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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Integrity types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Integrity_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Integrity types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Integrity_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Physical integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Logical integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Databases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Databases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_integrity_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_integrity_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of integrity constraints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_integrity_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>File systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_integrity_as_applied_to_various_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_integrity_as_applied_to_various_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data integrity as applied to various industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_integrity_as_applied_to_various_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Data integrity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلامة البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلامة البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Цялостност на данните – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цялостност на данните" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integritat_de_dades" title="Integritat de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Integritat de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrita_dat" title="Integrita dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Integrita dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataintegritet" title="Dataintegritet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dataintegritet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsistenz_(Datenspeicherung)" title="Konsistenz (Datenspeicherung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsistenz (Datenspeicherung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terviklus" title="Terviklus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Terviklus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integridad_de_datos" title="Integridad de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Integridad de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integreco_(kriptografio)" title="Integreco (kriptografio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Integreco (kriptografio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="یکپارچگی داده‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یکپارچگی داده‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9_(cryptographie)" title="Intégrité (cryptographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intégrité (cryptographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EB%AC%B4%EA%B2%B0%EC%84%B1" title="데이터 무결성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 무결성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podatkovni_integritet" title="Podatkovni integritet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podatkovni integritet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrit%C3%A0_dei_dati" title="Integrità dei dati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Integrità dei dati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="עקביות (פסיכולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקביות (פסיכולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Мәліметтердің тұтастығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәліметтердің тұтастығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_integrit%C4%81te" title="Datu integritāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datu integritāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatintegrit%C3%A1s" title="Adatintegritás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatintegritás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integriteit_(informatiebeveiliging)" title="Integriteit (informatiebeveiliging) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Integriteit (informatiebeveiliging)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7" title="データ完全性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データ完全性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno%C5%9B%C4%87_danych" title="Integralność danych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Integralność danych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integridade_de_dados" title="Integridade de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Integridade de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Целостность информации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Целостность информации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data integrity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eheys_(tietoturva)" title="Eheys (tietoturva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eheys (tietoturva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_b%C3%BCt%C3%BCnl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Veri bütünlüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri bütünlüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Цілісність інформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цілісність інформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_v%E1%BA%B9n_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Toàn vẹn dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toàn vẹn dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E6%80%A7" title="数据完整性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数据完整性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q461671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Message_integrity&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Message integrity">Message integrity</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Maintenance of data over its entire life-cycle</div> <p><b>Data integrity</b> is the maintenance of, and the assurance of, data accuracy and consistency over its entire <a href="/wiki/Information_Lifecycle_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Lifecycle Management">life-cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a critical aspect to the design, implementation, and usage of any system that stores, processes, or retrieves data. The term is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on the specific context even under the same general umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>. It is at times used as a proxy term for <a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">data quality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">data validation</a> is a prerequisite for data integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data integrity is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">data corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall intent of any data integrity technique is the same: ensure data is recorded exactly as intended (such as a database correctly rejecting mutually exclusive possibilities). Moreover, upon later <a href="/wiki/Data_retrieval" title="Data retrieval">retrieval</a>, ensure the data is the same as when it was originally recorded. In short, data integrity aims to prevent unintentional changes to information. Data integrity is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a>, the discipline of protecting data from unauthorized parties. </p><p>Any unintended changes to data as the result of a storage, retrieval or processing operation, including malicious intent, unexpected hardware failure, and <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, is failure of data integrity. If the changes are the result of unauthorized access, it may also be a failure of data security. Depending on the data involved this could manifest itself as benign as a single pixel in an image appearing a different color than was originally recorded, to the loss of vacation pictures or a business-critical database, to even catastrophic loss of human life in a <a href="/wiki/Life-critical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-critical system">life-critical system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrity_types">Integrity types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integrity types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_integrity">Physical integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical integrity deals with challenges which are associated with correctly storing and fetching the data itself. Challenges with physical integrity may include <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> faults, design flaws, material <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a>, natural disasters, and other special environmental hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, extreme temperatures, pressures and <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a>. Ensuring physical integrity includes methods such as <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundant</a> hardware, an <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a>, certain types of <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> arrays, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardened" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation hardened">radiation hardened</a> chips, <a href="/wiki/ECC_memory" title="ECC memory">error-correcting memory</a>, use of a <a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">clustered file system</a>, using file systems that employ block level <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksums</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>, storage arrays that compute parity calculations such as <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">exclusive or</a> or use a <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">cryptographic hash function</a> and even having a <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_timer" title="Watchdog timer">watchdog timer</a> on critical subsystems. </p><p>Physical integrity often makes extensive use of error detecting algorithms known as <a href="/wiki/Error-correcting_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correcting codes">error-correcting codes</a>. Human-induced data integrity errors are often detected through the use of simpler checks and algorithms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Damm_algorithm" title="Damm algorithm">Damm algorithm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Luhn_algorithm" title="Luhn algorithm">Luhn algorithm</a>. These are used to maintain data integrity after manual transcription from one computer system to another by a human intermediary (e.g. credit card or bank routing numbers). Computer-induced transcription errors can be detected through <a href="/wiki/Hash_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash functions">hash functions</a>. </p><p>In production systems, these techniques are used together to ensure various degrees of data integrity. For example, a computer <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> may be configured on a fault-tolerant RAID array, but might not provide block-level checksums to detect and prevent <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruption</a>. As another example, a database management system might be compliant with the <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> properties, but the RAID controller or hard disk drive's internal write cache might not be. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_integrity">Logical integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Logical integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mutex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutex">Mutex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></div> <p>This type of integrity is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Correctness_(computer_science)" title="Correctness (computer science)">correctness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> of a piece of data, given a particular context. This includes topics such as <a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">referential integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entity_integrity" title="Entity integrity">entity integrity</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> or correctly ignoring impossible sensor data in robotic systems. These concerns involve ensuring that the data "makes sense" given its environment. Challenges include <a href="/wiki/Software_bugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Software bugs">software bugs</a>, design flaws, and human errors. Common methods of ensuring logical integrity include things such as <a href="/wiki/Check_constraint" title="Check constraint">check constraints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_key_constraint" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign key constraint">foreign key constraints</a>, program <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (computing)">assertions</a>, and other run-time sanity checks. </p><p>Physical and logical integrity often share many challenges such as human errors and design flaws, and both must appropriately deal with concurrent requests to record and retrieve data, the latter of which is entirely a subject on its own. </p><p>If a data sector only has a logical error, it can be reused by overwriting it with new data. In case of a physical error, the affected data sector is permanently unusable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Databases">Databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data integrity contains guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">data retention</a>, specifying or guaranteeing the length of time data can be retained in a particular database (typically a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>). To achieve data integrity, these rules are consistently and routinely applied to all data entering the system, and any relaxation of enforcement could cause errors in the data. Implementing checks on the data as close as possible to the source of input (such as human data entry), causes less erroneous data to enter the system. Strict enforcement of data integrity rules results in lower error rates, and time saved troubleshooting and tracing erroneous data and the errors it causes to algorithms. </p><p>Data integrity also includes rules defining the relations a piece of data can have to other pieces of data, such as a <i>Customer</i> record being allowed to link to purchased <i>Products</i>, but not to unrelated data such as <i>Corporate Assets</i>. Data integrity often includes checks and correction for invalid data, based on a fixed <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a> or a predefined set of rules. An example being textual data entered where a date-time value is required. Rules for data derivation are also applicable, specifying how a data value is derived based on algorithm, contributors and conditions. It also specifies the conditions on how the data value could be re-derived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_integrity_constraints">Types of integrity constraints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of integrity constraints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data integrity is normally enforced in a <a href="/wiki/Database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database system">database system</a> by a series of integrity constraints or rules. Three types of integrity constraints are an inherent part of the <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational data model</a>: entity integrity, referential integrity and domain integrity. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Entity_integrity" title="Entity integrity">Entity integrity</a></i> concerns the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Primary_key" title="Primary key">primary key</a>. Entity integrity is an integrity rule which states that every table must have a primary key and that the column or columns chosen to be the primary key should be unique and not null.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></i> concerns the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">foreign key</a>. The referential integrity rule states that any foreign-key value can only be in one of two states. The usual state of affairs is that the foreign-key value refers to a primary key value of some table in the database. Occasionally, and this will depend on the rules of the data owner, a foreign-key value can be <a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">null</a>. In this case, we are explicitly saying that either there is no relationship between the objects represented in the database or that this relationship is unknown.</li> <li><i>Domain integrity</i> specifies that all columns in a relational database must be declared upon a defined domain. The primary unit of data in the relational data model is the data item. Such data items are said to be non-decomposable or atomic. A domain is a set of values of the same type. Domains are therefore pools of values from which actual values appearing in the columns of a table are drawn.</li> <li><i>User-defined integrity</i> refers to a set of rules specified by a user, which do not belong to the entity, domain and referential integrity categories.</li></ul> <p>If a database supports these features, it is the responsibility of the database to ensure data integrity as well as the <a href="/wiki/Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency model</a> for the data storage and retrieval. If a database does not support these features, it is the responsibility of the applications to ensure data integrity while the database supports the <a href="/wiki/Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency model</a> for the data storage and retrieval. </p><p>Having a single, well-controlled, and well-defined data-integrity system increases: </p> <ul><li>stability (one centralized system performs all data integrity operations)</li> <li>performance (all data integrity operations are performed in the same tier as the consistency model)</li> <li>re-usability (all applications benefit from a single centralized data integrity system)</li> <li>maintainability (one centralized system for all data integrity administration).</li></ul> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> support these features (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">Comparison of relational database management systems</a>), and it has become the de facto responsibility of the database to ensure data integrity. Companies, and indeed many database systems, offer products and services to migrate legacy systems to modern databases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of a data-integrity mechanism is the parent-and-child relationship of related records. If a parent record owns one or more related child records all of the referential integrity processes are handled by the database itself, which automatically ensures the accuracy and integrity of the data so that no child record can exist without a parent (also called being orphaned) and that no parent loses their child records. It also ensures that no parent record can be deleted while the parent record owns any child records. All of this is handled at the database level and does not require coding integrity checks into each application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_systems">File systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: File systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various research results show that neither widespread <a href="/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystems</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">Ext</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>) nor <a href="/wiki/RAID#Weaknesses" title="RAID">hardware RAID</a> solutions provide sufficient protection against data integrity problems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some filesystems (including <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>) provide internal data and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> checksumming that is used for detecting <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruption</a> and improving data integrity. If a corruption is detected that way and internal RAID mechanisms provided by those filesystems are also used, such filesystems can additionally reconstruct corrupted data in a transparent way.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach allows improved data integrity protection covering the entire data paths, which is usually known as <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_data_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end data protection">end-to-end data protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_integrity_as_applied_to_various_industries">Data integrity as applied to various industries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data integrity as applied to various industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has created draft guidance on data integrity for the pharmaceutical manufacturers required to adhere to U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR Parts 210–212.<sup id="cite_ref-HHSData16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHSData16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the U.S., similar data integrity guidance has been issued by the United Kingdom (2015), Switzerland (2016), and Australia (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsonData17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsonData17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Various standards for the manufacture of medical devices address data integrity either directly or indirectly, including <a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">ISO 13485</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14155" title="ISO 14155">ISO 14155</a>, and ISO 5840.<sup id="cite_ref-PDAData15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDAData15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In early 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority" title="Financial Industry Regulatory Authority">Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</a> (FINRA), noting data integrity problems with automated trading and money movement surveillance systems, stated it would make "the development of a data integrity program to monitor the accuracy of the submitted data" a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook2017_17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook2017_17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2018, FINRA said it would expand its approach on data integrity to firms' "technology change management policies and procedures" and Treasury securities reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook2018_18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook2018_18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other sectors such as mining<sup id="cite_ref-AccentureDataInt16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AccentureDataInt16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and product manufacturing<sup id="cite_ref-NymiIndustry17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NymiIndustry17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are increasingly focusing on the importance of data integrity in associated automation and production monitoring assets.</li> <li>Cloud storage providers have long faced significant challenges ensuring the integrity or provenance of customer data and tracking violations.<sup id="cite_ref-PriyadharshiniData12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriyadharshiniData12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZafarASurv17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZafarASurv17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ImranProvenance17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImranProvenance17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_data_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end data integrity">End-to-end data integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_authentication" title="Message authentication">Message authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Information_Assurance_Glossary" title="National Information Assurance Glossary">National Information Assurance Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_version_of_the_truth" title="Single version of the truth">Single version of the truth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_integration" title="Data integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Data library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_lineage" title="Data lineage">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">Loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_philanthropy" title="Data philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">Pre-processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_preservation" title="Data preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Protection (privacy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_reduction" title="Data reduction">Reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">Retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_steward" title="Data steward">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage" title="Data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Wrangling/munging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&oldid=1211946886">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_integrity&oldid=1211946886</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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