formed from the comparative with the prefix ⟨no-⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903287-181">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_stress_patterns">Adjective stress patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adjective stress patterns">edit</a>]</div> The accent of the long adjectives is fixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–204-182">[121]</a> Possessive adjectives ending in ⟨-ó⟩ and ⟨-yn⟩ have a definite and indefinite form in the lemma form, and a definite form everywhere else. Possessive adjectives derived from monosyllabic stems emphasize the stem syllable. Polysyllabic stems emphasize the last stem syllable if the base word has a movable accent; however, if the base word has a fixed accent, the possessive adjective emphasizes the same syllable as the base word. Other possessive adjectives have a fixed accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903204-183">[122]</a> Place names ending in ⟨-ôwô, -ënô⟩ are neuter possessive adjectives; those ending in ⟨-ôwô⟩ withdraw the accent as much as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205-174">[113]</a> Ordinal numerals are long adjectives and as such emphasize the penultimate syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adverbs">edit</a>]</div> Adverbs can be formed from adjectives as well as prepositional phrases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205-174">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverb_comparative_and_superlative">Adverb comparative and superlative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adverb comparative and superlative">edit</a>]</div> The comparative adverb is formed by adding the suffix ⟨-é⟩. Adverbs also have suppletive comparatives. The superlative is formed by putting the prefix ⟨no-⟩ in front of the comparative. ⟨-é⟩ causes consonant softening: ⟨p, b, w, m, t, d, st, zd, n, k, g, ch, r⟩ alternate with ⟨pj, bj, wj, mj, c, dz, szcz, żdż, nj, cz, ż, sz, rz⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903288-185">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913128-186">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Pronouns share the same cases, numbers, and genders with nouns, but the vocative is the same as the nominative, and is only used with second person pronouns, and only personal pronouns have the dual. The three genders are only distinct for the non-personal or third-person pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903272–273-187">[126]</a> Pronouns may be used as clitics, and may occur generally in stressed or unstressed positions. Some have short forms, used in unstressed positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275-188">[127]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Personal pronouns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903273-189">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124–125-190">[129]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Case </th> <th colspan="4">Singular </th> <th colspan="4">Plural </th> <th colspan="4">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <th colspan="2">2nd </th> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <th colspan="2">2nd </th> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <th colspan="2">2nd </th></tr> <tr> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th> <th>stressed </th> <th>unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈjo</td> <td>jo </td> <td>ˈtë</td> <td>të </td> <td>ˈmë</td> <td>më </td> <td>ˈwë</td> <td>wë </td> <td>ˈma <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>m, ˈmjê <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">f</td> <td>ma <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">m, mjê<a href="#cite_note-mjê-191">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">f </td> <td>ˈwa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">m, ˈwjê <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">f</td> <td>wa <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">m, wjê<a href="#cite_note-192">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">f </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈmjê</td> <td>mjê<a href="#cite_note-mjê-191">[a]</a> </td> <td>ˈcêbjê</td> <td>cê<a href="#cite_note-cê-193">[c]</a> </td> <td>ˈnas</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwas</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈnajú</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwajú</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmjê</td> <td>mjê<a href="#cite_note-mjê-191">[a]</a> </td> <td>ˈtôbjê</td> <td>cê, tê<a href="#cite_note-194">[d]</a> </td> <td>ˈnóm</td> <td>nóm </td> <td>ˈwóm</td> <td>wóm </td> <td>ˈnama</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwama</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈmjê</td> <td>mjê<a href="#cite_note-mjê-191">[a]</a> </td> <td>ˈcêbjê</td> <td>cê<a href="#cite_note-cê-193">[c]</a> </td> <td>ˈnas</td> <td>nas </td> <td>ˈwas</td> <td>was </td> <td>ˈnajú</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwajú</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmnõ</td> <td>— </td> <td>tôˈbõ</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈnamy</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwamy</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈnama</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwama</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmjˈê</td> <td>mjê<a href="#cite_note-mjê-191">[a]</a> </td> <td>ˈcêbjê</td> <td>cê<a href="#cite_note-cê-193">[c]</a> </td> <td>ˈnas</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwas</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈnajú</td> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwajú</td> <td>— </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Reflexive pronoun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903274-195">[130]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th></tr> <tr> <th>stressed</th> <th>unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td colspan="2">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈsêbjê</td> <td>sê<a href="#cite_note-sê-196">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈsôbjê</td> <td>sê<a href="#cite_note-sê-196">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>—</td> <td>sã, sê </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>sôˈbõ</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈsêbjê</td> <td>sê<a href="#cite_note-sê-196">[e]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mjê-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mjê_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjê_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjê_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjê_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjê_191-4">e</a> pronounced mjë </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> pronounced vjë </li> <li id="cite_note-cê-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cê_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cê_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cê_193-2">c</a> pronounced cë </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> pronounced cë, të </li> <li id="cite_note-sê-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sê_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sê_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sê_196-2">c</a> pronounced së </li> </ol></div></div> In addition to personal pronouns, Slovincian also has:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275–276-197">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125-198">[132]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a>: ˈtên, ˈta, ˈtô ("this"), ˈnên, ˈna, ˈnô ("this"), ˈwôn, ˈwôna, ˈwônô ("he", "she", "it"), (occurring only in the nominative forms); taˈkjy, taˈko, taˈkjé ("such", which inflects as a long adjective), ˈjên ("he");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronoun">Interrogative pronouns</a>: ˈchtô ("who"), ˈcô ("what") and their compounds: ˈnjicht ("nobody"), ˈnjic ("nothing"); chtôˈlê, côˈlê; chtôˈbõdz, côˈbõdz; chtôˈkôlwjek, côˈkôlwjek; chtôleˈbõdz, côleˈbõdz, chtôleˈkôlwjek, côleˈkôlwjek; bëleˈchtô, bëleˈcô; dzeˈcô; ˈnjêjëden ("some"); ˈchtôry ("which"), jaˈkjy ("what"), ˈkóżdy ("every"), ˈjyny ("other") and their combinations: ˈchtôryˈlê, ˈchtôryˈbõdz, ˈchtôryˈkôlwjek, ˈchtôryleˈbõdz, ˈchtôryleˈkôlwjek, bëleˈchtôry, njêˈchtôry, njeˈchtôry; jaˈkjylê, jakjyˈbõdz, jakjyˈkôlwjek, jakjyleˈbõdz, jakjyleˈkôlwjek, bëleˈjakjy, njiˈjakjy; ˈkóżdyˈkôlwjek, wszeˈlakjy, wszeleˈjakjy, wszelerˈjakny, wszelerˈjakny ("all sorts"); ˈwszëden ("all"); ˈczy, ˈczo, ˈczé ("whose") and its compounds czyˈlê, czyˈbõdz, czyˈkôlwjek, czyleˈbõdz, czyleˈkôlwjek, bëleˈczy;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative pronouns</a>: the indeclinable cô serves as a general relative particle, to which the forms of ˈjên can be added in the oblique cases; ˈchtôry, ˈchtôro, ˈchtôré ("which") and jaˈkjy, jaˈko, jaˈkjé ("such") (the last two inflect as a long adjective);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite pronouns</a>: ˈchtôsz, ˈchtesz ("who?"), ˈcesz ("what?"), ˈchtôrysz, ˈchttôrósz, ˈchttôresz ("which one?") and jaˈkjysz, jaˈkosz, jaˈkjéjsz ("of what kind?"), ˈczysz, ˈczosz, ˈczéjsz ("whose?") (the last three inflect as a long adjective);</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_pronoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative pronoun (page does not exist)">Quantitative pronouns</a>: ˈjëden, ˈjëna, ˈjënô ("one"), ˈdwa, ˈdwjê ("two"), ˈwôba, ˈwôbjë, ("both"), ˈżõden, ˈżóno, ˈżóné ("none");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">Possessive pronouns</a>: ˈmój ("my"), ˈtwój ("your"), ˈswój (reflexive possessive pronoun "one's"), ˈnasz ("our"), ˈwasz ("you all's");</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of tên<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903276–277-199">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125–126-200">[134]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈtên </td> <td>ˈta </td> <td>ˈtô </td> <td>ˈty (virile) tˈë (non-virile) </td> <td>ˈty, tˈë </td> <td>ˈtë </td> <td>ˈta </td> <td>ˈtë </td> <td>ˈtë </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈtêwo, to (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈté </td> <td>ˈtêwo, to (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈtêmú </td> <td>ˈty </td> <td>ˈtêmú </td> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtëma </td> <td>ˈtëma </td> <td>ˈtëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈtên Animate: ˈtêwo, ˈto (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtã </td> <td>ˈtô </td> <td>ˈty, ˈtë (inanimate) ˈtëch (inanimate; pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtë </td> <td>ˈtë </td> <td>ˈta </td> <td>ˈtë </td> <td>ˈtë </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtõ </td> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtëmy </td> <td>ˈtëmy </td> <td>ˈtëmy </td> <td>ˈtëma </td> <td>ˈtëma </td> <td>ˈtëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈty </td> <td>ˈtym </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>ˈtëch (pronounced tech when unstressed) </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of chtô, chteż "who"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903278-201">[135]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈchtô, ˈchteż </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈkôwo, ˈko, ˈkjêwo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈkômú, ˈkjêmú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈkôwo, ˈko, ˈkjêwo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈczym </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈczym </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of cô, ceż "what"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903278-201">[135]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈcô, ˈceż </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈczêwo, ˈczo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈczêmú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>ˈcô, ˈcesz </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈczym </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈczym </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of jên<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903279–280-202">[136]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈjên </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈjêwo (stressed) jêwo, jo, njewo, njo (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjé </td> <td>ˈjêwo (stressed) jêwo, jo, njewo, njo (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich </td> <td>ˈjú, ˈnjú </td> <td>ˈjú, ˈnjú </td> <td>ˈjú, ˈnjú </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈjêmú (stressed) jêmú, mú (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjy </td> <td>ˈjêmú (stressed) jêmú, mú (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjym </td> <td>ˈjym </td> <td>ˈjym </td> <td>ˈjima, njima (stressed) </td> <td>ˈnjima (stressed) </td> <td>ˈnjima (stressed) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈjên (stressed); jên, njên (unstressed) Animate: ˈjêwo, jo (stressed) jêwo, jo, njêwo, njo (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjã, njã </td> <td>jë (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich (stressed) jich , jë, një (unstressed) </td> <td>jë, një (unstressed) </td> <td>jë, një (unstressed) </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich (stressed) </td> <td>jë, një (unstressed) </td> <td>jë, një (unstressed) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈnjym </td> <td>ˈjõ </td> <td>ˈnjym </td> <td>ˈnjimy (stressed) </td> <td>ˈnjimy (stressed) </td> <td>ˈnjimy (stressed) </td> <td>ˈjima, njima </td> <td>ˈnjima (stressed) </td> <td>ˈnjima (stressed) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈnjym </td> <td>ˈnjy </td> <td>ˈnjym </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich (stressed) </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich (stressed) </td> <td>ˈjich, ˈnjich (stressed) </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> Alternative forms starting with ⟨nj-⟩ are used after prepositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280-203">[137]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of possessive pronouns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280–281-204">[138]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈmój </td> <td>ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmy, ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈméwo, ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈméwo, ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈmémú </td> <td>ˈmy </td> <td>ˈmémú </td> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmëma </td> <td>ˈmëma </td> <td>ˈmëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈmój Animate: ˈméwo, ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmõ </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>Inanimate: ˈmy, ˈmé Animate: ˈmëch </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td> <td>ˈmé </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmõ </td> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmëmy </td> <td>ˈmëmy </td> <td>ˈmëmy </td> <td>ˈmëma </td> <td>ˈmëma </td> <td>ˈmëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmy </td> <td>ˈmym </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>ˈmëch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> ˈtwój and ˈswój decline similarly, as well as ˈnasz and ˈwasz, but the latter only differ in the nominative and accusative. Many of these forms are the result of vowel contractions; uncontracted forms died out; but the nominative ˈmôja, ˈtwôja, ˈtwôje still occurred in folk songs and in the Lord's Prayer. ˈczy inflects like ˈmój, only in the plural and dual, it has ⟨i⟩ instead of ⟨ë⟩: ˈczimy, ˈczima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281-205">[139]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of wszëden<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281–282-206">[140]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ˈwszëden </td> <td>ˈwszëtka </td> <td>ˈwszëtkô </td> <td>ˈwszëtcë (virile), ˈwszëtkji (non-virile) </td> <td>ˈwszëtkji </td> <td>ˈwszëtkji </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>ˈwszêwo </td> <td>ˈwszé </td> <td>ˈwszêwo </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>ˈwszêmú </td> <td>ˈwszy </td> <td>ˈwszêmú </td> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>Inanimate: ˈwszëden Animate: ˈwszêwo </td> <td>ˈwszëtką </td> <td>ˈwszëtkô </td> <td>Inanimate: ˈwszëtkji Animate: ˈwszêch </td> <td>ˈwszëtkã </td> <td>ˈwszëtkô </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszõ </td> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszëmy </td> <td>ˈwszëmy </td> <td>ˈwszëmy </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszy </td> <td>ˈwszym </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>ˈwszêch </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td> <td>= PL </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> Slovincian has ordinal, cardinal, and collective numerals. The cardinal numbers 1-20, words for tens (30, 40, etc.), hundreds, and thousands in Slovincian have a single word, all others are made through combining other cardinal numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206-207">[141]</a> There are no ordinals of numbers over 30 in Slovenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">[123]</a> The numerals jˈëden, dwˈa, trzˈë, sztˈérzë ("one, two, three, four") and are declinable. Numbers from five (pjˈync) to twenty (dwadzˈêsca) except word for "teens" ending in ⟨-e⟩ are declinable. Teens are usually indeclinable, but sometimes decline like adjectives. They are sometimes reduced to ⟨-no⟩. tˈësinc ("thousand") behaves grammatically like a noun and declines as one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903289–290-208">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913129-209">[143]</a> Ordinal numerals are long adjectives and are inflected as such. There are no ordinal numerals above 30. Collective numerals are only used in the nominative and accusative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291-210">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplicative numerals">Multiplicative numerals</a> are long adjectives; numerals ending in ⟨-jak⟩ are adverbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291-210">[144]</a> The fractional number words formed with ⟨pôù-⟩ are usually declinable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291-210">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral_stress_patterns">Numeral stress patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numeral stress patterns">edit</a>]</div> Di- and multi-syllable cardinal numerals are emphasized on the last syllable. In inflectable numerals the accent is fixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206–207-211">[145]</a> Numerals for tens from 30 to 90 and for thousands have the main stress on the stem (the root for hundred, thousand). Words for the thousands often have a primary stress on both elements. This is always the case for those exceeding 10,000. Conversely, the hundreds emphasize the number word; if this is polysyllabic, the following noun has a secondary accent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206-207">[141]</a> <ul><li>dwadzˈêscë ("twenty"), where ⟨dzêsc-⟩ is the stem for "ten"</li> <li>ˈtrzësta or ˈtrzëˌsta ("three hundred")</li></ul> Words for numerals between the tens (21, 34, etc.) are composed of the ones digit numeral, a connecting a ("and"), and the tens numeral. In the expressions for 21 to 29, the primary stress is on the connecting a and the number words themselves usually both have a secondary stress, or both number words are fully stressed and the a follows the decade number word proclitic. For non-tens numerals higher than 30, the latter is always the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206-207">[141]</a> <ul><li>dwa‿ˈa‿dwadzêscë</li> <li>trzë‿a‿dvadzˈêscë</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Collective_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective numeral">Collective numerals</a> are emphasized on the same syllable as the cardinal numeral counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Distributive_numeral" title="Distributive numeral">distributive numerals</a> formed with ⟨po-, pô-⟩ place the accent on the prefix up to 40.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">[123]</a> Fractional numerals formed with ⟨pôù-⟩ emphasize either the prefix or the penultimate syllable. ⟨pôù-⟩ has a secondary accent if the word contains more than three syllables. In the inflected forms there is only penultimate stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Like Polish and Kashubian, Slovincian has lost the Proto-Slavic imperfect and the aorist forms. The l-participle has taken its place as the past tense form. The other differences in tense are either expressed through paraphrases or remain formally unmarked. The supine has also disappeared. Most participles have been lost. The Slovincian future tense, perfect, pluperfect, conditional and passive form have periphrastic formations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291–292-212">[146]</a> The lemma forms of verbs is the infinitive, ending in ⟨-c⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301–302-213">[147]</a> Verbs can be divided into five main classes, each with several subclasses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903294–296-214">[148]</a> Slovincian has perfective and imperfective aspects verbs much like Kashubian or Polish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903348–349-215">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugation">Conjugation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conjugation">edit</a>]</div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Present tense personal endings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903292–293-216">[150]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="4">infinitive (wiezc) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>-ã, -m </td> <td>-më </td> <td>-ma, -më </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>-sz </td> <td>-ce </td> <td>-ta, -te </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>-∅ </td> <td>-ó </td> <td>-ta, -te </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> Dual forms for neuter subjects are not used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903293-217">[151]</a> The imperative is formed in two ways, depending on whether the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. Stems ending in a consonant form the imperative by adding ⟨-i⟩ (⟨-ë⟩ after hard consonants.) Stems ending in a vowel add the ending ⟨-j⟩, which can sometimes disappear. The third person singular imperative is the same as the second person imperative, and the third person plural and dual imperative is formed with ⟨nô⟩ and the third person plural/dual present form<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903297–298-218">[152]</a> The active present participle has the ending ⟨-õcy⟩ for all verbs and is inflected as a long adjective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903298–299-219">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913126–127-220">[154]</a> The present adverbial participle is formed ⟨-õcë⟩, forms without ⟨-ë⟩ do not occur, and is indeclinable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299-221">[155]</a> The past tense is formed using the old l-participle and declines for gender and number:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299-221">[155]</a> <ul><li>Masculine singular: ⟨-l⟩</li> <li>Feminine singular: ⟨-la⟩</li> <li>Neuter singular: ⟨-lô⟩</li> <li>Virile plural: ⟨-ly⟩</li> <li>Non-virile: ⟨-le⟩</li></ul> The masculine singular ending ⟨-l⟩ disappears if a verb has an consonantal stem (classes IA, IIA., IIB and sometimes III1A and V).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299–300-222">[156]</a> <ul><li>pjêc ("to bake") (stem pjêk-) > pjêk ("masculine singular past")</li></ul> The feminine singular and masculine dual contract in classes IB, IC, III1B—E, III2, IVB, IVC. and some of classes III1A and V.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300-223">[157]</a> <ul><li>*bьrala > ˈbrala > ˈbra</li> <li>*xъtěla > cela > ca</li></ul> In classes IIG and with some classes of III1A, in the feminine singular and masculine dual, the ⟨-l-⟩ disappears and contraction occurs; in the masculine singular, to ⟨-ón-⟩ and in other forms the ⟨-l-⟩ combines with the nasal vowel; <ul><li>*tisnąlъ > ˈcësnón</li> <li>*tisnąla > cësˈnã (pronounced cesˈnã)</li> <li>*tisnąlo > ˈcësnanô</li></ul> The past participle is formed with ⟨-ly, -ty, -ny, -jôny⟩ and inflected as a long adjective. These participles have completely collapsed in stress. Regardless of the suffix with which it is formed, it has an active or passive meaning depending on the verbal term. ⟨-ly⟩ is common in classes IA, IIA, IIB, and often in classes III2A, III2B, IVB, as well as some verbs of class V. ⟨-ty⟩ is used in class III1A. ⟨-ny⟩ is with classes IB, IC, III1B, III1C, III1D, III2C, III2D, IVC, and subclasses of III1A. and III2A. and some classes III2A, III2B, IVB, as well as some classes of V and IIC. ⟨-jôny⟩ is only found in the verbs of class IVA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300–301-224">[158]</a> A verbal noun, which is a declinable neuter noun, can be formed from every verb with the suffixes ⟨-cé, -njé, and -ênjé⟩. ⟨-cé⟩ is common wherever the past participle is formed by ⟨-ty⟩ (class III1A), except for some verbs ending with ⟨r⟩, which form the verbal noun from the present stem. ⟨-njé⟩ is used in classes IB, IC, III1B—E, III2, IVB, IVC, and some verbs of the classes III1A, V, IA, IIC, and III1A2a. ⟨-ênjé⟩ is used in class IVA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301-225">[159]</a> The present tense of the perfective verb is usually used as the future tense, e.g. B. jo‿ˈpôjadã ("I will go (by vehicle)") next to jo‿ˈjadã "I am going (by vehicle)". An imperfective future is formed with the bõdã+ the l-participle, e.g. B. jo‿tô‿ˈbõdã ˈczynjél ("I will be doing that"), but this construction is rare. Sometimes the perfective future is the same as the imperfective present: jo‿ˈrzúcã ("I will throw/I am throwing) from the infinitives rzëcac (impferfective) and rzëcëc (pronounced rzëcec; perfective).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302-226">[160]</a> A perfect tense and the pluperfect tense can be formed through paraphrasis, bëc l-participle/mjêc + l-participle or a past passive participle. If bëc is used, the participle agrees in gender and number. If mjêc is used, the participle will either be in the neuter singular, or, much more regularly in gender and number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302–303-227">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913129-209">[143]</a> The conditional is formed by combining an l-participle with the particle bä, which has a shortened form b.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903303-228">[162]</a> The passive voice can be formed using bëc + a passive participle or by using sã, however the active is usually preferred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903303-228">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_I">Class I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Class I">edit</a>]</div> ⟨-t, -d, -s, -z, -k, -g, -r⟩ stems belong to class IA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903304-229">[163]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IA<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903305-230">[164]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈplêsc "to plait" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈplôtã </td> <td>ˈplêcemë </td> <td>ˈplêcema, ˈplêcemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈplêcesz </td> <td>ˈplêcece </td> <td>ˈplêceta, ˈplêcete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈplêce </td> <td>ˈplôtõ </td> <td>ˈplêcete, ˈplêcete </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>plêˈcëmë </td> <td>plêˈcëma </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈplêcë </td> <td>plêˈcëce </td> <td>plêˈcëta, plêˈcëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈplêcë </td> <td>ˈplôtõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">plêˈcõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">plôˈtõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈplôtly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">plêˈcênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈplót, plôt Feminine: ˈplôtla Neuter: ˈplôtlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈplêtly Non-virile: ˈplôtle </td> <td>Virile: ˈplôtla Non-virile: ˈplôtle </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IA<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903305-230">[164]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈrzêc "to speak" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈrzêkã </td> <td>ˈrzêczemë </td> <td>ˈrzêczema, ˈrzêczemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈrzêczesz </td> <td>ˈrzêczece </td> <td>ˈrzêczeta, ˈrzczete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈrzêczë </td> <td>ˈrzêkõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈrzêczimë </td> <td>ˈrzêczima, ˈrzêczimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈrzêczi </td> <td>ˈrzêczice </td> <td>ˈrzêczita, ˈrzêczice </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈrzêczi </td> <td>ˈrzêczita </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈrzêkõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈrzêkõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈrzêkly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">rzêčˈênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈrzêk Feminine: ˈrzêkla Neuter: ˈrzêklô </td> <td>Virile: ˈrzêkly Non-virile: ˈrzêkle </td> <td>Virile: ˈrzêkla Non-virile: ˈrzêkle </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IB<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903309–310-231">[165]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈpjoc "to sing" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈpôjã </td> <td>ˈpôjemë </td> <td>ˈpôjema, ˈpôjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈpôjesz </td> <td>ˈpôjece </td> <td>ˈpôjeta, ˈpôjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈpôje </td> <td>ˈpôjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈpójmë, ˈpôjmë </td> <td>ˈpójma, ˈpójmë, pôˈjima, pôˈjimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈpój, ˈpôji </td> <td>ˈpójce, pôˈjice </td> <td>ˈpójta, ˈpójte, pôˈjita, pôˈjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈpój, ˈpôjy </td> <td>ˈpójce, pôˈjyce </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">pôˈjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">pôˈjõce </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈpjóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈpjênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈpjôùl Feminine: ˈpja Neuter: ˈpjalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈpjêly Non-virile: ˈpjale </td> <td>Virile: ˈpja Non-virile: ˈpjale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903310–311-232">[166]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈlgac "to (tell a) lie" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈlgã </td> <td>ˈlżêmë </td> <td>ˈlżêma, ˈlżêmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈlżêsz </td> <td>ˈlżêce </td> <td>ˈlżêta, ˈlżête </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈlżê </td> <td>ˈlgõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈlżëmë </td> <td>ˈlżëma, ˈlżëmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈlżë </td> <td>ˈlżëce </td> <td>ˈlżëta, ˈlżëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈlżë </td> <td>ˈlżëta, ˈlżëte </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈlgõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈlgõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈlgóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈlganjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈlgôùl Feminine: ˈlga Neuter: ˈlgalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈlgêly Non-virile: ˈlgale </td> <td>Virile: ˈlga Non-virile: ˈlgale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903310–311-232">[166]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈdôżdac "to wait" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈdôżdã </td> <td>ˈdôżdżemë </td> <td>ˈdôżdżema, ˈdôżdżemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈdôżdżesz </td> <td>ˈdôżdżece </td> <td>ˈdôżdżeta, ˈdôżdżete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈdôżdże </td> <td>ˈdôżdõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈdôżdżimë </td> <td>ˈdôżdżima, ˈdôżdżimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈdôżdżi </td> <td>ˈdôżdżice </td> <td>ˈdôżdżita, ˈdôżdżite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈdôżdżi </td> <td>ˈdôżdżita, ˈdôżdżite </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">dôˈżdõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">dôˈżdõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">dôˈżdóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">dôˈżdanjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈdôżdôùl Feminine: dôżdżˈa Neuter: ˈdôżdalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈdôżdêly Non-virile: ˈdôżdale </td> <td>Virile: dôˈżda Non-virile: ˈdôżdale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_II">Class II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Class II">edit</a>]</div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class II<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903312–313-233">[167]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈkrasc "to steal" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈkradnjã </td> <td>ˈkradnjemë </td> <td>ˈkradnjema, ˈkradnjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈkradnjesz </td> <td>ˈkradnjece </td> <td>ˈkradnjeta, ˈkradnjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈkradnje </td> <td>ˈkradnjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>kradˈnjimä </td> <td>kradˈnjima, kradˈnjimä </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈkradnji </td> <td>kradˈnjice </td> <td>kradˈnjita, kradˈnjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈkradnji </td> <td>ˈkradnjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">kradˈnjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">kradˈnjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈkradly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">kradˈnjênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈkrod Feminine: ˈkradla Neuter: ˈkradlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈkradly Non-virile: ˈkradle </td> <td>Virile: ˈkradla Non-virile: ˈkradle </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class II<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903312–313-233">[167]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈcygnõc "to pull" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈcygnjã </td> <td>ˈcygnjemë </td> <td>ˈcygnjema, ˈcygnjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈcygnjesz </td> <td>ˈcygnjece </td> <td>ˈcygnjeta, ˈcygnjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈcygnje </td> <td>ˈcygnjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>cëgˈnjimë </td> <td>cëgˈnjima, cëgˈnjimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈcëgnji </td> <td>cëgˈnjice </td> <td>cëgˈnjita, cãgˈnjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈcëgnji </td> <td>cëgˈnjice </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">cygˈnjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">cygˈnõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">cygˈnjôny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">cygˈnjênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈcygnón Feminine: ˈcygnã Neuter: ˈcygnanô </td> <td>Virile: ˈcygnany Non-virile: ˈcygnane </td> <td>Virile: ˈcygnã Non-virile: ˈcygnane </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_III">Class III</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Class III">edit</a>]</div> Class III1A comprises verbs with stem-final ⟨i, ë, ú, ô, a, n, m, r, rz⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903316–317-234">[168]</a> <ul><li>III1A1a: stem vowel is ⟨y⟩ from Proto-Slavic *i</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈbjic > ˈbjijã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A1b: stem vowel is ⟨ë⟩ from Proto-Slavic *i, *y</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈszëc > ˈszëjã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A1c: stem vowel is ⟨ú⟩ from Proto-Slavic *u</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈczúc > ˈczújã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A1d: stem vowel is ⟨ë⟩ from Proto-Slavic *u</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈklëc > ˈklëjã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A1e: stem vowel is ⟨ë⟩ from Proto-Slavic *ô</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈklôc > ˈklôjã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A1f: stem vowel is ⟨a⟩ from Proto-Slavic *ô</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈklôc > ˈklôjã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A2a: stem consonant is ⟨n, m⟩</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈcyc > ˈtnã</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A2b: stem consonant is ⟨r, rz⟩ with no vowel</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>drżéc > drzą</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>III1A2c: stem consonant is ⟨r, rz⟩ with a vowel</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>ˈpôrc > ˈpôrzã</li></ul></dd></dl> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1A1b<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903317-235">[169]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈszëc "to sew" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈszëjã </td> <td>ˈszëjemë </td> <td>ˈszëjema, ˈszëjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈszëjesz </td> <td>ˈszëjece </td> <td>ˈszëjeta, ˈszëjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈszëje </td> <td>ˈszëjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈszymë </td> <td>ˈszyma, ˈszymë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈszy </td> <td>ˈszyca </td> <td>ˈszita, ˈszitë </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈszy </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">szëˈjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">szëˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈszëty </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈszëcé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈszél Feminine: ˈszëla Neuter: ˈszëlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈszëli Non-virile: ˈszële </td> <td>Virile: ˈszëla Non-virile: ˈszële </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1A2a<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903318–319-236">[170]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">'trzéc "to grate, to shred" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈtrzã </td> <td>ˈtrzêmë </td> <td>ˈtrzêma, ˈtrzêmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈtrzêsz </td> <td>ˈtrzêce </td> <td>ˈtrzêta, ˈtrzête </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈtrzê </td> <td>ˈtrzõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈtrzëmë </td> <td>ˈtrzëma, ˈtrzëmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈtrzë </td> <td>ˈtrzëce </td> <td>ˈtrzëta, ˈtrzëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈtrzë </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈtrzõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈtrzõce </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcarty </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈtrzênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈcar Feminine: ˈcarla Neuter: ˈcarlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈcêrli Non-virile: ˈcarle </td> <td>Virile: ˈcarla Non-virile: ˈcarle </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1A2b<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903318–319-236">[170]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈcic "to cut" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>tnjã </td> <td>ˈtnjêmë </td> <td>ˈtnjêma, ˈtnjêmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈtnjêsz </td> <td>ˈtnjêce </td> <td>ˈtnjêta, ˈtnjête </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈtnjê </td> <td>ˈtnjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈtnjimë </td> <td>ˈtnjima, ˈtnjimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈtnji </td> <td>ˈtnjice </td> <td>ˈtnjita, ˈtnjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈtnjy </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈtnjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈtnjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcãty </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcacé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈcón Feminine: ˈcã Neuter: ˈcanô </td> <td>Virile: ˈcany Non-virile: ˈcane </td> <td>Virile: ˈcã Non-virile: ˈcane </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1A2c<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903321-237">[171]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈpôrc "to separate" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈpôrzã </td> <td>ˈpôrzemë </td> <td>ˈpôrzema, ˈpôrzemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈpôrzesz </td> <td>ˈpôrzece </td> <td>ˈpôrzeta, ˈpôrzete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈpôrze </td> <td>ˈpôrzõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>pôˈrzëmë </td> <td>pôˈrzëma, pôˈrzëmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈpôrzë </td> <td>pôˈrzëce </td> <td>pôˈrzëta, pôˈrzëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈpôrzë </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">pôˈrzõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">pôˈrzõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈpôrty </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈpôrcé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈpór Feminine: ˈpôrla Neuter: ˈpôrlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈpôrly Non-virile: ˈpôrlw </td> <td>Virile: ˈpôrla Non-virile: ˈpôrlëw </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class III1B comprises verbs whose past stems and the infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -a-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903321-237">[171]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1B<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903322-238">[172]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈsoc "to sow" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈsêjã </td> <td>ˈsêjemë </td> <td>ˈsêjema, ˈsêjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈsêje̯sz </td> <td>ˈsêjece </td> <td>ˈsêjeta, ˈsêjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈsêje </td> <td>ˈsêjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈsémë </td> <td>ˈséma, ˈsémë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈsé </td> <td>ˈséce </td> <td>ˈséta, ˈséte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈsé </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">sêˈjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">sêˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈsóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈsênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈsôùl Feminine: ˈsa Neuter: ˈsalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈsêly Non-virile: ˈsale </td> <td>Virile: ˈsa Non-virile: ˈsale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class III1Ca comprises verbs whose past and infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -a- and have e-present tenses and III1Cb has je-present tenses. Class III1D comprises verbs whose past and infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -ja-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903322-238">[172]</a> <ul><li>Class III1Ca: ˈbrac > ˈbjêrzã</li> <li>Class III1Cb: ˈdrapac > ˈdrapjã</li></ul> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1Cb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903323–324-239">[173]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈklêpac "to knock, to rap" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈklêpjã </td> <td>ˈklêpjemë </td> <td>ˈklêpjema, ˈklêpjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈklêpjesz </td> <td>ˈklêpjece </td> <td>ˈklêpjeta, ˈklêpjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈklêpje </td> <td>ˈklêpjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>klêˈpjimë </td> <td>klêˈpjima, klêˈpjimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈklêpji </td> <td>klêˈpjice </td> <td>klêˈpjita, klêˈpjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈklêpji </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">klêˈpjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈklêpjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">klêˈpóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">klêˈpanjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈklêpôùl Feminine: kleˈpa Neuter: ˈklêpalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈklêpaly Non-virile: ˈklêpale </td> <td>Virile: ˈklêpa Non-virile: ˈklêpale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class III1E comprises verbs whose past and infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -ě-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326-240">[174]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III1E<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326-240">[174]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈcêc "to want" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>cã </td> <td>ˈcêmë </td> <td>ˈcêma, ˈcêmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈcêsz </td> <td>ˈcêce </td> <td>ˈcêta, ˈcête </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈcê </td> <td>ˈcõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈcênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈcôl Feminine: ˈca Neuter: ˈcalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈcêly Non-virile: ˈcale </td> <td>Virile: ˈca Non-virile: ˈcale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class III2Aa comprises verb stems that start with a except for some primary verbs denominative and deverbative verbs. Class III2Ab comprises verb stems that with ě, only denominatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326-240">[174]</a> <ul><li>Class III2Aa: ˈkaszlac > ˈkaszlã</li> <li>Class III2Ab: ˈstarzec > ˈstarzejã</li></ul> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III2Aa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903327–328-241">[175]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈtrzëmac "to hold" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈtrzymã </td> <td>ˈtrzymomë </td> <td>ˈtrzymoma, ˈtrzymomë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈtrzymósz </td> <td>ˈtrzymoce </td> <td>ˈtrzymota, ˈtrzymote </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈtrzimo </td> <td>ˈtrzymõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>trzëˈmôùmë </td> <td>trzëˈmôùma, trzëˈmôùmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>trzëˈmôù </td> <td>trzëˈmôùce </td> <td>trzëˈmôùta, trzëˈmôùte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>trzëˈmô </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">trzëmajˈõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">trzëmaˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">trziˈmôny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">trziˈmanjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈtrzimôùl Feminine: trziˈma Neuter: ˈtrzimalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈtrzimaly Non-virile: ˈtrzmale </td> <td>Virile: trziˈma Non-virile: ˈtrzmale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III2Aa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903327–328-241">[175]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈgrac "to play" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>grã </td> <td>ˈgromë </td> <td>ˈgroma, ˈgromë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈgrosz </td> <td>ˈgroce </td> <td>ˈgrota, ˈgrote </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈgro </td> <td>ˈgrõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈgrôùmë </td> <td>ˈgrôùma, ˈgrôùmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈgrôù </td> <td>ˈgrôùcë </td> <td>ˈgrôùta, ˈgrôùtë </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈgrôù </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">graˈjõcy, ˈgrõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">graˈjõcë, ˈgrõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈgróny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈgranjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈgrôùl Feminine: ˈgra Neuter: ˈgralô </td> <td>Virile: ˈgraly Non-virile: ˈgrale </td> <td>Virile: ˈgra Non-virile: ˈgrale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III2Ab<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903329-242">[176]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈstarzec "to age" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈstarzejã </td> <td>staˈrzêjemë </td> <td>staˈrzêjema, staˈrzêjemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>staˈrzêjesz </td> <td>staˈrzêjece </td> <td>staˈrzêjeta, staˈrzêjete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>staˈrzêjë </td> <td>staˈrzêjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>staˈrzémë </td> <td>staˈrzéma, staˈrzémë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈstarzé </td> <td>staˈrzéce </td> <td>staˈrzéta, staˈrzéte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈstarzé </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">starzeˈjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">starzeˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">staˈrzaly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">staˈrzenjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈstarzôùl Feminine: ˈstarza Neuter: ˈstarzalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈstarzely Non-virile: ˈstarzale </td> <td>Virile: ˈstarza Non-virile: ˈstarzale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class III2C comprises verb past and infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -a-, and includes verbs whose inflection starts with -u-. Class III2D past and infinitive stems are the same as the verbal stem, augmented by the suffix -ja- and whose inflection starts with -a-. III2Ca and III2Da comprise denominative verbs and III2Cb and III2Db are iteratives of a-verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326-240">[174]</a> In III2C the imperative and active present participle suppleted by those of class III2D. This inflection only exists in the Kluki and Wierzchocino-Siecie dialects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331-243">[177]</a> For Class III2D present tense and present adverbial participle are not present and are replaced by those of Class III2C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903332-244">[178]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III2Ca<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331-243">[177]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">daˈrôwac "to gift" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈdarújã </td> <td>daˈrújemë </td> <td>daˈrújema, daˈrújemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>daˈrújesz </td> <td>daˈrújece </td> <td>daˈrújeta, daˈrújete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>daˈrújù </td> <td>daˈrújõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈdarôùmä </td> <td>ˈdarôùma, ˈdarôùmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈdarôù </td> <td>ˈdarôùce </td> <td>ˈdarôùta, ˈdarôùte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈdarôù </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">daraˈjõcy, darˈõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">darúˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">darôˈwóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">darôˈwanjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: daˈrôwôùl Feminine: darôˈwa Neuter: daˈrôwalô </td> <td>Virile: daˈrôwaly Non-virile: daˈrôwale </td> <td>Virile: daˈrôwa Non-virile: daˈrôwale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class III2D<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331–332-245">[179]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">daˈrac "to gift" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈdarújã </td> <td>daˈrújemë </td> <td>daˈrújema, daˈrújemë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>daˈrújesz </td> <td>daˈrújecë </td> <td>daˈrújeta, daˈrújete </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>daˈrújù </td> <td>daˈrújõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈdarôùmä </td> <td>ˈdarôùma, ˈdarôùmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈdarôù </td> <td>ˈdarôùce </td> <td>ˈdarôùta, ˈdarôùte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈdarôù </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">daraˈjõcy, daˈrõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">darúˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">daˈróny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">daˈranjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: daˈrôùl Feminine: daˈra Neuter: daˈralô </td> <td>Virile: daraly Non-virile: daˈrale </td> <td>Virile: daˈra Non-virile: daˈrale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_IV">Class IV</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Class IV">edit</a>]</div> Class IV verbs end in ⟨-yc, -ëc⟩. Class IVAa comprises verbs whose stems end in ⟨p, b, f, w, m, n, k, zg, j⟩, and IVAb in the remaining consonants. <ul><li>IVAa: ˈkúpjyc > ˈkúpjã</li> <li>IVAb: ˈrzëcëc (pronounced ˈrzëcec) > ˈrzúcã</li></ul> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IVAa <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903333–334-246">[180]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈczinjic "to make, to do" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈczinjã </td> <td>ˈczinjymë </td> <td>ˈczinjyma, ˈczinjymë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈczinjysz </td> <td>ˈczinjyce </td> <td>ˈczinjita, ˈczinjïtä </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈczinjy </td> <td>ˈczinjõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>cziˈnjymë </td> <td>cziˈnjima, cziˈnjimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈczinji </td> <td>cziˈnjice </td> <td>cziˈnjita, cziˈnjite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈczinji </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">cziˈnjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈczinjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">czyˈnjôni </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">cziˈnjênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈczinjél Feminine: cziˈnjyla Neuter: ˈczinjilô </td> <td>Virile: ˈczinjily Non-virile: ˈczinjile </td> <td>Virile: ˈczinjila Non-virile: ˈczinjile </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IVAb <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903333–334-246">[180]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈmlôcëc "to thresh" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈmlócã </td> <td>ˈmlócymë </td> <td>ˈmlócyma, ˈmlócymë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈmlócysz </td> <td>ˈmlócyce </td> <td>ˈmlócyta, ˈmlócite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈmlócy </td> <td>ˈmlócõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>mlôˈcëmë </td> <td>mlôˈcëma, mlôˈcëmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈmlôcë </td> <td>mlôˈcëce </td> <td>mlôˈcëta, mlôˈcëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈmlôcë </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">mlóˈcõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈmlócõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">mlóˈcôny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">mlóˈcênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈmlócél Feminine: mlóˈcëla Neuter: ˈmlócëlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈmlócëly Non-virile: ˈmlócële </td> <td>Virile: ˈmlócëla Non-virile: ˈmlócële </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Class IVBa preserves softening of the final consonant, whereas IVBb does not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336-247">[181]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IVBa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336–337-248">[182]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈklëczec "to kneel" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈklëczã </td> <td>ˈklëczymë </td> <td>ˈklëczyma, ˈklëczymë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈklëczysz </td> <td>ˈklëczyce </td> <td>ˈklëczyta, klȧčyte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈklëczy </td> <td>ˈklëczõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>klë'czimë </td> <td>klë'czima, klë'czimë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈklëczi </td> <td>klë'czice </td> <td>klë'czita, klë'czite </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈklëczi </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">klëˈczõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">klëˈczõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">klëˈczaly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">klëˈczênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈklëczôùl Feminine: ˈklëcza Neuter: ˈklëczalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈklëczely Non-virile: ˈklëczale </td> <td>Virile: ˈklëcza Non-virile: ˈklëczale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class IVBb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336–337-248">[182]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈsêdzec "to sit" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈsêdzã </td> <td>ˈsêdzymë </td> <td>ˈsêdzyma, ˈsêdzymë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈsêdzysz </td> <td>ˈsêdzyce </td> <td>ˈsêdzyta, ˈsêdzyte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈsêdzy </td> <td>ˈsêdzõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>sêˈdzëmë </td> <td>sêˈdzëma, sêˈdzëmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈsêdzë </td> <td>sêˈdzëce </td> <td>sêˈdzëta, sêˈdzëte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈsêdzë </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">sêˈdzõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">sêˈdzõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">sêdzˈaly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">sêˈdzênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈsêdzôùl Feminine: ˈsêdza Neuter: ˈsêdzalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈsêdzely Non-virile: ˈsêdzale </td> <td>Virile: ˈsêdza Non-virile: ˈsêdzale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_V">Class V</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Class V">edit</a>]</div> This class comprises nine base verbs (and their prefixed derivatives) which had the ending -m in the first person singular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339-249">[183]</a> Va includes verbs whose present tense roots do not have any special stem-forming element. Vb includes verbs with reduplication. Vc includes the future tense of bˈëc. Vd includes verbs with a nasal infix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339-249">[183]</a> <ul><li>Va: ˈjêsc > ˈjém</li> <li>Vb: ˈdac > ˈdóm</li> <li>Vc: ˈbóm</li> <li>Vd: ˈmôc > ˈmõżesz/ˈmõsz</li></ul> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class Va<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339-249">[183]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈbëc "to be" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈjêm </td> <td>ˈjêsmë </td> <td>ˈjêsma, ˈjêsmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈjês </td> <td>ˈjêsce </td> <td>ˈjêsta, ˈjêste </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈjê, ˈjêsta </td> <td>ˈsõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class Va<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340-250">[184]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈjêsc "to eat" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈjém </td> <td>ˈjésmë </td> <td>ˈjésma, ˈjésmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈjés </td> <td>ˈjésce </td> <td>ˈjésta, ˈjéste </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈjé </td> <td>ˈjêdzõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈjémë </td> <td>ˈjéma, ˈjémë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈjés </td> <td>ˈjésce </td> <td>ˈjésta, ˈjéste </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈjés </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">jêˈdzõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">jaˈdõce </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">jadly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">jêˈdzênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈjod Feminine: ˈjadla Neuter: ˈjadlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈjêdly Non-virile: ˈjadle </td> <td>Virile: ˈjadla Non-virile: ˈjadle </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class Va<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340–341-251">[185]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈwjêdzec "to know" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈwjém </td> <td>ˈwjésmë </td> <td>ˈwjésma, ˈwjésmë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈwjés </td> <td>ˈwjésce </td> <td>ˈwjésta, ˈwjéste </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈwjé </td> <td>ˈwjêdzõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈwjémë </td> <td>ˈwjéma, ˈwjémë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈwjé </td> <td>ˈwjéce </td> <td>ˈwjéta, ˈwjéte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈwjé </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">wjêˈdzõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">wjêˈdzõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">wjêˈdzly </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">wjêˈdzênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈwjêdzôùl Feminine: ˈwjêdza Neuter: ˈwjêdzalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈwjêdzely Non-virile: ˈwjêdzale </td> <td>Virile: ˈwjêdza Non-virile: ˈwjêdzale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class Va<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903341-252">[186]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">ˈmjêc "to have" </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈmóm </td> <td>ˈmómë </td> <td>ˈmóma, ˈmómë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈmos </td> <td>ˈmoce </td> <td>ˈmota, ˈmote </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈmo </td> <td>ˈmajõ, ˈmõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>— </td> <td>ˈmjémë </td> <td>ˈmjéma, ˈmjémë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈmjé </td> <td>ˈmjéce </td> <td>ˈmjéta, ˈmjéte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈmjé </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">maˈjõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">maˈjõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>past participle </th> <td colspan="3">ˈmjóny </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈmjênjé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈmjˈôùl Feminine: ˈmja Neuter: ˈmjalô </td> <td>Virile: ˈmjêly Non-virile: ˈmjale </td> <td>Virile: ˈmja Non-virile: ˈmjale </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Class Vc<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903344-253">[187]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">ˈbëc (future tense) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future tense </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>ˈbóm, ˈbõdã </td> <td>ˈbómë </td> <td>ˈbóma, ˈbómë </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>ˈbõsz </td> <td>ˈbõce </td> <td>ˈbõta, ˈbõte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>ˈbõ </td> <td>bõdõ </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>active present participle </th> <td colspan="3">bãˈdõcy </td></tr> <tr> <th>present adverbial participle </th> <td colspan="3">bãˈdõcë </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verbal noun </th> <td colspan="3">ˈbëcé </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Past forms </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Dual </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine: ˈbél Feminine: ˈbëla Neuter: ˈbëlô </td> <td>Virile: ˈbëly Non-virile: ˈbële </td> <td>Virile: ˈbëla Non-virile: ˈbële </td></tr></tbody></table> |} </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_stress_alternations">Verb stress alternations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Verb stress alternations">edit</a>]</div> Like nouns, verbs can have different stress patterns. The base form of the verb is the infinitive. Affixless polysyllabic simple verbs have stress on the penultimate syllable of the infinitive, except drëˈżêc ("to shiver, to shake"); verbs whose stem ends in a consonant + eding ⟨-ac⟩ belonging to class III2D (⟨-újã⟩ in the first person present) always stress the first syllable, and all verbs ending in ⟨-oc⟩ can be stressed either on the penultimate or the final syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973314-254">[188]</a> Prefixed verbs maintain the position of the stress as in the prefixless one, except for drëˈżêc which can have a left-shifting stress when prefixed, e.g. ˈzadrëżêc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973314-254">[188]</a> Prefixed derived from monosyllabic verbs always show the stress on the very first syllable of the infinitive, except verbs ending in ⟨-nõc⟩, which show two alternative stresses if they are composed of with a polysyllabic prefix and three other verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973315-255">[189]</a> <ul><li>jêsc ("to eat") > ˈnjêdôjêsc ("to not finish eating")</li> <li>ˈrznõc > ˈrôzderznõc and rôzˈderznõc</li></ul> All perfective verbs and some imperfective verbs prefixed with ⟨vë-⟩ have stress on the prefix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215-256">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973315-255">[189]</a> Present tense forms can have fixed and mobile stress patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973317-257">[191]</a> The basic forms for the present tense is the first person singular, which always has stress on the initial syllable, with one exception, drëˈżêc ("to shiver, to shake"), which has fixed stress on the first syllable of the inflectional suffix. All other form have the stress on the last syllable before the inflectional suffix. Class III2A (verbs in ⟨-ac⟩) show a regular stress shift onto the inflectional suffix in the third person plural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903210-258">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973317-257">[191]</a> drëˈżêc ("to shiver, to shake") and perfective verbs prefixed with ⟨wë-⟩ break this rule, and non-syllabic verb stems stick to this rule if they are composed with two prefixes or a bisyllabic prefix but have alternative forms with fixed stress. Only mobile stress is possible if the first prefix in such a verb is the negation particle ⟨njê-⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215–216-259">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318-260">[194]</a> Athematical verbs with one prefixed syllable are regular, and only the third person plural has enough syllables for a stress shift. However, in combination with two prefixed syllables, they behave as if the prefix consists of one syllable, so the stress is fixed except in the third person plural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903210-258">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318—319-261">[195]</a> Non-prefixed verbs in the first person singular may shift the stress to the pronoun ⟨jo⟩ ("I") if it is before the verb (see Lorentz par 112). This stress shift is rare in monosyllabic present forms with a V1, but there are many exceptions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903224–225-262">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973319—320-263">[197]</a> Verbs also display three types of alternations. The past tense of verbs in ending in ⟨-nãc⟩ emphasize the feminine singular ending, in the other forms they withdraw the accent to the first syllable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903212-264">[198]</a> <ul><li>ˈcygnón > cygˈnã</li></ul> A general rule for the past tense forms is that the accent in all forms is withdrawn as much as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903211-265">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_vowel_alternations">Verb vowel alternations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Verb vowel alternations">edit</a>]</div> If the infinitive has ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj ŭ⟩ as the stem vowel, (in class IA:Vsd), then there is no alternation, except for all verbs of class IA (except the stem ⟨-jõsc⟩ ("to carry, to bear") and a few class IIC verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322-266">[200]</a> Class IA verbs show regular ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternations; ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ in the infinitive and ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ everywhere else except the past masculine singular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322-266">[200]</a> Class IIC verbs with any alternation (not all have it) change ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ into ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in the imperative and often in all l-forms where /-l/ isnˈt the final phoneme of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322-266">[200]</a> If verb has ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ as a stem vowel or a single vowel, verb classes IA (except lˈêsc ("to climb")), II, IIIA2, III2Ab, III2B, III2C, III2D, and IVB do not have a ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, y, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ or ⟨a, ô, e, ë, y, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩~⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ alternation in the forms with an inflectional suffix vowel, but all other verbs are split into alternating and non-alternating (with ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj ŭ⟩ in the present and l-forms, and n-forms in the verbal noun) subclasses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322-266">[200]</a> The past tense always shows ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ in the masculine singular, ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in all other cases except in classes IAa and IAc, where alternative forms with ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ can be found. This results in regular ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ ~ ⟨a, ô, e, ë, y, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973323—324-267">[201]</a> <ul><li>⟨ôù~a⟩ before ⟨l⟩ in IB, IC, III1A1f, III1B, III1C, III1D, III1E, III2, IVB, IVC</li> <li>⟨ó~a⟩ before ⟨n⟩ in IIB, IIC, III1A2a</li> <li>⟨é~ë⟩, ⟨é~y⟩, ⟨ó~ù⟩, ⟨ó~ë⟩, and ⟨ó~ô⟩ before ⟨l⟩</li> <li>⟨é~ë⟩ in III1A1b and IVAb</li> <li>⟨é~y⟩ in III1A1a and IVAa</li> <li>⟨ó~ù⟩ in III1A1c</li> <li>⟨ó~ë⟩ in III1A1d</li> <li>⟨ó~ô⟩ in III1A1e</li></ul> The infinitive can have either ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ or ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ in the final syllable. III1A1a, III1A1b, III1A1c, III1A1d, IVAa, and IVAb, the inflectional suffix vowel (or only vowel in verbs with only one) is conditioned by the preceding consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973324-268">[202]</a> Classes III1A1a-e and III1A2c show the V2 of the infinitive for ⟨c⟩ forms of the verbal nouns. Class III1A2a shows ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩~⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternation. Classes IC, III1C, III1D, III1E, III2Aa, III2C, III2D, and IVC show the ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ of the infinitive for ⟨-n⟩ forms. Class III1A2b shows ⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩~⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩ alternation. Classes show III2Ab and IVB show ⟨ë~ê⟩ alternations and not ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩~⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ since ⟨ë⟩ is the archiphoneme of /ə/ and /ɛ/ in this position; The other classes have ⟨-ˈênjé) without any rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973325—326-269">[203]</a> In classes I, II, III1A2b, III1Ca, III1Cb, III1D, III1A2a, IVAa, IVAb, IVBa, and IVBb the inflectional suffix vowels ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨y⟩ in the imperative are conditioned by the preceding consonant. The imperative and present tense acquire a special treatment only when there is one vowel in the verb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973326-270">[204]</a> In the following verb classes the vowel show regular alternations in the imperative on the basis of the present tense forms if it is the only vowel in the verb:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973326-270">[204]</a> <ul><li>III1A1a: ⟨y~i⟩</li> <li>III1A1b: ⟨ë~i⟩</li> <li>III1A1c: ⟨ù~ú⟩</li> <li>III1A1d: ⟨ë~ú⟩</li> <li>III1A1e: ⟨ô~ó⟩</li> <li>III1B: ⟨ˈê~ˈé⟩</li></ul> Classes III2Ab and III2B show a regular alternation ⟨a, ô, e, ë, i, ã, ê, aj⟩ / ⟨ôˈù, ej, ĭ⟩~⟨o, ó, é, y, ú, õ, ˈôù, ˈôj, ŭ⟩ (⟨ˈê~éˈ⟩, the former in the present tense, the latter in the imperative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973327-271">[205]</a> Two classes of verbs have two sets of alternations:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973330-272">[206]</a> <ul><li>IB: ⟨a~ôù, ó, o⟩ and /ô~ó/</li> <li>III1B: /a~ôù, ó, o/ and ⟨ˈê~ˈé⟩</li></ul> The second type of alternations: Conditioned by final stem consonant ⟨t, d, s, z, n, r, l⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973320-273">[207]</a> Classes IB, III1B, and III2B show this alternation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973325—326-269">[203]</a> The third type of alternation is rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973320-273">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_grammar" title="Kashubian grammar">Kashubian grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903107–108-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903107–108_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903110-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903110_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973236-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973236_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903227-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903227_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903227_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913121-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913121_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913121_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903228-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903228_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903228_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225—226-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973225—226_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 225—226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973226-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973226_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973226_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973227-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973227_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973227_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973230_11-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903234–235-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903234–235_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231_13-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903235-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903235_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237_19-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231–232-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973231–232_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232_23-24">y</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903239-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903239_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903239_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232–233-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903232–233_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903237–238_29-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913122_30-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903233–234-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903233–234_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903233–234_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903238–239_34-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 238–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903230_39-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903231_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903244-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903244_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903245-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903245_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903246-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903246_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973233_45-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232—233-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973232—233_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 232—233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903247–248_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 247–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903248-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903248_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973228_59-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903249–250_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903252_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903253-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903253_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903253_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903261-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903261_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234_77-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903256-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903256_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903256_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257–258-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257–258_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903257–258_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903259-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903259_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903260-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903260_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973229-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973229_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234—235-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973234—235_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 234—235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262–263-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262–263_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903262–263_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 262–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903263_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269–270-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903269–270_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 269–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973235_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267–268-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903267–268_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903240-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903240_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973237-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973237_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973238-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973238_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973239—240-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973239—240_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 239—240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973240-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973240_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973240_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973241-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973241_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242—243-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973242—243_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 242—243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247—248-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973247—248_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 247—248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973248—249-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973248—249_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 248—249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249_129-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249—250-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973249—250_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 249—250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250_131-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250—252-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973250—252_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 250—252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973254-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973254_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973255-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973255_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973255_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973252—254_136-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 252—254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—257-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—257_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 256—257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243–244-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903243–244_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973259—260-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973259—260_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973259—260_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 259—260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973263—265_141-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 263—265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973264-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973264_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—258-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973256—258_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 256—258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973260—262_144-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 260—262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973262-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973262_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265—266-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973265—266_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 265—266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973267-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973267_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270—271-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973270—271_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 270—271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271—272-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973271—272_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 271—272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973272—273-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973272—273_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 272—273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273—274-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973273—274_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 273—274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973274—275-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973274—275_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 274—275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973275-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973275_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903171-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903171_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973276_159-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973278_160-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973279—280_162-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 279—280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973281_163-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973283_164-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973284-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973284_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki191346–47-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki191346–47_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301—302-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973301—302_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 301—302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973302-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973302_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973307-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973307_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973307_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973306-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973306_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973308-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973308_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–205-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–205_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 201–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903205_174-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903283–285_176-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 283–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903284–285_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903285–286-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903285–286_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286–287-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903286–287_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 286–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903287-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903287_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903287_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–204-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903201–204_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 201–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903204-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903204_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903207_184-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903288-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903288_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913128-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913128_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903272–273-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903272–273_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903273-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903273_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124–125-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913124–125_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903274-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903274_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275–276-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903275–276_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 275–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903276–277-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903276–277_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125–126-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913125–126_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903278-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903278_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903278_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903279–280-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903279–280_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 279–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280–281-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903280–281_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281–282-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903281–282_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 281–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206_207-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903289–290-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903289–290_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913129-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913129_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913129_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291_210-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206–207-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903206–207_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291–292-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903291–292_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301–302-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301–302_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 301–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903294–296-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903294–296_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 294–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903348–349-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903348–349_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903292–293-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903292–293_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903293-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903293_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903297–298-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903297–298_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 297–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903298–299-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903298–299_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913126–127-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudnicki1913126–127_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudnicki1913">Rudnicki 1913</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299–300-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903299–300_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 299–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300–301-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903300–301_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903301_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302–303-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903302–303_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903303-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903303_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903303_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903304-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903304_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903305-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903305_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903305_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903309–310-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903309–310_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 309–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903310–311-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903310–311_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903310–311_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 310–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903312–313-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903312–313_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903312–313_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903316–317-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903316–317_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 316–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903317-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903317_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903318–319-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903318–319_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903318–319_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 318–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903321-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903321_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903321_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903322-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903322_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903322_238-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903323–324-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903323–324_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 323–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903326_240-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903327–328-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903327–328_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903327–328_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 327–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903329-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903329_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331_243-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903332-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903332_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331–332-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903331–332_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 331–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903333–334-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903333–334_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903333–334_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 333–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336–337-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336–337_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903336–337_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 336–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903339_249-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340–341-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903340–341_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 340–341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903341-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903341_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903344-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903344_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973314-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973314_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973314_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973315-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973315_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973315_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973317-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973317_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973317_257-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903210-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903210_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903210_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215–216-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903215–216_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318—319-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973318—319_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 318—319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903224–225-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903224–225_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973319—320-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973319—320_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 319—320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903212-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903212_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorentz1903211-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorentz1903211_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorentz1903">Lorentz 1903</a>, pp. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973322_266-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973323—324-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973323—324_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 323—324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973324-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973324_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973325—326-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973325—326_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973325—326_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 325—326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973326-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973326_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973326_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973327-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973327_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973330-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973330_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973320-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973320_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokhof1973320_273-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokhof1973">Stokhof 1973</a>, p. 320. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovincian_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_specific_Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grammars of specific <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech grammar">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_grammar" title="Kashubian grammar">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Syntax" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovincian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language#Grammar" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li>Grammars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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